Bryophyta

Diphyscium foliosum, from here.

Belongs within: Embryophyta.
Contains: Sphagnales, Andreaeopsida, Polytrichaceae, Tetraphidales, Bryidae, Funariidae, Grimmiales, Archidium, Seligeriaceae, Dicranaceae, Fissidentaceae, Leucobryum, Pottiaceae, Ditrichaceae, Erpodiaceae, Calymperaceae, Ephemeraceae.

The Bryophyta are the mosses, the largest living group of non-vascular land plants. Mosses are distinguished by the presence of distinct leaves and multicellular rhizoids on the gametophyte (which is the dominant part of the life-cycle, supporting the dependent sporophytes), and of a columnella (a cylinder of sterile cells) within the spore capsule (De Luna et al. 2003). Within the mosses, all authors support a division between the basalmost Sphagnopsida and the remaining mosses, with the Polytrichopsida and Bryopsida together forming a clade distinguished by a spore capsule opening through an operculum rather than dehiscently as in more basal forms. Sphagnopsida are represented in the modern flora by the genera Sphagnum and Ambuchanania; Ambuchanania leucobryoides is a rare species found growing in sandy washes in a small number of localities in Tasmania (Threatened Species Section, Tasmania, 2008).

Polytrichopsida and Bryopsida are distinguished by the forms of the teeth around the capsule opening (forming the peristome): in Polytrichopsida, they are nematodontous (formed from entire cells) while in Bryopsida they are arthrodontous (formed from fragments of cell walls). Within the Bryopsida, the peristome comprises a single circlet of teeth in members of the subclass Dicranidae whereas members of other subclasses typically have a peristome of two circlets (reduced or lost in some taxa).

<==Bryophyta [Bryophytina, Musci]
    |--Sphagnopsida SK02
    |    |--Sphagnales D24
    |    `--Ambuchanania Seppelt & Crum 1999 [Ambuchananiaceae, Ambuchananiales] SK02
    |         `--A. leucobryoides (Yamaguchi, Seppelt & Iwats.) Seppelt & Crum 1999 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    `--Bryatae [Acrocarpineae, Buxbaumiales, Buxbaumiidae] C-S98
         |  i. s.: Eustichia [Eustichiaceae] D03b
         |           `--E. longirostris D03b
         |--Andreaeopsida FHH01
         `--+--Polytrichopsida [Nematodonteae] SK02
            |    |--Polytrichaceae D24
            |    `--Tetraphidales SK02
            `--Bryopsida [Acrocarpae, Aplolepideae, Arthrodonteae, Diplolepideae] SK02
                 |  i. s.: Schistostega [Schistostegaceae] D24
                 |           `--S. osmundacea [=Mnium osmundaceum] D24
                 |         Timmia [Timmiaceae] D24
                 |           |--T. austriaca D24
                 |           |--T. megapolitana D24
                 |           `--T. norvegica [incl. T. scotica] D24
                 |--Bryidae BC98
                 |--Funariidae SK02
                 |--Diphyscium Mohr 1803 [Diphysciaceae, Diphysciales, Diphysciidae] SK02
                 |    |--D. foliosum [incl. Mollia haggarti, Webera sessilis] D24
                 |    |    |--D. f. var. foliosum D24
                 |    |    `--D. f. var. acutifolium D24
                 |    `--D. mucronifolium Mitt. 1855 SK02
                 `--Dicranidae SK02
                      |--Grimmiales SK02
                      |--Archidium SK02
                      |--Seligeriaceae SK02
                      |--Dicranales SK02
                      |    |--Dicranaceae SK02
                      |    |--Fissidentaceae SK02
                      |    `--Leucobryaceae SK02
                      |         |--Leucobryum SK02
                      |         `--Exodictyon B57
                      |              |--E. dentatum B57
                      |              `--E. subscabrum SK02
                      `--Pottiales SK02
                           |--Pottiaceae SK02
                           |--Ditrichaceae SK02
                           |--Erpodiaceae SK02
                           |--Calymperaceae SK02
                           |--Ephemeraceae SK02
                           |--Bryobartramia Sainsbury 1948 [Bryobartramiaceae] SK02
                           |    `--B. novae-valesiae (Broth. ex Roth) Stone & Scott 1973 (see below for synonymy) SK02
                           `--Viridivellus Stone 1976 [Viridivelleraceae] SK02
                                `--V. pulchellum Stone 1976 SK02

Bryophyta incertae sedis:
  Palamocladium leskeoides PK03
  Sporogonites BC98
  Trachypodaceae N02
    |--Trachypodopsis serrulata N02
    `--Duthiella declinata N02
  Catharomnion Hooker & Wilson 1854 SK02
    `--C. ciliatum (Hedw.) Wilson 1854 [=Hypopterygium ciliatum] SK02
  Cladomnion Hooker & Wilson 1854 SK02
    |--C. ericoides (Hooker) Wilson 1854 SK02
    `--C. gracile D03a
  Cyrtopus (Brid.) Hooker 1867 SK02
    `--C. setosus (Hedw.) Hooker 1867 (see below for synonymy) SK02
  Mniodendron dendroides [=Bryum dendroides, Hypnodendron dendroides; incl. Mniodendron palmaeum] SK02
  Mniomalia Müll.Hal. 1874 SK02
    `--M. semilimbata Müll.Hal. 1874 SK02
  Streblotrichum Palisot de Beauvois 1804 SK02
    `--S. bicolor (Bruch & Schimp.) Loeske 1909 [=Barbula bicolor, Gymnostomum bicolor] SK02
  Acanthocladium macgregorii SK02
  Chrysocladium phaeum SK02
  Phyllogonium [Phyllogoniaceae] J87
    `--P. fulgens J87
  Prionodon [Prionodontaceae] J87
    `--P. densus J87
  Pseudodistichium buchanani M49b
  *Bellia nervosa M49a
  Blindiopsis immersa M49a
  Sciadocladus menziesii M49a
  Pseudotaxiphyllum elegans M08
  Homomallium incurvatum M08
  Pleurozium schreberi M08
  Pseudoleskeella M08
    |--P. catenulata M08
    `--P. nervosa M08
  Rhizomnium punctatum M08
  Leptobarbula berica M09

Nomen nudum: Cladomnium crenato-obtusum Dusén 1903 D03a

Ambuchanania leucobryoides (Yamaguchi, Seppelt & Iwats.) Seppelt & Crum 1999 [=Sphagnum leucobryoides Yamaguchi, Seppelt & Iwats. 1990] SK02

Bryobartramia novae-valesiae (Broth. ex Roth) Stone & Scott 1973 [=Trachycarpidium novae-valesiae; incl. B. robbinsii] SK02

Cyrtopus setosus (Hedw.) Hooker 1867 [=Anictangium setosum, Cladomnion setosum, Garovaglia setosa (n. n.)] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B57] Bartram, E. B. 1957. Additional Fijian mosses, III. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (12): 392–396.

[BC98] Bateman, R. M., P. R. Crane, W. A. DiMichele, P. R. Kenrick, N. P. Rowe, T. Speck & W. E. Stein. 1998. Early evolution of land plants: phylogeny, physiology, and ecology of the primary terrestrial radiation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 263–292.

[C-S98] Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73: 203–266.

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3^rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03a] Dusén, P. 1903a. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[D03b] Dusén, P. 1903b. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[FHH01] Frey, W., M. Hofmann & H. H. Hilger. 2001. The gametophyte-sporophyte junction: unequivocal hints for two evolutionary lines of archegoniate land plants. Flora 196: 431–445.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[M08] Marstaller, R. 2008. Moosgesellschaften am Südrand des Kyffhäusergebirges bei Bad Frankenhausen (Kyffhäuserkreis). 130. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (2): 289–348.

[M09] Marstaller, R. 2009. Die Moosgesellschaften des geplanten Naturschutzgebietes "Brandenburg und Göringer Stein" bei Göringen (Wartburgkreis, Eisenach). 136. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (3): 529–557.

[M49a] Martin, W. 1949a. The bryophytes of Stewart Island.—Part I. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 257–277.

[M49b] Martin, W. 1949b. Distribution of the mosses indigenous to New Zealand (supplement no. 1). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 355–360.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

[PK03] Piippo, S., & T. Koponen. 2003. Review of the bryofloristic connections of New Guinea Island. Telopea 10 (1): 467–476.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Sphagnum subgenus Cymbifolia

Prairie sphagnum Sphagnum palustre, copyright Bernd Haynold.

Belongs within: Sphagnales.

Sphagnum subgenus Cymbifolium is a group of robust sphagnum mosses with unbordered stem leaves and rough branch leaves (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Plants robust. Cuticular cells of stem and branches fibrose and porose. Stem leaves not bordered. Branch leaves broadly cymbiform, concave, cucullate and scabrous at back of apex. Dioicous.

Sphagnum subg. Cymbifolia D24
    |--S. austini D24
    |    |--S. a. var. austini D24
    |    `--S. a. var. imbricatum D24
    |--S. centrale Jensen 1896 D24, SK02
    |    |--S. c. var. centrale SK02
    |    `--S. c. var. flavoglaucescens SK02
    |--S. degenerans D24
    |--S. magellanicum Brid. 1798 [incl. S. medium] SK02
    |    |--S. m. var. magellanicum D03
    |    |--S. ‘medium’ var. fusco-rubellum D03
    |    |    |--S. m. var. f. f. fusco-rubellum D03
    |    |    `--S. m. var. f. f. brachydasyclada D03
    |    `--S. ‘medium’ var. pallido-carneum D03
    |         |--S. m. var. p. f. pallido-carneum D03
    |         `--S. m. var. p. f. brachyorthoclada D03
    |--S. palustre Linnaeus 1753 [incl. S. cymbifolium, S. latifolium (nom. illeg.)] SK02
    |    |--S. p. var. palustre D24
    |    |--S. ‘cymbifolium’ var. condensatum D03
    |    |--S. ‘cymbifolium’ var. congestum D24
    |    `--S. ‘cymbifolium’ var. squarrosulum D24
    |--S. papillosum [=S. cymbifolium var. papillosum] D24
    |    |--S. p. var. papillosum D24
    |    |--S. p. var. laeve D24
    |    |--S. p. var. stenophyllum D24
    |    `--S. p. var. sublaeve D24
    `--S. turfaceum D24

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3^rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Tetraphidales

Buxbaumia aphylla, copyright Bernd Haynold.

Belongs within: Bryophyta.

The Tetraphidales are a group of mosses with leaves in which the costa is narrow or absent, and capsules with a nematodontous peristome (that is, the teeth are, at least in part, composed of entire cells).

<==Tetraphidales SK02
    |--Tetraphis [Tetraphidaceae, Tetraphididae] FHH01
    |    |--T. browniana [=Bryum brownianum, Georgia brownii, Tetrodontium brownianum] D24
    |    |--T. geniculata D24
    |    |--T. pellucida FHH01 [=Mnium pellucidum D24, Georgia pellucida D24]
    |    `--T. repanda D24
    `--Buxbaumia Hedw. 1801 [Buxbaumiaceae] SK02
         |--B. aphylla Hedw. 1801 SK02
         |--B. colyerae Burges 1932 SK02
         |--B. indusiata D24
         |--B. piperi FHH01
         |--B. tasmanica Mitt. 1859 SK02
         `--B. thorsborneae Stone 1983 SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3^rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[FHH01] Frey, W., M. Hofmann & H. H. Hilger. 2001. The gametophyte-sporophyte junction: unequivocal hints for two evolutionary lines of archegoniate land plants. Flora 196: 431–445.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Fontinalaceae

Greater water-moss Fontinalis antipyretica, copyright Tab Tannery.

Belongs within: Bryidae.

The Fontinalaceae are a group of aquatic, floating mosses that are adhered to the substrate only at their base (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Leaves in several rows or tristichous, nerveless or single-nerved, cells rhomboid—hexagonal, or linear and subvermincular, long, smooth. Capsule immersed or shortly exserted; annulus absent. Calyptra cucullate or mitriform, glabrous. Peristome of 16 outer teeth, transversely articulate and trabeculate on inner face, and an inner peristome of 16 cilia more or less completely united with one another by transverse partitions at regular intervals.

<==Fontinalaceae D24
    |--Dichelyma capillaceum D24
    `--Fontinalis D24
         |--F. antipyretica D24
         |    |--F. a. var. antipyretica D24
         |    |--F. a. var. cymbifolia Nicholson 1901 D24
         |    |--F. a. var. gigantea D24
         |    |--F. a. var. gracilis D24
         |    `--F. a. var. laxa D24
         |--F. arvernica D24
         |--F. dalecarlica D24
         |--F. dixoni Cardot in Dixon 1924 D24
         |--F. dolosa Cardot in Dixon 1924 D24
         |--F. hypnoides D24
         |--F. kindbergii D24
         |--F. seriata D24
         `--F. squamosa D24
              |--F. s. var. squamosa D24
              `--F. s. var. curnowii D24

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3^rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

Hypnum exannulatum

Hypnum exannulatum, from here.

Belongs within: Hypnum.

Hypnum exannulatum is a relatively rigid, often purplish moss.

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Plants usually relatively compact and rigid, pinnately branched, mostly of a deep, often purplish colour, typically but less commonly green or yellowish; leaves close, strongly falcate, twisted when dry, not rigidly circinate, glossy at back, frequently striate, especially when dry, strongly hooked at tips of stem and branches, mostly longly and finely acuminate from a wide base; nerve often strong, usually purplish brown, mostly reaching nearly or quite to apex. Margin almost always denticulate, especially near base. Cells frequently short and wide, but not constantly so, the auricular usually abruptly dilated and very distinct, large, rectangular, hyaline, inflated, mostly thin-walled, forming rather large, widened, inflated conspicuous auricles, often reaching to nerve. Dioicous, rarely autoicous.

<==Hypnum exannulatum [=Amblystegium exannulatum] D24
    |--H. e. var. exannulatum [incl. H. fluitans var. pinnatum] D24
    |    |--H. e. var. e. f. exannulatum D24
    |    `--H. e. var. e. f. stenophylloides D24
    |--H. e. var. brachydictyon [=H. fluitans var. brachydictyon] D24
    |    |--H. e. var. b. f. brachydictyon D24
    |    `--H. e. var. b. f. orthophylla D24
    |--H. e. var. falcifolium (see below for synonymy) D24
    |    |--H. e. var. f. f. falcifolium D24
    |    `--H. e. var. f. f. viridis D24
    `--H. e. var. purpurascens D24

Hypnum exannulatum var. falcifolium [=H. fluitans var. falcifolium; incl. H. exannulatum var. rotae, H. exannulatum var. stenophyllum] D24

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

Amblystegium

Creeping feathermoss Amblystegium serpens, copyright Malcolm Storey.

Belongs within: Amblystegiaceae.

Amblystegium is a genus of mosses found in damp habitats with short cells in the leaves and without a beak on the capsule lid (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Plants of differing habit and branching, rarely pinnate. Leaves usually small, mostly more or less ovate-acuminate, usually imbricated all round stems, not complanate nor strongly falcate, frequently moderately falcato-secund; nerve single or rarely absent. Cells more or less parenchymatous, short, often less than five times as long as wide, rhomboid-hexagonal. Seta smooth; capsule narrow, more or less cylindrical, usually curved; lid conical, obtuse or apiculate, rarely more longly acuminate.

<==Amblystegium Schimp. 1853 SK02
    |--*A. serpens (Hedw.) Schimp. 1853 VH02, SK02 [=Hypnum serpens D24]
    |    |--A. s. var. serpens D24
    |    |--A. s. var. angustifolium D24
    |    `--A. s. var. salinum Carr. 1863 [incl. A. serpens var. depauperatum, A. perminimum] D24
    `--+--A. varium (Hedw.) Lindb. 1879 VH02, SK02 (see below for synonymy)
       `--+--A. fluviatile VH02 [=Hypnum fluviatile D24]
          |--A. humile VH02
          `--A. tenax VH02

Amblystegium incertae sedis:
  A. compactum [=Hypnum serpens var. compactum] D24
  A. confervoides [=Hypnum confervoides] D24
  A. curvicaule [=Hypnum curvicaule] D24
    |--A. c. var. curvicaule D24
    `--A. c. var. strictum D24
  A. hygrophilum [incl. Hypnum radicale, A. radicale] D24
  A. irriguum [=Hypnum irriguum] D24
    |--A. i. var. irriguum D24
    `--A. i. var. spinifolium D24
  A. juratzkanum D24 [=A. juratzkae D24, A. serpens var. juratzkanum M08]
  A. kochii [=A. trichopodium var. kochii] D24
  A. sprucei [=Leskea sprucei] D24
  A. subtile D24

Nomina nuda: Amblystegium austropalustre Broth. ex Watts 1899 SK02
             Amblystegium megachaete Dusén 1903 D03
             Amblystegium perhumile Müll.Hal. ex Paris 1900 SK02

Amblystegium varium (Hedw.) Lindb. 1879 VH02, SK02 [=Leskea varia D24, Orthotheciella varia (Hedw.) Ochyra 1998 SK02; incl. Amblystegium austrohygrophilum Broth. 1916 SK02, A. austroserpens Broth. 1915 (preoc.) SK02, A. dicranadelphus (n. n.) SK02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[M08] Marstaller, R. 2008. Moosgesellschaften am Südrand des Kyffhäusergebirges bei Bad Frankenhausen (Kyffhäuserkreis). 130. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (2): 289–348.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[VH02] Vanderpoorten, A., L. Hedenäs, C. J. Cox & A. J. Shaw. 2002. Phylogeny and morphological evolution of the Amblystegiaceae (Bryopsida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 (1): 1–21.

Anomodontaceae

Anomodon attenuatus, photographed by Hermann Schachner.

Belongs within: Hypnales.

The Anomodontaceae are a group of mat-forming mosses with an erect, exserted capsule.

Characters (from I. Granzow-de la Cerda): Plants small to large, in dense or loose mats, glaucous, green, brown, or yellowish brown, dull. Stems creeping, sparsely to profusely branched, irregularly pinnate; paraphyllia absent. Stem and branch leaves differentiated. Stem leaves scalelike, minute; apex acute-acuminate to rounded; costa single, long, ending below apex, thick, usually pellucid, or double and short; laminal cells short. Branch leaves with costa single, ending sharply at or near apex, pellucid. Sexual condition dioicous. Seta dark to light reddish or brown, flexuose. Capsule erect, exserted; operculum conic to obliquely short-rostrate; exostome whitish yellow to pale brown, often striolate at base and papillose.

<==Anomodontaceae SK02
    |--Haplohymenium Dozy & Molk. 1846 SK02
    |--Herpetineuron (Müll.Hal.) Cardot 1905 SK02
    |    `--H. toccoae (Sull. & Lesq.) Cardot 1905 SK02
    `--Anomodon Hooker & Taylor 1818 SK02
         |--A. attenuatus VH02 [=Hypnum attenuatum D24]
         |--A. longifolius [=Pterigynandrum longifolium] D24
         |--A. pseudotristis (Müll.Hal.) Kindb. 1888 (see below for synonymy) SK02
         |--A. rostratus J87
         |--A. rugelli N02
         |--A. thraustus N02
         `--A. viticulosus [=Hypnum viticulosum] D24

Nomen invalidum: Anomodon brevissimus Broth. ex Bailey 1890 SK02

Anomodon pseudotristis (Müll.Hal.) Kindb. 1888 [=Haplohymenium pseudotriste (Müll.Hal.) Broth. 1907; incl. A. brevinervis, H. brevinerve] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[VH02] Vanderpoorten, A., L. Hedenäs, C. J. Cox & A. J. Shaw. 2002. Phylogeny and morphological evolution of the Amblystegiaceae (Bryopsida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 (1): 1–21.

Hedwigiales

Hedwigia ciliata, copyright Michael Becker.

Belongs within: Bryidae.

The Hedwigiales are a group of acrocarpous mosses with procumbent stems that lack a peristome on the capsule.

<==Hedwigiales SK02
    |--Rhacocarpus Lindb. 1863 [Rhacocarpaceae] SK02
    |    |--R. purpurascens (Brid.) Paris 1900 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    `--R. rehmannianus (Müll.Hal.) Wijk & Margad. 1960 SK02
    |         |--R. r. var. rehmannianus SK02
    |         `--R. r. var. webbianus (Müll.Hal.) Frahm 1996 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    `--Hedwigiaceae SK02
         |--Hedwigidium Bruch & Schimp. 1846 SK02
         |    `--H. integrifolium (Palisot de Beauvois) Dixon 1939 SK02 (see below for synonymy)
         `--Hedwigia Palisot de Beauvois 1804 SK02
              `--H. ciliata (Hedw.) Palisot de Beauvois 1805 (see below for synonymy) SK02
                   |--H. c. var. ciliata D24
                   |--H. c. var. leucophaea D24
                   `--H. c. var. striata D24

Nomina nuda: Hedwigidium campbellii Müll.Hal. ex Weymouth 1894 [=Braunia campbellii Müll.Hal. ex Fleischer 1920] SK02
             Hedwigidium weymouthii Fleischer 1920 [=Braunia weymouthii Müll.Hal. ex Fleischer 1920] SK02
             Rhacocarpus patagonicus Dusén 1903 D03

Hedwigia ciliata (Hedw.) Palisot de Beauvois 1805 [=Anictangium ciliatum, Schistidium ciliatum; incl. Hedwigia albicans (nom. illeg.), H. juratzkae, Pilotrichum microcyatheum, Cryphaea microcyathea, Hedwigia microcyathea, H. novae-valesiae (nom. inv.), H. occidentalis (nom. inv.), Anictangium planifolium, H. albicans var. viridis (comb. inv.)] SK02

Hedwigidium integrifolium (Palisot de Beauvois) Dixon 1939 SK02 [=Hedwigia integrifolia SK02; incl. Schistidium drummondii SK02, Hedwigia imberbis var. drummondii SK02, Hedwigidium drummondii SK02, Neckera drummondii SK02, N. emersa SK02, Harrisonia emersa (n. n.) SK02, Hedwigia emersa (n. n.) SK02, Hedwigidium emersum SK02, Gymnostomum imberbe D24, Hedwigia imberbis SK02, Hedwigidium imberbe SK02, Schistidium australe (nom. inv.) SK02]

Rhacocarpus purpurascens (Brid.) Paris 1900 [incl. Braunia humboldtii, Harrisonia humboldtii, Hedwigia humboldtii, Rhacocarpus humboldtii; incl. Harrisonia australis, R. australis] SK02

Rhacocarpus rehmannianus var. webbianus (Müll.Hal.) Frahm 1996 [=Harrisonia webbiana, R. webbianus (Müll.Hal.) Paris 1900] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Bryum section Eu-Bryum

Bryum caespiticium, from the Ohio Moss and Lichen Association.

Belongs within: Bryaceae.

The section Eu-Bryum of the genus Bryum includes often tall mosses with rather long, narrow leaves (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Innovations usually not julaceous, cells wider, more or less hexagonal-rhomboid. Inner peristome perfect. Outer teeth pale yellow above, at base thickened, deeper in colour, orange. Spores small.

<==Bryum sect. Eu-Bryum D24
    |--*B. argenteum Hedw. 1801 SK02, D24, SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--B. a. var. argenteum D24
    |    `--B. a. var. majus [incl. B. perpusillum] D24
    |--B. affine [=Webera affinis] D24
    |    |--B. a. var. affine D24
    |    `--B. a. var. cirratum D24
    |--B. alpinum Huds. ex Withering 1801 D24, SK02
    |    |--B. a. var. alpinum D24
    |    |--B. a. var. distantifolium D24
    |    |--B. a. var. meridionale D24
    |    `--B. a. var. viride D24
    |--B. atropurpureum [incl. B. barnesii] D24
    |    |--B. a. var. atropurpureum D24
    |    `--B. a. var. gracilentum [incl. B. elegantulum] D24
    |--B. caespiticium Hedw. 1801 D24, SK02 [=B. cespiticium (l. c.) SK02]
    |    |--B. c. var. caespiticium [incl. B. laxirete (preoc.)] SK02
    |    |--B. c. var. badium D24
    |    |--B. c. var. crinitum Wilson 1859 SK02
    |    `--B. c. var. imbricatum [incl. B. caespiticium var. kunzei] D24
    |--B. dixoni Card. ex Nicholson 1901 D24
    |--B. donianum D24
    |--B. elegans FHH01 [=B. capillare var. elegans D24; incl. B. barbatum D24, B. leptaleum D24, B. stirtoni D24]
    |--B. erythrocarpum [incl. B. sanguineum] D24
    |--B. gemmiparum D24
    |--B. intermedium (Brid.) Bland. 1809 D24, SK02
    |--B. mildeanum D24
    |--B. muehlenbeckii Bruch & Schimp. 1846 D24, SK02 [incl. B. cheelii SK02]
    |--B. murale D24
    |--B. neodamense D24
    |--B. pallescens D24
    |--B. provinciale D24
    |--B. pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) Gaertn. 1802 D24, SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--B. p. var. pseudotriquetrum D24
    |    `--B. p. var. compactum non B. pendulum var. compactum D24
    |--B. rubens Mitt. 1856 D24, SK02
    |--B. rufifolium Dixon 1924 [=B. rubicundum Stirton non C.M. 1859] D24
    `--B. sauteri Bruch & Schimp. 1846 D24, SK02

*Bryum argenteum Hedw. 1801 SK02, D24, SK02 [incl. B. amblyolepis SK02, B. amblophyllum (nom. inv.) SK02, B. austroargenteum (n. n.) SK02, B. hampeanum (n. n.) SK02, B. leucophyllum Dozy & Molk. 1844 SK02, B. argenteum var. niveum Wilson 1859 SK02, B. parasemum D24]

Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) Gaertn. 1802 D24, SK02 [incl. B. austroaffine SK02, B. pseudotriquetrum var. bimum SK02, B. intortulum D24, B. rubiginosum SK02, B. subventricosum SK02, B. tasmanicum SK02, B. ventricosum (nom. illeg.) SK02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[FHH01] Frey, W., M. Hofmann & H. H. Hilger. 2001. The gametophyte-sporophyte junction: unequivocal hints for two evolutionary lines of archegoniate land plants. Flora 196: 431–445.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Webera subgenus Eu-Webera

Webera proligera, photographed by Hermann Schachner.

Belongs within: Bryaceae.

The subgenus Eu-Webera of the genus Webera includes species with relatively wide leaves and capsules compared to other members of the genus (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Leaves wider, without a distinct border, not dimorphous, the comal less suddenly elongated, the areolation usually wider. Capsule wider, with a shorter neck; basal membrane of inner peristome usually higher, cilia present, often perfect, not appendiculate; processes usually with a more or less gaping slit along their median line.

<==Webera subg. Eu-Webera D24
    |--W. annotina [=Mnium annotinum, Pohlia annotina] D24
    |    |--W. a. var. annotina D24
    |    |--W. a. var. bulbifera [incl. W. annotina var. tenuifolia] D24
    |    `--W. a. var. erecta [=Trentepohlia erecta] D24
    |--W. carnea [=Bryum carneum, Pohlia carnea] D24
    |--W. commutata [=Pohlia commutata] D24
    |    |--W. c. var. commutata D24
    |    `--W. c. var. catenulata [=Bryum catenulatum] D24
    |--W. cucullata [=Bryum cucullatum, Pohlia cucullata] D24
    |--W. gracilis [=Bryum gracile, Pohlia gracilis] D24
    |--W. ludwigii [=Bryum ludwigii, Pohlia ludwigii] D24
    |    |--W. l. var. ludwigii D24
    |    `--W. l. var. latifolia D24
    `--W. proligera [=Pohlia proligera; incl. W. annotina var. angustifolia] D24

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

Philonotis subgenus Eu-Philonotis

Philonotis calcarea, copyright Michael Becker.

Belongs within: Bartramiaceae.

The subgenus Eu-Philonotis of the genus Philonotis mostly includes robust and erect mosses (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Usually robust and erect; stems usually straight and regularly branched. Dioicous. Male flower discoid, terminal.

<==Philonotis Brid. 1827 subg. Eu-Philonotis
    |--P. caespitosa D24
    |    |--P. c. var. caespitosa D24
    |    `--P. c. var. adpressa D24
    |--P. calcarea D24
    |--P. capillaris [=P. fontana var. capillaris; incl. P. arnellii, P. ryani Philibert 1894] D24
    |--P. fontana [=Mnium fontanum; incl. P. fontana var. pumila] D24
    |    |--P. f. var. fontana D24
    |    |--P. f. var. adpressa non P. caespitosa var. adpressa [incl. P. heterophylla] D24
    |    |--P. f. var. ampliretis Dixon 1902 [incl. P. laxa] D24
    |    |--P. f. var. falcata D24
    |    `--P. f. var. tomentella [incl. P. fontana var. compacta] D24
    |--P. marchica D24
    |--P. mollis (Dozy & Molk.) Mitt. 1859 SK02 [=P. calcarea var. mollis D24]
    `--P. seriata D24

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Bryum section Leucodontium

Bryum pallens, from here.

Belongs within: Bryaceae.

The section Leucodontium of the genus Bryum includes mosses found in watery situations, characterised by entirely pale outer peristome teeth (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Innovations not julaceous; cells wider, more or less hexagonal-rhomboid. Leaves rather wide, obtuse or shortly pointed only, relatively flaccid, cells relatively wide. Capsules pale. Inner peristome usually perfect, appendiculate cilia mostly well-developed, as long as processes, with distinct transverse appendages; basal membrane not adherent to outer peristome. Outer teeth pale yellow throughout length, hardly thickened at base. Spores usually small.

<==Bryum sect. Leucodontium D24
    |--B. cyclophyllum [=Mnium cyclophyllum] D24
    |--B. duvalii D24
    |--B. fallax D24
    |--B. pallens Swartz 1801 D24, SK02 [incl. B. origanum D24]
    |    |--B. p. var. pallens D24
    |    |--B. p. var. euryphyllum Jones 1917 D24
    |    `--B. p. var. speciosum [incl. B. rubricosum] D24
    `--B. turbinatum [=Mnium turbinatum] D24
         |--B. t. var. turbinatum D24
         `--B. t. var. latifolium [=B. schleicheri var. latifolium, Mnium latifolium] D24

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Grimmia

Grimmia pulvinata, copyright Michael Becker.

Belongs within: Grimmiales.

Grimmia is a genus of mostly short-stemmed mosses found growing in close cushions or tufts on rocks (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Mostly short-stemmed, growing in close cushions or tufts on rocks; stems dichotomous. Leaves crowded, more or less lanceolate, usually hyaline-pointed, margin frequently thickened, almost always entire; areolation short and often opaque above. Seta arcuate or straight. Calyptra smooth; capsule oval. Peristome teeth 16, cleft at apex or entire, lanceolate.

<==Grimmia Hedw. 1801 SK02
    |--G. subg. Eu-Grimmia D24
    |    |--G. alpestris D24 [incl. G. doniana var. sudetica D24, SK02, G. ungeri D24]
    |    |--G. arenaria [incl. G. curvula] D24
    |    |--G. atrata D24
    |    |--G. calyptrata D24
    |    |--G. commutata D24
    |    |--G. decipiens [=Trichostomum decipiens; incl. G. schultzii, G. subaquila] D24
    |    |--G. donniana Smith 1804 D24, SK02
    |    |--G. elatior D24
    |    |--G. elongata D24
    |    |--G. funalis (Schwägr.) Bruch & Schimp. 1845 D24, SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--G. hartmani D24
    |    |--G. homodictyon Dixon 1901 D24
    |    |--G. inaequalis D24, SK02 [incl. G. incrassicapsulis SK02]
    |    |--G. incurva [incl. G. contorta] D24
    |    |--G. montana D24
    |    |--G. muehlenbeckii D24
    |    |--G. orbicularis Bruch 1844 D24, SK02 [incl. G. campbelliae Müll.Hal. 1898 SK02]
    |    |--G. ovalis (Hedw.) Lindb. 1871 D24, SK02
    |    |--G. ovata [incl. G. hemipolia] D24
    |    |    |--G. o. var. ovata D24
    |    |    `--G. o. var. cylindrica D24
    |    |--G. patens [=Bryum patens, Rhacomitrium patens] D24
    |    |--G. pennsylvanica D24
    |    |--G. pulvinata (Hedw.) Smith 1807 D24, SK02
    |    |    |--G. p. var. pulvinata SK02
    |    |    `--G. p. var. africana (Hedw.) Hooker & Wilson 1854 SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--G. retracta Stirton 1886 (see below for synonymy) D24
    |    |--G. robusta [=G. decipiens var. robusta] D24
    |    |--G. stirtoni D24
    |    |--G. subsquarrosa D24
    |    |    |--G. s. var. subsquarrosa D24
    |    |    `--G. s. var. edinensis D24
    |    |--G. subsulcata D24
    |    |--G. torquata D24
    |    |--G. trichophylla D24 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--G. unicolor D24
    `--G. subg. Gasterogrimmia D24
         |--G. anodon Bruch & Schimp. 1845 D24, SK02
         `--G. crinita D24

Grimmia incertae sedis:
  G. amblyophylla D03
  G. argentea M49
  G. asperitricha M49
  G. australis (Dixon & Sainsbury) Muñoz & Ochyra 1999 SK02
  G. austrofunalis Müll.Hal. 1898 SK02
  G. austro-leucophaea D03
  G. cyathocarpa (Hampe) Mitt. 1882 [=Guembelia cyathocarpa] SK02
  G. depressa D03
    |--G. d. var. depressa D03
    `--G. d. var. terrestris D03
  G. fallax Dusén 1903 D03
  G. humilis D03
  G. laevigata (Brid.) Brid. 1826 (see below for synonymy) SK02
  G. longirostris Hooker 1818 SK02
  G. macroperichaetialis Greven 1998 SK02
  G. macropulvinata Dusén 1903 D03
  G. paramattensis Müll.Hal. 1898 (n. d.) SK02
  G. redunca N02
  G. reflexidens Müll.Hal. 1849 SK02
  G. subcallosa Müll.Hal. 1898 (n. d.) SK02
  G. tortuosa D03

Nomina nuda: Grimmia arachnoidea Dusén 1903 D03
             Grimmia australasica Mitt. ex Watts & Whitel. 1902 SK02
             Grimmia austroapocarpa Müll.Hal. ex Watts & Whitel. 1902 SK02
             Grimmia encalyptoides Müll.Hal. ex Watts & Whitel. 1902 SK02
             Grimmia flexiseta Dusén 1903 D03
             Grimmia histrioipila Müll.Hal. ex Watts & Whitel. 1902 SK02
             Grimmia pachyphylla Müller in Dusén 1903 [=Andreaea pachyphylla Dusén 1903] D03
             Grimmia pycnophylla Dusén 1903 D03
             Grimmia scabridorsum Broth. ex Watts & Whitel. 1902 SK02

Grimmia funalis (Schwägr.) Bruch & Schimp. 1845 D24, SK02 [=Trichostomum funale D24, Eugrimmia funalis (nom. inv.) SK02; incl. Grimmia horni D24]

Grimmia laevigata (Brid.) Brid. 1826 [incl. G. campestris, G. leiocarpa, G. leucophaea, G. leucophaea var. subrotunda] SK02

Grimmia pulvinata var. africana (Hedw.) Hooker & Wilson 1854 SK02 [incl. Gr. trichophylla var. australis (nom. inv.) non Gr. australis (Dixon & Sainsbury) Muñoz & Ochyra 1999 SK02, Gr. pulvinata var. basaltica M49, SK02, Gr. callosa SK02, Gr. cygnicolla SK02, Dryptodon obtusus D24, Gr. pulvinata var. obtusa (nom. illeg.) SK02, Guembelia obtusata SK02, Gr. obtusata (Müll.Hal. & Hampe) Jaeger 1874 SK02, Gr. pygmaea Müll.Hal. 1849 SK02, Gr. tasmanica Müll.Hal. 1898 SK02, Gr. woollsiana Müll.Hal. 1898 SK02]

Grimmia retracta Stirton 1886 [incl. G. retracta var. submutica non Grimmia apocarpa f. submutica Watts & Whitel. 1902] D24

Grimmia trichophylla D24 [incl. G. crispatula SK02, G. fuliginea D24, G. polita D24, G. stenophylla Müll.Hal. 1898 SK02, G. undulata D24]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[M49] Martin, W. 1949. Distribution of the mosses indigenous to New Zealand (supplement no. 1). Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 355–360.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Cynodontium

Cynodontium polycarpum, photographed by Hermann Schachner.

Belongs within: Dicranaceae.

Cynodontium is a genus of relatively tall mosses with recurved margins on the leaves (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Leaves with recurved margins, long, wider at base, gradually and longly acuminated in the upper part; cells often papillose. Fruit larger, smooth or striate, symmetrical or more frequently inclined and unequal, often strumose, on longer seta. Peristome variable. Lid longly subulate.

<==Cynodontium
    |--C. bruntoni [=Dicranum bruntoni, Dicranoweisia bruntoni, Oncophorus bruntoni] D24
    |--C. gracilescens [=Dicranum gracilescens, Oncophorus gracilescens] D24
    |    |--C. g. var. gracilescens D24
    |    `--C. g. var. alpestre [incl. C. subalpestre] D24
    |--C. jenneri (see below for synonymy) D24
    |--C. polycarpum [=Dicranum polycarpum, Oncophorus polycarpus] D24
    |--C. strumiferum [=Dicranum strumiferum, C. polycarpum var. strumiferum, Oncophorus strumifer] D24
    |--C. virens [=Bryum virens, Oncophorus virens] D24
    |    |--C. v. var. virens D24
    |    `--C. v. var. serratum D24
    `--C. wahlenbergii [=C. virens var. wahlenbergii, Onchophorus wahlenbergii] D24
         |--C. w. var. wahlenbergii D24
         `--C. w. var. compactum D24

Cynodontium jenneri [=Didymodon jenneri Schimp. 1868; incl. C. polycarpum var. laevifolia, C. polycarpum var. laxirete, C. laxirete Grebe 1901] D24

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

Dicranoweisia

Dicranoweisia crispula, photographed by Hermann Schachner.

Belongs within: Dicranaceae.

Dicranoweisia is a genus of mosses growing in dense cushions, with leaves crisped when dry and smooth, erect capsules (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Plants in dense cushions; leaves crisped when dry, entire, with angular cells more or less distinct. Capsule erect, smooth; peristome teeth cleft at apex or undivided, articulated and internally barred.

<==Dicranoweisia Lindb. ex Mild. 1869 SK02
    |--D. antarctica (Müll.Hal.) Kindb. 1888 SK02
    |--D. austro-crispula D03
    |--D. brevipes (Müll.Hal.) Cardot 1885 SK02
    |--D. cirrata SK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |--D. compacta D24
    |--D. crispula [=Weisia crispula; incl. Dicranum leiophyllum] D24
    |    |--D. c. var. crispula D24
    |    `--D. c. var. atrata D24
    |--D. microcarpa (Hooker & Wilson) Paris 1896 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    `--D. perpulvinata Dusén 1903 D03

Nomen nudum: Dicranoweisia tenella Dusén 1903 D03

Dicranoweisia cirrata SK02 [=Mnium cirrhatum D24, Holomitrium cirratum SK02, Weisia cirrhata D24; incl. Dicranoweisia sutherlandii D24]

Dicranoweisia microcarpa (Hooker & Wilson) Paris 1896 [=Weissia microcarpa, Brachydontium microcarpum, Dicranum microcarpum; incl. Weissia bicolor Hampe 1880] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Trichostomum

Trichostomum crispulum, photographed by Hermann Schachner.

Belongs within: Pottiaceae.

Trichostomum is a genus of mostly tall, relatively robust mosses (Dixon 1924).

Characters (from Dixon 1924): Plants for the most part tall, rather robust; leaves usually narrow, elongate, with lax, pellucid, or hyaline basal cells, and minute, obscure, papillose upper areolation, curled and often strongly cirrate-incurved when dry. Capsule oblong or cylindrical, peristomate, teeth slender, divided to or nearly to base into two filiform division, more or less imperfect, or long, erect, oblique or contorted. Dioicous.

<==Trichostomum Bruch 1829 SK02
    |--T. austrocrispum (Beckett) Zander 1993 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--T. bombayense N02
    |--T. brachydontium Bruch 1829 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--T. crispulum Bruch 1829 SK02 [=Mollia crispula D24; incl. M. scaphoidea D24]
    |    |--T. c. var. crispulum D24
    |    |--T. c. var. brevifolium D24
    |    |--T. c. var. elatum D24
    |    |--T. c. var. nigro-viride D24
    |    `--T. c. var. viridulum [incl. T. crispulum var. angustifolium, T. crispulum var. longifolium] D24
    |--T. diminutum [=Timmiella diminuta] SK02
    |--T. eckelianum Zander 1993 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--T. flavovirens [=Mollia flavovirens; incl. Barbula limosa, M. subbifaria] D24
    |--T. fragile [=Barbula fragilis, Didymodon fragilis, Mollia fragilis; incl. Barbula aggregata, Mollia thrausta] D24
    |--T. hibernicum [=Mollia hibernica, Tortula hibernica; incl. Barbula cirrifolia] D24
    |--T. leptotheca Müll.Hal. 1868 (n. d.) SK02
    |--T. limosellum (Stirt.) Dixon 1924 [=Barbula limosella] D24
    |--T. mutabile [incl. Mollia brachydontia, M. compressa, M. intumescens, M. lutescens] D24
    |    |--T. m. var. mutabile D24
    |    |--T. m. var. cophocarpum D24
    |    `--T. m. var. littorale [=Mollia littoralis; incl. T. episemum] D24
    |--T. nitidum [=Mollia nitida, Tortula nitida] D24
    |--T. pallidum [=Ditrichum pallidum] SK02
    |--T. polyphyllum SK02 [=Bryum polyphyllum D24, Glyphomitrium polyphyllum D24, Ptychomitrium polyphyllum SK02]
    |--T. sublamprothecium J87
    |--T. tenuirostre [=Weisia tenuirostris, Mollia tenuirostris; incl. Didymodon cylindricus] D24
    |    |--T. t. var. tenuirostre D24
    |    |--T. t. var. daldinianum D24
    |    `--T. t. var. holtii [incl. Mollia terrena] D24
    `--T. tortuosum [=Barbula tortuosa, Bryum tortuosum, Mollia tortuosa] D24
         |--T. t. var. tortuosum D24
         |--T. t. var. dicranoideum [=Mollia tortuosa var. dicranoidea] D24
         `--T. t. var. fragilifolium [=Barbula tortuosa var. fragilifolia] D24

Nomina nuda: Trichostomum albovaginatum Hampe ex Müll.Hal. 1901 SK02
             Trichostomum weymouthii Müll.Hal. 1901 [=Desmatodon weymouthii Watts & Whitel. 1902] SK02

Trichostomum austrocrispum (Beckett) Zander 1993 [=Weissia austrocrispa (Beckett) Stone 1980; incl. Pleuridium lanceolatum (R.Br.bis) Paris 1898] SK02

Trichostomum brachydontium Bruch 1829 [incl. Tortella aristatula Broth. ex Watts & Whitel. 1902 (n. n.), Tr. aristatulum Broth. 1916] SK02

Trichostomum eckelianum Zander 1993 [incl. Tortella cirrhata Broth. 1902, Tr. cirrhatum (preoc.), To. subflavovirens Broth. & Watts 1915] SK02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Volvocales

Dunaliella sp., copyright CSIRO.

Belongs within: Tetraphytae.

The Volvocales are a group of solitary or colonial, biflagellate, unicellular green algae.

Volvocales [Volvocineae]
    |--Volvocaceae [Volvocidae] NM03
    |    |--Pleodorina californica NM03, C79
    |    |--Eudorina Ehrenberg 1832 RA05, M70
    |    |    `--E. elegans Ehrenberg 1832 M70
    |    |--Gonium A90
    |    |    |--G. pectorale C79
    |    |    `--G. sociale C79
    |    `--Volvox Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |         |--V. aureus SG05
    |         |--V. carteri EDF04
    |         |    |--V. c. f. carteri EDF04
    |         |    `--V. c. f. nagariensis EDF04
    |         |--V. chaos Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |         `--V. globator Linnaeus 1758 L58
    `--+--+--Gongrosira papuasica L-BC03
       |  `--Protosiphon [Protosiphonaceae] L-BC03
       |       `--P. botryoides L-BC03
       `--Polyblepharidaceae [Phytomonadida, Polyblepharidae] S57
            |--Spermatozopsis similis BB02, SL03
            |--Stephanoptera gracilis (Artari) Smith 1933 [=Asteromonas gracilis] S57
            |--Polytomella BB02
            |    |--P. agilis SR02
            |    `--P. parva GLB04
            `--Dunaliella S57
                 |--D. acidophila PHK96
                 |--D. parva SG99
                 |--D. primolecta PHK96
                 |--D. salina (Dunal) Teodoresco 1905 S57
                 |--D. tertiolecta YB03
                 `--D. viridis FEF04

Volvocales incertae sedis:
  Chlamydomonadaceae A90
    |--Sphaerellopsis A90
    `--Chlamydomonas Ehrenberg 1835 M70
         |  i. s.: C. angulosa Dill 1895 M70
         |         C. eugametos GLB04
         |         C. globosa SX97
         |         C. incerta SM03
         |         C. komma SX97
         |         C. microsphaera SX97
         |         C. nivalis PHK96
         |         C. noctigama BB02
         |         C. simplex SX97
         |--C. reinhardtii Dangeard 1888 TB03, GPN97
         `--+--+--C. moewusii TB03
            |  `--‘Polytoma’ oviforme TB03
            `--+--C. applanata TB03
               `--Polytoma TB03
                    |--P. uvella TB03
                    `--+--P. mirum TB03
                       `--P. obtusum TB03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A90] Archibald, P. A. 1990. Soil algae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 69–96. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[BB02] Brugerolle, G., G. Bricheux, H. Philippe & G. Coffe. 2002. Collodictyon triciliatum and Diphylleia rotans (=Aulacomonas submarina) form a new family of flagellates (Collodictyonidae) with tubular mitochondrial cristae that is phylogenetically distinct from other flagellate groups. Protist 153: 59–70.

[C79] Curds, C. R. 1979. Group phenomena in the phylum Protozoa. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 29–37. Academic Press: London.

[EDF04] Ekelund, F., N. Daugbjerg & L. Fredslund. 2004. Phylogeny of Heteromita, Cercomonas and Thaumatomonas based on SSU rDNA sequences, including the description of Neocercomonas jutlandica sp. nov., gen. nov. European Journal of Protistology 40: 119–135.

[FEF04] Finlay, B. J., G. F. Esteban & T. Fenchel. 2004. Protist diversity is different? Protist 155: 15–22.

[GPN97] Gatenby, C. M., B. C. Parker & R. J. Neves. 1997. Growth and survival of juvenile rainbow mussels, Villosa iris (Lea, 1829) (Bivalvia: Unionidae), reared on algal diets and sediment. American Malacological Bulletin 14 (1): 57–66.

[GLB04] Gray, M. W., B. F. Lang & G. Burger. 2004. Mitochondria of protists. Annual Review of Genetics 38: 477–524.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[L-BC03] López-Bautista, J. M., & R. L. Chapman. 2003. Phylogenetic affinities of the Trentepohliales inferred from small-subunit rDNA. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2099–2106.

[M70] Meel, L. van. 1970. Etudes limnologiques en Belgique. VI.—Les méandres de la Durme à Hamme (Province de Flandre Orientale). Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (13): 1–56.

[NM03] Nozaki, H., M. Matsuzaki, M. Takahara, O. Misumi, H. Kuroiwa, M. Hasegawa, T. Shin-i, Y. Kohara, N. Ogasawara & T. Kuroiwa. 2003. The phylogenetic position of red algae revealed by multiple nuclear genes from mitochondria-containing eukaryotes and an alternative hypothesis on the origin of plastids. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 485–497.

[PHK96] Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[RA05] Rath, J., & S. P. Adhikary. 2005. A check list of algae from Chilika Lake, Orissa. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1–4): 101–114.

[SM03] Saldarriaga, J. F., M. L. McEwan, N. M. Fast, F. J. R. Taylor & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyrrhis marina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinoflagellate lineage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 355–365.

[SG05] Sau, A., & R. K. Gupta. 2005. Algal flora of Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1–4): 63–86.

[S57] Scagel, R. F. 1957. An annotated list of the marine algae of British Columbia and northern Washington (including keys to genera). National Museum of Canada Bulletin 150: 1–289.

[SL03] Schoppmeier, J., & K.-F. Lechtreck. 2003. Flagellar regeneration in Spermatozopsis similis (Chlorophyta). Journal of Phycology 39: 918–922.

[SR02] Simpson, A. G. B., A. J. Roger, J. D. Silberman, D. D. Leipe, V. P. Edgcomb, L. S. Jermiin, D. J. Patterson & M. L. Sogin. 2002. Evolutionary history of “early-diverging” eukaryotes: the excavate taxon Carpediemonas is a close relative of Giardia. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19 (10): 1782–1791.

[SG99] Sluiman, H. J., & C. Guihal. 1999. Phylogenetic position of Chaetosphaeridium (Chlorophyta), a basal lineage in the Charophyceae inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Journal of Phycology 35: 395–402.

[SX97] Song B. & Xie P. 1997. Preliminary studies on the community structure of the planktonic protozoa from the outlet of Lake Dongting. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 21 (Suppl.): 60–68.

[TB03] Tartar, A., D. G. Boucias, J. J. Becnel & B. J. Adams. 2003. Comparison of plastid 16S rRNA (rrn16) genes from Helicosporidium spp.: evidence supporting the reclassification of Helicosporidia as green algae (Chlorophyta). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1719–1723.

[YB03] Young, E. B., & J. Beardall. 2003. Photosynthetic function in Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyta) during a nitrogen starvation and recovery cycle. Journal of Phycology 39: 897–905.