Cunoniaceae

Tineo Weinmannia trichosperma, copyright Dick Culbert.

Belongs within: Oxalidales.

The Cunoniaceae are a group of flowering trees and shrubs, usually with opposite, toothed leaves, found in temperate and tropical regions of the Southern Hemisphere (Harden 1990).

Characters (from Harden 1990): Trees or shrubs, rarely climbers. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled, margins toothed (occasionally entire), simple or compound, often 3-foliolate, sometimes 1-foliolate, pinnate or palmate; stipules usually interpetiolar, often conspicuous, falling early and leaving distinctive scars between petiole bases. Inflorescence usually cymose, sometimes flowers in racemes or clustered in heads, rarely solitary. Flowers actinomorphic, generally bisexual; floral parts hypogynous, perigynous or epigynous. Sepals 4-6, sometimes basally fused and enlarging during fruit formation. Petals absent or 4-6, usually small. Stamens 8-20. Ovary usually superior or rarely half-inferior, 2-5-locular. Fruit a capsule, a nut or drupaceous.

<==Cunoniaceae
    |--Eucryphia H08 [Eucryphiaceae, Eucryphioideae T00]
    |    |--E. lucida WM09
    |    `--E. moorei H90
    |--Davidsonia H90 [Davidsoniaceae, Davidsonioideae T00]
    |    `--D. pruriens H90
    |         |--D. p. var. pruriens H90
    |         `--D. p. var. jerseyana H90
    |--Bauera H08 [Baueraceae, Baueroideae T00]
    |    |--B. capitata H90
    |    |--B. microphylla [=B. rubioides var. microphylla] H90
    |    `--B. rubioides S09
    `--Cunonieae [Cunonioideae] T00
         |--Vesselowskya rubifolia H08, H90
         |--Pancheria mcphersonii H08
         |--Cunonia H08
         |    |--C. capensis K02
         |    |--C. macrophylla H08
         |    |--C. purpurea H08
         |    `--C. schinziana H08
         `--Weinmannia Linnaeus 1759 H08, A61
              |--W. mariquitae R96
              |--W. pinnata J87
              |--W. racemosa Linn. f. 1781 [=Leiospermum racemosum Don 1830] A61
              |--W. rolloti R96
              |--W. silvicola Sol. ex Cunningham 1839 [incl. W. fuchsioides Cunningham 1839] A61
              |    |--W. s. var. silvicola A61
              |    `--W. s. var. betulina (Cunningham) Hooker 1852 [=W. betulina Cunningham 1839] A61
              |--W. tolimensis R96
              `--W. trichosperma D03

Cunoniaceae incertae sedis:
  Macrodendron YY22
  Spiraeopsis H08
  Spiraeanthemum H08
  Geissoieae H08
    |--Lamanonia H08
    |--Pseudoweinmannia lachnocarpa H08, W95
    `--Geissois H08
         |--G. balansae H08
         |--G. benthamiana H08
         |--G. biagiana H08
         |--G. bradfordii H08
         |--G. denhamii H08
         |--G. hippocastanifolia H08
         |--G. hirsuta H08
         |--G. imthurnii H08
         |--G. intermedia H08
         |--G. lanceolata H08
         |--G. magnifica H08
         |--G. montana H08
         |--G. polyphylla H08
         |--G. pruinosa H08
         |--G. racemosa H08
         |--G. stipularis H08
         |--G. superba H08
         |--G. ternata H08
         `--G. velutina H08
  Schizomeria ovata H08, BR00
  Codia H08
  Callicoma serratifolia B00
  Gillbeea H08
  Ackama Cunn. 1839 A61
    `--A. rosaefolia Cunn. 1839 A61 [=Weinmannia rosaefolia C06]
  Opocunonia H08
  Aistopetalum H08
  Acsmithia H08
  Anodopetalum Cunningham ex Endlicher 1839 BR00
    `--*A. biglandulosum (Cunningham) Hooker 1856 (see below for synonymy) BR00
  Ceratopetalum Sm. 1793 CD02
    |--*C. gummiferum Sm. 1793 CD02
    |--C. apetalum H90
    |--C. gilesii Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |--C. maslinensis Barnes & Hill 1999 CD02
    |--C. priscum Holmes & Holmes 1992 CD02
    |--C. succirubrum BR00
    |--C. virchowii CD02
    |--C. westermanii Barnes & Hill 1999 CD02
    `--C. wilkinsonii [=Getonites wilkinsonii] CD02
  Caldcluvia paniculosa [=Ackama paniculata] H90
  Hooglandia H08
  Cunonioxylon CBH93
  Acrophyllum australe [=Calycomis australis] H90

*Anodopetalum biglandulosum (Cunningham) Hooker 1856 [=Weinmannia biglandulosum Cunningham ex Hooker 1840, A. glandulosum (l. c.)] BR00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR00] Barnes, R. W., & A. C. Rozefelds. 2000. Comparative morphology of Anodopetalum (Cunoniaceae). Australian Systematic Botany 13 (2): 267–282.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CD02] Clifford, H. T., & M. E. Dettmann. 2002. A winged fruit from the Tertiary of Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 48: 79–83.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H08] Hopkins, H. C. F. 2008. The morphology of stipules and inflorescences in Geissois sensu stricto (Cunoniaceae). Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 625–638.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[K02] Krüger, M. 2002. Revision of the Afrotropical Ennominae of the Drepanogynis group IV: the genus Drepanogynis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Transvaal Museum Monograph 13: 1–220.

[R96] Righi, G. 1996. Colombian earthworms. Studies on Tropical Andean Ecosystems 4: 485–607.

[S09] Stephens, T. 1909. Notes on the geology of the north-west coast of Tasmania from the River Tamar to Circular Head. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 752–767, pls 24–30.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[W95] Walter, D. E. 1995. Dancing on the head of a pin: mites in the rainforest canopy. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 49–53.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Elaeocarpaceae

Blueberry ash Elaeocarpus reticulatus, copyright David Lochlin.

Belongs within: Oxalidales.

The Elaeocarpaceae are a group of shrubs and trees found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world except in Africa (Harden 1990).

Characters (from Harden 1990): Trees or shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate or sometimes opposite, simple or 1-foliolate, commonly clustered at the end of branches; margins usually regularly toothed, sometimes entire or almost so; stipules small, frequently shed early. Inflorescence axillary, a raceme, panicle or dichasial cyme, or flowers solitary. Flowers actinomorphic, usually bisexual. Sepals mostly 4 or 5, distinct or fused at base, often valvate. Petals 4 or 5, free or rarely united, often deeply divided or petals absent. Stamens numerous, usually free, borne on a more or less enlarged disc or receptacle; anther 2-locular, usually much longer than the filament, dehiscing by apical pores, or apical or subapical slits; connective often elongated. Carpels 2–many, united, ovary superior. Fruit a capsule, drupe or berry.

<==Elaeocarpaceae [Elaeocarpineae]
    |--Crinodendron MC94
    |--Dubouzetia MC94
    |--Peripentadenia MC94
    |--Sloaneaecarpum eocenicum Râsky 1962 CBH93
    |--Echinocarpus CBH93
    |--Sloanea H90
    |    |--S. australis H90
    |    `--S. woolsii WP99
    |--Aristotelia L’Hér. 1786 A61
    |    |  i. s.: A. maqui D03
    |    |--+--A. australasica LC95
    |    |  `--A. peduncularis LC95
    |    `--+--A. chilensis LC95
    |       `--+--A. × colensoi Hook. f. 1864 [A. fruticosa × A. serrata; incl. A. × fruserrata Allan 1927] A61
    |          |--A. fruticosa Hooker 1852 LC95, A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |          `--A. serrata (Forster & Forster) Oliver 1921 LC95, A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Tetratheca BS05
    |    |--T. affinis BS05
    |    |--T. aphylla BS05
    |    |--T. chapmanii BS05
    |    |--T. confertifolia RL05
    |    |--T. efoliata BS05
    |    |--T. fordiana Butcher in Butcher & Sage 2005 BS05
    |    |--T. harperi BS05
    |    |--T. hirsuta GK00
    |    |--T. hispidissima GK00
    |    |--T. nuda GK00
    |    |--T. paynterae BS05
    |    |--T. pilosa H87
    |    |--T. retrorsa BS05
    |    |--T. setigera GK00
    |    `--T. virgata OS04
    |--Aceratium WB-P93
    |    |--A. doggrellii WB-P93
    |    `--A. ferrugineum WO95b
    `--Elaeocarpus Linnaeus 1753 A61
         |--E. angustifolius WM09
         |--E. bauerlenii [incl. E. longifolius (preoc.)] MB08
         |--E. costatus P82
         |--E. cyaneus R70
         |--E. decipiens MH98
         |--E. dentatus (Forster & Forster) Vahl 1794 A61 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--E. d. var. dentatus A61
         |    `--E. d. var. obovatus Cheesem. 1907 A61
         |--E. elliffii WP99
         |--E. eumundii H90
         |--E. ferruginiflorus WO95b
         |--E. foveolatus WO95b
         |--E. grandis NC91
         |--E. holopetalus H90
         |--E. hookerianus Raoul 1846 A61
         |--E. kirtonii H90
         |--E. lancaefolius D07
         |--E. largiflorens WB-P93
         |--E. muelleri Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |--E. obovatus non E. dentatus var. obovatus Cheesem. 1907 H90
         |--E. reticulatus W01
         |--E. sericopetalus WO95a
         |--E. sikkimensis D07
         |--E. stipularils CK06
         `--E. williamsianus H90

Aristotelia fruticosa Hooker 1852 LC95, A61 [incl. Myrsine brachyclada Colenso 1839 A61, A. fruticosa var. erecta Hooker 1852 A61, A. erecta Buchanan 1871 A61, A. fruticosa var. microphylla Hooker 1852 A61, A. fruticosa var. prostrata Hooker 1852 A61, A. fruticosa var. ridigula Simpson & Thomson 1947 A61, A. fruticosa var. suberecta Hooker 1852 A61]

Aristotelia serrata (Forster & Forster) Oliver 1921 LC95, A61 [=Dicera serrata Forster & Forster 1776 A61; incl. Friesia racemosa Cunn. 1840 A61, Aristotelia racemosa Hook. f. 1852 A61]

Elaeocarpus dentatus (Forster & Forster) Vahl 1794 A61 [=Dicera dentata Forster & Forster 1776 A61, Eriostemon dentatus C06; incl. Elaeocarpus cunninghamii Raoul 1846 A61, El. hinau Cunn. 1840 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BS05] Butcher, R., & L. W. Sage. 2005. Tetratheca fordiana (Elaeocarpaceae), a new species from the Pilbara of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (2): 73–76.

[CK06] Campbell, P., & T. H. Kunz. 2006. Cynopterus horsfieldii. Mammalian Species 802: 1–5.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H87] Haviland, E. 1887. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1103–1104.

[LC95] Linder, H. P., & M. D. Crisp. 1995. Nothofagus and Pacific biogeography. Cladistics 11: 5–32.

[MB08] Maiden, J. H., & E. Betche. 1908. Notes from the Botanic Gardens, Sydney. No. 13. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 304–319.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[MC94] Morrone, J. J., & J. M. Carpenter. 1994. In search of a method for cladistic biogeography: an empirical comparison of component analysis, Brooks parsimony analysis, and three-area statements. Cladistics 10: 99–153.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[P82] Pickard, J. 1982. Catastrophic disturbance and vegetation on Little Slope, Lord Howe Island. Australian Journal of Ecology 7: 161–170.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

[W01] Walter, D. E. 2001. Achilles and the mite: Zeno’s paradox and rainforest mite diversity. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 113–120. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[WB-P93] Walter, D. E., & V. M. Behan-Pelletier. 1993. Systematics and ecology of Adhaesozetes polyphyllos sp.nov. (Acari: Oribatida: Licneremaeoidea), a leaf-inhabiting mite from Australian rainforests. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 1024–1040.

[WO95a] Walter, D. E., & D. J. O'Dowd. 1995a. Beneath biodiversity: factors influencing the diversity and abundance of canopy mites. Selbyana 16 (1): 12–20.

[WO95b] Walter, D. E., & D. J. O'Dowd. 1995b. Life on the forest phylloplane: hairs, little houses, and myriad mites. In: M. D. Lowman, & N. M. Nadkarni (eds) Forest Canopies pp. 325–351. Academic Press, Inc.

[WP99] Walter, D. E., & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

Oxalidales

Yellow wood sorrel Oxalis stricta, photographed by Robbin Moran.

Belongs within: Fabidae.
Contains: Cunoniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae.

The Oxalidales is a clade of flowering plants supported by molecular analyses. Many members of the clade are tropical trees and shrubs, but the clade also includes the prominent herbaceous genus Oxalis, the sorrels, a number of species of which are invasive weeds in many parts of the world. The Oxalidaceae also include the small tree genus Averrhoa, of which the carambola A. carambola and bilimbi A. bilimbi are cultivated for their edible fruit; the acidic fruit of A. bilimbi are more commonly used in cooking than eaten raw. The Connaraceae are a tropical family whose members are commonly lianas or scandent shrubs with alternate, pinnate leaves and follicular fruits.

Members of the clade containing Cunoniaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Brunellia and Cephalotus have a valvate calyx that is postgenitally coherent by hairs (Angiosperm Phylogeny Web). Cephalotus follicularis of south-western Australia is a herb with leaves modified into insect-catching lidded pitchers. Brunellia is a Neotropical montane genus of trees with usually odd-pinnately compound leaves and bearing apetalous flowers.

Oxalidales [Cunoniales]
    |  i. s.: Platydiscus peltatus XR12
    |--Huaceae WM09
    |    |--Afrostyrax CD07
    |    `--Hua gabonii XR12, WM09
    `--+--+--+--Cunoniaceae WM09
       |  |  `--+--Elaeocarpaceae WM09
       |  |     `--Cephalotus [Cephalotaceae, Cephalotales] WM09
       |  |          `--C. follicularis WM09
       |  `--Brunellia [Brunelliaceae] XR12
       |       |--B. comocladiifolia J87
       |       |    |--B. c. ssp. comocladiifolia J87
       |       |    `--B. c. ssp. domingensis J87
       |       |--B. goudotii R96
       |       `--B. vulgaris C55a
       `--+--Connaraceae WM09
          |    |--Jollydora [Jollydoroideae] T00
          |    |--Rourea brachyandra B00
          |    |--Connaracanthium roureoides Conwentz 1886 CBH93
          |    |--Cnestis CBH93
          |    `--Connarus [Connaroideae] WM09
          |         `--C. conchocarpus WM09
          `--Oxalidaceae [Averrhoeaceae] XR12
               |  i. s.: Oxalidites brachysepalus Caspary 1887 CBH93
               |         Bilimbia Rchb. 1837 KC01
               |         Averrhoites R06
               |--+--Dapania XR12
               |  `--Averrhoa XR12
               |       |--A. bilimbi P88
               |       `--A. carambola XR12
               `--Oxalis Linnaeus 1753 XR12, A61 [incl. Oxys D01]
                    |--O. albicans H93
                    |    |--O. a. ssp. albicans H93
                    |    |--O. a. ssp. californica H93
                    |    `--O. a. ssp. pilosa H93
                    |--O. ausensis CV06
                    |--O. cernua C55b
                    |--O. corniculata Linnaeus 1753 A61
                    |    |--O. c. var. corniculata A61
                    |    |--O. c. var. ciliifera (Cunn.) Hook. f. 1852 (see below for synonymy) A61
                    |    |--O. c. var. crassifolia (Cunn.) Hook. f. 1852 [=O. crassifolia Cunn. 1839] A61
                    |    `--O. c. var. microphylla Hook. f. 1852 [incl. O. exilis Cunn. 1839] A61
                    |--O. dillenii Jacq. 1794 CD07
                    |--O. eggersii J87
                    |--O. hirta C06
                    |--O. hunsbergensis CV06
                    |--O. laciniata D03
                    |--O. lactea Hook. 1836 [incl. O. cataractae Cunn. 1839, O. novae-zelandiae Gand. 1913] A61
                    |--O. latifolia [incl. O. martiana] H93
                    |--O. laxa H93
                    |--O. luederitzii CV06
                    |--O. magellanica Forst. f. 1789 A61
                    |--O. micrantha H93
                    |--O. oregana H93
                    |--O. perennans GK00
                    |--O. pes-caprae M99
                    |--O. pseudo-cernua CV06
                    |--O. purpurea [incl. O. variabilis] H93
                    |--O. rubra H93
                    |--O. schaeferi CV06
                    |--O. stricta Linnaeus 1753 A61 (see below for synonymy)
                    |--O. suksdorfii H93
                    |--O. trilliifolia H93
                    `--O. tuberosa S00

Oxalis corniculata var. ciliifera (Cunn.) Hook. f. 1852 [=O. ciliifera Cunn. 1839; incl. O. tenuicaulis Cunn. 1839] A61

Oxalis stricta Linnaeus 1753 A61 [=O. corniculata var. stricta C06; incl. O. ambigua Rich. 1832 A61, O. divergens Cunn. 1839 A61, O. lacicola Cunn. 1839 A61, O. propinqua Cunn. 1839 A61, O. urvillei Cunn. 1839 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

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Last updated: 24 April 2021.