Apioideae

Celery Apium graveolens, copyright Adam Grubb and Annie Raser-Rowland.

Belongs within: Apiaceae.
Contains: Mulineae, Bupleurum, Pleurospermeae, Perideridia, Scandiceae, Smyrnieae, Aciphylla, Anisotome, Pyramidoptereae, Heracleum, Peucedaneae, Cymopterus, Lomatium.

The Apioideae are a major subgroup of apiaceous plants in which the flowers are pedicelled in umbers, with styles arising from stylopodia, and fruits are distinctly ribbed (Allan 1961).

<==Apioideae [Ammineae, Apieae] DK-DW00
    |--Heteromorpheae DK-DW00
    |    |--Heteromorpha DK-DW00
    |    |    |--H. arborescens DK-DW00
    |    |    `--H. papillosa CV06
    |    `--+--Glia prolifera DK-DW00
    |       `--Anginon DK-DW00
    |            |--A. rugosum DK-DW00
    |            `--A. streyi CV06
    `--+--Bupleurum DK-DW00
       `--+--Pleurospermeae DK-DW00
          `--+--+--Komarovia anisosperma DK-DW00
             |  |--Parasilaus asiaticus DK-DW00
             |  `--‘Hansenia’ Turcz. 1884 nec Karst. 1879 nec Zopf 1883 DK-DW00, KC01
             `--+--Erigenia bulbosa DK-DW00
                `--+--Oenantheae DK-DW00
                   |    |  i. s.: Berula erecta DK-DW00, H93
                   |    |         Neogoezia DK-DW00
                   |    |         Cynosciadium DK-DW00
                   |    |         Lilaeopsis Greene 1891 DK-DW00, A61
                   |    |           |--L. lacustris Hill 1927 [incl. Crantzia lineata Hooker 1853 non Nutt. 1818] A61
                   |    |           |--L. masonii H93
                   |    |           |--L. novae-zelandiae (Dand.) Hill 1927 (see below for synonymy) A61
                   |    |           |--L. occidentalis H93
                   |    |           |--L. orbicularis Hill 1928 A61
                   |    |           `--L. polyantha GK00
                   |    |         Helosciadum DK-DW00
                   |    |           |--H. leptophyllum C55a
                   |    |           `--H. nodiflorum C55b
                   |    |--Perideridia DK-DW00
                   |    `--+--+--Cryptotaenia japonica DK-DW00
                   |       |  `--+--Oxypolis occidentalis DK-DW00
                   |       |     `--Sium DK-DW00
                   |       |          |--S. latifolium DK-DW00
                   |       |          `--S.suave [incl. S. cicutaefolium, S. lineare] C52
                   |       `--+--Oenanthe DK-DW00
                   |          |    |--O. crocata C52
                   |          |    |--O. pimpinelloides H93
                   |          |    `--O. sarmentosa H93
                   |          `--Cicuta DK-DW00
                   |               |--C. douglasii H93
                   |               |--C. maculata H93
                   |               |    |--C. m. var. maculata H93
                   |               |    |--C. m. var. angustifolia [incl. C. occidentalis, C. valida] H93
                   |               |    `--C. m. var. bolanderi H93
                   |               `--C. virosa Linnaeus 1753 UP03
                   `--+--Scandiceae DK-DW00
                      |--+--‘Ligusticum’ canadense DK-DW00
                      |  |--‘Ligusticum’ porteri DK-DW00
                      |  `--Conioselinum DK-DW00
                      |       |--*C. tataricum DK-DW00
                      |       |--C. chinense DK-DW00
                      |       |--C. pacificum H93
                      |       `--C. scopulorum DK-DW00
                      |--+--Smyrnieae DK-DW00
                      |  `--Aciphylleae DK-DW00
                      |       |--Aciphylla DK-DW00
                      |       |--Anisotome DK-DW00
                      |       |--Gingidia DK-DW00
                      |       |--Lignocarpa DK-DW00
                      |       `--Scandia DK-DW00
                      |            |--S. geniculata P04
                      |            `--S. rosifolia W96 (see below for synonymy)
                      `--+--Aegopodium clade DK-DW00
                         |    |  i. s.: Aegokeras [incl. Olymposciadium] DK-DW00
                         |    |         Rhabdosciadium DK-DW00
                         |    |         Grammosciadium DK-DW00
                         |    |         Cyclospermum leptophyllum DK-DW00, K10
                         |    |--Aegopodium DK-DW00
                         |    |    |--A. alpestre DK-DW00
                         |    |    `--A. podagraria HM07
                         |    `--+--Falcaria vulgaris DK-DW00
                         |       `--+--Fuernrohria setifolia DK-DW00
                         |          `--Carum DK-DW00
                         |               |--C. carvi O88
                         |               |--C. multiflorum S98
                         |               `--C. petroselinum C06
                         |--+--+--Conium maculatum DK-DW00
                         |  |  |--+--Prangos pabularia DK-DW00
                         |  |  |  `--+--Smyrniopsis aucheri DK-DW00
                         |  |  |     `--Opopanax hispidus DK-DW00
                         |  |  `--Pimpinella DK-DW00
                         |  |       |--P. anisum KSM06
                         |  |       |--P. peregrina DK-DW00
                         |  |       |--P. saxifraga WH02
                         |  |       `--P. tibetanica O88
                         |  `--+--Capnophyllum dichotomum DK-DW00
                         |     `--+--+--Anethum L. 1753 DK-DW00
                         |        |  |    `--A. graveolens L. 1753 L95
                         |        |  `--+--Ridolfia segetum DK-DW00
                         |        |     `--Foeniculum Mill. 1754 DK-DW00, L95
                         |        |          |--F. officionale BM76
                         |        |          `--F. vulgare Miller 1768 (see below for synonymy) L95
                         |        `--Apium Linnaeus 1753 DK-DW00, A61
                         |             |--A. annuum GK00
                         |             |--A. australe Thouars 1804 (see below for synonymy) A61
                         |             |    |--A. a. var. australe A61
                         |             |    |--A. a. var. angustisectum Wolff 1927 A61
                         |             |    `--A. a. var. latisectum Wolff 1927 A61
                         |             |--A. dulce TG88
                         |             |--A. filiforme (Rich.) Hooker 1852 (see below for synonymy) A61
                         |             |--A. graveolens Linnaeus 1753 CanDoy07
                         |             `--A. nodiflorum CS77
                         `--+--Pyramidoptereae DK-DW00
                            `--+--Arafoe aromatica DK-DW00
                               |--Coriandrum L. 1753 DK-DW00, L95
                               |    `--C. sativum L. 1753 L95
                               |--+--Thyselium palustre DK-DW00
                               |  `--‘Ferula’ assa-foetida DK-DW00
                               |--+--Cnidiocarpa alaica DK-DW00
                               |  |--Cnidium silaifolium DK-DW00
                               |  |--'Ligusticum’ ferulaceum DK-DW00
                               |  `--'Ligusticum’ physospermifolium DK-DW00
                               |--Heracleum clade DK-DW00
                               |    |--Heracleum DK-DW00
                               |    |--Zosima orientalis DK-DW00
                               |    `--Tordylium DK-DW00
                               |         |--T. aegaeum PT98
                               |         |--T. aegyptiacum DK-DW00
                               |         |--T. apulum PT98
                               |         |--T. maximum H91
                               |         `--T. parviflora C55b
                               `--+--Peucedaneae DK-DW00
                                  |--Chymsydia colchica DK-DW00
                                  |--Imperatoria ostruthium DK-DW00 [=Peucedanum ostruthium C55b]
                                  |--+--Endressia castellana DK-DW00
                                  |  `--Seseli DK-DW00
                                  |       |--S. diffusum [incl. S. indicum] VS73
                                  |       |--S. krylovii DK-DW00
                                  |       `--S. libanotis DK-DW00
                                  |--Rocky Mountain umbellifers DK-DW00
                                  |    |  i. s.: Cymopterus DK-DW00
                                  |    |         Lomatium DK-DW00
                                  |    |         Musineon DK-DW00
                                  |    |         Neoparrya DK-DW00
                                  |    |         Podistera nevadensis DK-DW00, H93
                                  |    |         Taenidia DK-DW00
                                  |    |--Shoshonea pulvinata DK-DW00
                                  |    `--+--Zizia aurea DK-DW00
                                  |       `--Thaspium pinnatifidum DK-DW00
                                  `--Arracacia clade DK-DW00
                                       |  i. s.: Dahliaphyllum DK-DW00
                                       |         Donnellsmithia DK-DW00
                                       |         Enantiophylla DK-DW00
                                       |         Coaxana DK-DW00
                                       |         Mathiasella DK-DW00
                                       |--+--'Arracacia’ brandegei DK-DW00
                                       |  |--Coulterophytum laxum DK-DW00
                                       |  |--Prionosciadium turneri DK-DW00
                                       |  `--Rhodosciadium argutum DK-DW00
                                       `--+--Myrrhidendron donnell-smithii DK-DW00
                                          `--Arracacia Bancroft 1828 DK-DW00, L95
                                               |--A. nelsonii DK-DW00
                                               `--A. xanthorrhiza Bancroft 1825 [incl. A. esculenta DC. 1830] L95

Apioideae incertae sedis:
  Tana bojeriana LWT03
  Diplaspis T00
  Dichosciadium T00
  Klotzschia T00
  Stilbocarpa Gray 1854 T00, A61
    `--S. polaris (Homb. & Jacq.) Gray 1854 [=Aralia polaris Homb. & Jacq. ex Hooker 1844] A61
  Azilia eryngioides DK-DW00
  Cortia depressa DK-DW00
  Karatavia kultiassovii DK-DW00
  Lithosciadium multicaule DK-DW00
  Phlojodicarpus popovii DK-DW00
  Spermolepis DK-DW00
    |--S. echinata H93
    `--S. inermis DK-DW00
  Sphaenolobium tianschanicum DK-DW00
  Tommasinia verticillaris DK-DW00
  Mulineae T00
  Coxella Cheesem. & Hemsl. 1911 A61
    `--C. dieffenbachii (Muell.) Cheesem. & Hemsl. 1911 (see below for synonymy) A61
  Ammi AGF98
    |--A. majus AGF98
    `--A. visnaga H93
  Echinophoreae DK-DW00
    |--Echinophora spinosa DK-DW00, C74
    |--Dicyclophora DK-DW00
    `--Pycnocycla DK-DW00
  Deverra triradiata DK-DW00
  Naufraga balearica DK-DW00
  Petroselinum Hill 1756 DK-DW00, L95
    |--P. crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex Hill (see below for synonymy) L95
    |--P. sativum MH98
    `--P. segetum TG88
  Oligocladus CalDow07
  Annesorhiza CalDow07
  Lichtensteinia CalDow07
    |--L. obscura CalDow07
    `--+--L. lacera CalDow07
       `--L. trifida CalDow07

Apium australe Thouars 1804 [incl. A. prostratum Labill. 1804, Petroselinum prostratum DC. 1830] A61

Apium filiforme (Rich.) Hooker 1852 [=Petroselinum filiforme Rich. 1832, A. prostratum var. filiforme Kirk 1899] A61

Coxella dieffenbachii (Muell.) Cheesem. & Hemsl. 1911 [=Gingidium dieffenbachii Muell. 1864, Aciphylla dieffenbachii Kirk 1899, Angelica dieffenbachii Benth. & Hooker 1867, Ligusticum dieffenbachii Hooker 1867] A61

Foeniculum vulgare Miller 1768 [incl. Anethum funiculum L. 1753, F. funiculum (L.) Karsten 1882] L95

Lilaeopsis novae-zelandiae (Dand.) Hill 1927 [=Crantzia novae-zelandiae Gandoger 1918] A61

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex Hill [=Apium crispum Mill. 1768; incl. A. petroselinum L. 1753, Wydleria portoricensis DC. 1829] L95

Scandia rosifolia W96 [=Angelica rosaefolia Hooker 1843 W96, Anisotome rosaefolia Hooker 1853 A61; incl. Ligusticum aromaticum Banks & Solander ms non Hooker 1864 W96]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[CalDow07] Calviño, C. I., & S. R. Downie. 2007. Circumscription and phylogeny of Apiaceae subfamily Saniculoideae based on chloroplast DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44 (1): 175–191.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CanDoy07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C52] Clarke, J. F. G. 1952. Host relationships of moths of the genera Depressaria and Agonopterix, with descriptions of new species. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117 (7): 1–20.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[DK-DW00] Downie, S. R., D. S. Katz-Downie & M. F. Watson. 2000. A phylogeny of the flowering plant family Apiaceae based on chloroplast DNA rpl16 and rpoC1 intron sequences: towards a suprageneric classification of subfamily Apioideae. American Journal of Botany 87 (2): 273–292.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[HM07] Honek, A., & Z. Martinkova. 2007. A field method for quantifying the grazing activity of slugs, with particular reference to Arion lusitanicus (Mollusca). Malacologia 49 (2): 273–281.

[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[K10] Keighery, G. 2010. The naturalised vascular plants of the Pilbara region, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 299–311.

[KSM06] King, R. C., W. D. Stansfield & P. K. Mulligan. 2006. A Dictionary of Genetics 7^th ed. Oxford University Press.

[L95] Liogier, H. A. 1995. Descriptive Flora of Puerto Rico and Adjacent Islands: Spermatophyta-Dicotyledoneae vol. 4. Melastomataceae to Lentibulariaceae. Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico.

[LWT03] Liu, M., B-E. van Wyk & P. M. Tilney. 2003. The taxonomic value of fruit structure in the subfamily Saniculoideae and related African genera (Apiaceae). Taxon 52: 261–270.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[P04] Patrick, B. 2004. Parsnip moth established in New Zealand. Weta 27: 8–12.

[S98] Salmeri, C. 1998. Allium brulloi (Alliaceae), a new species from Astypalea (Aegean Islands, Greece). Willdenowia 28: 69–76.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[UP03] Uniyal, B. P., & P. C. Pant. 2003. Cicuta virosa L. (Apiaceae)—a rare species from Jammu & Kashmir. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45 (1–4): 229–231.

[VS73] Vyas, K. J., & G. L. Shah. 1973. Some interesting plants of Gujarat State. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (3): 684–686.

[W96] Webb, C. J. 1996. A rose by any other name: two problems of scent in the naming and typification of New Zealand plants. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 281–283.

[WH02] Wolfert, H. P., P. W. F. M. Hommel, A. H. Prins & M. H. Stern. 2002. The formation of natural levees as a disturbance process significant to the conservation of riverine pastures. Landscape Ecology 17 (Suppl. 1): 47–57.

Mutisioideae

African daisy Gerbera jamesonii, copyright Dinesh Valke.

Belongs within: Asteraceae.

The Mutisioideae are a cosmopolitan group of composite-flowered plants, most diverse in South America, whose members bear flowerheads with overlapping involucral bracts, disc florets with deeply incised corollas, and styles usually sticking far out of the florets.

<==Mutisioideae [Mutisieae] PF02
    |--Leucomeris PF02
    |--Nouelia PF02
    |--Schlechtendahlia S06
    |--Hyalis S06
    |--Plazia S06
    |--Onoseris S06
    |--Chuquiraga S06
    |--Flotovia S06
    |--Doniophytum S06
    |--Moquinia S06
    |--Stifftia S06
    |--Pachylaena S06
    |--Brachycladus S06
    |--Chaetanthera [incl. Carmelita, Tylloma] S06
    |--Oriastrum [incl. Egania] S06
    |--Trichocline spathulata S06, GK00
    |--Macrachaenium S06
    |--Ameghinoa S06
    |--Hyaloseris S06
    |--Proustia stenophylla S06, J87
    |--Strongylomopsis S06
    |--Triptilium S06
    |--Pamphalea S06
    |--Leuceria [incl. Chabraea] S06
    |    `--L. salina D03
    |--Trixis [incl. Cleanthes] S06
    |    `--T. californica H93
    |--Nassauvia [incl. Strongyloma] S06
    |    `--N. serpens D03
    |--Mutisia YY22
    |    |--M. decurrens D03
    |    `--M. retusa D03
    |--Perezia [incl. Clarionea, Homoianthus] S06
    |    |--P. linearis D03
    |    |--P. magellanica D03
    |    `--P. pediculariaefolia D03
    |--Chaptalia S06
    |    |--C. albicans J87
    |    |--C. (sect. Leria) incana Cuatrecasas 1961 C61
    |    |--C. meridensis C61
    |    |--C. paramensis Cuatrecasas 1961 C61
    |    `--C. runcinata C61
    |         |--C. r. var. runcinata C61
    |         `--C. r. var. graminifolia C61
    `--Gerbera M99
         |--G. discolor M30
         |--G. galpini M30
         |--G. glandulosa M30
         |--G. hybrida MN03
         |--G. jamesonii M99
         |--G. nivea O88
         |--G. piloselloides M30
         |--G. plantaginea M30
         `--G. viridifolia M30

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C61] Cuatrecasas, J. 1961. Studies on Andean Compositae V. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 7–28.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[MN03] Moffitt, M. C., & B. A. Neilan. 2003. Evolutionary affiliations within the superfamily of ketosynthases reflect complex pathway associations. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 446–457.

[M30] Moss, C. E. 1930. Some natural hybrids of Clematis, Anemone, and Gerbera from the Transvaal. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 36–40.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PF02] Panero, J. L., & V. A. Funk. 2002. Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115 (4): 909–922.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Cichorieae

Twiggy wreath plant Stephanomeria virgata, copyright Noah Elhardt.

Belongs within: Cichorioideae.
Contains: Leontodontinae, Hieracium, Microseridinae, Crepis, Taraxacum.

The Cichorieae are a group of composite-flowered plants bearing flowerheads with all flowers ligulate and stems with milky latex.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Flowers all ligulate; plants with milky juice; leaves alternate or radial. Flower-heads homogamous, flowers all bisexual, ligules mostly shortly five-toothed at summit and outer ones often radiating; style with plano-convex branches attenuated towards summit, bearing stigmatic papillae on whole of inner side and well-developed connecting hairs on outside down to below place where branches fork; anthers acute or acuminate at base.

<==Cichorieae [Cichoriaceae, Lactuceae, Liguliflorae] PF02
    |--+--Microseridinae KJ94
    |  `--Stephanomeria [Stephanomeriinae] KJ94
    |       |--S. blairii [=Malacothrix blairii, Munzothamnus blairii] H93
    |       |--S. cichoriacea H93
    |       |--S. diegensis H93
    |       |--S. elata H93
    |       |--S. exigua H93
    |       |    |--S. e. ssp. exigua [incl. S. exigua var. pentachaeta] H93
    |       |    |--S. e. ssp. carotifera H93
    |       |    |--S. e. ssp. coronaria H93
    |       |    |--S. e. ssp. deanei H93
    |       |    `--S. e. ssp. macrocarpa H93
    |       |--S. lactucina H93
    |       |--S. paniculata H93
    |       |--S. parryi H93
    |       |--S. pauciflora KJ94
    |       |    |--S. p. var. pauciflora [incl. S. myrioclada] H93
    |       |    `--S. p. var. parishii H93
    |       |--S. spinosa [=Lygodesmia spinosa] H93
    |       |--S. tenuifolia H93
    |       `--S. virgata H93
    |            |--S. v. ssp. virgata [incl. S. virgata var. tomentosa] H93
    |            `--S. v. ssp. pleurocarpa H93
    `--Crepidinae KJ94
         |--Crepis BR65
         |--Taraxacum BR65
         |--Tolpis Adanson 1763 BR65
         |    `--T. barbata H93 [incl. T. umbellata Bertoloni 1803 H93, BR65]
         |--Chondrilla BR65
         |    |--C. juncea BR65
         |    `--C. prenanthoides C55a
         |--Reichardia Roth. 1787 [incl. Picridium Desfontaines 1799] BR65
         |    |--R. intermedia PT98
         |    `--R. picroides (Linnaeus) Roth 1787 [incl. Picridium vulgare] BR65
         |--Sonchus Linnaeus 1753 BR65, A61
         |    |--S. arvensis BR65
         |    |--S. asper Hill 1760 BR65 [incl. S. fallax C55b]
         |    |--S. grandifolius Kirk 1894 A61
         |    |--S. hydrophilus GK00
         |    |--S. littoralis (Kirk) Cockayne 1907 (see below for synonymy) ME70
         |    |--S. megalocarpus [=S. asper var. megalocarpus Hooker 1860] BR65
         |    |--S. nigrum BN99
         |    |--S. oleraceus M99 [incl. S. ciliatus C55b, S. laevis C55b]
         |    |--S. palustris C55a
         |    |--S. tenerrimus C74
         |    |    |--S. t. var. tenerrimus C74
         |    |    `--S. t. var. perennis C74
         |    `--S. vulgaris Ho91
         `--Lactuca KJ94
              |--L. amorgina S98
              |--L. biennis H93
              |--L. canadensis H93
              |--L. indica MH98
              |--L. lessertiana O88
              |--L. ludoviciana H93
              |--L. muralis C06
              |--L. saligna BR65
              |--L. sativa KJ94 [=L. scariola var. sativa C55b]
              |--L. scariola BR65
              |--L. serriola [incl. L. serriola var. integra] H93
              |--L. tatarica H93
              |    |--L. t. ssp. tatarica H93
              |    `--L. t. ssp. pulchella H93
              |--L. viminea Hu91
              `--L. virosa BR65

Cichorieae incertae sedis:
  Leontodontinae BR65
  Cichorinae BR65
    |--Hedypnois BR65
    |    |--H. cretica [incl. H. polymorpha] BR65
    |    `--H. rhagadioloides GK00
    `--Cichorium BR65
         |--C. endiva H93
         |--C. intybus BR65
         |--C. pumilum PT98 [=C. endivia ssp. pumilum AGF98]
         `--C. spinosum PT98
  Kirkianella Allan 1961 A61
    `--*K. novae-zelandiae (Hooker) Allan 1961 [=Crepis novae-zelandiae Hooker 1864] A61
         |--K. n. f. novae-zelandiae [incl. Hieracium fragile] A61
         |--K. n. f. glauca Allan 1961 A61
         `--K. n. f. minor Allan 1961 A61
  Hieracium N10
  Scolymus hispanicus S06, PT98
  Troximum S06

Sonchus littoralis (Kirk) Cockayne 1907 [=S. oleraceus γ littoralis Kirk 1894, S. asper γ littoralis (Kirk) Kirk 1899] ME70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[BN99] Bungener, P., S. Nussbaum, A. Grub & J. Fuhrer. 1999. Growth response of grassland species to ozone in relation to soil moisture condition and plant strategy. New Phytologist 142: 283–293.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[Ho91] Hokkanen, H. M. T. 1991. Trap cropping in pest management. Annual Review of Entomology 36: 119–138.

[Hu91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[KJ94] Kim, K.-J., & R. K. Jansen. 1994. Comparisons of phylogenetic hypotheses among different data sets in dwarf dandelions (Krigia, Asteraceae): additional information from internal transcribed spacer sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Plant Systematics and Evolution 190: 157–185.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[N10] Norrbom, A. L. 2010. Tephritidae (fruit flies, moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 909–954. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PF02] Panero, J. L., & V. A. Funk. 2002. Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115 (4): 909–922.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[S98] Salmeri, C. 1998. Allium brulloi (Alliaceae), a new species from Astypalea (Aegean Islands, Greece). Willdenowia 28: 69–76.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.

Rhodanthe

Chamomile sunray Rhodanthe anthemoides, copyright M. Fagg.

Belongs within: Gnaphalieae.

Rhodanthe is an Australian genus of everlasting daisies.

Characters (from Flora of Victoria): Annual or perennial herbs, glabrous or variously hairy. Leaves entire, sessile, mostly alternate. Capitula solitary or clustered, homogamous or heterogamous, discoid or disciform, subtending leaves, if present, grading to involucral bracts; involucral bracts multiseriate, scarious, each with or without an apical, pink, white or yellow, petaloid lamina; receptacle often conical, glabrous or somewhat pilose, mainly ebracteate. Florets bisexual or the innermost functionally male; corolla 5-lobed, lobes sometimes unequal; anthers 5, tailed; style branches truncate to ellipsoid or deltoid. Cypselas obovoid, with few–many, elongated, non-mucilaginous papillae; pappus of basally connate, barbellate to plumose bristles.

<==Rhodanthe M99
    |--R. anthemoides M99
    |--R. charsleyae M99
    |--R. chlorocephalum RL06
    |--R. citrina OS04
    |--R. condensata KM08
    |--R. corymbiflora M99
    |--R. floribunda M99
    |--R. humboldtiana KM08
    |--R. laevis G04b
    |--R. microglossa M99
    |--R. moschata M99
    |--R. pygmaea G04b
    |--R. pyrethrum GK00
    |--R. rubella G04a
    |--R. stricta M99
    `--R. tietkensii M99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL06] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2006. Food choice by western grey kangaroos among plants grown at different nutrient levels. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (1): 7–12.

Podolepis

Showy copper wire daisy Podolepis jaceoides, copyright Neil Blair.

Belongs within: Gnaphalieae.

Podolepis is an Australian genus of wiry herbs producing commonly yellow flowerheads with involucres bearing membranous bracts (Black & Robertson 1965).

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Rather rigid wiry herbs with alternate entire leaves; flowerheads terminal, usually solitary; flowers usually all yellow. Involucre ovoid to hemispherical, the bracts unequal in several rows, with hyaline non-radiating laminae, at least the outer ones sessile; receptacle flat, naked; outer flower female, longer than involucre and sometimes forming conspicuous ray, limb rather deeply cut into three or four narrow lobes or extended in a short two- to four-toothed ligule; inner flowers always more numerous, bisexual, tubular, usually five-lobed; anthers tailed; style-branches truncate; achenes terete; pappus of capillary bristles shorter than corolla.

<==Podolepis BR65
    |--P. arachnoidea (Hooker) Druce 1917 (see below for synonymy) BR65
    |--P. canescens M99
    |--P. capillaris [=Siemssenia capillaris Steetz 1844-1845; incl. P. siemssenia von Mueller 1866] BR65
    |--P. gracilis OS04
    |--P. jaceoides (Sims) Druce 1917 BR65
    |--P. lessonii BR65
    |--P. longipedata M99
    |--P. microcephala KM08
    |--P. neglecta M65
    |--P. rugata BR65
    `--P. tepperi G04

Podolepis arachnoidea (Hooker) Druce 1917 [=Rutidosis arachnoidea Hooker 1848; incl. P. rhytidochlamys von Mueller 1864] BR65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[M65] Michener, C. D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 130: 1–362.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

Vittadinia

Vittadinia scabra, copyright Russell Cumming.

Belongs within: Astereae.

Vittadinia is an Australasian genus of hairy perennial herbs and subshrubs.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Perennial herbs or small undershrubs with alternate leaves. Involucre cylindrical or campanulate; bracts narrow, in three to five unequal rows, with scarious margins; receptacle naked; ray-flowers female, about 15–40, ligules narrow, arranged in two or more rows; disk-flowers fewer, tubular, bisexual; anthers obtuse at base; style-branches with subulate appendages above stigmatic lines; achenes narrow, compressed; pappus usually of numerous capillary bristles; achenes and pappus accrescent so that in fruit the latter far surpasses the involucre; hairs of achenes all, or lower hairs only, notched or two-toothed at summit.

<==Vittadinia Rich. 1832 A61
    |  i. s.: V. cervicularis KM08
    |         V. humerata G04
    |         V. sulcata M99
    |--V. sect. Vittadinia BR65
    |    |--V. triloba BR65 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--V. t. var. triloba BR65
    |    |    |--V. t. var. dissecta BR65 [=V. australis var. dissecta C06]
    |    |    |--V. ‘australis’ var. erecta C06
    |    |    |--V. t. var. lanuginosa BR65
    |    |    `--V. ‘australis’ var. linearis C06
    |    |--V. pterochaeta [=V. australis var. pterochaeta] BR65
    |    `--V. tenuissima [=V. australis var. tenuissima] BR65
    `--V. sect. Eurybiopsis BR65
         |--V. megacephala [=V. australis var. megacephala] BR65
         `--V. scabra BR65

Vittadinia triloba BR65 [=Brachycome triloba Gaudichaud 1826 BR65; incl. *V. australis Richard 1832 A61, BR65, Eurybiopsis australis Hooker 1853 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

Asterales

Water snowflake Nymphoides indica, copyright Alex Popovkin.

Belongs within: Campanulidae.
Contains: Campanulaceae, Stylidiaceae, Goodeniaceae, Asteraceae.

The Asterales are a diverse clade of flowering plants including the composite-flowered plants, bellflowers and related taxa, characterised by the possession of notably small seeds (mobot.org).

Characters (from mobot.org): Starch generally absent; apotracheal parenchyma absent; leaves spiral; corolla apiculi inflexed; stamens free from corolla; pollen grains often tricellular; orbicules absent; nectary present; style long; ovules many/carpel, integument >7 cells across, endothelium present, hypostase absent; antipodal cells ephemeral; embryo suspensor filamentous, micropylar and chalazal endosperm haustoria present; x = 9; mitochondrial rpl2 gene lost. Asterales [Asteranae, Asteriflorae, Campanulales, Campanulanae]
    |  i. s.: Donatia Forster & Forster 1776 A61 [Donatiaceae T00]
    |           |--*D. fascicularis A61
    |           `--D. novae-zealandiae Hooker 1853 A61
    |--+--Campanulaceae K03
    |  `--Rousseaceae CM16
    |       |--Roussea simplex CM16
    |       `--+--Carpodetus Forster & Forster 1776 CM16, A61
    |          |    `--C. serratus Forster & Forster 1776 A61 [incl. C. dentatus C06, C. forsteri C06]
    |          `--+--Abrophyllum ornans CM16
    |             `--Cuttsia viburnea CM16
    `--+--Pentaphragma [Pentaphragmataceae] CM16
       |    `--P. ellipticum CM16
       `--+--+--+--Phelline [Phellinaceae] CM16
          |  |  |    |--P. comosa K03
          |  |  |    `--P. lucida CM16
          |  |  `--Argophyllaceae K03
          |  |       |--Argophyllum T00
          |  |       `--Corokia Cunn. 1839 CM16, A61
          |  |            |--C. buddleoides Cunn. 1839 A61
          |  |            |    |--C. b. var. buddleoides A61
          |  |            |    `--C. b. var. linearis Cheesem. 1925 A61
          |  |            |--C. cotoneaster Raoul 1844 A61
          |  |            |--C. macrocarpa Kirk 1899 A61
          |  |            `--C. × virgata Turrill 1912 (see below for synonymy) A61
          |  `--Alseuosmiaceae K03
          |       |--Periomphale T00
          |       |--Crispiloba T00
          |       |--Wittsteinia [incl. Memecylanthus] T00
          |       `--Alseuosmia Cunn. 1839 A61
          |            |--A. atriplicifolia Cunningham 1839 A61
          |            |--A. banksii Cunningham 1839 A61
          |            |--A. ligustrifolia Cunningham 1839 [=A. linariifolia var. ligustrifolia] A61
          |            |--A. linariifolia Cunningham 1839 [incl. A. hookeria Colenso 1846] A61
          |            |--A. macrophylla Cunningham 1839 A61
          |            |--A. palaeiformis Cunningham 1839 A61
          |            |--A. pusilla Colenso 1885 [incl. A. quercifolia var. glauca Kirk 1899] A61
          |            `--A. quercifolia Cunningham 1839 [incl. A. ilex Cunningham 1839] A61
          `--+--Stylidiaceae CM16
             `--+--+--Goodeniaceae CM16
                |  |--Asteraceae K03
                |  `--Boopis [Calyceraceae] K03
                |       |--B. anthemoides K03
                |       `--B. graminea K03
                `--Menyanthaceae [Menyanthoideae] K03
                     |--Menyanthes trifoliata K03
                     |--Liparophyllum Hooker 1847 A61
                     |    `--L. gunnii Hooker 1847 [=Limnanthemum gunnii Hooker 1860] A61
                     |--Nymphoides Hill 1756 K03, BR65
                     |    |--N. aurantiaca LK14
                     |    |--N. beaglensis LK14
                     |    |--N. crenata LK14
                     |    |--N. disperma LK14
                     |    |--N. geminata K03
                     |    |--N. indica K03 [=Limnanthemum indicum P88]
                     |    |--N. minima LK14
                     |    |--N. parviflorum YG03
                     |    |--N. parvifolia LK14
                     |    |--N. peltatum K03
                     |    `--N. quadriloba LK14
                     |--Limnanthemum Gmelin 1791 (nom. cons. prop.) BR65
                     |    |--L. crenatum BR65
                     |    |--L. cristatum C55
                     |    |--L. exiliflorum BR65
                     |    |--L. forbesianum C55
                     |    |--L. geminatum BR65
                     |    `--L. stygium BR65
                     `--Villarsia Bosc 1798 BR65, B98
                          |--*V. aquatica Bosc 1798 B98
                          |--V. albiflora GK00
                          |--V. capitata GK00
                          |--V. exaltata (Sims) Mueller 1868 (see below for synonymy) BR65
                          |--V. nymphoides [=Limnanthemum nymphoides, Menyanthes nymphoides] C55
                          |--V. parnassiifolia (see below for synonymy) BR65
                          |--V. submersa GK00
                          `--V. violifolia GK00

Corokia × virgata Turrill 1912 [C. buddleoides × C. cotoneaster; incl. C. cheesemanii Carse 1913] A61

Villarsia exaltata (Sims) Mueller 1868 [=Limnanthemum exaltatum (Sims) Mueller 1875, Menyanthes exaltata (Solander) Sims 1807; incl. Villarsia reniformis Brown 1810, Limnanthemum reniforme (Brown) Tate 1890] BR65

Villarsia parnassiifolia [=Swertia parnassiifolia Labillardière 1804, Limnanthemum parnassiifolia (Labillardière) Mueller 1875] BR65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B98] Bosc, C. 1798. Description du Villarsia. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (16): 121–122.

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