Samooidea

Features of Anaceros pauliani, from Lawrence (1959).

Belongs within: Grassatores.
Contains: Stenostygninae, Hinzuanius, Metabiantes, Biantes, Samoidae, Stygnomma.

The Samooidea are a group of laniatorean harvestmen found in Africa and the Neotropics that commonly possess a scopula and a sexually dimorphic metatarsus III (Sharma & Giribet 2011). Families of the Samooidea include the Biantidae, in which the eyes are not borne on a central eyemound but widely separated on the carapace.

See also: Biantidae: the importance of titillators.

<==Samooidea [Biantoidea]
    |--Biantidae [Biantoidae, Hinzuanidae] SG11
    |    |--Zairebiantes Kauri 1985 S92 [Zairebiantinae KPG07]
    |    |    `--*Z. microphthalmus Kauri 1985 S92
    |    |--Lacurbsinae KSP-G15
    |    |    |--Lacurbs Sørensen 1896 S92 [Lacurbsinae KPG07]
    |    |    |    |--L. nigrimana Roewer 1912 [=L. nigrimanus] S92
    |    |    |    `--L. spinosa Sørensen 1896 S92
    |    |    |--Eulacurbs Roewer 1949 KSP-G15, S92
    |    |    |    `--*E. paradoxa Roewer 1949 S92
    |    |    |--Metalacurbs Roewer 1914 KSP-G15, S92
    |    |    |    |--*M. simoni Roewer 1915 S92, KSP-G15
    |    |    |    |--M. cornipes (Roewer 1958) [=Prolacurbs cornines (l. c.)] S92
    |    |    |    |--M. oedipus (Roewer 1958) [=Prolacurbs oedipus] S92
    |    |    |    `--M. villiersi (Roewer 1953) [=Prolacurbs villiersi] S92
    |    |    `--Prolacurbs Roewer 1949 KSP-G15, S92
    |    |         `--*P. singularis Roewer 1949 S92
    |    |--Stenostygninae P-GAB09
    |    `--Biantinae KPG07
    |         |--Hinzuanius R23
    |         |--Metabiantes KPG07
    |         |--Eubiantes Roewer 1915 R23, S92
    |         |    `--*E. africanus Roewer 1915 S92
    |         |--Acudorsum Loman 1902 R23, S92
    |         |    `--*A. albimanum Loman 1902 S92
    |         |--Hoplobiantes Roewer 1915 R23
    |         |--Cryptobiantes Kauri 1961 K61
    |         |    `--*C. protector Kauri 1961 S92
    |         |--Fageibiantes Roewer 1949 KPG07, S92
    |         |    |--*F. bicornis (Fage 1946) [=Biantes bicornis, Fageibantes (l. c.) bicornis] S92
    |         |    `--F. bispina Lawrence 1959 [=Fageibantes (l. c.) bispina] S92
    |         |--Biantessus Roewer 1949 K61, S92
    |         |    |--*B. nigrotarsus (Lawrence 1933) [=Metabiantes nigrotarsus] S92
    |         |    `--B. vertebralis (Lawrence 1933) S92 [=Metabiantes vertebralis S92, *Biantanius vertebralis L63]
    |         |--Biantes S89
    |         |--Monobiantes Lawrence 1962 L62
    |         |    `--*M. benoiti Lawrence 1962 S92
    |         |--Biantomma Roewer 1942 L62, S92
    |         |    `--*B. nigrospinosum Roewer 1942 S92
    |         |--Clinobiantes Roewer 1927 L62, S92
    |         |    `--*C. paradoxus Roewer 1927 S92
    |         |--Biantella Roewer 1927 L62, S92
    |         |    `--*B. reticulata Roewer 1927 S92
    |         |--Anaceros Lawrence 1959 KSP-G15
    |         |    |--*A. humilis Lawrence 1959 S92
    |         |    |--A. anodonta Lawrence 1959 S92
    |         |    |--A. canidens Lawrence 1959 S92
    |         |    `--A. pauliani Lawrence 1959 S92
    |         |--Hirstienus Roewer 1949 KSP-G15, SPG11
    |         |    `--*H. nanus (Hirst 1913) [=Phalangodes nanus] SPG11
    |         |--Hovanoceros Lawrence 1959 KSP-G15, S92
    |         |    `--*H. bison Lawrence 1959 S92
    |         |--Ivobiantes Lawrence 1965 KSP-G15, S92
    |         |    `--*I. spinipalpis Lawrence 1965 S92
    |         |--Malgaceros Lawrence 1959 KSP-G15, KP-G15
    |         |    `--*M. boviceps Lawrence 1959 S92
    |         |--Probiantes croceus Roewer 1927 KSP-G15
    |         `--Tetebius Roewer 1949 KSP-G15, KP-G15
    |              `--*T. latibunus Roewer 1949 S92
    `--+--Samoidae SG11
       `--Stygnommatidae SG11
            |--Stygnomma SG11
            `--Stygnomimus Roewer 1927 SG11, KP-G15
                 |--*S. conopygus Roewer 1927 [=Stignomimus conopygus] KP-G15
                 `--S. malayensis Suzuki 1969 [=Stignomimus malayensis] KP-G15

Nomen nudum: Lacurbs fernandopoensis Prieto 1999 SP10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K61] Kauri, H. 1961. Opiliones. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 9–197. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[KPG07] Kury, A. B., & Pérez González, A. 2007. Biantidae Thorell, 1889. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 176–179. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[KP-G15] Kury, A. B., & A. Pérez-González. 2015. A companion to part 2 of the world checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida): Laniatores—Samooidea, Zalmoxoidea and Grassatores incertae sedis. Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e6663.

[KSP-G15] Kury, A. B., D. R. Souza & A. Pérez-González. 2015. World checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida). Part 2: Laniatores—Samooidea, Zalmoxoidea and Grassatores incertae sedis. Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e6482.

[L62] Lawrence, R. F. 1962. Resultats scientifiques des missions zoologiques de l'I.R.S.A.C. en Afrique orientale (P. Basilewsky et N. Leleup, 1957). LXXIV. Opiliones. Annales du Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale: Sciences Zoologiques 110: 9–89.

[L63] Lawrence, R. F. 1963. The Opiliones of the Transvaal. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 24 (4): 275–304.

[P-GAB09] Pérez-González, A., & A. Alegre Barroso. 2009. On the enigmatic Heterolacurbs ovalis Roewer, 1912 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Biantidae). Zootaxa 2269: 65–67.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[SP10] Santos, R., & C. E. Prieto. 2010. Los Assamiidae (Opiliones: Assamiidae) de Río Muni (Guinea Ecuatorial), con la descripción de ocho nuevas especies. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58 (1): 203–243.

[SG11] Sharma, P. P. & G. Giribet. 2011. The evolutionary and biogeographic history of the armoured harvestmen—Laniatores phylogeny based on ten molecular markers, with the description of two new families of Opiliones (Arachnida). Invertebrate Systematics 25: 106–142.

[SPG11] Sharma, P. P., C. E. Prieto & G. Giribet. 2011. A new family of Laniatores (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the Afrotropics. Invertebrate Systematics 25: 143–154.

[S89] Staręga, W. 1989. Harvestmen (Opiliones) from the Mascarene Islands Indian Ocean and resurrection of the family Zalmoxidae. Annals of the Natal Museum 30: 1–8.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271–336.

Grassatores

Microcina edgewoodensis, copyright Friends of Edgewood.

Belongs within: Laniatores.
Contains: Sandokanidae, Epedanoidea, Assamioidea, Zalmoxoidea, Samooidea, Gonyleptoidea, Calicina, Sitalcina, Banksula, Texella.

The Grassatores are a clade of laniatorean harvestmen in which the penis lacks intrinsic muscles, with the glans expanding through hydraulic pressure alone.

Grassatores [Camptonoti] SG14
    |--+--Sandokanidae SG11
    |  `--+--Epedanoidea SG14
    |     `--+--+--Assamioidea SG14
    |        |  `--+--Zalmoxoidea SG11
    |        |     `--Samooidea SG11
    |        `--Gonyleptoidea SG14
    `--Phalangodidae [Lolinae, Paralolidae, Phalangodinae, Phalangodoidea] GV09
         |  i. s.: Ausobskya Martens 1972 UB08
         |           |--A. athos Martens 1972 T96
         |           |--A. brevipes Thaler 1996 T96
         |           |--A. hauseri Silhavy 1976 T96
         |           `--A. mahnerti Silhavy 1976 T96
         |         Idzubius akiyamae TI87
         |         Spalicus oeditarsus Roewer 1949 S01, KSP-G15
         |         Bindoona glauerti Roewer 1929 K54, KSP-G15
         |         Paralola Kratochvil 1951 K18
         |           `--P. buresi Kratochvíl 1951 UD05
         |         Haasus Roewer 1942 U07, M76
         |           `--H. judaeus Roewer 1949 S02
         |         Babrius Thorell 1890 R23
         |           `--B. murcidus Thorell 1891 KSP-G15
         |         Heterobabrius Roewer 1915 R23
         |           |--H. atroluteus Roewer 1915 R23
         |           `--H. granulatus Roewer 1927 KSP-G15
         |         Biconibunus Rower 1915 R23
         |           `--B. fuscus Roewer 1915 R23
         |         Euzalmoxis Roewer 1915 R23
         |           `--E. neoguinensis Roewer 1915 R23
         |         Hoplozalmoxis Roewer 1915 R23
         |           `--H. pallida Roewer 1915 R23
         |         Parazalmoxida Roewer 1916 R23
         |           `--P. solitaria Roewer 1916 R23
         |         Proscotolemon Roewer 1916 U07, S73
         |           `--*P. sauteri Roewer 1916 S73
         |                |--P. s. sauteri S73
         |                `--P. s. latens Suzuki 1973 S73
         |         Metaconomma Pickard-Cambridge 1905 R23, K03
         |           `--*M. femorale Pickard-Cambridge 1905 K03
         |         Belonisculus Roewer 1923 R23
         |           `--*B. jacobsoni Roewer 1923 R23
         |         Isaeolus Roewer 1954 R54, K03
         |           `--*I. zilchi Roewer 1954 K03
         |         Glennhuntia Shear 2001 S01
         |           `--*G. glennhunti Shear 2001 S01
         |         Phalangodinus Roewer 1912 R23, K03
         |           `--*P. surinamensis Roewer 1912 K03
         |         Metapellobunus Roewer 1923 R23, K03
         |           |--*M. unicolor (Roewer 1912) [=Pellobunus unicolor] K03
         |           `--M. lapidosus Roewer 1928 KSP-G15
         |         Neoscotolemon Roewer 1912 R23, K03
         |           |--*N. pictipes (Banks 1908) [=Scotolemon pictipes] K03
         |           `--N. lutzi Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 K03
         |         Pseudomitraceras Roewer 1912 R23, KA-Z11
         |           |--*P. brasiliense Roewer 1912 K03, KA-Z11 (see below for synonymy)
         |           |--P. curvatum Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 KA-Z11 [=P. curvatus K03]
         |           `--P. minutum Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 KA-Z11 [=P. minutus K03]
         |         Paraconomma Roewer 1915 R23, K03
         |           |--*P. argentinum Roewer 1915 [=P. argentina] K03
         |           |--P. ovale Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 [=P. ovala] K03
         |           `--P. spinooculorum Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 K03
         |         Guerrobunus Goodnight & Goodnight 1945 U07, K03 [incl. Caecoa Šilhavý 1974 K03]
         |           |--*G. minutus Goodnight & Goodnight 1945 [=Cynortina minutus, Dapessus minutus] K03
         |           |--G. arganoi (Šilhavý 1974) [=*Caecoa arganoi] K03
         |           `--G. vallensis Vázquez & Cokendolpher 1997 K03
         |         Savoa Forster 1949 F49
         |           `--*S. bonka Forster 1949 F49
         |         Ptychosoma Sørensen 1873 UO05, R23
         |           |--P. catalonicum T96
         |           `--P. vitellinum Sørensen 1873 T96, R23 [=Scotolemon vitellinus R23]
         |         Metagjellerujia Goodnight & Goodnight 1947 GG47
         |           `--*M. jewetti Goodnight & Goodnight 1947 GG47
         |         Foella Goodnight & Goodnight 1948 GG48
         |           `--*F. remingtoni Goodnight & Goodnight 1948 GG48
         |         Spinolatum Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 GG42a
         |           `--*S. mediale Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 GG42a, KA-Z11 [=S. medialis GG42a]
         |         Lola Kratochvíl 1937 non Hamel & Hamel 1929 (ICBN) UO05
         |           `--*L. insularis Kratochvíl 1937 UO05
         |         Nimbadus Roewer 1953 S92
         |           `--*N. femoralis Roewer 1953 SPG11
         |         Epedanestus Roewer 1938 W53
         |           `--E. geniculatus (Pocock 1903) W53 (see below for synonymy)
         |         Tweedielus S72
         |           |--T. brevipes Roewer 1949 S72
         |           `--T. longipes Roewer 1933 KSP-G15
         |--Remyus Roewer 1949 SG11, S92
         |    `--R. gracillimus Roewer 1949 S92
         `--+--Scotolemon Lucas 1860 SG11, M78
            |    |--*S. lespesii Lucas 1860 M78 [=Phalangodes lespesi R23, Ptychosoma lespesi R23]
            |    |--S. balearicus Rambla 1977 T96
            |    |--S. doriae Pavesi 1878 M78
            |    |--S. jaqueti Roewer 1912 R23
            |    |--S. krausi T96
            |    |--S. lucasi Simon 1872 [=Phalangodes lucasi] R23
            |    |--S. roeweri T96
            |    `--S. terricola Simon 1872 [=Phalangodes terricola] R23
            `--+--Calicina UB08
               `--+--Microcinella Ubick & Briggs 2008 UB08
                  |    |--*M. homi (Briggs & Ubick 1989) [=Microcina homi] UB08
                  |    `--M. coensis Ubick & Briggs 2008 UB08
                  `--+--+--+--Sitalcina UB08
                     |  |  `--Enigmina Ubick & Briggs 2008 UB08
                     |  |       |--*E. granita (Briggs 1968) [=Sitalcina granita] UB08
                     |  |       `--E. warrenorum Ubick & Briggs 2008 UB08
                     |  `--Microcina Briggs & Ubick 1989 UB08
                     |       |--*M. tiburona (Briggs & Hom 1966) [=Sitalcina tiburona] UB08
                     |       |--M. edgewoodensis Briggs & Ubick 1989 UB08
                     |       |--M. jungi Briggs & Ubick 1989 UB08
                     |       |--M. leei Briggs & Ubick 1989 UB08
                     |       |--M. lumi Briggs & Ubick 1989 UB08
                     |       |--M. potrero Ubick & Briggs 2008 UB08
                     |       |--M. sanbruno Ubick & Briggs 2008 UB08
                     |       |--M. stanford Ubick & Briggs 2008 UB08
                     |       `--M. tamalpais Ubick & Briggs 2008 UB08
                     `--+--Tularina Ubick & Briggs 2008 UB08
                        |    |--*T. tularensis Ubick & Briggs 2008 UB08
                        |    |--T. plumosa Ubick & Briggs 2008 UB08
                        |    `--T. scopula (Briggs 1968) [=Sitalcina scopula] UB08
                        `--+--Megacina Ubick & Briggs 2008 UB08
                           |    |--*M. cockerelli (Goodnight & Goodnight 1942) [=Sitalcina cockerelli] UB08
                           |    `--+--M. madera (Briggs 1968) [=Sitalcina madera] UB08
                           |       |--M. mayacma Ubick & Briggs 2008 UB08
                           |       `--M. schusteri Ubick & Briggs 2008 UB08
                           `--+--Banksula UB08
                              |--Texella UB08
                              |--Tolus Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 UB08, GG42b
                              |    `--*T. appalachius Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 GG42b [=Phalangodes appalachius K03]
                              |--Undulus Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 UB08, GG42b
                              |    `--*U. formosus Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 GG42b [=Phalangodes formosus K03]
                              |--Wespus Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 UB08, GG42b
                              |    `--*W. arkansasensis Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 GG42b (see below for synonymy)
                              |--Bishopella Roewer 1927 UB08, K03
                              |    |--*B. laciniosa (Crosby & Bishop 1924) K03, GG42b (see below for synonymy)
                              |    `--B. jonesi Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 GG42b
                              |--Phalangodes Tellkampf 1844 UB08, K03 (see below for synonymy)
                              |    |--*P. armata Tellkampf 1844 (see below for synonymy) K03
                              |    `--P. flavipes (Banks 1908) [=Scotolemon flavipes] K03
                              `--Crosbyella Roewer 1927 UB08, K03 (see below for synonymy)
                                   |--*C. spinturnix (Crosby & Bishop 1924) K03, GG42b [=Phalangodes spinturnix GG42b]
                                   |--C. distincta Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 GG42b (see below for synonymy)
                                   |--C. montana Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 GG42b [=Phalangodes montana K03]
                                   |--C. roeweri Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 GG42b (see below for synonymy)
                                   `--C. tuberculata Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 GG42b [=Phalangodes tuberculata K03]

Grassatores incertae sedis:
  Anamota Šilhavý 1979 K03
    `--*A. custodiens Šilhavý 1979 K03
  Belemarua Roewer 1949 K03
    `--*B. nitens (Soares & Soares 1946) [=Paramitraceras nitens, Timoleon nitens] K03
  Bissopius Roewer 1949 K03
    `--*B. rugosus Roewer 1949 K03
  Caecobunus Roewer 1927 K03
    `--*C. termitarum Roewer 1927 K03
  Caribula Šilhavý 1979 K03
    `--*C. longimana Šilhavý 1979 K03
  Cleombrotus Sørensen 1932 K03
    `--*C. minutus Sørensen 1932 K03
  Contuor Roewer 1963 K03
    `--*C. novum Roewer 1963 K03
  Detlefilus Roewer 1949 K03
    `--*D. trispinosus Roewer 1949 K03
  Ignacianulus Roewer 1957 K03
    `--*I. pumilio Roewer 1957 K03
  Jimeneziella Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga 2011 KA-Z11
    |--*J. decui Avram 1970 K03
    `--J. negreai Avram 1970 K03
  Alpazia Özdikmen & Kury 2006 [=Lapazia Roewer 1949 non Ferris 1937] OK06
    `--*A. minima (Roewer 1949) [=*Lapazia minima] OK06
  Manuelangelia Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga 2011 KA-Z11 (see below for synonymy)
    `--*M. tuberosa (González-Sponga 1998) KA-Z11 [=*Limonia tuberosa K03]
  Liomma Roewer 1959 K03
    `--*L. laeve Roewer 1959 K03
  Micrisaeus Roewer 1957 K03
    `--*M. gracillimus Roewer 1957 K03
  Mirda Šilhavý 1973 K03
    `--*M. insulanus (Banks 1901) [=Stygnus insulanus] K03
  Munis Roewer 1963 K03
    `--*M. multivirgatus Roewer 1963 K03
  Octophthalmus Wood 1869 K03
    `--*O. marginatus Wood 1869 (n. d.) K03
  Ortizia Roewer 1952 K03
    `--*O. gracilipes Roewer 1952 K03
  Neoparalus Özdikmen 2006 [=Paralus Roewer 1949 non Rafinesque 1815] O06
    `--*N. granitus (Roewer 1949) [=*Paralus granitus] O06
  Pentos Roewer 1952 K03
    `--*P. pygoplus Roewer 1952 K03
  Pucallpana Avram & Soares 1983 K03
    `--*P. pullex Avram & Soares 1983 K03
  Siryseus Roewer 1949 K03
    `--*S. tibialis Roewer 1949 K03
  Tarmaops Roewer 1956 K03
    `--*T. koepckei Roewer 1956 K03
  Valifema Šilhavý 1979 K03
    `--*V. blanda Šilhavý 1979 K03

*Bishopella laciniosa (Crosby & Bishop 1924) K03, GG42b [=Phalangodes laciniosa GG42b; incl. B. marianna Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 K03]

Crosbyella Roewer 1927 UB08, K03 [incl. Goodnightiella Roewer 1949 non Soares & Soares 1945 K03]

Crosbyella distincta Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 GG42b [=*Goodnightiella distincta K03, Phalangodes distincta K03]

Crosbyella roeweri Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 GG42b [=Crosbiella (l. c.) roeweri K03, Phalangodes roeweri K03]

Epedanestus geniculatus (Pocock 1903) W53 [=Epedanus geniculatus R23, Heterobiantes geniculatus W53, Pseudobiantes geniculatus W53]

Manuelangelia Kury & Alonso-Zarazaga 2011 KA-Z11 [=Limonia González-Sponga 1998 nec Meigen 1803 nec Agassiz 1846 nec Carvalho 1985 K03]

Phalangodes Tellkampf 1844 UB08, K03 [=Acanthocheir Lucas 1861 K03, KA-Z11; incl. Phrixis Cope 1872 K03]

*Phalangodes armata Tellkampf 1844 [=*Acanthocheir armata, A. armatum; incl. *Phrixis longipes Cope 1872, Phryxus (l. c.) longipes] K03

*Pseudomitraceras brasiliense Roewer 1912 K03, KA-Z11 [=Preudomitraceras (l. c.) brasiliensis K03, Ps. brasiliensis K03]

*Wespus arkansasensis Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 GG42b [=Phalangodes arkansasensis K03]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F49] Forster, R. R. 1949. Opiliones from the Solomon Islands. Records of the Australian Museum 22 (2): 141–147.

[GV09] Giribet, G., L. Vogt, A. Pérez González, P. Sharma & A. B. Kury. 2009. A multilocus approach to harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) phylogeny with emphasis on biogeography and the systematics of Laniatores. Cladistics 25: 1–30.

[GG42a] Goodnight, C. J., & M. L. Goodnight. 1942a. Phalangids from British Guiana. American Museum Novitates 1167: 1–13.

[GG42b] Goodnight, C. J., & M. L. Goodnight. 1942b. New Phalangodidae (Phalangida) from the United States. American Museum Novitates 1188: 1–18.

[GG47] Goodnight, C. J., & M. L. Goodnight. 1947. Report on a collection of phalangids from New Guinea. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 66 (4): 328–338.

[GG48] Goodnight, C. J., & M. L. Goodnight. 1948. New phalangids from the Southwest Pacific. American Museum Novitates 1371: 1–14.

[K54] Kauri, H. 1954. Report from Professor T. Gislén’s expedition to Australia in 1951–1952. 9. Harvest-spiders from S. W. Australia. Lunds Universitets Ärsskrift. N. F. Avd. 2. 50 (11): 1–10.

[K03] Kury, A. B. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, volumen especial monográfico 1: 1–337.

[K18] Kury, A. B. 2018. Familial nomina in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). Bionomina 13: 1–27.

[KA-Z11] Kury, A. B. & M. A. Alonso-Zarazaga. 2011. Addenda and corrigenda to the "Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones)". Zootaxa 3034: 47–68.

[KSP-G15] Kury, A. B., D. R. Souza & A. Pérez-González. 2015. World checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida). Part 2: Laniatores—Samooidea, Zalmoxoidea and Grassatores incertae sedis. Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e6482.

[M76] Martens, J. 1976. Genitalmorphologie, System und Phylogenie der Weberknechte (Arachnida: Opiliones). Entomologica Germanica 3 (1–2): 51–68.

[M78] Martens, J. 1978. Spinnentiere, Arachnida: Weberknechte, Opiliones. Gustav Fischer Verlag: Jena.

[O06] Özdikmen, H. 2006. Nomenclatural changes for some Laniatores (Opiliones) genera: New substitute names and new combinations. Mun. Ent. Zool. 1 (1): 63–68.

[OK06] Özdikmen, H., & A. B. Kury. 2006. Three homonymous generic names in Araneae and Opiliones. Journal of Arachnology 34 (1): 279–280.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[R54] Roewer, C. F. 1954. Spinnentiere aus El Salvador, I. (Arachnoidea: Pedipalpi, Solifuga, Opiliones-Laniatores). Senckenbergiana Biologica 35: 57–73.

[S02] Schwendinger, P. J. 2002. Penis morphology in Oncopodidae (Opiliones, Laniatores): Evolutionary trends and relationships. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 425–434.

[SG11] Sharma, P. P., & G. Giribet. 2011. The evolutionary and biogeographic history of the armoured harvestmen—Laniatores phylogeny based on ten molecular markers, with the description of two new families of Opiliones (Arachnida). Invertebrate Systematics 25: 106–142.

[SG14] Sharma, P. P., & G. Giribet. 2014. A revised dated phylogeny of the arachnid order Opiliones. Frontiers in Genetics 5 (255): 1–13.

[SPG11] Sharma, P. P., C. E. Prieto & G. Giribet. 2011. A new family of Laniatores (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the Afrotropics. Invertebrate Systematics 25: 143–154.

[S01] Shear, W. A. 2001. Two new cave-dwelling harvestmen from Western Australia (Arachnida: Opiliones: Assamiidae and “Phalangodidae”). Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 64: 153–158.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271–336.

[S72] Suzuki, S. 1972. Opiliones of Semangkok Forest Reserve, Malaysia. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1 (Zoology) 24 (1): 1–37.

[S73] Suzuki, S. 1973. Opiliones from the South-west Islands, Japan. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1 (Zoology) 24: 205–279.

[T96] Thaler, K. 1996. Neue Funde europäischer Krallenweberknechte (Arachnida, Opiliones: Phalangodidae, Travuniidae). Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlich-Medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 83: 135–148.

[TI87] Tsurusaki, N., & H. Ikeda. 1987. Opiliones of the Hakone district, Japan. Report of the Owakidani Natural History Museum 7: 1–16.

[U07] Ubick, D. 2007. Phalangodidae Simon, 1879. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 217–221. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[UB08] Ubick, D., & T. S. Briggs. 2008. The harvestman family Phalangodidae. 6. Revision of the Sitalcina complex (Opiliones: Laniatores). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, series 4, 59 (1): 1–108.

[UD05] Ubick, D., & J. A. Dunlop. 2005. On the placement of the Baltic amber harvestman Gonyleptes nemastomoides Koch & Berendt, 1854, with notes on the phylogeny of Cladonychiidae (Opiliones, Laniatores, Travunioidea). Mitteilungen Museum für Naturkunde, Geowissenschaftlichen Reihe 8: 75–82.

[UO05] Ubick, D., & R. Ozimec. 2005. On the harvestman genus Lola Kratochvíl (Opiliones: Laniatores). Natura Croatica 14 (3): 161–174.

[W53] Wang F.-C. 1953. A list of Chinese spiders of the order Opiliones. Kunchong Xuebao [Acta Entomologica Sinica] 3: 503–512.

Assamiidae

Dorsum of Erecella flava, from Roewer (1935).

Belongs within: Grassatores.
Contains: Irumuinae, Sidaminae, Assamiinae, Polycoryphinae, Dampetrinae, Selencinae, Trionyxellinae, Hypoxestinae, Metereca, Ereca, Chilon.

The Assamiidae are a family of short-legged harvestmen found in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World.

Characters (from Santos & Prieto 2010): Prosomal shield with five processes on frontal border (central, two internal lateral and two lateral external or marginal); pedipalps not very long, tibia and tarsus dorsoventrally flattened and crossed one on another; penis with distally enlarged trunk (ventral lamina), sometimes bilobed, with variable envelope of membranes; glans cylindrical, subdistal, housing spiny or warty evaginable membrane in the shape of a funnel.

Assamiidae [Assamioidae]
    |--+--Selencinae SG11
    |  `--+--+--Arulla SG11
    |     |  `--Tarnus pulcher SG11
    |     `--+--Trionyxellinae SG11
    |        `--+--Hypoxestinae SG11
    |           `--+--Paktongius SG11
    |              `--Mysoreinae R35
    |                   |--Typestus Roewer 1935 R35
    |                   |    `--*T. sulcatus Roewer 1935 R35
    |                   |--Attakattius Roewer 1929 R35
    |                   |    `--A. spinifrons Roewer 1929 R35
    |                   `--Mysorea Roewer 1935 SG11, R35
    |                        |--*M. brevipus Roewer 1935 R35
    |                        `--M. thaiensis Suzuki 1985 SG11
    `--Erecinae [Tsadseinae] SP10
         |--Metereca SP10
         |--Ereca SP10
         |--Chilon SG11
         |--Valpara Roewer 1929 R35
         |    `--V. albitarsis Roewer 1929 R35
         |--Kukkala Roewer 1929 R35
         |    `--K. trispinifrons Roewer 1929 R35
         |--Mandaria Roewer 1935 SP10
         |    `--*M. caeca Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Merucola Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--*M. granulatus Roewer 1935 [=M. granulata] R35
         |--Dodabetta Roewer 1929 R35
         |    `--D. conigera Roewer 1929 R35
         |--Djemia Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--*D. cooperi Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Wintonia Roewer 1923 SP10
         |    `--*W. scabra Roewer 1923 R35
         |--Sacesphorus Thorell 1889 R35
         |    `--*S. maculatus Thorell 1889 T89
         |--Parapygoplus Roewer 1912 R35
         |    `--P. variatus (Thorell 1889) [=Pygoplus variatus] R35
         |--Irnia Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--*I. scabra Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Bibundina Roewer 1935 SP10
         |    `--*B. pectinata Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Baeorix Thorell 1889 R35 [=Boeorix R23]
         |    `--*B. manducus Thorell 1889 T89 [=Boeorix manducus R23]
         |--Lepchana Roewer 1927 R35
         |    `--L. spinipalpis Roewer 1927 M77
         |--Eubaeorix Roewer 1912 R35 [=Euboeorix (l. c.) R23]
         |    `--E. gravelyi Roewer 1912 R35 [=Euboeorix (l. c.) gravelyi R23]
         |--Sijucavernicus Roewer 1923 R35
         |    `--S. kempi Roewer 1923 R35
         |--Fakoa Roewer 1923 SP10
         |    `--*F. spinulata (Roewer 1915) [=Acanthophrysella spinulata] S92
         |--Buemba Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--*B. filipes Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Tetecus Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--*T. tenuis Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Metapygoplus Roewer 1923 R35
         |    `--*M. intermedius (Loman 1892) [=Pygoplus intermedius] R35
         |--Gapotus Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--*G. frontalis Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Vandarawella Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--*V. bicolor Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Cereoides Roewer 1935 SP10
         |    `--*C. nebulosa (Sørensen 1896) [=Cerea nebulosa] R35
         |--Cereipes Roewer 1935 SP10
         |    `--*C. angusta (Roewer 1912) S92 [=Cerea angusta R35]
         |--Acanthophrysella Strand 1911 R35 [=Acanthophrys Loman 1902 non Milne Edwards 1865 R23]
         |    `--*A. pectinata (Loman 1902) S92 [=Acanthophrys pectinata R35]
         |--Anjolus Goodnight & Goodnight 1948 GG48
         |    `--*A. malkini Goodnight & Goodnight 1948 GG48
         |--Mbinia Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
         |    `--*M. xenophora Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
         |--Cardwella Roewer 1935 SP10
         |    `--*C. atar (Sørensen in Henriksen 1932) [=Wintonia atar, Dampetrus atar ms] R35
         |--Ivocoryphus Lawrence 1965 SP10
         |    `--*I. jezequeli Lawrence 1965 S92
         |--Neocoryphus Lawrence 1965 SP10
         |    `--*N. niger Lawrence 1965 S92
         |--Cereodiscus Roewer 1935 SP10
         |    `--*C. lesserti Roewer 1940 S92
         |--Ereala Roewer 1950 SP10 [incl. Faradjea Roewer 1950 S92]
         |    `--*E. armata Roewer 1950 [incl. Faradjea schoutedeni Roewer 1950] S92
         |--Eregonda Roewer 1950 SP10
         |    `--*E. tenuis Roewer 1950 S92
         |--Termitereca Roewer 1940 SP10
         |    `--*T. singularis Roewer 1940 S92
         |--Angolyppa Lawrence 1957 SP10
         |    `--*A. scabra Lawrence 1957 S92
         |--Angopygoplus Lawrence 1951 SP10
         |    `--*A. dentichelis Lawrence 1951 S92
         |--Montereca Lawrence 1962 L62
         |    `--*M. paucidens Lawrence 1962 S92
         |--Bundukia Lawrence 1962 L62
         |    `--*B. nigra Lawrence 1962 S92
         |--Roewereca Lawrence 1962 L62
         |    `--*R. tenebrosa Lawrence 1962 S92
         |--Neobaeorix Lawrence 1962 L62
         |    `--*N. cornuta Lawrence 1962 S92
         |--Aberdereca Goodnight & Goodnight 1959 L62, S92
         |    `--*A. parva Goodnight & Goodnight 1959 S92
         |--Erebalda Roewer 1940 L62, S92
         |    `--*E. cryptostigma Roewer 1940 S92
         |--Erecops Roewer 1940 L62, S92
         |    `--*E. multispina Roewer 1940 S92
         |--Kakontwea Roewer 1951 L62, S92
         |    `--*K. leleupi Roewer 1951 S92
         |--Lubudia Roewer 1951 L62, S92
         |    `--*L. leleupi Roewer 1951 S92
         |--Kasaina Lawrence 1957 L62, S92
         |    `--*K. scabra Lawrence 1957 S92
         |--Allereca Roewer 1961 L62, S92
         |    `--*A. ruandana Roewer 1961 S92
         |--Comereca Roewer 1961 L62, S92
         |    `--*C. rectipes Roewer 1961 S92
         |--Buniabia Roewer 1961 L62, S92
         |    `--*B. filipes Roewer 1961 S92
         |--Bambereca Kauri 1985 K85
         |    `--*B. spinifrons Kauri 1985 S92
         |--Tubereca Kauri 1985 K85
         |    `--*T. biharaguana Kauri 1985 S92
         |--Neopygoplus Roewer 1923 R35
         |    |--N. jacobsoni Roewer 1923 R35
         |    `--N. siamensis Suzuki 1985 SG11
         |--Tundabia Roewer 1935 R35
         |    |--*T. semicaeca Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--T. ugandensis Goodnight & Goodnight 1959 S92
         |--Bulobana Roewer 1935 R35
         |    |--*B. octopunctata Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--B. infuscata Roewer 1940 S92
         |--Eupygoplus Roewer 1915 R35
         |    |--E. armatus Roewer 1915 R35
         |    `--E. gracilis Roewer 1927 R35
         |--Cerea Sørensen 1896 SP10
         |    |--*C. lugubris Sørensen 1896 S92
         |    `--C. feai Roewer 1927 S92 [=C. feae R35]
         |--Izea Roewer 1927 R35
         |    |--*I. pectinata Roewer 1927 S92
         |    `--I. armata Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Erecongoa Roewer 1950 SP10
         |    |--*E. gracilis Roewer 1950 S92
         |    `--E. granulata Roewer 1952 S92
         |--Lygippus Roewer 1940 SP10
         |    |--*L. abdominalis Roewer 1940 S92
         |    `--L. machadoi Lawrence 1951 S92
         |--Erecabia Roewer 1940 L62, S92
         |    |--*E. hartmanni Roewer 1940 S92
         |    `--E. pluridens Lawrence 1962 S92
         |--Erecomma Roewer 1940 L62, S92
         |    |--*E. montana Roewer 1940 S92
         |    `--E. laurenti Roewer 1961 S92
         |--Cereatta Roewer 1935 R35
         |    |--*C. celeripes (Loman 1910) S92 [=Cerea celeripes R35]
         |    |--C. elegans Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--C. kivuensis Roewer 1961 S92
         |--Pygoplus Thorell 1889 R35
         |    |--*P. obscurus Thorell 1889 T89
         |    |--P. ferrugineus Thorell 1889 R35
         |    `--P. trifasciatus Thorell 1889 R35
         |--‘Macrobunus’ Roewer 1912 non Tullgren 1901 R35
         |    |--M. aborensis Roewer 1913 R35
         |    |--M. longipes Roewer 1913 R35
         |    `--M. singularis Roewer 1912 R35
         |--Callereca Roewer 1940 SP10
         |    |--*C. gracilis Roewer 1940 S92
         |    |--C. angolensis Lawrence 1949 S92
         |    `--C. teteana Roewer 1954 S92
         |--Cryptopygoplus Lawrence 1931 R35 [incl. Lawrenciola Roewer 1935 L11]
         |    |--*C. africanus Lawrence 1931 S92
         |    |--C. capriviensis Lotz 2011 L11
         |    |--C. coronatus Staręga & Snegovaya 2009 L11
         |    |--C. damaranus Lawrence 1931 [=*Lawrenciola damarana] S92
         |    `--C. rhodesianus Lawrence 1931 [=Lawrenciola rhodesiana] R35
         |--Propygoplus Roewer 1923 R35, M77 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--*P. maculatus (Roewer 1912) [=Parapygoplus maculatus] M77
         |    |--‘*Karsianga’ rugosa Roewer 1940 M77
         |    |--‘*Sikkimula’ scabrisoma Roewer 1940 M77
         |    |--P. siwalik Martens 1977 M77
         |    `--‘*Sikkimella’ tenuipes Roewer 1927 M77
         |--Lygippulus Roewer 1954 L62, S92
         |    |--*L. major Roewer 1954 S92
         |    |--L. nigrescens Roewer 1961 S92
         |    |--L. parvulus Roewer 1954 S92
         |    |--L. scaber Roewer 1954 S92
         |    `--L. setipes Roewer 1961 S92
         |--Erecula Roewer 1935 R35
         |    |--*E. pachypes Roewer 1935 R35
         |    |--E. cincta Roewer 1961 S92
         |    |--E. crassipes Kauri 1985 S92
         |    |--E. leleupi Lawrence 1962 S92
         |    |--E. marmorata Roewer 1940 S92
         |    |--E. novemdentata Roewer 1961 S92
         |    `--E. septemdentata Lawrence 1957 S92
         `--Erecella Roewer 1935 R35
              |--*E. lutea Roewer 1935 S92
              |--E. basilewskyi Lawrence 1962 S92
              |--E. biseriata Roewer 1961 S92
              |--E. brunnea Roewer 1940 S92
              |--E. flava Roewer 1935 R35
              |--E. nigropicta Roewer 1961 S92
              |--E. signata Roewer 1950 S92
              |--E. transversalis Roewer 1961 S92
              `--E. walikaleana Kauri 1985 S92

Assamiidae incertae sedis:
  Sokodea Roewer 1935 R35
    `--*S. caeca Roewer 1935 R35
  Maccabeesa Roewer 1936 S92
    `--*M. lawrencei Roewer 1936 S92
  Aburistella Lawrence 1947 S92
    `--A. flava Lawrence 1947 S92
  Afroassamia Caporiacco 1940 S92
    `--*A. laevipes Caporiacco 1940 S92
  Bancoella Lawrence 1947 S92
    `--*B. bimaculata Lawrence 1947 S92
  Banconyx Lawrence 1947 S92
    `--*B. dentichelis Lawrence 1947 S92
  Cleoxestus Roewer 1954 S92
    `--*C. luteipictus Roewer 1954 S92
  Irumuinae SP10
  Kungwea Roewer 1961 S92
    `--K. scabra Roewer 1961 S92
  Lukandamila Roewer 1961 S92
    `--L. cookei Roewer 1961 S92
  Simienatus Roewer 1956 S92
    `--*S. scotti Roewer 1956 S92
  Typhloburista Lawrence 1947 S92
    `--*T. pusilla Lawrence 1947 S92
  Acacinae SP10
    |--Acaca Roewer 1935 R35 [incl. Pseudoacaca Caporiacco 1949 S92]
    |    |--*A. albatra Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--A. liobuniformis (Caporiacco 1949) [=Pseudoacaca liobuniformis] S92
    `--Acanthacaca Roewer 1952 L62, S92
         |--*A. upembensis Roewer 1952 S92
         `--A. katumbea Roewer 1961 S92
  Pungoica Roewer 1914 R35 [incl. Pungoiella Roewer 1914 S92, Pygoselenca Roewer 1953 S92; Pungoicinae]
    |--*P. simoni Roewer 1914 S92
    `--P. bifurcata (Roewer 1914) (see below for synonymy) S92
  Aburistinae SP10
    |--Aburista Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*A. termitarum Roewer 1935 R35
    `--Typhlobunellus Roewer 1927 R35
         |--*T. formicarum Roewer 1927 S92
         `--T. platypalpis Lawrence 1947 S92
  Opcochinae R35
    |--Drugius Roewer 1929 R35
    |    `--D. parvus Roewer 1929 R35
    |--Trionyxana Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--T. gracilipes Roewer 1927 R35
    `--Opcochina Roewer 1927 R35
         |--O. carli Roewer 1929 R35
         `--O. gravelyi Roewer 1927 R35
  Sidaminae SP10
  Assamiinae SP10
  Polycoryphinae SP10
  Dampetrinae SP10
  Parazalmoxis Roewer 1913 S92
    `--*P. africana Roewer 1913 (see below for synonymy) S92
  Nsorkia dorsicana SG11

Dicoryphus Loman 1902 R35 [incl. Coelobunus Loman 1902 S92, Caelobunus R23, Metarhabdopygus Roewer 1913 R35]

Dicoryphus melanacanthus (Loman 1902) [=Coelobunus melanacanthus, Caelobunus melanacanthus; incl. Co. fuscus Roewer 1912, Ca. fuscus] S92

*Parazalmoxis africana Roewer 1913 [incl. Hypoxestus holmi Goodnight & Goodnight 1959, P. roeweri Caporiacco 1949] S92

Propygoplus Roewer 1923 R35, M77 [incl. Karsianga Roewer 1940 M77, Sikkimella Roewer 1927 M77, Sikkimula Roewer 1940 M77]

Pungoica bifurcata (Roewer 1914) [=Pungoiella bifurcata; incl. Pygoselenca albisignata Roewer 1953, Pungoica decorata Lawrence 1947] S92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GG48] Goodnight, C. J., & M. L. Goodnight. 1948. New phalangids from the Southwest Pacific. American Museum Novitates 1371: 1–14.

[K85] Kauri, H. 1985. Opiliones from central Africa. Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika, Turveren, België, Zoologische Wetenschappen, Annalen 245: 1–167.

[L62] Lawrence, R. F. 1962. Resultats scientifiques des missions zoologiques de l'I.R.S.A.C. en Afrique orientale (P. Basilewsky et N. Leleup, 1957). LXXIV. Opiliones. Annales du Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale: Sciences Zoologiques 110: 9–89.

[L11] Lotz, L. N. 2011. Three new harvestmen species from southern Africa (Arachnida: Opiliones: Caddidae, Neopilionidae, Assamiidae). Journal of Afrotropical Zoology 7: 3–8.

[M77] Martens, J. 1977. Opiliones aus dem Nepal-Himalaya. III. Oncopodidae, Phalangodidae, Assamiidae (Arachnida). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (4–6): 295–340.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[R35] Roewer, C.-F. 1935. Alte und neue Assamiidae. Weitere Weberknechte VIII. (8. Ergänzung der “Weberknechte der Erde” 1923). Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Kolonial- und Uebersee-Museum in Bremen 1: 1–168.

[SP10] Santos, R., & C. E. Prieto. 2010. Los Assamiidae (Opiliones: Assamiidae) de Río Muni (Guinea Ecuatorial), con la descripción de ocho nuevas especies. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58 (1): 203–243.

[SG11] Sharma, P. P., & G. Giribet. 2011. The evolutionary and biogeographic history of the armoured harvestmen—Laniatores phylogeny based on ten molecular markers, with the description of two new families of Opiliones (Arachnida). Invertebrate Systematics 25: 106–142.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271–336.

[T89] Thorell, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXI.—Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885–1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a, 7: 521–729.

Trionyxellinae

Dorsum of Trionyxella granulata, from Roewer (1935).

Belongs within: Assamiidae.

The Trionyxellinae are a group of harvestmen found in southern Africa and Asia, characterised by the presence of a pseudonychium between the true claws.

Characters (from Roewer 1935): Anterior margin of the carapace unarmed medially; spiracles concealed by chitinous projections; femur of pedipalp with short ventral teeth; distitarsus I two-segmented; tarsi III and IV with simple claws, with pseudonychium present over claws.

<==Trionyxellinae [Trionyxellidae]
    |--Triaenopodium Roewer 1915 R35
    |    `--T. tarsalis Roewer 1915 R35
    |--Kandyca Roewer 1915 R35
    |    `--K. minima Roewer 1915 R35
    |--Nuwaria Roewer 1915 R35
    |    `--N. granulata Roewer 1915 R35
    |--Nilgirius Roewer 1915 R35
    |    `--N. scaber Roewer 1915 R35
    |--Calloristus Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*C. granipes Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Balnissa Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*B. parva Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Brysma Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*B. atra Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Trionychiperna Roewer 1929 R35
    |    `--T. carli Roewer 1929 R35
    |--Sampitius Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*S. opacus Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Dulitellus Roewer 1935 R35
    |    |--*D. maculatus Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--D. sarawakensis WP-G10
    |--Namutonia Lawrence 1931 R35 [incl. Gobabisia Roewer 1940 S92]
    |    |--*N. scabra Lawrence 1931 S92
    |    `--N. wuehlischi (Roewer 1940) [=Gobabisia wuehlischi] S92
    |--Trionyxella Roewer 1912 R35
    |    |--T. clavipus Roewer 1912 R35
    |    `--T. granulata Roewer 1935 R35
    `--Randilella Lawrence 1963 L63
         `--*R. transvaalensis Lawrence 1963 S92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L63] Lawrence, R. F. 1963. The Opiliones of the Transvaal. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 24 (4): 275–304.

[R35] Roewer, C.-F. 1935. Alte und neue Assamiidae. Weitere Weberknechte VIII. (8. Ergänzung der “Weberknechte der Erde” 1923). Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Kolonial- und Uebersee-Museum in Bremen 1: 1–168.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271–336.

[WP-G10] Willemart, R. H., A. Pérez-González, J.-P. Farine & P. Gnaspini. 2010. Sexually dimorphic tegumental gland openings in Laniatores (Arachnida, Opiliones), with new data on 23 species. Journal of Morphology 271 (6): 641–653.

Polycoryphinae

Diagnostic features of Pashokia yamadai, from Martens (1977).

Belongs within: Assamiidae.

The Polycoryphinae are a group of assamiid harvestmen found in southern Asia and central and eastern Africa (Santos & Prieto 2010).

Characters (from Santos & Prieto 2010): Anterior margin of carapace bearing frontal spine; spiracles concealed by chitinous projections; femur of pedipalp with short ventral teeth; distitarsus I two-segmented; metatarsus II undivided; tarsi III and IV with smooth claws.

<==Polycoryphinae
    |--Polycoryphus Loman 1902 SP10
    |    `--*P. asper Loman 1902 S92
    |--Pykara Roewer 1929 R35
    |    `--P. coxalis Roewer 1929 R35
    |--Kodaika Roewer 1929 R35
    |    `--K. escheri Roewer 1929 R35
    |--Koyna Roewer 1915 R35
    |    `--K. spinulata Roewer 1915 R35
    |--Oppalnia Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--O. brevipes Roewer 1927 R35
    |--Phalcochina Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--P. albistriata Roewer 1927 R35
    |--Anaimalus Roewer 1929 R35
    |    `--A. gibbulus Roewer 1929 R35
    |--Panchganius Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*P. blatteri Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Mormuga Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--M. uncifrons Roewer 1927 R35
    |--Mudumalus Roewer 1929 R35
    |    `--M. partialis Roewer 1929 R35
    |--Kavalaica Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--K. atroscutata Roewer 1927 R35
    |--Maracandinus Roewer 1912 SP10 [=Maracandus Pavesi 1895 non Simon 1879 K85]
    |    `--*M. rubrofemoratus (Pavesi 1895) [=Maracandus (Assamia) rubrofemoratus] S92
    |--Harpenna Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*H. denticulata Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Gulufia Roewer 1935 SP10
    |    `--*G. frontalis Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Thomecola Roewer 1927 SP10
    |    `--*T. quadrispina (Roewer 1927) [=Santhomea quadrispina] S92
    |--Palmanella Roewer 1927 SP10
    |    `--*P. tigrina Roewer 1927 S92
    |--Henriquea Roewer 1927 SP10
    |    `--*H. spinigera Roewer 1927 S92
    |--Santhomea Roewer 1927 SP10
    |    `--*S. scabra Roewer 1927 S92
    |--Bueana Roewer 1927 SP10
    |    `--*B. ephippiata Roewer 1927 S92
    |--Sonega Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*S. scututa Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Binderella Roewer 1935 SP10 [incl. Tengelinia Roewer 1935 S92]
    |    `--*B. bistriata Roewer 1935 R35 [incl. *Tengelinia paradoxa Roewer 1935 R35, S92]
    |--Parakodaika Goodnight & Goodnight 1944 SP10
    |    `--*P. angolae Goodnight & Goodnight 1944 S92
    |--Ayenea Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
    |    `--*A. trimaculata Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
    |--Montalenia Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
    |    `--*M. forficula Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
    |--Niefanga Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
    |    `--*N. spinosa Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
    |--Pulchrandrus Kauri 1985 K85
    |    `--*P. longimanus Kauri 1985 S92
    |--Uviranus Kauri 1985 SP10
    |    `--*U. echinops Kauri 1985 S92
    |--Maracandellus Roewer 1923 R35
    |    |--*M. rhinoceros (Thorell 1889) [=Maracandus rhinoceros] R35
    |    `--M. bidentatus Suzuki 1985 SP10
    |--Senarba Roewer 1927 R35
    |    |--S. acanthicoxa Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--S. rudicoxa Roewer 1927 R35
    |--Maracandus Simon 1879 R35
    |    |--M. macei Simon 1879 R35
    |    `--M. monhoti Simon 1879 R35
    |--Paramaracandus SP10
    |    |--P. fuscus Suzuki 1976 S82
    |    `--P. sexdentatus Suzuki 1985 SP10
    |--Procoryphus Roewer 1950 SP10
    |    |--*P. multispinatus Roewer 1950 S92
    |    `--P. straeleni Roewer 1952 S92
    |--Pashokia Roewer 1927 R35
    |    |--P. laeviscutum Roewer 1927 R35
    |    |--P. maxima Martens 1977 M77
    |    |--P. mutatrix Martens 1977 M77
    |    |--P. silhavyi Martens 1977 M77
    |    `--P. yamadai Suzuki 1970 M77
    `--Villiersiella coxalis R59

Nomen nudum: Bueana quadridentata Prieto 1999 SP10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K85] Kauri, H. 1985. Opiliones from central Africa. Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika, Turveren, België, Zoologische Wetenschappen, Annalen 245: 1–167.

[M77] Martens, J. 1977. Opiliones aus dem Nepal-Himalaya. III. Oncopodidae, Phalangodidae, Assamiidae (Arachnida). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (4–6): 295–340.

[R35] Roewer, C.-F. 1935. Alte und neue Assamiidae. Weitere Weberknechte VIII. (8. Ergänzung der “Weberknechte der Erde” 1923). Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Kolonial- und Uebersee-Museum in Bremen 1: 1–168.

[R59] Roewer, C. F. 1959. Opiliones der II. Mont Nimba-Collection von Prof. M. Lamotte. Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, 2^e série 31 (3): 355–358.

[SP10] Santos, R., & C. E. Prieto. 2010. Los Assamiidae (Opiliones: Assamiidae) de Río Muni (Guinea Ecuatorial), con la descripción de ocho nuevas especies. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58 (1): 203–243.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271–336.

[S82] Suzuki, S. 1982. A small collection of harvestmen from Malaysia (Opiliones, Arachnida). Acta Arachnologica 31 (1): 27–34.