Hueneosauria

Reconstruction of Cymbospondylus natans, copyright Teratophoneus.

Belongs within: Ichthyosauria.
Contains: Thunnosauria.

The Hueneosauria are a clade of ichthyosaurs defined by Maisch & Matzke (2000) as the most exclusive clade including Mixosaurus cornalianus and Ophthalmosaurus icenicus.

Synapomorphies (from Maisch & Matzke 2000): External naris placed largely laterally; anterior margin of orbit regularly rounded; ramus occipitalis of supratemporal well developed; processus transversus pterygoidei absent; posterior dorsal centra discoidal; sacral ribs indistinguishable; caudal vertebral centra short; interclavicle of triradiate shape; radius and ulna distinctly shortened; posterior margin of ulna convex or straight; distal carpals II–IV of similar size; metacarpal V with straight or concave posterior margin or absent; pubis and ischium with strongly convex medial margins, not forming symphysis; less than five toes present.

<==Hueneosauria
    |  i. s.: Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao & Lu in Yin et al. 2000 (see below for synonymy) JH05
    |--+--Wimanius Maisch & Matzke 1998 MM03, MM00
    |  |    `--*W. odontopalatus Maisch & Matzke 1998 MM00
    |  `--Mixosauridae JH05
    |       |--Barracudasaurus Jiang, Hao et al. 2005 JH05
    |       |    `--*B. maotaiensis (Young 1965) [=Mixosaurus maotaiensis] JH05
    |       `--+--Mixosaurus Baur 1887 JH05, MM00 [incl. Sangiorgiosaurus Brinkmann 1998 MM00]
    |          |    |--*M. cornalianus (Bassani 1886) MM00
    |          |    `--M. kuhnschnyderi (Brinkmann 1998) MM00 [=Sangiorgiosaurus kuhnschnyderi H02]
    |          `--Phalarodontinae JH05
    |               |--Contectopalatus Maisch & Matzke 1998 JH05, MM00
    |               |    `--*C. atavus (Quenstedt 1852) MM00, H02 [=Mixosaurus atavus H02]
    |               `--Phalarodon Merriam 1910 JH05, MM00
    |                    |--*P. nordenskioeldii (Hulke 1873) MM00 [=Mixosaurus nordenskioldi H02]
    |                    |--P. atavus FF13
    |                    |--P. callawayi FF13
    |                    |--P. fraasi FF13
    |                    `--P. major (von Huene 1916) MM00
    `--Longipinnati [Euichthyosauria, Shastasauridae] MM00
         |--‘Cymbospondylus’ buchseri Sander 1989 FF13, MM00
         `--+--Cymbospondylidae MM00
            |    |--Phantomosaurus Maisch & Matzke 2000 MM03, MM00
            |    |    `--*P. neubigi (Sander 1997) [=Shastasaurus neubigi] MM00
            |    `--Cymbospondylus Leidy 1868 FF13, MM00
            |         |--*C. piscosus Leidy 1868 MM00
            |         |--C. germanicus D07
            |         |--C. grandis D07
            |         |--C. natans D07
            |         |--C. nevadanus D07
            |         |--C. parvus D07
            |         |--C. petrinus Leidy 1868 MM00
            |         `--C. piscosus D07
            `--+--+--Californosaurus Kuhn 1934 FF13, MM00 [incl. Delphinosaurus Merriam 1905 (preoc.) MM00]
               |  |    `--*C. perrini (Merriam 1902) MM00
               |  `--Toretocnemidae MM00
               |       |--Qianichthyosaurus Li 1999 MM03, MM00
               |       |    `--*Q. zhoui Li 1999 MM00
               |       `--Toretocnemus Merriam 1903 FF13, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
               |            |--*T. californicus Merriam 1903 MM00
               |            `--T. zitteli (Merriam 1903) MM00
               `--+--Merriamosaurus MM03 [incl. Rotundopteryx Maisch & Matzke 2000 MM03, MM00]
                  |    `--M. hulkei (Maisch & Matzke 2000) MM03 [=*Rotundopteryx hulkei MM00]
                  `--Merriamosauria MM00
                       |--Besanosaurus Dal Sasso & Pinna 1996 MM03, MM00
                       |    `--*B. leptorhynchus Dal Sasso & Pinna 1996 MM00
                       `--+--Thalattoarchon Fröbisch, Fröbisch et al. 2013 FF13
                          |    `--*T. saurophagis Fröbisch, Fröbisch et al. 2013 FF13
                          `--+--+--Shonisaurus Camp 1976 FF13, MM00
                             |  |    |--*S. popularis Camp 1976 MM00
                             |  |    `--S. sikanniensis D07
                             |  `--Shastasaurus Merriam 1895 FF13, MM00 [Shastasauria]
                             |       |  i. s.: S. alexandrae Merriam 1902 [incl. S. altispinus, S. osmonti] MM00
                             |       |--S. sikanniensis FF13
                             |       `--+--*S. pacificus Merriam 1895 MM00, FF13, MM00
                             |          `--S. liangae FF13
                             `--+--Mikadocephalus Maisch & Matzke 1997 JH05, MM00
                                |    `--*M. gracilirostris Maisch & Matzke 1997 MM00
                                `--+--Callawayia Maisch & Matzke 2000 MM03, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
                                   |    `--*C. neoscapularis (McGowan 1994) MM00 (see below for synonymy)
                                   `--Parvipelvia MM00
                                        |--Hudsonelpidia McGowan 1995 MM03, MM00
                                        |    `--*H. brevirostris McGowan 1995 MM00
                                        `--Neoichthyosauria MM00
                                             |  i. s.: Nannopterygius von Huene 1922 MM00
                                             |           `--*N. enthekiodon (Hulke 1871) MM00
                                             |--Suevoleviathan Maisch 1998 FF13, MM00 [Suevoleviathanidae]
                                             |    |--*S. disinteger (von Huene 1926) MM00
                                             |    `--S. integer (Bronn 1844) MM00
                                             `--+--+--Temnodontosaurus Lydekker 1889 FF13, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
                                                |  |    |--*T. platyodon (Conybeare 1822) MM00
                                                |  |    |--T. acutirostris (Owen 1840) MM00
                                                |  |    |--T. eurycephalus McGowan 1974 MM00
                                                |  |    |--T. longirostris D07
                                                |  |    |--T. nuertingensis (von Huene 1931) MM00
                                                |  |    `--T. trigonodon (von Theodori 1843) MM00
                                                |  `--Leptonectidae [Eurhinosauria, Eurhinosauridae] MM00
                                                |       |--+--Eurhinosaurus Abel 1909 FF13, MM00
                                                |       |  |    `--*E. longirostris (von Jaeger 1856) MM00
                                                |       |  `--Excalibosaurus McGowan 1986 FF13, MM00
                                                |       |       `--*E. costini McGowan 1986 [=Eurinosaurus costini] MM00
                                                |       `--Leptonectes McGowan 1996 FF13, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
                                                |            |--*L. tenuirostris (Conybeare 1822) MM00
                                                |            |--L. moorei McGowan & Milner 1999 MM00
                                                |            `--L. solei (McGowan 1993) MM00
                                                `--+--Thunnosauria FF13
                                                   `--Macgowania Motani 1999 FF13, MM00
                                                        `--*M. janiceps (McGowan 1996) [=Ichthyosaurus janiceps] MM00

Callawayia Maisch & Matzke 2000 MM03, MM00 [=Metashastasaurus Nicholls & Manabe 2001 H02]

*Callawayia neoscapularis (McGowan 1994) MM00 [=Shastasaurus neoscapularis MM00, *Metashastasaurus neoscapularis H02]

Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao & Lu in Yin et al. 2000 [incl. Cymbospondylus asiaticus Li & You 2002] JH05

Leptonectes McGowan 1996 FF13, MM00 [incl. Leptopterygius von Huene 1922 (preoc.) MM00]

Temnodontosaurus Lydekker 1889 FF13, MM00 [incl. Proteosaurus Home 1814 MM00; Temnodontosauridae]

Toretocnemus Merriam 1903 FF13, MM00 [incl. Leptocheirus Merriam 1903 (preoc.) MM00, Merriamia Boulenger 1904 MM00]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FF13] Fröbisch, N. B., J. Fröbisch, P. M. Sander, L. Schmitz & O. Rieppel. 2013. Macropredatory ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic and the origin of modern trophic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110 (4): 1393–1397.

[H02] Haubold, H. 2002. Literaturbericht: Ichthyosaurier und Sauropterygier. Zbl. Geol. Paläont. Teil II 5-6: 367–403.

[JH05] Jiang, D.-Y., W.-C. Hao, M. W. Maisch, A. T. Matzke & Y.-L. Sun. 2005. A basal mixosaurid ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic of China. Palaeontology 48 (4): 869–882.

[MM00] Maisch, M. W., & A. T. Matzke. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 298: 1–159.

[MM03] Maisch, M. W., & A. T. Matzke. 2003. Observations on Triassic ichthyosaurs. Part XII. A new Early Triassic ichthyosaur genus from Spitzbergen. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Abhandlungen 229 (3): 317–338.

Ichthyosauria

Reconstruction of Grippia longirostris, copyright Dmitry Bogdanov.

Belongs within: Reptilia.
Contains: Hueneosauria.

The Ichthyosauria are a major clade of marine reptiles known from the Lower Triassic to the lower Upper Cretaceous, members of which evolved a remarkably fish-like body form (Maisch & Matzke 2000).

Characters (from Maisch & Matzke 2000): Premaxillary rostrum elongate; naris displaced posteriorly, close to orbit; upper temporal fenestra with very considerable contribution of supratemporal; ectopterygoid absent; thoracal ribs articulating exclusively with centrum; manus and pes exhibiting hyperphalangy; fibula immobile relative to femur.

<==Ichthyosauria [Eoichthyosauria, Ichthyopterygia]
    |--Thaisaurus Mazin, Suteethorn et al. 1991 MM03
    |    `--*T. chonglakmanii Mazin, Suteethorn et al. 1991 MM00
    `--+--Parvinatator Nicholls & Brinkman 1995 FF13, MM03
       |    `--*P. wapitiensis Nicholls & Brickman 1995 MM00
       `--+--Utatsusaurus Shikama, Kamei & Murata 1978 FF13, MM03
          |    `--*U. hataii Shikama, Kamei & Murata 1978 MM00
          `--+--Grippiidae [Grippidia] MM00
             |    |--Chaohusaurus Young & Dong 1972 MM03 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |    `--*C. geishanensis Young & Dong 1972 MM00
             |    `--Grippia Wiman 1929 FF13, MM03
             |         `--*G. longirostris Wiman 1929 MM00
             `--+--Hueneosauria FF13
                `--Quasianosteosaurus Maisch & Matzke 2003 [Quasianosteosauridae] MM03
                     `--*Q. vikinghoegdai Maisch & Matzke 2003 MM03

Ichthyosauria incertae sedis:
  Isfjordosaurus Motani 1999 MM03
    `--*I. minor (Wiman 1910) [=Pessopteryx minor] MM00
  Svalbardosaurus Mazin 1981 (n. d.) MM03
    `--S. crassidens MM03
  Himalayasaurus Young & Dong 1972 (n. d.) MM00
    `--*H. tibetensis Young & Dong 1972 (n. d.) MM00
  Tibetosaurus Dong in Young et al. 1982 (n. d.) MM00
    `--*T. tingjiensis Dong in Young et al. 1982 (n. d.) MM00
  Pessosaurus Wiman 1910 (n. d.) MM00
    |--*P. polaris (Hulke 1873) (n. d.) MM00
    `--P. suevicus von Huene 1916 MM00
  Macropterygius von Huene 1922 (n. d.) MM00
    `--*M. trigonus (Owen 1840) MM00
  Pachygonosaurus von Huene 1916 (n. d.) MM00
    `--*P. robustus Maisch & Matzke 1997 (n. d.) MM00
  Omphalosauridae H02
    |--Tholodus schmidi H02
    `--Omphalosaurus Merriam 1906 D07 [incl. Pessopteryx Wiman 1910 MM00]
         |--O. nettarhynchus D07
         |--O. nevadanus Merriam 1906 MM00
         |--O. nisseri (Wiman 1910) (see below for synonymy) MM00
         `--O. wolfi D07

Chaohusaurus Young & Dong 1972 MM03 [incl. Anhuisaurus Chen 1985 (preoc.) MM00, Chensaurus Mazin, Suteethorn et al. 1991 MM00]

Omphalosaurus nisseri (Wiman 1910) [=*Pessopteryx nisseri; incl. P. arctica Wiman 1910, P. pinguis Wiman 1910] MM00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FF13] Fröbisch, N. B., J. Fröbisch, P. M. Sander, L. Schmitz & O. Rieppel. 2013. Macropredatory ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic and the origin of modern trophic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110 (4): 1393–1397.

[H02] Haubold, H. 2002. Literaturbericht: Ichthyosaurier und Sauropterygier. Zbl. Geol. Paläont. Teil II 5-6: 367–403.

[MM00] Maisch, M. W., & A. T. Matzke. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 298: 1–159.

[MM03] Maisch, M. W., & A. T. Matzke. 2003. Observations on Triassic ichthyosaurs. Part XII. A new Early Triassic ichthyosaur genus from Spitzbergen. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Abhandlungen 229 (3): 317–338.

Thunnosauria

Reconstruction of Platypterygius bannovkensis, by Olorotitan.

Belongs within: Hueneosauria.

The clade Thunnosauria, defined by Maisch & Matzke (2000) as the most exclusive clade including Ichthyosaurus communis and Stenopterygius quadriscissus, includes the latest-surviving ichthyosaurs. Thunnosaurs had a compact body form relative to other ichthyosaurs with a short, powerful tail that would have provided most of the propulsive force when swimming.

See also: The tuna-lizards.

Synapomorphies (from Maisch & Matzke 2000): Quadratojugal small; squamosal small, delicate plate or absent; rib articulation in thorax bicipital; tail short; hindlimbs much shorter than forelimbs.

<==Thunnosauria [Ichthyosauridae]
    |--Stenopterygiidae MM00
    |    |--Chacaicosaurus Fernández 1994 MM00
    |    |    `--*C. cayi Fernández 1994 MM00
    |    `--Stenopterygius Jaekel 1904 FF13, MM000
    |         |--*S. quadricissus (Quenstedt 1856) MM00
    |         |--S. hauffianus von Huene 1922 MM00
    |         |--S. longifrons (Owen 1881) MM00
    |         `--S. megalorhinus von Huene 1922 MM00
    `--+--Ichthyosaurus De La Beche & Conybeare 1821 FF13, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
       |    |--*I. communis Conybeare 1822 MM00
       |    |--I. acutirostris N85
       |    |--I. australis F71
       |    |--I. breviceps Owen 1881 MM00
       |    |--I. conybeari Lydekker 1888 MM00
       |    |--I. intermedius Conybeare 1822 MM00
       |    |--I. marathonensis F71
       |    |--‘Protoichthyosaurus’ porostealis Appleby 1979 MM00
       |    `--‘*Protoichthyosaurus’ postaxalis Appleby 1979 MM00
       `--+--Aegirosaurus Bardet & Fernández 2000 MM03, MM00
          |    |--*A. leptospondylus (Wagner 1873) [=Ichthyosaurus leptospondylus] MM00
          |    `--‘Ophthalmosaurus’ monocharactus Appleby 1956 MM00
          `--Ophthalmosauridae [Ophthalmosauria] MM00
               |--Brachypterygius von Huene 1922 FF13, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
               |    |--*B. extremus (Boulenger 1904) MM00
               |    |--‘Otschevia’ alekseevi Arkhangelsky 2001 H02
               |    |--B. mordax (McGowan 1976) [=Grendelius mordax] MM00
               |    `--B. pseudoscythius (Efimov 1998) MM00 (see below for synonymy)
               `--+--+--Platypterygius von Huene 1922 FF13, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
                  |  |    |--*P. platydactylus (Broili 1907) MM00
                  |  |    |--P. americanus (Nace 1939) MM00
                  |  |    |--P. bannovkensis Arkhangelsky 1998 [=P. (Pervushovisaurus) bannovkensis] MM00
                  |  |    |--P. bedengensis (Efimov 1998) [=*Plutoniosaurus bedengensis] MM00
                  |  |    |--P. birjukovi (Otschev & Efimov 1985) [=*Simbirskiasaurus birjukovi] MM00
                  |  |    |--P. hauthali (von Huene 1926) MM00
                  |  |    |--P. hercynicus Kuhn 1946 MM00
                  |  |    |--P. kiprijanoffi Romer 1968 MM00
                  |  |    `--P. longmani Wade 1990 MM00
                  |  `--Caypullisaurus Fernández 1997 FF13, MM00
                  |       `--*C. bonapartei Fernández 1997 MM00
                  `--Ophthalmosaurus Seeley 1874 FF13, MM00 (see below for synonymy)
                       |--*O. icenicus Seeley 1874 MM00
                       |--‘*Khudiakovia’ calloviensis Arkhangelsky 1999 (n. d.) MM00
                       |--O. discus D07
                       |--O. gorodischensis (Efimov 1999) (see below for synonymy) MM00
                       |--O. natans (Marsh 1879) MM00
                       |--O. periallus (Fernández 1999) [=Mollesaurus periallus] MM00
                       |--‘Paraophthalmosaurus’ saratoviensis MM00
                       |--O. saveljeviensis (Arkhangelsky 1997) [=*Paraophthalmosaurus saveljeviensis] MM00
                       `--O. yasykovi (Efimov 1999) [=*Yasykovia yasykovi; incl. Y. kabanovi, Y. mittai, Y. sumini] MM00

Brachypterygius von Huene 1922 FF13, MM00 [incl. Grendelius McGowan 1976 MM00, Otschevia Efimov 1998 MM00]

Brachypterygius pseudoscythius (Efimov 1998) MM00 [=*Otschevia pseudoscythia MM00; incl. B. zhuravlevi Arkhangelsky 1998 MM00, O. zhuralevi H02]

Ichthyosaurus De La Beche & Conybeare 1821 FF13, MM00 [incl. Eurypterygius Jaekel 1904 MM00, Protoichthyosaurus Appleby 1979 MM00]

Ophthalmosaurus Seeley 1874 FF13, MM00 [incl. Ancanamunia Rusconi 1942 MM00, Apatodontosaurus Mehl 1927 MM00, Baptanodon Marsh 1880 MM00, Khudiakovia Arkhangelsky 1999 MM00, Mollesaurus Fernández 1999 MM00, Paraophthalmosaurus Arkhangelsky 1997 MM00, Sauranodon Marsh 1879 (preoc.) MM00, Undorosaurus Efimov 1999 MM00, Yasykovia Efimov 1999 MM00]

Ophthalmosaurus gorodischensis (Efimov 1999) [=*Undorosaurus gorodischensis; incl. U. khorlovensis, U. nessovi] MM00

Platypterygius von Huene 1922 FF13, MM00 [incl. Longirostria Arkhangelsky 1998 MM00, Myobradypterygius von Huene 1926 MM00, Myopterygius von Huene 1922 MM00, Pervushovisaurus Arkhangelsky 1998 MM00, Plutoniosaurus Efimov 1997 MM00, Simbirskiasaurus Ochev & Efimov 1985 MM00, Tenuirostria Arkhangelsky 1998 MM00]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[FF13] Fröbisch, N. B., J. Fröbisch, P. M. Sander, L. Schmitz & O. Rieppel. 2013. Macropredatory ichthyosaur from the Middle Triassic and the origin of modern trophic networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110 (4): 1393–1397.

[H02] Haubold, H. 2002. Literaturbericht: Ichthyosaurier und Sauropterygier. Zbl. Geol. Paläont. Teil II 5-6: 367–403.

[MM00] Maisch, M. W., & A. T. Matzke. 2000. The Ichthyosauria. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 298: 1–159.

[MM03] Maisch, M. W., & A. T. Matzke. 2003. Observations on Triassic ichthyosaurs. Part XII. A new Early Triassic ichthyosaur genus from Spitzbergen. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie—Abhandlungen 229 (3): 317–338.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

Last updated: 14 July 2018.