Apioideae

Celery Apium graveolens, copyright Adam Grubb and Annie Raser-Rowland.

Belongs within: Apiaceae.
Contains: Mulineae, Bupleurum, Pleurospermeae, Perideridia, Scandiceae, Smyrnieae, Aciphylla, Anisotome, Pyramidoptereae, Heracleum, Peucedaneae, Cymopterus, Lomatium.

The Apioideae are a major subgroup of apiaceous plants in which the flowers are pedicelled in umbers, with styles arising from stylopodia, and fruits are distinctly ribbed (Allan 1961).

<==Apioideae [Ammineae, Apieae] DK-DW00
    |--Heteromorpheae DK-DW00
    |    |--Heteromorpha DK-DW00
    |    |    |--H. arborescens DK-DW00
    |    |    `--H. papillosa CV06
    |    `--+--Glia prolifera DK-DW00
    |       `--Anginon DK-DW00
    |            |--A. rugosum DK-DW00
    |            `--A. streyi CV06
    `--+--Bupleurum DK-DW00
       `--+--Pleurospermeae DK-DW00
          `--+--+--Komarovia anisosperma DK-DW00
             |  |--Parasilaus asiaticus DK-DW00
             |  `--‘Hansenia’ Turcz. 1884 nec Karst. 1879 nec Zopf 1883 DK-DW00, KC01
             `--+--Erigenia bulbosa DK-DW00
                `--+--Oenantheae DK-DW00
                   |    |  i. s.: Berula erecta DK-DW00, H93
                   |    |         Neogoezia DK-DW00
                   |    |         Cynosciadium DK-DW00
                   |    |         Lilaeopsis Greene 1891 DK-DW00, A61
                   |    |           |--L. lacustris Hill 1927 [incl. Crantzia lineata Hooker 1853 non Nutt. 1818] A61
                   |    |           |--L. masonii H93
                   |    |           |--L. novae-zelandiae (Dand.) Hill 1927 (see below for synonymy) A61
                   |    |           |--L. occidentalis H93
                   |    |           |--L. orbicularis Hill 1928 A61
                   |    |           `--L. polyantha GK00
                   |    |         Helosciadum DK-DW00
                   |    |           |--H. leptophyllum C55a
                   |    |           `--H. nodiflorum C55b
                   |    |--Perideridia DK-DW00
                   |    `--+--+--Cryptotaenia japonica DK-DW00
                   |       |  `--+--Oxypolis occidentalis DK-DW00
                   |       |     `--Sium DK-DW00
                   |       |          |--S. latifolium DK-DW00
                   |       |          `--S.suave [incl. S. cicutaefolium, S. lineare] C52
                   |       `--+--Oenanthe DK-DW00
                   |          |    |--O. crocata C52
                   |          |    |--O. pimpinelloides H93
                   |          |    `--O. sarmentosa H93
                   |          `--Cicuta DK-DW00
                   |               |--C. douglasii H93
                   |               |--C. maculata H93
                   |               |    |--C. m. var. maculata H93
                   |               |    |--C. m. var. angustifolia [incl. C. occidentalis, C. valida] H93
                   |               |    `--C. m. var. bolanderi H93
                   |               `--C. virosa Linnaeus 1753 UP03
                   `--+--Scandiceae DK-DW00
                      |--+--‘Ligusticum’ canadense DK-DW00
                      |  |--‘Ligusticum’ porteri DK-DW00
                      |  `--Conioselinum DK-DW00
                      |       |--*C. tataricum DK-DW00
                      |       |--C. chinense DK-DW00
                      |       |--C. pacificum H93
                      |       `--C. scopulorum DK-DW00
                      |--+--Smyrnieae DK-DW00
                      |  `--Aciphylleae DK-DW00
                      |       |--Aciphylla DK-DW00
                      |       |--Anisotome DK-DW00
                      |       |--Gingidia DK-DW00
                      |       |--Lignocarpa DK-DW00
                      |       `--Scandia DK-DW00
                      |            |--S. geniculata P04
                      |            `--S. rosifolia W96 (see below for synonymy)
                      `--+--Aegopodium clade DK-DW00
                         |    |  i. s.: Aegokeras [incl. Olymposciadium] DK-DW00
                         |    |         Rhabdosciadium DK-DW00
                         |    |         Grammosciadium DK-DW00
                         |    |         Cyclospermum leptophyllum DK-DW00, K10
                         |    |--Aegopodium DK-DW00
                         |    |    |--A. alpestre DK-DW00
                         |    |    `--A. podagraria HM07
                         |    `--+--Falcaria vulgaris DK-DW00
                         |       `--+--Fuernrohria setifolia DK-DW00
                         |          `--Carum DK-DW00
                         |               |--C. carvi O88
                         |               |--C. multiflorum S98
                         |               `--C. petroselinum C06
                         |--+--+--Conium maculatum DK-DW00
                         |  |  |--+--Prangos pabularia DK-DW00
                         |  |  |  `--+--Smyrniopsis aucheri DK-DW00
                         |  |  |     `--Opopanax hispidus DK-DW00
                         |  |  `--Pimpinella DK-DW00
                         |  |       |--P. anisum KSM06
                         |  |       |--P. peregrina DK-DW00
                         |  |       |--P. saxifraga WH02
                         |  |       `--P. tibetanica O88
                         |  `--+--Capnophyllum dichotomum DK-DW00
                         |     `--+--+--Anethum L. 1753 DK-DW00
                         |        |  |    `--A. graveolens L. 1753 L95
                         |        |  `--+--Ridolfia segetum DK-DW00
                         |        |     `--Foeniculum Mill. 1754 DK-DW00, L95
                         |        |          |--F. officionale BM76
                         |        |          `--F. vulgare Miller 1768 (see below for synonymy) L95
                         |        `--Apium Linnaeus 1753 DK-DW00, A61
                         |             |--A. annuum GK00
                         |             |--A. australe Thouars 1804 (see below for synonymy) A61
                         |             |    |--A. a. var. australe A61
                         |             |    |--A. a. var. angustisectum Wolff 1927 A61
                         |             |    `--A. a. var. latisectum Wolff 1927 A61
                         |             |--A. dulce TG88
                         |             |--A. filiforme (Rich.) Hooker 1852 (see below for synonymy) A61
                         |             |--A. graveolens Linnaeus 1753 CanDoy07
                         |             `--A. nodiflorum CS77
                         `--+--Pyramidoptereae DK-DW00
                            `--+--Arafoe aromatica DK-DW00
                               |--Coriandrum L. 1753 DK-DW00, L95
                               |    `--C. sativum L. 1753 L95
                               |--+--Thyselium palustre DK-DW00
                               |  `--‘Ferula’ assa-foetida DK-DW00
                               |--+--Cnidiocarpa alaica DK-DW00
                               |  |--Cnidium silaifolium DK-DW00
                               |  |--'Ligusticum’ ferulaceum DK-DW00
                               |  `--'Ligusticum’ physospermifolium DK-DW00
                               |--Heracleum clade DK-DW00
                               |    |--Heracleum DK-DW00
                               |    |--Zosima orientalis DK-DW00
                               |    `--Tordylium DK-DW00
                               |         |--T. aegaeum PT98
                               |         |--T. aegyptiacum DK-DW00
                               |         |--T. apulum PT98
                               |         |--T. maximum H91
                               |         `--T. parviflora C55b
                               `--+--Peucedaneae DK-DW00
                                  |--Chymsydia colchica DK-DW00
                                  |--Imperatoria ostruthium DK-DW00 [=Peucedanum ostruthium C55b]
                                  |--+--Endressia castellana DK-DW00
                                  |  `--Seseli DK-DW00
                                  |       |--S. diffusum [incl. S. indicum] VS73
                                  |       |--S. krylovii DK-DW00
                                  |       `--S. libanotis DK-DW00
                                  |--Rocky Mountain umbellifers DK-DW00
                                  |    |  i. s.: Cymopterus DK-DW00
                                  |    |         Lomatium DK-DW00
                                  |    |         Musineon DK-DW00
                                  |    |         Neoparrya DK-DW00
                                  |    |         Podistera nevadensis DK-DW00, H93
                                  |    |         Taenidia DK-DW00
                                  |    |--Shoshonea pulvinata DK-DW00
                                  |    `--+--Zizia aurea DK-DW00
                                  |       `--Thaspium pinnatifidum DK-DW00
                                  `--Arracacia clade DK-DW00
                                       |  i. s.: Dahliaphyllum DK-DW00
                                       |         Donnellsmithia DK-DW00
                                       |         Enantiophylla DK-DW00
                                       |         Coaxana DK-DW00
                                       |         Mathiasella DK-DW00
                                       |--+--'Arracacia’ brandegei DK-DW00
                                       |  |--Coulterophytum laxum DK-DW00
                                       |  |--Prionosciadium turneri DK-DW00
                                       |  `--Rhodosciadium argutum DK-DW00
                                       `--+--Myrrhidendron donnell-smithii DK-DW00
                                          `--Arracacia Bancroft 1828 DK-DW00, L95
                                               |--A. nelsonii DK-DW00
                                               `--A. xanthorrhiza Bancroft 1825 [incl. A. esculenta DC. 1830] L95

Apioideae incertae sedis:
  Tana bojeriana LWT03
  Diplaspis T00
  Dichosciadium T00
  Klotzschia T00
  Stilbocarpa Gray 1854 T00, A61
    `--S. polaris (Homb. & Jacq.) Gray 1854 [=Aralia polaris Homb. & Jacq. ex Hooker 1844] A61
  Azilia eryngioides DK-DW00
  Cortia depressa DK-DW00
  Karatavia kultiassovii DK-DW00
  Lithosciadium multicaule DK-DW00
  Phlojodicarpus popovii DK-DW00
  Spermolepis DK-DW00
    |--S. echinata H93
    `--S. inermis DK-DW00
  Sphaenolobium tianschanicum DK-DW00
  Tommasinia verticillaris DK-DW00
  Mulineae T00
  Coxella Cheesem. & Hemsl. 1911 A61
    `--C. dieffenbachii (Muell.) Cheesem. & Hemsl. 1911 (see below for synonymy) A61
  Ammi AGF98
    |--A. majus AGF98
    `--A. visnaga H93
  Echinophoreae DK-DW00
    |--Echinophora spinosa DK-DW00, C74
    |--Dicyclophora DK-DW00
    `--Pycnocycla DK-DW00
  Deverra triradiata DK-DW00
  Naufraga balearica DK-DW00
  Petroselinum Hill 1756 DK-DW00, L95
    |--P. crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex Hill (see below for synonymy) L95
    |--P. sativum MH98
    `--P. segetum TG88
  Oligocladus CalDow07
  Annesorhiza CalDow07
  Lichtensteinia CalDow07
    |--L. obscura CalDow07
    `--+--L. lacera CalDow07
       `--L. trifida CalDow07

Apium australe Thouars 1804 [incl. A. prostratum Labill. 1804, Petroselinum prostratum DC. 1830] A61

Apium filiforme (Rich.) Hooker 1852 [=Petroselinum filiforme Rich. 1832, A. prostratum var. filiforme Kirk 1899] A61

Coxella dieffenbachii (Muell.) Cheesem. & Hemsl. 1911 [=Gingidium dieffenbachii Muell. 1864, Aciphylla dieffenbachii Kirk 1899, Angelica dieffenbachii Benth. & Hooker 1867, Ligusticum dieffenbachii Hooker 1867] A61

Foeniculum vulgare Miller 1768 [incl. Anethum funiculum L. 1753, F. funiculum (L.) Karsten 1882] L95

Lilaeopsis novae-zelandiae (Dand.) Hill 1927 [=Crantzia novae-zelandiae Gandoger 1918] A61

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex Hill [=Apium crispum Mill. 1768; incl. A. petroselinum L. 1753, Wydleria portoricensis DC. 1829] L95

Scandia rosifolia W96 [=Angelica rosaefolia Hooker 1843 W96, Anisotome rosaefolia Hooker 1853 A61; incl. Ligusticum aromaticum Banks & Solander ms non Hooker 1864 W96]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[CalDow07] Calviño, C. I., & S. R. Downie. 2007. Circumscription and phylogeny of Apiaceae subfamily Saniculoideae based on chloroplast DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44 (1): 175–191.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CanDoy07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C52] Clarke, J. F. G. 1952. Host relationships of moths of the genera Depressaria and Agonopterix, with descriptions of new species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117 (7): 1–20.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[DK-DW00] Downie, S. R., D. S. Katz-Downie & M. F. Watson. 2000. A phylogeny of the flowering plant family Apiaceae based on chloroplast DNA rpl16 and rpoC1 intron sequences: towards a suprageneric classification of subfamily Apioideae. American Journal of Botany 87 (2): 273–292.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[HM07] Honek, A., & Z. Martinkova. 2007. A field method for quantifying the grazing activity of slugs, with particular reference to Arion lusitanicus (Mollusca). Malacologia 49 (2): 273–281.

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[K10] Keighery, G. 2010. The naturalised vascular plants of the Pilbara region, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 299–311.

[KSM06] King, R. C., W. D. Stansfield & P. K. Mulligan. 2006. A Dictionary of Genetics 7^th ed. Oxford University Press.

[L95] Liogier, H. A. 1995. Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: Spermatophyta-Dicotyledoneae vol. 4. Melastomataceae to Lentibulariaceae. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.

[LWT03] Liu, M., B-E. van Wyk & P. M. Tilney. 2003. The taxonomic value of fruit structure in the subfamily Saniculoideae and related African genera (Apiaceae). Taxon 52: 261–270.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[P04] Patrick, B. 2004. Parsnip moth established in New Zealand. Weta 27: 8–12.

[S98] Salmeri, C. 1998. Allium brulloi (Alliaceae), a new species from Astypalea (Aegean Islands, Greece). Willdenowia 28: 69–76.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[UP03] Uniyal, B. P., & P. C. Pant. 2003. Cicuta virosa L. (Apiaceae)—a rare species from Jammu & Kashmir. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45 (1–4): 229–231.

[VS73] Vyas, K. J., & G. L. Shah. 1973. Some interesting plants of Gujarat State. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (3): 684–686.

[W96] Webb, C. J. 1996. A rose by any other name: two problems of scent in the naming and typification of New Zealand plants. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 281–283.

[WH02] Wolfert, H. P., P. W. F. M. Hommel, A. H. Prins & M. H. Stern. 2002. The formation of natural levees as a disturbance process significant to the conservation of riverine pastures. Landscape Ecology 17 (Suppl. 1): 47–57.

Saniculeae

Flat sea holly Eryngium planum, copyright Bernard Dupont.

Belongs within: Apiaceae.

The Saniculeae are a group of umbelliferous plants characterised by fruits with a minutely ornamented surface, two mericarps, and a non-lignified endocarp composed of a single cell layer (Liu et al. 2003). Members include the genus Eryngium, sea hollies, herbs with hairless, mostly spiny leaves and white or blue flowers borne in dome-shaped umbels with whorls of spiny basal bracts.

<==Saniculeae
    |--Alepidea LWT03
    |    |--A. amatymbica LWT03
    |    `--A. setifera LWT03
    `--+--Hacquetia epipactis LWT03
       `--+--+--Actinolema macrolema LWT03
          |  `--Astrantia LWT03
          |       |--A. major LWT03
          |       `--A. maxima LWT03
          |--Sanicula LWT03
          |    |--S. arctopoides H93
          |    |--S. arguta [incl. S. simulans] H93
          |    |--S. bipinnata H93
          |    |--S. bipinnatifida H93
          |    |--S. coerulescens LWT03
          |    |--S. crassicaulis H93
          |    |--S. elata D07
          |    |--S. europaea LWT03
          |    |--S. graveolens H93
          |    |--S. gregaria K03
          |    |--S. hoffmannii H93
          |    |--S. laciniata H93
          |    |--S. lamelligera LWT03
          |    |--S. maritima H93
          |    |--S. peckiana H93
          |    |--S. rubriflora LWT03
          |    |--S. saxatilis H93
          |    |--S. tracyi H93
          |    `--S. tuberosa H93
          `--Eryngium Linnaeus 1753 LWT03, A61
               |--E. alismaefolium H93
               |--E. aristulatum H93
               |    |--E. a. var. aristulatum H93
               |    |--E. a. var. hooveri H93
               |    `--E. a. var. parishii H93
               |--E. armatum H93
               |--E. articulatum H93
               |--E. campestre Linnaeus 1753 PL04
               |--E. castrense H93
               |--E. constancei H93
               |--E. foetidum BB07
               |--E. giganteum LWT03
               |--E. horridum RJ11
               |--E. maritimum LWT03
               |--E. mathiasiae H93
               |--E. pinnatifidum GK00
               |--E. pinnatisectum H93
               |--E. plantagineum M99
               |--E. planum LWT03
               |--E. racemosum H93
               |--E. spina-alba C55
               |--E. spinosepalum [incl. E. vaseyi var. globosum] H93
               |--E. triquetrum B28
               |--E. vaseyi [incl. E. vaseyi var. vallicola] H93
               `--E. vesiculosum Labill. 1804 A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 121–154.

[B28] Betrem, J. G. 1928. Monographie der Indo-Australischen Scoliiden mit zoogeographischen Betrachtungen. H. Veenman & Zonen: Wageningen.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[K03] Kårehed, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1–24.

[LWT03] Liu, M., B-E. van Wyk & P. M. Tilney. 2003. The taxonomic value of fruit structure in the subfamily Saniculoideae and related African genera (Apiaceae). Taxon 52: 261–270.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

Last updated: 22 March 2020.

Apiaceae

Carrot Daucus carota, copyright Tigerente.

Belongs within: Apiales.
Contains: Bupleurum, Cymopterus, Lomatium, Perideridia, Saniculeae, Mulineae, Smyrneae, Peucedaneae, Aciphylla, Anisotome.

The Apiaceae, also known as Umbelliferae, is the family of flowering plants including such members as carrots, celery, hemlock and fennel. Most members of the Apiaceae are characterised by (and the family gets its alternative name from) the production of small unspecialised flowers in clustered heads called umbels. Most species are also herbs with hollow or pith-filled stems, pinnately divided leaves with sheathing bases, and specialized fruits (Downie et al. 2000).

Members of the Apiaceae have been divided between the subfamilies Apioideae and Saniculoideae (a third subfamily, Hydrocotyloideae, has been transferred to the Araliacee). Members of the Apioideae bear flowers in compound umbels, while the umbels of Saniculoideae are simple. Fruits of Apioideae often bear a number of secretary ducts (vittae) that produce volatile oils; these vittae are absent in Saniculoideae (Liu et al. 2003). The Apioideae can be divided into tribes on the basis largely of characters of the fruits and seeds, which bear hooked spinulose bristles on secondary ribs in Daucus but have primary ribs only in the Ammineae (Allan 1961). The Lagoecieae produce fruits with a single mericarp and while vittae are present near the apex they may be indistinct (Liu et al. 2003). Azorella is a genus of densely tufted herbs found in southern South America and on sub-Antarctic islands; fruits are more or less subcylindrical and five-ribbed (Allan 1961).

<==Apiaceae [Daucaceae, Umbelliferae]
    |--Saniculoideae LWT03
    |    |  i. s.: Arctopus echinatus LWT03
    |    |         Oligocladus LWT03
    |    |--+--Polemanniopsis marlothii LWT03
    |    |  `--Steganotaenia araliacea LWT03
    |    `--+--Saniculeae LWT03
    |       `--Lichtensteinia LWT03
    |            |--L. lacera LWT03
    |            `--L. obscura LWT03
    `--Apioideae LWT03
         |  i. s.: Tana bojeriana LWT03
         |         Azorella Lam. 1783 T00, A61
         |           |--A. lycopodioides D03
         |           |--A. macquariensis Orchard 1989 SS92
         |           |--A. pedunculata LWT03
         |           |--A. selago Hooker 1847 A61 [=A. (sect. Fragosa) selago C06]
         |           `--A. trifurcata D03
         |         Bolax T00
         |         Diplaspis T00
         |         Dichosciadium T00
         |         Klotzschia T00
         |         Stilbocarpa Gray 1854 T00, A61
         |           `--S. polaris (Homb. & Jacq.) Gray 1854 [=Aralia polaris Homb. & Jacq. ex Hooker 1844] A61
         |         Crithmum maritimum LWT03
         |--Mulineae T00
         |--Smyrneae A61
         |--Peucedaneae A61
         |--Lagoecieae LWT03
         |    |--Lagoecia cuminoides LWT03
         |    `--Petagnaea saniculifolia LWT03
         |--Daucus Linnaeus 1753 [Dauceae] A61
         |    |--D. australis D03
         |    |--D. carota Linnaeus 1753 PL04
         |    |    |--D. c. var. carota M94
         |    |    `--D. c. var. sativa M94
         |    |--D. glochidiatus [=Scandix glochidiata Labill. 1804; incl. D. brachiatus Sieb. in DC. 1830] A61
         |    |--D. guttatus PT98
         |    |--D. involucratus PT98
         |    `--D. pusillus PB83
         `--Ammineae [Apieae] A61
              |--Aciphylla A61
              |--Anisotome A61
              |--Coxella Cheesem. & Hemsl. 1911 A61
              |    `--C. dieffenbachii (Muell.) Cheesem. & Hemsl. 1911 (see below for synonymy) A61
              |--Ammi AGF98
              |    |--A. majus AGF98
              |    `--A. visnaga H93
              |--Lilaeopsis Greene 1891 A61
              |    |--L. lacustris Hill 1927 [incl. Crantzia lineata Hooker 1853 non Nutt. 1818] A61
              |    |--L. masonii H93
              |    |--L. novae-zelandiae (Dand.) Hill 1927 [=Crantzia novae-zelandiae Gandoger 1918] A61
              |    |--L. occidentalis H93
              |    |--L. orbicularis Hill 1928 A61
              |    `--L. polyantha GK00
              `--Apium Linnaeus 1753 A61
                   |--A. annuum GK00
                   |--A. australe Thouars 1804 [incl. A. prostratum Labill. 1804, Petroselinum prostratum DC. 1830] A61
                   |    |--A. a. var. australe A61
                   |    |--A. a. var. angustisectum Wolff 1927 A61
                   |    `--A. a. var. latisectum Wolff 1927 A61
                   |--A. dulce TG88
                   |--A. filiforme (Rich.) Hooker 1852 (see below for synonymy) A61
                   |--A. graveolens Linnaeus 1753 CD07
                   `--A. nodiflorum CS77

Apiaceae incertae sedis:
  Coriandrum sativum K03
  Bupleurum PL04
  Anisosciadium YY22
  Anthriscus V09
    |--A. caucalis [incl. A. scandicina] H93
    |--A. cerefolius [=Choerophyllum sativum] C55b
    `--A. sylvestris C55b
  Biasolettia YY22
  Chaerophyllum ED98
    |--C. bulbosum ED98
    |--C. karsianum Tan & Ocakverdi 1980 ED98
    `--C. posofianum Erik & Demirkuş 1998 ED98
  Dicyclophora YY22
  Echinophora spinosa YY22, C74
  Grammosciadium YY22
  Heterosciadium YY22
  Melopospermum YY22
  Myrrhis odorata YY22, C55b
  Osmorhiza H93
    |  i. s.: O. berterii D03
    |--O. subg. Osmorhiza H93
    |    |--O. brachypoda H93
    |    |--O. chilensis H93
    |    |--O. depauperata H93
    |    `--O. purpurea H93
    `--O. (subg. Glycosma) occidentalis H93
  Physocaulis YY22
  Pyconcycla YY22
  Rhabdosciadium YY22
  Tinguarra YY22
  Asteriscium YY22
  Diplotaenia YY22
  Diposis YY22
  Ferula SDK05
    |--F. asafoetida SDK05
    `--F. communis Y98
         |--F. c. ssp. communis Y98
         `--F. c. ssp. glauca Y98
  Ferulago YY22
  Frommia YY22
  Hermas YY22
  Kenopleurum YY22
  Laretia YY22
  Portenschlagia YY22
  Ledebouriella YY22
  Volkensiella YY22
  Elaeoselinum YY22
  Guillonea YY22
  Laserpitium latifolium YY22, C55a
  Margotia YY22
  Melanoselinum YY22
  Polylophium YY22
  Siler YY22
  Tornabenia YY22
  Trinia glauca H91
  Rhyticarpus YY22
  Glia LWT03
  Anginon streyi LWT03, CV06
  Arracacha esculenta C55b
  Heracleum P04
    |--H. brunonis O88
    |--H. dulce T03
    |--H. lallii O88
    |--H. lanatum T03
    |--H. mantegazzianum P04
    |--H. sphondylium H09
    |    |--H. s. ssp. sphondylium H09
    |    `--H. s. ssp. transsilvanicum H09
    `--H. wallichii O88
  Pastinaca sativa P04
  Scandia P04
    |--S. geniculata P04
    `--S. rosifolia W96 (see below for synonymy)
  Acronema O88
    |--A. handelii O88
    |--A. paniculatum O88
    `--A. tenerum O88
  Carum O88
    |--C. carvi O88
    |--C. multiflorum S98
    `--C. petroselinum C06
  Chamaesium novemjugum O88
  Cortia depressa O88
  Cortiella hookeri O88
  Physospermopsis obtusiuscula O88
  Pimpinella O88
    |--P. saxifraga WH02
    `--P. tibetanica O88
  Pleurospermum O88
    |--P. angelicoides O88
    |--P. apiolens O88
    |--P. benthamii O88
    |--P. brunonis O88
    |--P. dentatum O88
    |--P. hookeri O88
    `--P. rotundatum O88
  Selinum O88
    |--S. cortioides O88
    `--S. tenuifolium O88
  Archangelica officinalis TG88
  Foeniculum B88
    |--F. officionale BM76
    `--F. vulgare B88 [incl. Anethum foeniculum C55b]
  Petroselinum Y98
    |--P. crispum Y98
    |--P. sativum MH98
    `--P. segetum TG88
  Microsciadium minutum PT98
  Orlaya PT98
    |--O. daucoides PT98
    `--O. grandiflora B28
  Scaligeria PL04
    |--S. cretica (Miller) Boissier 1849 PL04
    `--S. napiformis PT98
  Scandix pecten-veneris PT98
  Thapsia garganica PT98
  Tordylium PT98
    |--T. aegaeum PT98
    |--T. apulum PT98
    |--T. maximum H91
    `--T. parviflora C55b
  Torilis PT98
    |--T. arvensis PT98
    |    |--T. a. ssp. arvensis PT98
    |    `--T. a. ssp. purpurea PT98
    |--T. leptophylla PT98
    `--T. nodosa PT98
  Platysace G04
    |--P. filiformis GK00
    |--P. juncea GK00
    `--P. maxwellii G04
  Glehnia littoralis H93
    |--G. l. ssp. littoralis H93
    `--G. l. ssp. leiocarpa H93
  Levisticum officinale MH98
  Anethum graveolens MH98
  Homalosciadium homalocarpum GK00
  Schoenolaena GK00
    |--S. juncea GK00
    `--S. tenuior GK00
  Marlothiella gummifera CV06
  Phlyctidocarpa flava CV06
  Heteromorpha papillosa CV06
  Conium maculatum B88
  Trachyspermum ammi SDK05
  Turgenia latifolia H91 [=Caucalis latifolia C55b]
  Cicuta UP03
    |--C. douglasii H93
    |--C. maculata H93
    |    |--C. m. var. maculata H93
    |    |--C. m. var. angustifolia [incl. C. occidentalis, C. valida] H93
    |    `--C. m. var. bolanderi H93
    `--C. virosa Linnaeus 1753 UP03
  Myrrhidendron donnell-smithii B10
  Cyclospermum leptophyllum K10
  Siebera linearifolia H87
  Caucalis C06
    |--C. daucoides C55b
    `--C. nodosa C06
  Didiscus hemicarpus C16
  Ammoselinum giganteum H93
  Apiastrum angustifolium H93
  Berula erecta H93
  Bowlesia incana H93
  Ciclospermum leptophyllum [=Apium leptophyllum] H93
  Conioselinum pacificum [incl. C. chinense] H93
  Cymopterus H93
  Ligusticum H93
    |--L. apiifolium H93
    |--L. californicum H93
    `--L. grayi H93
  Lomatium H93
  Oenanthe H93
    |--O. pimpinelloides H93
    `--O. sarmentosa H93
  Oreonana H93
    |--O. clementis H93
    |--O. purpurascens H93
    `--O. vestita H93
  Orogenia fusiformis H93
  Oxypolis occidentalis H93
  Perideridia H93
  Podistera nevadensis H93
  Sium suave H93
  Spermolepis echinata H93
  Sphenosciadium capitellatum H93
  Tauschia H93
    |--T. arguta H93
    |--T. glauca H93
    |--T. hartwegii H93
    |--T. howellii H93
    |--T. kelloggii H93
    `--T. parishii H93
  Yabea microcarpa [=Caucalis microcarpa] H93
  Peucedanites spectabilis Heer 1859 CBH93
  Piminellites zizioides Unger 1839 CBH93
  Umbelliferospermum latahense Berry 1929 CBH93
  Umbelliferopsis Gregor 1982 CBH93
  Ainsworthia Boiss. 1844 KC01
  Cesatia Endl. 1838 KC01
  Gasparinia Bertol. 1839 KC01
  ‘Hansenia’ Turcz. 1884 nec Karst. 1879 nec Zopf 1883 KC01

Apium filiforme (Rich.) Hooker 1852 [=Petroselinum filiforme Rich. 1832, A. prostratum var. filiforme Kirk 1899] A61

Coxella dieffenbachii (Muell.) Cheesem. & Hemsl. 1911 [=Gingidium dieffenbachii Muell. 1864, Aciphylla dieffenbachii Kirk 1899, Angelica dieffenbachii Benth. & Hooker 1867, Ligusticum dieffenbachii Hooker 1867] A61

Scandia rosifolia W96 [=Angelica rosaefolia Hooker 1843 W96, Anisotome rosaefolia Hooker 1853 A61; incl. Ligusticum aromaticum Banks & Solander ms non Hooker 1864 W96]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[B28] Betrem, J. G. 1928. Monographie der Indo-Australischen Scoliiden mit zoogeographischen Betrachtungen. H. Veenman & Zonen: Wageningen.

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[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

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[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

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[K03] Kårehed, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1–24.

[K10] Keighery, G. 2010. The naturalised vascular plants of the Pilbara region, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 299–311.

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[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

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Last updated: 21 December 2019.

Araliaceae

Pate Schefflera digitata, photographed by Kahuroa.

Belongs within: Apiales.
Contains: Polyscias, Osmoxylon, Hydrocotyle, Xanthosia, Trachymene, Panax.

The Araliaceae are a family of plants found worldwide, with diversity particularly high in the tropics. The majority of Araliaceae are shrubs and trees, though the family also includes herbs and climbers. Recent phylogenetic studies have lead to the inclusion in the Araliaceae of the herbaceous Hydrocotyloideae, previously included in the Apiaceae. Members of this group include Hemiphues, a genus of small montane herbs with creeping stems forming compact patches and more or less fleshy leaves found in New Zealand and Tasmania (Allan 1961).

Other representatives of Araliaceae in the woody climbers in the genus Hedera, the best known of which is the garden ivy Hedera helix. Panax, the ginsengs, is a genus of stout-rooted herbs that have become known for their supposed medicinal uses. The Asian ginseng P. ginseng has, due to overharvesting, become less commercially significant than the American P. quinquefolius. The type genus Aralia, the spikenards, includes species with bipinnate leaves found in Asia and the Americas, varying from herbs to trees. Schefflera includes trees, shrubs and lianas with palmately compound leaves. Pseudopanax, the lancewoods, is a genus of trees found primarily in New Zealand, notable because of the differences in habit between juveniles (with linear, pendent leaves) and adults (with broader, more erect leaves).

See also: Ginseng and ivy.

Characters (from Kårehed 2003): Mostly woody (sometimes herbaceous); leaves usually alternate (sometimes opposite or whorled), simple or compound, penninerved or palmatinerved, serrate or entire, domatia absent; stipules absent or present; petiole with or without sheathing base; stomata para-, aniso- or anomocytic; hypodermis present or absent. Inflorescences mostly simple umbels; flowers usually with articulated pedicels, unisexual or hermaphroditic, pentamerous (sometimes 3-12-merous, stamens and carpels sometimes twice that number or up to ca. 200), petals free (sometimes connate at base); petals single-veined; aestivation imbricate or valvate; disc present; style mostly with 3-4 free stylodia, sometimes connate into style; stylopodium mostly present; ovary inferior, 2-5-locular (occasionally plurilocular); fruit a drupe or berry. Chromosome number x=11-12+. Secretory canals present; nodes trilacunar (rarely unilacunar); perforation plates simple and/or scalariform; vessels mostly solitary or mainly in groups, sometimes with helical thickenings, with simple pits or pits with very narrow borders; axial parenchyma scanty, paratracheal; rays heterogeneous; fibres with simple pits, mostly septate. Pollen colporate; exine usually reticulate.

<==Araliaceae
    |--Hydrocotyloideae [Hydrocotyleae] HH00
    |    |--Hydrocotyle K03
    |    |--Xanthosia HH00
    |    |--Trachymene T00
    |    `--Hemiphues Hooker 1847 A61
    |         `--H. suffocata Hooker 1847 A61 [=Actinotus suffocata A61, Hemiphues bellidioides var. suffocata C06]
    |              |--H. s. var. suffocata A61
    |              `--H. s. var. novae-zelandiae (Petrie) Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
    `--+--Hedera K03
       |    |--H. canariensis RA07
       |    |--H. helix K03
       |    `--H. nepalensis D07
       `--+--Panax K03
          `--+--Schefflera Forster & Forster 1776 K03, A61
             |    |--S. abyssinica DVC08
             |    |--S. actinophylla RA07
             |    |--S. arboricola K03
             |    |--S. digitata Forster & Forster 1776 (see below for synonymy) A61
             |    |--S. goetzenii K03
             |    `--S. waltheri JD05
             `--Aralia [Aralioideae] K03
                  |--A. bipinnata Blanco 1837 P95
                  |    |--A. b. var. bipinnata P95
                  |    `--A. b. var. apoensis P95
                  |--A. cachemirica K03
                  |--A. californica H93
                  |--A. elata LO98
                  |--A. oxleyi Ettingshausen 1886 F71
                  |--A. prisca Ettingshausen 1886 F71
                  `--A. spinosa K03

Araliaceae incertae sedis:
  Pseudopanax Koch 1859 A61
    |--P. chathamicum Kirk 1899 A61
    |--P. crassifolium (Sol. ex Cunn.) Koch in Koch & Fint. 1859 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--P. discolor (Kirk) Harms 1894 [=Panax discolor Kirk 1871] A61
    |--P. ferox Kirk 1889 [=Panax ferox Kirk 1878] A61
    |--P. gilliesii Kirk 1899 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--P. laetevirens D03
    |--P. lessonii (DC.) Koch in Koch & Fint. 1859 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    `--P. lineare (Hooker) Koch in Koch & Fint. 1859 (see below for synonymy) A61
  Tetraplesandra K03
    |--T. gymnocarpa K03
    `--T. kavaiensis K03
  Heptapleurum venulosum V02, P03
  Kalopanax V02
    |--K. pictus T03
    `--K. septemlobus [incl. Acanthopanax ricinifolia] LO98
  Polyscias P95
  Osmoxylon P95
  Gastonia P95
    |--G. serratifolia (Miq.) Philipson 1979 (see below for synonymy) P95
    `--G. spectabilis (Harms) Philipson 1970 (see below for synonymy) P95
  Bonnierella YY22
  Tieghemopanax sambucifolius YY22, C70
  Heteropanax YY22
  Brassaiopsis YY22
  Gumblea YY22
  Porospermum YY22
  Strobilopanax YY22
  Acanthopanax cissifolius O88
  Fatsia YY22
  Gilibertia trifida MH98
  Brassaia actinophylla SK02
  Oplopanax NS06
  Anakasia simplicifolia Philipson 1973 P95
  Harmsiopanax P95
    |--H. harmsii Sch. ex Sch. & Laut. 1905 P95
    `--H. ingens Philipson 1973 P95
         |--H. i. ssp. ingens P95
         `--H. i. ssp. moniliformis Philipson 1973 P95
  Plerandra P95
    |--P. brassii Philipson 1951 P95
    |--P. solomonensis Philipson 1951 P95
    `--P. stahliana Warb. 1894 P95
  Arthrophyllum P95
    |--A. macranthum Philipson 1951 P95
    |--A. pacificum Philipson 1977 P95
    `--A. proliferum Philipson 1977 P95
  Meryta Forster & Forster 1776 A61
    |--M. colorata Bailey 1898 P95
    `--M. sinclairii (Hooker) Seem. 1862 [=Botryodendrum sinclairii Hooker 1853] A61
  Dendropanax J87
    |--D. arboreus J87
    `--D. selleanus J87
  Didymopanax J87
    |--D. morototoni SWK87
    |--D. tremulum J87
    `--D. vinosum MM96
  Oreopanax J87
    |--O. capitatum J87
    |--O. floribundum F11
    `--O. peltatum BTA75
  Raukaua H98
    |--R. anomalus [=Pseudopanax anomalus] H98
    |--R. edgerleyi (Hooker) Seem. 1866 H98, A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--R. × parvus (Kirk) Heenan 1998 (see below for synonymy) H98
    |--R. × serratus (Kirk) Heenan 1998 (see below for synonymy) H98
    `--R. simplex [=Pseudopanax simplex] H98
         |--R. s. var. simplex H98
         `--R. s. var. sinclairii H98
  Neopanax Allan 1961 A61
    |--*N. arboreum (Murr.) Allan 1961 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--N. anomalum (Hook.) Allan 1961 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--N. colensoi (Hooker) Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--N. c. var. colensoi A61
    |    `--N. v. var. montanum (Kirk) Allan 1961 [=Panax colensoi var. montanum Kirk 1899] A61
    |--N. kermadecense (Oliver) Allan 1961 [=Nothopanax kermadecensis Oliver 1926] A61
    |--N. laetum (Kirk) Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--‘Nothopanax’ × macintyrei Cheeseman 1925 [Neopanax arboreum × Ne. simplex] A61
    `--N. simplex (Forster) Allan 1961 A61 (see below for synonymy)
         |--N. s. var. simplex A61
         `--N. s. var. sinclairii (Hooker) Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
  Kirkophytum (Harms) Allan 1961 [=Stilbocarpa sect. Kirkophytum Harms 1894] A61
    |--*K. robustum (Kirk) Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
    `--K. lyallii (Armstrong) Allan 1961 [=Stilbocarpa lyallii Armstrong 1881, Aralia lyalli Kirk 1885] A61
  Boerlagiodendron Harms 1894 (see below for synonymy) S62
    |--B. barbatum S62
    `--B. orientale Guillaumin 1938 S62
  Astrotricha B00
    |--A. floccosa M94
    |--A. longifolia B00
    `--A. pauciflora B00
  Araliopsoides brevilova Berry 1916 CBH93
  Pentapanax CBH93
  ‘Tricolporopollenites’ armatus CBH93

Boerlagiodendron Harms 1894 [=Eschweileria Zippel ex Boerlage 1887 non Eschweilera Martius ex DC. 1828; incl. Unjala Reinw. ex Boerlage 1887] S62

Gastonia serratifolia (Miq.) Philipson 1979 [=Arthrophyllum serratifolium Miq. 1861; incl. G. papuana Miq. 1863, Polyscias papuana (Miq.) Seem. 1865, Tetraplasandra paucidens Miq. 1863, T. solomonensis Philipson 1951] P95

Gastonia spectabilis (Harms) Philipson 1970 [=Peekeliopanax spectabilis Harms 1926; incl. G. boridiana Harms 1938] P95

Hemiphues suffocata var. novae-zelandiae (Petrie) Allan 1961 [=H. novae-zelandiae Petrie 1880, Actinotus novae-zelandiae Petrie 1881] A61

*Kirkophytum robustum (Kirk) Allan 1961 [=Aralia lyallii var. robusta Kirk 1891, Stilbocarpa robusta (Kirk) Cockayne 1909; incl. S. bollonsii Cockayne ex Watson 1909 (n. n.)] A61

Neopanax anomalum (Hook.) Allan 1961 A61 [=Panax anomalum Hook. 1843 A61, Nothopanax anomalum (Hook.) Seem. 1866 A61; incl. Panax microphylla Colenso 1884 A61, Nothopanax microphyllum C06, Pa. anomalum var. microphyllum C06]

*Neopanax arboreum (Murr.) Allan 1961 A61 [=Panax arboreum Murr. 1774 A61, Nothopanax arboreum (Forster) Seem. 1866 A61, Pseudopanax arboreum B88]

Neopanax colensoi (Hooker) Allan 1961 [=Panax colensoi Hooker 1853, Nothopanax colensoi (Hooker) Seem. 1866] A61

Neopanax laetum (Kirk) Allan 1961 [=Panax arboreum var. laetum Kirk 1899, Nothopanax laetum (Kirk) Cheesem. 1923] A61

Neopanax simplex (Forster) Allan 1961 A61 [=Panax simplex Forster 1786 A61, Nothopanax simplex (Forster) Seem. 1866 A61; incl. No. integrifolium C06, Panax integrifolius Col. 1888 C06, No. simplex var. quercifolium Kirk 1899 A61, Panax simplex var. quercifolium C06]

Neopanax simplex var. sinclairii (Hooker) Allan 1961 [=Panax sinclairii Hooker 1864, Nothopanax sinclairii (Hooker) Seem. 1866] A61

Pseudopanax crassifolium (Sol. ex Cunn.) Koch in Koch & Fint. 1859 [=Aralia crassifolia Sol. ex Cunn. 1839, Hedera crassifolia Gray 1854, Panax crassifolium (Sol.) Decne & Planch. 1854; incl. Pa. coriaceum Regel 1859, Pa. longissimum Hooker 1864, Pseudopanax crassifolium var. trifoliolatum Kirk 1889, P. crassifolium var. unifoliolatum Kirk 1889] A61

Pseudopanax gilliesii Kirk 1899 A61 [incl. Panax lessonii var. heterophylla Kirk 1878 A61, Aralia heterophylla C06]

Pseudopanax lessonii (DC.) Koch in Koch & Fint. 1859 A61 [=Panax lessonii DC. 1830 A61, Aralia lessonii C06, Cussonia lessonii Rich. 1832 A61, Hedera lessonii Gray 1854 A61]

Pseudopanax lineare (Hooker) Koch in Koch & Fint. 1859 [=Panax linearis Hooker 1853, Nothopanax lineare (Hooker) Harms 1894] A61

Raukaua edgerleyi (Hooker) Seem. 1866 H98, A61 [=Panax edgerleyi Hooker 1853 A61, Nothopanax edgerleyi (Hooker) Harms 1894 A61, Pseudopanax edgerleyi (Hooker) Koch in Kich & Fint. 1859 A61]

Raukaua × parvus (Kirk) Heenan 1998 [R. anomalus × R. simplex; =Panax simplex var. parvus Kirk 1899, Nothopanax parvum (Kirk) Cockayne 1909; incl. N. × anomosimplex Allan 1927 (n. n.), N. × simpan Allan 1926 (n. n.), N. × simpanomalum Cockayne 1929 (n. n.)] H98

Raukaua × serratus (Kirk) Heenan 1998 [R. edgerleyi × R. simplex; =Panax edgerleyi var. serratus Kirk 1889, R. edgerleyi var. serratus (Kirk) Mitchell 1997] H98

Schefflera digitata Forster & Forster 1776 [incl. S. cunninghamii Miq. 1844, Aralia schefflera Spreng. 1813] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

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Last updated: 20 March 2019.