Hyacinthaceae

Albuca shawii, copyright Annie's Annuals & Perennials.

Belongs within: Petrosaviidae.
Contains: Urgineoideae, Hyacinthoideae, Ornithogalum.

The Hyacinthaceae are a group of bulbous herbs found primarily in warmer regions of the Old World with the exception of the South American genus Oziroe (Eggli & Nyffeler 2020).

Characters (from Eggli & Nyffeler 2020): Perennial bulbous herbs, rarely rhizomatous, bulbs geophytic or rarely above-ground, bulb scales rarely separate from each other and strongly succulent; roots fleshy, contractile, rarely thickened storage roots; leaves basal, numerous or few or rarely solitary, rarely early deciduous, rarely absent in adult plants, lamina linear to oblong, mostly flat, strap-shaped, occasionally softly succulent, sometimes broadly ovate or tapering; inflorescence racemose, paniculate or spicate, rarely climbing if the only assimilating organ of the plant, bracteate; pedicel not articulated; flowers bisexual, actinomorphic or rarely zygomorphic, 3-merous; tepals in 2 whorls of 3, free or basally connate, sometimes forming a tube, often white but colour variable; stamens 6 but sometimes only 3 fertile, free or often basally adnate to the tepals; filaments flat, often lanceolate; anthers dorsifixed, introrse, dehiscing longitudinally or rarely with an apical pore; ovary superior (rarely semi-inferior), 3-locular; ovules few, placentation axillary; style terete; fruit loculicidal capsules; seeds variable, often ovoid to orbicular, sometimes winged.

<==Hyacinthaceae [Eucomidaceae, Lachenaliaceae, Ornithogalaceae, Scillaceae]
    |--Oziroe [Oziroeoideae] MGF04
    |    `--O. biflora MGF04
    `--+--+--Urgineoideae MGF04
       |  `--Hyacinthoideae MGF04
       `--Ornithogaloideae EN20
            |--Ornithogalum MGF04
            |--Dipcadieae EN20
            |    |--Pseudogaltonia (Kuntze) Engl. in Engl. & Prantl 1888 EN20, MGF04 (see below for synonymy)
            |    |    `--P. clavata (Mast.) Phillips 1935 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
            |    `--Dipcadi Medikus 1790 (see below for synonymy) EN20
            |         |  i. s.: ‘*Polemannia’ hyacinthiflora EN20
            |         |--D. ser. Dipcadi EN20
            |         |    |--*D. serotinum (Linnaeus) Medik. 1790 EN20, MGF04 (see below for synonymy)
            |         |    `--D. brevifolium (Thunberg) Fourcade 1932 (see below for synonymy) EN20
            |         `--+--D. glaucum (Burch.) Baker 1871 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
            |            `--+--‘Ornithogalum’ dipcadioides [incl. Dipcadi gracillimum non O. gracillimum Fries 1927] MGF04
            |               `--D. viride (Linnaeus) Moench 1802 MGF04 (see below for synonymy)
            `--Albuca Linné 1762 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                 |  i. s.: ‘Ornithogalum’ amoenum [=*Battandiera amoena] EN20
                 |         A. batteniana Hilliard & Burtt 1985 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                 |         A. buffelspoortensis Van Jaarsveld 2016 EN20
                 |         A. canadensis (L.) Leighton 1948 EN20, CC87 [=Ornithogalum canadense L. 1753 CC87]
                 |         A. cremnophila Van Jaarsveld & van Wyk 2000 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                 |         A. deaconii Van Jaarsveld 2013 EN20
                 |         A. dilucula (Obermeyer) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                 |         ‘Ornithogalum’ fuscatum [=*Adernia fuscata, *Ardernia fuscata, *Trimelopter fuscatus] EN20
                 |         A. gildenhuysii (Van Jaarsveld) Van Jaarsveld 2016 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                 |         A. juncifolia Baker 1876 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                 |         A. karachabpoortensis (Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                 |         A. kirstenii (Manning & Goldblatt) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                 |         A. lebaensis (Van Jaarsveld) Manning & Goldblatt 2011 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                 |         A. nelsonii Brown 1880 [=Ornithogalum nelsonii (Brown) Manning & Goldblatt 2004] EN20
                 |         A. pendula Mathew 1994 [=Ornithogalum pendulum (Mathew) Manning & Goldblatt 2004] EN20
                 |         A. scabrocostata (Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                 |         ‘Ornithogalum’ secundum [=*Monotassa secunda] EN20
                 |         A. tenuifolia Baker 1872 [=Ornithogalum nematophyllum Manning & Goldblatt 2004] EN20
                 |         A. thermarum Van Jaarsveld 2003 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                 |         A. unifoliata Rowley 1975 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                 |         ‘Ornithogalum’ virens [=*Tomoxis virens] EN20
                 |         A. vittata [=*Taeniola vittata] EN20
                 |         ‘Urginea’ volubilis Perrier de la Bathie 1938 [=*Igidia volubilis (Perrier) Speta 1998] MGF04
                 |         A. sect. Albuca EN20
                 |           |--*A. major Linné 1762 EN20 (see below for synonymy)
                 |           `--A. spiralis Linné 1782 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                 |         A. subg. Monarchos (Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                 |--A. subg. Urophyllon (Salisbury) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 [=Urophyllon Salisbury 1866] EN20
                 |    `--A. bracteata (Thunberg) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 EN20 (see below for synonymy)
                 |--+--‘Stellarioides’ seinerii MGF04
                 |  `--A. subg. Namibiogalum (Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                 |       |--A. gariepensis Manning & Goldblatt 2011 EN20
                 |       `--‘Ornithogalum’ stapfii MGF04 (see below for synonymy)
                 `--+--+--A. abyssinica Jacq. 1783 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
                    |  `--A. amboensis [=Ornithogalum amboense] MGF04
                    `--+--A. subg. Osmyne (Salisbury) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 EN20 (see below for synonymy)
                       |    |--‘Ornithogalum’ odoratum [=*Osmyne odorata] EN20
                       |    |--‘Coilonox’ inapertum MGF04
                       |    |--‘Ornithogalum’ polyphyllum Jacq. 1795 [=Coilonox polyphyllum] MGF04
                       |    `--‘Ornithogalum’ suaveolens (see below for synonymy) MGF04
                       `--+--A. setosa Jacq. 1797 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
                          `--+--A. tortuosa Baker 1897 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
                             `--+--A. clanwilliamae-gloria Müller-Doblies 1996 MGF04, EN20 (see below for synonymy)
                                `--A. sect. Falconera [=Falconera Salisbury 1866] EN20
                                     |--A. viscosa Linnaeus 1782 MGF04 (see below for synonymy)
                                     |--A. crudenii Archibald 1956 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                                     `--A. shawii Baker 1874 MGF04 (see below for synonymy)

Albuca Linné 1762 [incl. Adernia Salisbury 1866 (nom. illeg.), Ardernia Salisbury 1866 (nom. illeg.), Battandiera Maire 1926, Branciona Salisbury 1866, Fenelonia Rafinesque 1832, Igidia Speta 1998, Monotassa Salisbury 1866, Pallastema Salisbury 1866, Stellarioides Medikus 1790, Taeniola Salisbury 1866 nec Pallas 1760 (ICZN) nec Bonord. 1851, Tomoxis Rafinesque 1837, Trimelopter Rafinesque 1837; Albuceae] EN20

Albuca subg. Monarchos (Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 [=Ornithogalum sect. Monarchos Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies 1996] EN20

Albuca subg. Namibiogalum (Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 [=Ornithogalum sect. Namibiogalum Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies 1996] EN20

Albuca subg. Osmyne (Salisbury) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 EN20 [=Osmyne Salisbury 1866 EN20; incl. Coilonox Rafinesque 1832 MGF04, EN20]

Albuca abyssinica Jacq. 1783 MGF04 [=Ornithogalum abyssinicum (Jacq.) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 MGF04, *Pallastema abyssinica EN20]

Albuca batteniana Hilliard & Burtt 1985 [=Ornithogalum battenianum (Hilliard & Burtt) Manning & Goldblatt 2004] EN20

Albuca bracteata (Thunberg) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 EN20 [=Ornithogalum bracteatum Thunberg 1794 EN20, *Fenelonia bracteata (Thunberg) Rafinesque 1832 EN20; incl. *Stellarioides canaliculata Medikus 1790 MGF04, EN20, Eliokarmos caudatum Rafinesque 1837 EN20, Ornithogalum caudatum Aiton 1789 (nom. illeg.) MGF04, *Urophyllon caudatum EN20, O. longibracteatum Jacquin 1776 MGF04, EN20, Stellarioides longibracteata (Jacquin) Speta 2001 EN20, O. massonii Gmelin 1791 MGF04, Urginea mouretii Battandier & Trabut 1921 EN20, O. scilloides Jacquin 1797 EN20]

Albuca clanwilliamae-gloria Müller-Doblies 1996 MGF04, EN20 [=Ornithogalum clanwilliamae-gloria (Müller-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt 2004 EN20]

Albuca cremnophila Van Jaarsveld & van Wyk 2000 [=Ornithogalum cremnophilum (Van Jaarsveld & van Wyk) Manning & Goldblatt 2004] EN20

Albuca crudenii Archibald 1956 [=Ornithogalum crudenii (Archibald) Manning & Goldblatt 2004] EN20

Albuca dilucula (Obermeyer) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 [=Ornithogalum diluculum Obermeyer 1978, Coilonox diluculum (Obermeyer) Speta 2001] EN20

Albuca gildenhuysii (Van Jaarsveld) Van Jaarsveld 2016 [=Ornithogalum gildenhuysii Van Jaarsveld 2012] EN20

Albuca juncifolia Baker 1876 [incl. A. imbricata Leighton 1947, Ornithogalum imbricatum (Leighton) Manning & Goldblatt 2004] EN20

Albuca karachabpoortensis (Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 [=Ornithogalum karachabpoortense Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies 1996] EN20

Albuca kirstenii (Manning & Goldblatt) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 [=Ornithogalum kirstenii Manning & Goldblatt 2006] EN20

Albuca lebaensis (Van Jaarsveld) Manning & Goldblatt 2011 [=Ornithogalum lebaense Van Jaarsveld 2010, Stellarioides lebaensis (Van Jaarsveld) Martínez-Azorín & Crespo 2012] EN20

*Albuca major Linné 1762 EN20 [incl. A. maxima Burm.f. 1768 MGF04, Ornithogalum maximum (Burm.f.) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 MGF04]

Albuca scabrocostata (Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt 2009 [=Ornithogalum scabrocostatum Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies 1996, Coilonox scabrocostatum (Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies) Speta 2001] EN20

Albuca setosa Jacq. 1797 MGF04 [=*Branciona setosa EN20, Ornithogalum setosum (Jacq.) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 MGF04]

Albuca shawii Baker 1874 MGF04 [=Ornithogalum shawii (Baker) Manning & Goldblatt 2004 EN20; incl. A. elliotii Baker 1881 EN20, A. granulata Baker 1904 EN20, A. minima Baker 1897 EN20, A. trichophylla Baker 1889 EN20]

Albuca spiralis Linné 1782 [=Falconera spiralis (Linné) Salisbury ex Jackson 1895; incl. Ornithogalum circinatum Manning & Goldblatt 2004 (nom. illeg.), Albuca viridiflora Jacquin 1797, O. volutare Manning & Goldblatt 2006] EN20

Albuca thermarum Van Jaarsveld 2003 [=Ornithogalum thermarum (Van Jaarsveld) Manning & Goldblatt 2004] EN20

Albuca tortuosa Baker 1897 [=Ornithogalum tortile Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004] MGF04

Albuca unifoliata Rowley 1975 [=Coilonox unifoliatum (Rowley) Speta 2001, Ornithogalum unifoliatum (Rowley) Obermeyer 1978] EN20

Albuca viscosa Linnaeus 1782 MGF04 [=*Falconera viscosa EN20, Ornithogalum viscosum (Linnaeus) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 MGF04]

Dipcadi Medikus 1790 [=Tricharis Salisbury 1866 (nom. illeg.); incl. Polemannia Bergius ex Schlechtendal 1826 (nom. rej.), Uropetalon Burchell ex Ker Gawler 1816, Uropetalum Burchell 1822 (nom. inv.), Zuccagnia Thunberg 1798 (nom. rej.)] EN20

Dipcadi brevifolium (Thunberg) Fourcade 1932 [=Hyacinthus brevifolius Thunberg 1794, Baeoterpe brevifolia (Thunberg) Salisbury 1866 (nom. inv.), Periboea brevifolia (Thunberg) Kunth 1843, Scilla brevifolia (Thunberg) Ker Gawler 1812; incl. Lachenalia graminifolia Solander ex Baker 1870, Polemannia hyacinthoides Bergius ex Schlechtendal 1826, Dipcadi hyacinthoides (Bergius ex Schlechtendal) Baker 1871, Ornithogalum hyacinthoides (Baker) Manning & Goldblatt 2004 (nom. inv.), Uropetalon hyacinthoides (Bergius ex Schlechtendal) Sprengel 1827, Dipcadi spirale Baker 1892] EN20

Dipcadi glaucum (Burch.) Baker 1871 [=Uropetalon glaucum Burch. ex Ker Gawl. 1816 non Ornithogalum glaucum Dethard. ex Schult.f. 1702; incl. D. magnum Baker 1898, O. magnum (Baker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004] MGF04

*Dipcadi serotinum (Linnaeus) Medik. 1790 EN20, MGF04 [=Hyacinthus serotinus Linnaeus 1753 MGF04, Ornithogalum serotinum (Linnaeus) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 MGF04, *Tricharis serotinus EN20]

Dipcadi viride (Linnaeus) Moench 1802 MGF04 [=Hyacinthus viridis Linnaeus 1762 MGF04, Ornithogalum viride (Linnaeus) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 MGF04, *Uropetalon viride EN20]

‘Ornithogalum’ stapfii MGF04 [=Battandiera stapfii EN20, Stellarioides stapfii MGF04; incl. O. dinteri Baker 1901 MGF04, O. karasbergense Glover 1915 MGF04, O. spirale Schinz 1896 MGF04]

‘Ornithogalum’ suaveolens [=Coilonox suaveolens; incl. Anthericum albucoides, *C. albucoides] MGF04

Pseudogaltonia (Kuntze) Engl. in Engl. & Prantl 1888 EN20, MGF04 [incl. Lindneria Durand & Lubbers 1899 MGF04]

Pseudogaltonia clavata (Mast.) Phillips 1935 [=Galtonia clavata Mast. 1884, Lindneria clavata (Mast.) Speta 1985, Ornithogalum clavatum (Mast.) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004; incl. *Lindneria fibrillosa, Hyacinthus pechuelii, *Pseudogaltonia pechuelii] MGF04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC87] Clifford, H. T., J. G. Conran, J. B. Williams, R. J. F. Henderson, H. J. Hewson, E. M. Watson, G. J. Keighery, D. M. Churchill, I. R. H. Telford, A. Thongpukdee, N. H. Brittan, A. S. George, W. T. Stearn & T. D. Macfarlane. 1987. Liliaceae. Flora of Australia 45: 148–419.

[EN20] Eggli, U., & R. Nyffeler (eds) 2020. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons 2^nd ed. Springer.

[MGF04] Manning, J. C., P. Goldblatt & M. F. Fay. 2004. A revised generic synopsis of Hyacinthaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecular evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudoprospereae. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60 (3): 533–568.

Lachenalia

Lachenalia aloides, copyright Nadiatalent.

Belongs within: Hyacinthoideae.

Lachenalia, Cape cowslips, is a genus of bulbous herbs found in southern South Africa.

See also: Lachenalia.

Characters (from Manning et al. 2004): Deciduous; bulb subterranean, subglobose or flattened, tunicated, often bulbilliferous; outer tunics usually pale and membranous, sometimes papery and dark brown or blackish and then often forming a fibrous neck. Cataphyll tubular, membranous. Leaves 1 to several but usually 2, usually contemporary with flowers but sometimes dying off, prostrate to suberect, usually lanceolate but sometimes terete, linear or heart-shaped, clasping at base, smooth or pustulate, rarely with simple or stellate trichomes, subsucculent or leathery, uniformly green or spotted or banded, especially on sheath. Inflorescence a few- to many-flowered spike, raceme or corymb, sometimes condensed and borne at ground level, upper flowers often vestigial; peduncle erect, rarely condensed, cylindrical or swollen and clavate, sometimes spotted or banded; bracts small, triangular, not spurred, sometimes becoming larger acropetally; bracteoles lacking; pedicels short to moderately long or vestigial. Flowers variously coloured, often with darker tips, often scented, often weakly zygomorphic, campanulate to urceolate or tubular, spreading, nodding or suberect; pedicels spreading or vestigial; tepals fused below into an oblique cup or short to long tube, subequal or inner longer than outer, the outer usually with a swelling or gibbosity near apex, oblong-lanceolate, erect to recurved, persistent; stamens suberect or more or less declinate, filaments fused to base of tepals, inserted in two series at different levels, the outer lower than the inner and sometimes shorter, included or exserted, filiform or clavate; anthers versatile; ovary subglobose; ovules several per locule; style terete, erect or declinate; stigma apical, penicillate. Capsule membranous or papery, ovoid, 3-angled or -winged; seeds subglobose, ovoid or pear-shaped, black, smooth or rugulose, testa tightly adhering. x=5–15.

<==Lachenalia Jacquin ex Murray 1784 MGF04 (see below for synonymy)
    |--L. namibiensis MGF04
    `--+--+--L. aloides (L.f.) Hort. Berlin ex Anon. 1899 MGF04, CC87 (see below for synonymy)
       |  `--L. pusilla [incl. Massonia undulata, *Brachyscypha undulata] MGF04
       `--+--L. corymbosa (Linnaeus) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
          `--L. ensifolia (Thunberg) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04

Lachenalia incertae sedis:
  L. angelica ERV99
  L. arbuthnotiae DE06
  L. capensis DE06
  L. cernua Duncan in Duncan & Edwards 2006 DE06
  ‘*Coelanthus’ complicatus Willdenow ex Schultes & Schultes 1830 EN20
  L. congesta ERV99
  L. contaminata Aiton 1789 (see below for synonymy) EN20
  L. giessii CV06
  L. klinghardtiana CV06
  L. kliprandensis ERV99
  L. latifolia ERV99
  L. longituba (Van der Merwe) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  L. lutea Duncan in Duncan & Edwards 2006 DE06
  L. maughanii (Barker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  L. mediana [=*Chloriza mediana] EN20
  L. moniliformis Barker 1983 EN20
  L. nardousbergensis Duncan in Duncan & Edwards 2006 DE06
  L. nutans CV06
  L. orchioides [=Hyacinthus orchioides, *Orchiops orchioides] EN20
  L. patula Jacquin 1791 [incl. L. succulenta Masson ex Baker 1886] EN20
  L. paucifolia (Barker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  L. pearsonii CV06
  L. peersii DE06
  L. polypodantha Schlechter ex Barker 1979 EN20
    |--L. p. ssp. polypodantha EN20
    `--L. p. ssp. eburnea Duncan 2012 EN20
  L. purpureo-caerulea [=*Platyestes purpureo-caerulea] EN20
  L. reflexa Thunb. 1794 CC87
  L. stayneri ERV99
  L. trichophylla ERV99
  L. unifolia [=*Monoestes unifolia] EN20
  L. variegata DE06

Lachenalia Jacquin ex Murray 1784 MGF04 [incl. Brachyscypha Baker 1871 MGF04, Chloriza Salisbury 1866 EN20, Coelanthus Willdenow ex Schultes & Schultes 1830 EN20, Himas Salisbury 1866 EN20, Monoestes Salisbury 1866 EN20, Orchiops Salisbury 1866 EN20, Periboea Kunth 1843 MGF04, Platyestes Salisbury 1866 EN20, Polyxena Kunth 1843 MGF04]

Lachenalia aloides (L.f.) Hort. Berlin ex Anon. 1899 MGF04, CC87 [=Phormium aloides L.f. 1782 CC87; incl. *L. tricolor Jacq. 1780–1784 CC87]

Lachenalia contaminata Aiton 1789 [=Scillopsis contaminata (Aiton) Lemaire 1856; incl. L. albida Trattinick 1814, L. angustifolia Jacquin 1797, *Himas angustifolia, Scillopsis angustifolia (Jacquin) Lemaire 1856, Lachenalia fragrans Loddiges 1826, L. hyacinthina Hort. 1906, L. hyacinthoides Jacquin 1797, Scillopsis hyacinthoides (Jacquin) Lemaire 1856] EN20

Lachenalia corymbosa (Linnaeus) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Hyacinthus corymbosus Linnaeus 1771, Massonia corymbosa (Linnaeus) Ker Gawl. 1807, *Periboea corymbosa (Linnaeus) Kunth 1843, Polyxena corymbosa (Linnaeus) Jessop 1976, Scilla corymbosa (Linnaeus) Ker Gawl. 1812] MGF04

Lachenalia ensifolia (Thunberg) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Mauhlia ensifolia Thunberg 1794, Agapanthus ensifolius (Thunberg) Willdenow 1799, Massonia ensifolia (Thunberg) Ker Gawl. 1802, Polyxena ensifolia (Thunberg) Schönland 1910; incl. Polyanthes pygmaea, *Polyxena pygmaea] MGF04

Lachenalia longituba (Van der Merwe) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Polyxena longituba Van der Merwe 2001] MGF04

Lachenalia maughanii (Barker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Polyxena maughanii Barker 1931] MGF04

Lachenalia paucifolia (Barker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Hyacinthus paucifolius Barker 1941, Periboea paucifolia (Barker) Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies 1997, Polyxena paucifolia (Barker) Van der Merwe & Manning in Goldblatt & Manning 2000] MGF04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC87] Clifford, H. T., J. G. Conran, J. B. Williams, R. J. F. Henderson, H. J. Hewson, E. M. Watson, G. J. Keighery, D. M. Churchill, I. R. H. Telford, A. Thongpukdee, N. H. Brittan, A. S. George, W. T. Stearn & T. D. Macfarlane. 1987. Liliaceae. Flora of Australia 45: 148–419.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[DE06] Duncan, G. D., & T. J. Edwards. 2006. Three new species of Lachenalia (Hyacinthaceae: Massonieae) from Western and Northern Cape, South Africa. Bothalia 36 (2): 147–155.

[EN20] Eggli, U., & R. Nyffeler (eds) 2020. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons 2^nd ed. Springer.

[ERV99] Esler, K. J., P. W. Rundel & P. Vorster. 1999. Biogeography of prostrate-leaved geophytes in semi-arid South Africa: hypotheses on functionality. Plant Ecology 142 (1–2): 105–120.

[MGF04] Manning, J. C., P. Goldblatt & M. F. Fay. 2004. A revised generic synopsis of Hyacinthaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecular evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudoprospereae. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60 (3): 533–568.

Ledebouria

Ledebouria socialis, copyright Tony Rodd.

Belongs within: Hyacinthoideae.

Ledebouria is a mostly African genus of bulbous herbs that often bear spotted or banded leaves.

See also: Patterns on a squill.

Characters (from Manning et al. 2004): Deciduous or evergreen; bulb usually subterranean, sometimes epigeal, subglobose to cylindrical, tunicated or more usually of more or less loosely imbricate scales, fleshy, usually producing fibrous threads when torn. Leaves usually contemporary or emergent with flowers, rarely dry at flowering, 1 to several, linear-lanceolate to suborbicular or cordate, sometimes pseudopetiolate, thin-textured or leathery, glabrous or pubescent, suberect or spreading, sometimes twisted or undulate, usually spotted or banded with darker green or purple. Inflorescences usually more than one in succession, each a few- to many-flowered raceme, sometimes corymbose or subspicate; peduncle erect at first then decumbent, at first densely flowered but elongating and becoming lax; bracts either small and membranous or vestigial or lacking, not spurred; bracteoles present or absent; pedicels usually short, sometimes vestigial. Flowers usually nodding, green to purple, rotate to campanulate or subglobose, usually unscented; tepals usually more or less erect below and recurved above, sometimes erect and incurved above, fused at base, oblong-lanceolate or dimorphic with inner tepals cucullate and connivent; stamens exserted and then usually purple or included, free, uniseriate or biseriate, the outer inserted at base of tepals, the inner higher up, sometimes shorter than the outer; filaments filiform or triangular; anthers dorsifixed; ovary ovoid or turbinate and then 3- to 6-lobed with short carpophore, the lobes often with swollen, nectar-producing lobules below; ovules (1)2 per locule; style terete; stigma apical, penicillate. Capsule globose to obovoid or clavate, 3-lobed; seeds 1 or 2 per locule, subglobose, black or brown, testa tightly adhering. x=11, 10, 5.

<==Ledebouria Roth 1821 (see below for synonymy) EN20
    |--*L. hyacinthina Roth 1821 MGF04, EN20
    |--L. humifusa (Baker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
    |--‘Drimiopsis’ kirkii MGF04
    |--L. pilosa (Van der Merwe) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
    |--L. socialis (Baker) Jessop 1970 MGF04, EN20 (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--L. petiolata Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
    |  `--L. woodii (Baker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Drimiopsis woodii Baker 1897] MGF04
    `--+--L. undulata MGF04
       `--+--L. cooperi MGF04
          `--L. ovatifolia (Baker) Jessop 1970 MGF04, EN20 (see below for synonymy)
               |--L. o. ssp. ovatifolia (see below for synonymy) EN20
               `--L. o. ssp. scabrida Crouch & Edwards 2007 EN20

Ledebouria incertae sedis:
  L. atropurpurea (Br.) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  L. barteri (Baker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  L. botryoides (Baker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
    |--L. b. ssp. botryoides MGF04
    `--L. b. ssp. prostrata (Stedje) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  L. burkei (Baker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
    |--L. b. ssp. burkei MGF04
    `--L. b. ssp. stolonissima (Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  L. comptonii (Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  L. corrugata Cumming 2015 EN20
  L. cremnophila Venter & Van Jaarsveld 2007 EN20
  L. davidsoniae (Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  L. ensifolia (Ecklon) Venter & Edwards 2003 (see below for synonymy) EN20
  L. fischeri (Engl.) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  L. lachenalioides (Baker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  ‘Lachenalia’ lanceifolia [=*Sugillaria lanceifolia] EN20
  ‘*Eratobotrys’ lilacina Fenzl ex Endlicher 1842 EN20
  L. loedolffiae Van Jaarsveld & Venter 2017 EN20
  L. maculata Dalzell 1850 MGF04
  L. maxima (Van der Merwe) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  L. megaphylla (Hankey ex Sahw) Van Jaarsveld & Eggli 2016 [=Resnova megaphylla Hankey ex Shaw 2012] EN20
  L. minor (Van der Merwe) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  L. nossibeensis (Perrier) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  L. pusilla (Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  L. reilleyana (Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
  ‘Hyacinthus’ revolutus [=*Xeodolon revolutus] EN20
  ‘Scilla’ schlechteri [=*Resnova schlechteri] EN20
  L. venteri Van Jaarsveld & van Wyk 2007 EN20

Ledebouria Roth 1821 [incl. Drimiopsis Lindley & Paxton 1851, Eratobotrys Fenzl ex Endlicher 1842, Resnova van der Merwe 1946, Sugillaria Salisbury 1866, Xeodolon Salisbury 1866] EN20

Ledebouria atropurpurea (Br.) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Drimiopsis atropurpurea Br. 1921] MGF04

Ledebouria barteri (Baker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Drimiopsis barteri Baker in Saunders 1870] MGF04

Ledebouria botryoides (Baker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Drimiopsis botryoides Baker in Saunders 1870] MGF04

Ledebouria botryoides ssp. prostrata (Stedje) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Drimiopsis botryoides ssp. prostrata Stedje 1994] MGF04

Ledebouria burkei (Baker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Drimiopsis burkei Baker in Saunders 1870] MGF04

Ledebouria burkei ssp. stolonissima (Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Drimiopsis burkei ssp. stolonissima Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies 1997] MGF04

Ledebouria comptonii (Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Drimiopsis comptonii Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies 1997] MGF04

Ledebouria davidsoniae (Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Drimiopsis davidsoniae Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies 1997] MGF04

Ledebouria ensifolia (Ecklon) Venter & Edwards 2003 [=Drimia ensifolia Ecklon 1830, Scilla ensifolia (Ecklon) Britten 1908; incl. S. ecklonii Baker 1892, Drimia ludwigii Miquel 1839, Idothea ludwigii (Miquel) Kunth 1843, Scilla ludwigii (Miquel) Baker 1870, S. prasina Baker 1870, S. pusilla Baker 1876] EN20

Ledebouria fischeri (Engl.) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Scilla fischeri Engl. 1895, Drimiopsis fischeri (Engl.) Stedje 1996] MGF04

Ledebouria humifusa (Baker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Scilla humifusa Baker 1881, Resnova humifusa (Baker) Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies 1997] MGF04

Ledebouria lachenalioides (Baker) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Scilla lachenalioides Baker 1897, Avonsera lachanalioides (Baker) Speta 1998, Drimiopsis lachenalioides (Baker) Jessop 1972, Resnova lachenalioides (Baker) Van der Merwe 1946] MGF04

Ledebouria maxima (Van der Merwe) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Resnova maxima Van der Merwe 1946] MGF04

Ledebouria minor (Van der Merwe) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Resnova minor Van der Merwe 1946] MGF04

Ledebouria nossibeensis (Perrier) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Scilla nossibeensis Perrier 1935, Resnova nossibeensis (Perrier) Speta 1998] MGF04

Ledebouria ovatifolia (Baker) Jessop 1970 MGF04, EN20 [=Scilla ovatifolia Baker 1870, S. lancifolia var. ovatifolia Baker 1870] EN20

Ledebouria ovatifolia (Baker) Jessop 1970 ssp. ovatifolia [incl. Scilla albomarginata Van der Merwe 1944, S. cicatricosa Smith 1930, S. climatocarpha Smith 1930, S. collina Hutchinson 1946, S. elevans Van der Merwe 1944, S. guttata Smith 1930] EN20

Ledebouria petiolata Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=*Drimiopsis maculata Lindley 1851 non L. maculata Dalzell 1850] MGF04

Ledebouria pilosa (Van der Merwe) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Resnova pilosa Van der Merwe 1946] MGF04

Ledebouria pusilla (Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Drimiopsis pusilla Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies 1997] MGF04

Ledebouria reilleyana (Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=Drimiopsis reilleyana Müll.-Doblies & Müll.-Doblies 1997] MGF04

Ledebouria socialis (Baker) Jessop 1970 MGF04, EN20 [=Scilla socialis Baker 1870 EN20; incl. S. laxiflora Baker 1891 EN20, S. paucifolia Baker 1870 EN20, S. violacea Hutchinson 1932 EN20, Ledebouria violacea (Hutchinson) Tjaden 1989 EN20]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[EN20] Eggli, U., & R. Nyffeler (eds) 2020. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons 2^nd ed. Springer.

[MGF04] Manning, J. C., P. Goldblatt & M. F. Fay. 2004. A revised generic synopsis of Hyacinthaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecular evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudoprospereae. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60 (3): 533–568.

Hyacinthoideae

Grape hyacinth Muscari neglectum, copyright Meneerke bloem.

Belongs within: Hyacinthaceae.
Contains: Scilla, Ledebouria, Lachenalia.

The Hyacinthoideae are the largest of the subfamilies recognised in the Hyacinthaceae, including the northern Holarctic members of the family together with a number of southern African taxa. Members of the Hyacinthoideae have a penicillate stigma and ellipsoid or globose to pear-shaped seeds (Manning et al. 2004). Phylogenetic analysis supports the separation of the Northern Hemisphere taxa as the tribe Hyacintheae, with most of the southern African species being placed in the tribe Massonieae except for the phylogenetically isolated Pseudoprospero firmifolium (Manning et al. 2004). The grape hyacinths of the genus Muscari produce dense spikes of mostly blue, urn-shaped flowers; several are widely grown as ornamentals.

<==Hyacinthoideae MGF04
    |--Pseudoprospero Speta 1998 MGF04 [Pseudoprospereae EN20]
    |    `--*P. firmifolium [=Scilla firmifolia] MGF04
    `--+--Hyacintheae EN20
       |    |--Barnardia scilloides MGF04
       |    |--+--Oncostema peruviana MGF04
       |    |  `--Tractema verna MGF04
       |    |--+--Brimeura amethystina MGF04
       |    |  `--Scilla MGF04
       |    `--+--+--Puschkinia scilloides MGF04
       |       |  |--Hyacinthella MGF04
       |       |  |    |--H. acutiloba MGF04
       |       |  |    `--H. leucophaea H09
       |       |  `--+--Alrawia bella MGF04
       |       |     `--Hyacinthus orientalis MGF04
       |       `--+--‘Scilla’ albescens MGF04
       |          `--+--Bellevallia MGF04
       |             |    |--B. flexuosa MGF04
       |             |    `--B. saviczii MGF04
       |             `--Muscari Miller 1754 MGF04, CC87
       |                  |  i. s.: *M. botryoides (L.) Miller 1754 CC87
       |                  |         M. armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker 1878 CC87
       |                  |         M. atlanticum V72
       |                  |         M. commutatum PT98
       |                  |         M. latifolium V09
       |                  |         M. moschatum CC87
       |                  |         M. racemosum C55
       |                  |         M. weissii PT98
       |                  |--M. macrocarpum MGF04
       |                  `--+--M. chalusicum MGF04
       |                     `--+--M. comosum (Linnaeus) Miller 1768 MGF04, PL04 [=Hyacinthus comosus Linnaeus 1753 CC87]
       |                        |--M. neglectum MGF04
       |                        `--M. tenuiflora MGF04
       `--Massonieae [Lachenaliinae, Ledebouriinae, Massoniinae] EN20
            |--Merwilla Speta 1998 MGF04
            |    |--*M. dracomontana (Hilliard & Burtt) Speta 1998 [=Scilla dracomontana Hillard & Burtt 1982] EN20
            |    `--M. plumbea (Lindley) Speta 1998 MGF04 (see below for synonymy)
            `--+--Ledebouria MGF04
               |--Schizocarphus Van der Merwe 1943 MGF04
               |    `--*S. nervosus [=Ornithogalum nervosum] MGF04
               |--Eucomis L’Hér. 1789 MGF04
               |    |  i. s.: E. pallidiflora MGF04
               |    |           |--E. p. ssp. pallidiflora MGF04
               |    |           `--E. p. ssp. pole-evansii (Br.) Reyneke ex Manning in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 (see below for synonymy) MGF04
               |    |--*E. regia [=Fritillaria regia; incl. Ornithogalum nanum (Burm.f.) Thunberg 1794] MGF04
               |    `--+--E. autumnalis MGF04
               |       `--E. humilis MGF04
               |--+--Spetaea Wetschnig & Pfosser 2003 MGF04
               |  |    `--*S. lachenaliiflora Wetschnig & Pfosser 2003 EN20
               |  `--Daubenya Lindley 1813 [incl. Amphisiphon Barker 1936, Androsiphon Schltr. 1924] MGF04
               |       |  i. s.: ‘Neobakeria’ heterandra ERV99
               |       |         ‘Neobakeria’ marginata MGF04
               |       |--D. capensis [=*Androsiphon capense] MGF04
               |       |--‘Neobakeria’ comata MGF04
               |       |--D. namaquensis [=*Neobakeria namaquensis] MGF04
               |       |--+--*D. aurea MGF04
               |       |  `--‘Androsiphon’ alba MGF04
               |       `--+--D. stylosa [=*Amphisiphon stylosa] MGF04
               |          `--‘Neobakeria’ zeyheri MGF04
               `--+--Veltheimia Gled. 1771 MGF04
                  |    |--*V. capensis [=Aletris capensis] MGF04
                  |    `--V. bracteata MGF04
                  `--+--Lachenalia MGF04
                     |--Namophila Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies 1997 MGF04
                     |    `--*N. uropetala Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies 1997 EN20
                     `--Massonia Thunberg ex Houttuyn 1780 MGF04 (see below for synonymy)
                          |  i. s.: M. angustifolia [=*Neobakeria angustifolia] EN20
                          |         M. jasminiflora ERV99
                          |         ‘Desertia’ luteovirens Martínez-Azorín et al. 2015 EN20
                          |--M. etesionamibensis (Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt 2004 MGF04, EN20 (see below for synonymy)
                          `--+--M. bifolia (Jacquin) Manning & Goldblatt 2004 MGF04, EN20 (see below for synonymy)
                             `--+--*M. depressa Houttuyn 1781 MGF04, EN20 (see below for synonymy)
                                |--M. pustulata MGF04
                                `--+--M. echinata MGF04
                                   `--M. heterandra MGF04

Daubenya Lindley 1813 [incl. Amphisiphon Barker 1936, Androsiphon Schltr. 1924] MGF04

Eucomis pallidiflora ssp. pole-evansii (Br.) Reyneke ex Manning in Manning, Goldblatt & Fay 2004 [=E. pole-evansii Br. 1918] MGF04

Massonia Thunberg ex Houttuyn 1780 MGF04 [incl. Desertia Martínez-Azorín et al. 2015 non Tshelnokov 1979 (ICZN) EN20, Neobakeria Schlechter 1924 EN20, Whiteheadia Harvey 1868 MGF04]

Massonia bifolia (Jacquin) Manning & Goldblatt 2004 MGF04, EN20 [=Eucomis bifolia Jacquin 1791 MGF04, Basilaea bifolia (Jacquin) Poiret 1810 EN20, Whiteheadia bifolia (Jacquin) Baker 1873 MGF04; incl. *W. latifolia Harvey 1868 MGF04, EN20, Melanthium massoniifolium Andrews 1804 EN20]

*Massonia depressa Houttuyn 1781 MGF04, EN20 [incl. M. brachypus Baker 1874 EN20, M. grandiflora Lindley 1826 EN20, M. latifolia Linné 1781 EN20, M. namaquensis Baker 1897 EN20, M. obovata Jacquin 1804 EN20, M. sanguinea Jacquin 1804 EN20, M. triflora Compton 1931 EN20]

Massonia etesionamibensis (Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies) Manning & Goldblatt 2004 MGF04, EN20 [=Whiteheadia etesionamibensis Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies 1997 MGF04, *Desertia estesionamibensis (Müller-Doblies & Müller-Doblies) Martínez-Azorín et al. 2015 EN20]

Merwilla plumbea (Lindley) Speta 1998 MGF04 [=Scilla plumbea Lindley 1830 MGF04; incl. S. kraussii Baker 1873 MGF04, Merwilla kraussii (Baker) Speta 1998 EN20, S. natalensis Planchon 1855 MGF04, M. natalensis (Planchon) Speta 1998 EN20]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CC87] Clifford, H. T., J. G. Conran, J. B. Williams, R. J. F. Henderson, H. J. Hewson, E. M. Watson, G. J. Keighery, D. M. Churchill, I. R. H. Telford, A. Thongpukdee, N. H. Brittan, A. S. George, W. T. Stearn & T. D. Macfarlane. 1987. Liliaceae. Flora of Australia 45: 148–419.

[EN20] Eggli, U., & R. Nyffeler (eds) 2020. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons 2^nd ed. Springer.

[ERV99] Esler, K. J., P. W. Rundel & P. Vorster. 1999. Biogeography of prostrate-leaved geophytes in semi-arid South Africa: hypotheses on functionality. Plant Ecology 142 (1–2): 105–120.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[MGF04] Manning, J. C., P. Goldblatt & M. F. Fay. 2004. A revised generic synopsis of Hyacinthaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecular evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudoprospereae. Edinburgh Journal of Botany 60 (3): 533–568.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

Last updated: 9 June 2022.