Eugregarinorida

Spore of Lithocystis minchinii, from Goodrich (1929).

Belongs within: Sporozoa.

The Eugregarinorida are a major subgroup of the gregarine parasites, found in a wide range of invertebrate hosts.

Characters (from Adl et al. 2019): Trophozoite with epimerite in gregarines with septum or mucron in gregarines without septum; syzygy followed by encystment of gamonts; oocysts with eight sporozoites.

<==Eugregarinorida
    |--Diplocystis Künstler 1887 non Berkeley & Curtis 1869 (ICBN) [Diplocystidae, Haplocyta, Homoplaridea] D49
    |    |--D. clercki D49
    |    |--D. oxycani Dumbleton 1949 D49
    |    |--D. phryganeae D49
    |    `--D. schneideri D49
    `--Urosporidae BK77
         |--Gonospora mercieri (see below for synonymy) BK77
         |--Diplodina gonadipertha BK77
         |--Cystobia BK77
         |    |--C. holothuriae (Schneider 1858) [=Gregarina holothuriae] BK77
         |    |--C. irregularis (Minchin 1893) (see below for synonymy) BK77
         |    `--C. stichopi BK77
         |--Urospora BK77
         |    |--U. chiridotae (Dogiel 1906) [=Cystobia chiridotae] BK77
         |    |--U. echinocardii BK77
         |    |--U. neapolitana BK77
         |    `--U. synaptae (Cuénot 1891) [=Syncystis synaptae] BK77
         `--Lithocystis BK77
              |--L. brachycercus BK77
              |--L. cucumariae BK77
              |--L. foliacea BK77
              |--L. microspora BK77
              |--L. minchinii (Woodcock 1904) [=Cystobia minchinii, Diplodina minchinii] BK77
              `--L. schneideri BK77

Eugregarinorida incertae sedis:
  Actinocephalus megabuni CM07
  Anthorhynchus CM07
    |--A. longispora CM07
    `--A. sophiae CM07
  Arachnocystis arachnoidea CM07
  Contospora opalniae CM07
  Cosmetophilus vonones CM07
  Doliospora CM07
    |--D. repelini CM07
    `--D. troguli CM07
  Echinoocysta phalangii CM07
  Sciadiophora CM07
    |--S. caudata CM07
    |--S. claviformis CM07
    |--S. fissidens CM07
    |--S. gagrellula CM07
    |--S. geronowitschi CM07
    `--S. phalangii CM07
  Leidyana migrator AS12, LCK03
  Gregarina AS12
    |--G. cuneata LCK03
    |--G. niphandrodes LCK03
    |--G. ovata RK91
    |--G. polymorpha LCK03
    `--G. steini LCK03
  Amoebogregarina AS12
  Ascogregarina armigerei AS12, SM10
  Blabericola AS12
  Cephaloidophora AS12
  Colepismatophila AS12
  Difficilina AS12
  Ganymedes AS12
  Geneiorhynchus AS12
  Heliospora AS12
  Lecudina AS12
  Neoasterophora AS12
  Paraschneideria AS12
  Prismatospora AS12
  Protomagalhaensia AS12
  Psychodiella AS12
  Pyxinia AS12
  Stylocephalus AS12
  Thiriotia AS12
  Trichotokara AS12
  Xiphocephalus AS12
  Apolocystis AB19
  Ancora AB19
  Caliculium AB19
  Cystocephalus AB19
  Diplauxis AB19
  Enterocystis AB19
  Hentschelia AB19
  Hirmocystis AB19
  Monocystella AB19
  Monocystis AB19
    |--M. agilis LCK03
    `--M. pontodrili Subbarao et al. 1979 B07
  Nematopsis AB19
  Nematocystis AB19
  Paralecudina AB19
  Pileocephalus AB19
  Polyplicarium AB19
  Polyrhabdina AB19
  Porospora AB19
  Pyxinioides AB19
  Sphaerorhynchus AB19
  Steinina AB19
  Stenophora AB19
  Sycia AB19
  Thalicola AB19
  Uradiophora AB19
  Zygosoma AB19

Cystobia irregularis (Minchin 1893) [=Gregarina irregularis, Diplodina irregularis, Gonospora irregularis] BK77

Gonospora mercieri [incl. Lithocystis muelleri Giard 1886, Syncystis muelleri, Urospora muelleri, Esarabdina synaptae Mingazzini 1891] BK77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AB19] Adl, S. M., D. Bass, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov, S. Agatha, C. Berney, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, P. Cárdenas, I. Čepička, L. Chistyakova, J. del Campo, M. Dunthorn, B. Edvardsen, Y. Eglit, L. Guillou, V. Hampl, A. A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, T. Y. James, A. Karnkowska, S. Karpov, E. Kim, M. Kolisko, A. Kudryavtsev, D. J. G. Lahr, E. Lara, L. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, D. G. Mann, R. Massana, E. A. D. Mitchell, C. Morrow, J. S. Park, J. W. Pawlowski, M. J. Powell, D. J. Richter, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, S. Shimano, F. W. Spiegel, G. Torruella, N. Youssef, V. Zlatogursky & Q. Zhang. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66: 4–119.

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[B07] Blakemore, R. J. 2007. Origin and means of dispersal of cosmopolitan Pontodrilus litoralis (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). European Journal of Soil Biology 43: S3–S8.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[D49] Dumbleton, L. J. 1949. Diplocystis oxycani n.sp.—a gregarine parasite of Oxycanus cervinatus Walk. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (4): 530–532.

[LCK03] Leander, B. S., R. E. Clopton & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Phylogeny of gregarines (Apicomplexa) as inferred from small-subunit rDNA and β-tubulin. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 345–354.

[RK91] Rentz, D. C. F., & D. K. McE. Kevan. 1991. Dermaptera (earwigs). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 360–368. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[SM10] Saffo, M. B., A. M. McCoy, C. Rieken & C. H. Slamovits. 2010. Nephromyces, a beneficial apicomplexan symbiont in marine animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (37): 16190–16195.

Phaeophyceae

Ishige okamurae, copyright Yukihiko Serisawa.

Belongs within: Chrysista.
Contains: Dictyotaceae, Sphacelariales, Fucophycidae.

The Phaeophyceae, brown algae, are a group of marine, multicellular algae with thalli containing pigments that give them an olive-green to black-brown coloration.

Characters (from Adl et al. 2012): Filamentous, syntagmatic, parenchymatous or ciliated; swimming cells with two cilia usually inserted laterally—one anteriorly directed and one posteriorly directed; usually four microtubular kinetosomal roots but no striated kinetosomal root or rhizoplast; ciliary transitional helix typically with six gyres located above the major transitional plate; no paraciliary rod; little to no substantial tissue differentiation occurring in parenchymatous forms; cell wall present, containing alginate compounds and cellulose; plasmodesmata or pores between cells in parenchymatous forms; chloroplasts with girdle lamella; outer chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane with direct membrane connection to the outer nuclear envelope membrane; plastid DNA with ring-type genophore; eyespots present or absent; plastid pigments include chlorophylls a and c_1,2, fucoxanthin, and violaxanthin.

Phaeophyceae [Cyclindaceae, Fuci, Fucophyceae, Melanophyceae, Melanophycidae, Phaeophycophyta, Phaeophyta]
    |  i. s.: Polyides durvillaei Bory de Saint-Vincent 1828 BS-V28
    |--Discosporangiales [Discosporangiophycidae] SRR14
    |    |--Choristocarpus Zanardini 1860 [Choristocarpaceae] SRR14
    |    |    `--C. tenellus (Kützing) Zanardini 1860 [=Ectocarpus tenellus] DPR01
    |    `--Discosporangium Falkenberg 1878 [Discosporangiaceae] SRR14
    |         `--D. mesarthrocarpum (Meneghini) Hauck 1885 DPR01
    `--+--Ishigeales [Ishigeophycidae] SRR14
       |    |--Diplura Hollenberg 1969 non Koch 1850 (ICZN) SRR14, N10
       |    |    `--D. simplex K98
       |    `--+--Ishige Yendo 1907 N10 [Ishigeaceae SRR14]
       |       |    |--I. foliacea Okamura in Segawa 1935 SRR14, N10
       |       |    `--+--I. okamurae Yendo 1907 SRR14, N10 [=I. okamurai N10]
       |       |       `--I. sinicola (Setchell & Gardner) Chihara 1969 SRR14, N10 (see below for synonymy)
       |       `--Petroderma Kuckuck 1897 N10 [Petrodermataceae SRR14]
       |            `--P. maculiforme SRR14
       `--+--Dictyotophycidae SRR14
          |    |--Onslowia Searles in Searles & Leister 1980 DPR01 [Onslowiaceae, Onslowiales SRR14]
          |    |    |--*O. endophytica Searles in Searles & Leister 1980 DPR01
          |    |    `--O. bahamensis Henry 1987 DPR01
          |    `--+--Dictyotaceae SRR14
          |       `--+--Sphacelariales SRR14
          |          `--Syringodermataceae [Syringodermatales] SRR14
          |               |--Syringoderma Levring 1940 SRR14
          |               |    |--S. abyssicola (Setchell & Gardner) Levring 1940 [=Chlanidophora abyssicola] S57
          |               |    `--S. phinneyi KM03
          |               `--Microzonia Agardh 1894 SRR14
          `--Fucophycidae SRR14

Ishige sinicola (Setchell & Gardner) Chihara 1969 SRR14, N10 [=Polyopes sinicola Setchell & Gardner 1924 N10, Carpopeltis sinicola (Setchell & Gardner) Kylin 1956 N10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[BS-V28] Bory de Saint-Vincent, J. B. 1828. Voyage Autour du Monde, Exécuté par Ordre du Roi, Sur la Corvette de Sa Majesté, La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825. Botanique. Cryptogamie. Arthus Bertrand: Paris.

[DPR01] Draisma, S. G. A., & W. F. Prud’homme van Reine. 2001. Onslowiaceae fam. nov. (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology 37: 647–649.

[K98] Kaehler, S. 1998. The non-coralline epilithic encrusting algae of Hong Kong II: additions and identification. Asian Marine Biology 15: 1–17.

[KM03] Kawai, H., S. Maeba, H. Sasaki, K. Okuda & E. C. Henry. 2003. Schizocladia ischiensis: a new filamentous marine chromophyte belonging to a new class, Schizocladiophyceae. Protist 154: 211–228.

[N10] Norris, J. N. 2010. Marine algae of the northern Gulf of California: Chlorophyta and Phaeophyceae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 94: 1–276.

[S57] Scagel, R. F. 1957. An annotated list of the marine algae of British Columbia and northern Washington (including keys to genera). National Museum of Canada Bulletin 150: 1–289.

[SRR14] Silberfeld, T., F. Rousseau & B. de Reviers. 2014. An updated classification of brown algae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae). Cryptogamie, Algologie 35 (2): 117–156.

Aconoidasida

Mature Plasmodium malariae schizont among red blood cells, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Belongs within: Sporozoa.

The Aconoidasida are a group of sporozoans lacking the conoid in at least the asexual stages of the life cycle; members of this group include species of significance to human such as malaria-causing Plasmodium and Theileria causing diseases in livestock. Within the clade, members of the Haemosporida possess ciliated microgametes and a motile zygote with a conoid whereas Piroplasmorida lack cilia and conoids at all stages of the life cycle (Adl et al. 2012).

Characters (from Adl et al. 2019): Apical complex lacking conoid in asexual motile stages; some diploid motile zygotes (ookinetes) with conoid; macrogametes and microgametes forming independently; heteroxenous.

<==Aconoidasida [Haematozoa] AS12
    |--Nephromycida AB19
    |    |--Cardiosporidium cionae AB19, SM10
    |    `--Nephromyces Giard 1888 [Nephromycida, Nephromycidae] SM10
    |--Haemospororida [Haemosporea, Haemosporidia] AS12
    |    |--Haemoproteus columbae AS12, E-KOS07
    |    |--Leucocytozoon simondi AS12, K92
    |    |--Mesnilium AS12
    |    |--Polychromophilus dionisi G10
    |    |--Bioccala deanei G10
    |    |--Dionisia AB19
    |    |--Haemocystidium AB19
    |    |--Hepatocystis AB19
    |    |--Nycteria AB19
    |    |--Parahaemoproteus AB19
    |    |--Saurocytozoon AB19
    |    `--Plasmodium AS12
    |         |--P. berghei SM03
    |         |--P. brasilianum E83
    |         |--P. chabaudi GLB04
    |         |--P. cynomolgi NMR-H99
    |         |--P. falciparum LCK03
    |         |--P. gallinaceum PB96
    |         |--P. knowlesi E83
    |         |--P. malariae PHK96
    |         |--P. melaniferum KK54
    |         |--P. ovale PHK96
    |         |--P. reichenowi GLB04
    |         |--P. relictum D05
    |         |--P. rodhaini E83
    |         |--P. schwetzi E83
    |         |--P. vivax C-SC04
    |         `--P. yoelii GLB04
    `--Piroplasmorida [Aconoidina, Piroplasmea, Piroplasmomorphina] AS12
         |  i. s.: Anthemosoma AB19
         |         Echinozoon AB19
         |         Haemohormidium terraenovae AB19, K-M02
         |         Sauroplasma AB19
         |         Serpentoplasma AB19
         |--+--Cytauxzoon felis SM10
         |  `--Theileria [Theileriidae] SM10
         |       |--T. annulata E-KOS07
         |       |--T. buffeli FKK91
         |       |--T. hirci LC96
         |       |--T. lestoquardi SM10
         |       |--T. mutans MPV91
         |       |--T. orientalis FKK91
         |       |--T. parva SM10
         |       `--T. sergenti FKK91
         `--Babesia SM10
              |--B. bigemmina E-KOS07
              |--B. bovis LCK03
              |--B. caballi LC96
              |--B. divergens GK01
              |--B. equi PB96
              |--B. gibsoni MO08
              |--B. major LL96
              |--B. microti GK01
              |--B. motasi LC96
              |--B. odocoilei SM10
              |--B. ovata LC96
              `--B. rodhaini NMR-H99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AB19] Adl, S. M., D. Bass, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov, S. Agatha, C. Berney, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, P. Cárdenas, I. Čepička, L. Chistyakova, J. del Campo, M. Dunthorn, B. Edvardsen, Y. Eglit, L. Guillou, V. Hampl, A. A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, T. Y. James, A. Karnkowska, S. Karpov, E. Kim, M. Kolisko, A. Kudryavtsev, D. J. G. Lahr, E. Lara, L. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, D. G. Mann, R. Massana, E. A. D. Mitchell, C. Morrow, J. S. Park, J. W. Pawlowski, M. J. Powell, D. J. Richter, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, S. Shimano, F. W. Spiegel, G. Torruella, N. Youssef, V. Zlatogursky & Q. Zhang. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66: 4–119.

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[C-SC04] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E. Chao. 2004. Protalveolate phylogeny and systematics and the origins of Sporozoa and dinoflagellates (phylum Myzozoa nom. nov.) European Journal of Protistology 40: 185–212.

[D05] Derraik, J. G. B. 2005. Recommendations for mosquito control in zoological parks to reduce disease transmission risk. Weta 29: 16–20.

[E-KOS07] El-Kammah, K. M., L. M. I. Oyoun & S. A. Shafy. 2007. The role of Argas persicus (Acari: Ixodoidea) in the maintenance and transmission of Haemoproteus columbae and Borrelia anserina to poultry. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 215–221. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[E83] Ewald, P. W. 1983. Host-parasite relations, vectors, and the evolution of disease severity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 14: 465–485.

[FKK91] Fujisaki, K., T. Kamio & S. Kawazu. 1991. Theileria sergenti cannot be regarded as the same species as T. buffeli and T. orientalis because of its transmissibility only by Kaiseriana ticks. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 233–237. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[G10] Graciolli, G. 2010. Nycteribiidae (bat flies, spider bat flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1261–1266. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[GK01] Gray, J. S., & O. Kahl. 2001. Ticks as vectors of zoonotic pathogens in Europe. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 547–551. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[GLB04] Gray, M. W., B. F. Lang & G. Burger. 2004. Mitochondria of protists. Annual Review of Genetics 38: 477–524.

[K-M02] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002. Cods. Family Gadidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 223–261. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[KK54] Klemmer, K., & H. E. Krampitz. 1954. Zur Kenntnis der Säugetierfauna Siziliens. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3–4): 121–135.

[K92] Krylov, M. V. 1992. The origin of heteroxeny in Sporozoa. Parazitologiya 26 (5): 361–368.

[LCK03] Leander, B. S., R. E. Clopton & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Phylogeny of gregarines (Apicomplexa) as inferred from small-subunit rDNA and β-tubulin. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 345–354.

[LC96] Li, D., & Q. Chen. 1996. Studies on piroplasmoses and the tick (Ixodidae) vectors in China. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 469–471. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[LL96] Liebisch, A., & G. Liebisch. 1996. Hard ticks (Ixodidae) biting humans in Germany and their infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 465–468. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[MO08] Moore, R. B., M. Oborník, J. Janouškovec, T. Chrudimský, M. Vancová, D. H. Green, S. W. Wright, N. W. Davies, C. J. S. Bolch, K. Heimann, J. Šlapeta, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, J. M. Logsdon, Jr. & D. A. Carter. 2008. A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites. Nature 451: 959–963.

[MPV91] Mwase, E. T., R. G. Pegram & M. G. R. Varma. 1991. The development and survival of Amblyomma variegatum Fabricius (Acari: Ixodidae) under quasi-natural conditions in Zimbabwe. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 239–244. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[NMR-H99] Norén, F., Ø. Moestrup & A.-S. Rehnstam-Holm. 1999. Parvilucifera infectans Norén et Moestrup gen. et sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa phylum nov.): a parasitic flagellate capable of killing toxic microalgae. European Journal of Protistology 35: 233–254.

[PB96] Pawlowski, J., I. Bolivar, J. F. Fahrni, T. Cavalier-Smith & M. Gouy. 1996. Early origin of Foraminifera suggested by SSU rRNA gene sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 13 (3): 445–450.

[PHK96] Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[SM10] Saffo, M. B., A. M. McCoy, C. Rieken & C. H. Slamovits. 2010. Nephromyces, a beneficial apicomplexan symbiont in marine animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (37): 16190–16195.

[SM03] Saldarriaga, J. F., M. L. McEwan, N. M. Fast, F. J. R. Taylor & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyrrhis marina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinoflagellate lineage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 355–365.

Last updated: 21 December 2019.

Haplophragmoides

Haplophragmoides wilberti, copyright Bruce Hayward.

Belongs within: Lituolidae.

Haplophragmoides is a genus of planispiral Foraminifera known from the Carboniferous to the present day (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test planispirally coiled, involute; wall agglutinated, aperture an equatorial interiomarginal slit.

<==Haplophragmoides Cushman 1910 G86 [incl. Asanospira Takayanagi 1960 LT64, Robulammina Montanaro Gallitelli 1947 LT64]
    |--*H. canariensis (d’Orbigny 1839) [=Nonionina canariensis] LT64
    |--H. brodskyi Mikhalevich 1976 G86
    |--H. columbiensis LT64
    |--H. compressa LeRoy 1939 H03
    |--H. concavus BL79
    |--H. gigas LT64
    |--H. glabra C40
    |--H. howardensis I02
    |--H. kyushuense (Asano 1950) [=Cribrostomoides kyushuense] H03
    |--H. robulus [=*Robulammina robulus] LT64
    |--H. rugosa C40
    |--H. scitulum C40
    |--H. teshioensis (Asano 1950) [=Lenticulina teshioensis, *Asanospira teshioensis] LT64
    |--H. topagorukensis LT64
    `--H. wilberti PH03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BL79] Basov, V. A., B. G. Lopatin, I. S. Gramberg, A. I. Danjushevskaya, V. Ya. Kaban’kov, V. M. Lazurkin & D. K. Patrunov. 1979. Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphy near Galicia Bank. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 47: 683–717.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G86] Golemansky, V. G. 1986. Rhizopoda: Foraminiferida. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 17–20. E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene-Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[I02] Ibrahim, M. I. A. 2002. Late Albian-Middle Cenomanian palynofacies and palynostratigraphy, Abu Gharadig-5 well, Western Desert, Egypt. Cretaceous Research 23: 775–788.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[PH03] Pawlowski, J., M. Holzmann, J. Fahrni & S. L. Richardson. 2003. Small subunit ribosomal DNA suggests that the xenophyophorean Syringammina corbicula is a foraminiferan. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50: 483–487.

Cyclammininae

Cyclammina pusilla, copyright Hannes Grobe.

Belongs within: Lituolidae.

The Cyclammininae are a group of often planispiral Foraminifera known from the Jurassic to the present day (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Planispiral to uncoiling; wall with reticulate near-surface meshwork beneath imperforate epidermal coating and commonly with labyrinthic interior; aperture single or multiple.

<==Cyclammininae [Choffatellinae] LT64
    |--Feurtillia Maync 1958 LT64
    |    `--*F. frequens Maync 1958 LT64
    |--Hemicyclammina Maync 1953 LT64
    |    `--*H. sigali Maync 1953 LT64
    |--Martiguesia Maync 1959 LT64
    |    `--*M. cyclamminiformis Maync 1959 LT64
    |--Mesoendothyra Dain 1958 LT64
    |    `--*M. izumiana Dain 1958 LT64
    |--Pseudochoffatella Deloffre 1961 LT64
    |    `--*P. cuvillieri Deloffre 1961 LT64
    |--Reticulophragmium Maync 1955 LT64
    |    `--*R. venezuelanum (Maync 1952) [=Alveolophragmium venezuelanum] LT64
    |--Torinosuella Maync 1959 LT64
    |    `--*T. peneropliformis (Yabe & Hanzawa 1926) [=Choffatella peneropliformis] LT64
    |--Pseudocyclammina Yabe & Hanzawa 1926 [=Pseudochoffatella Leupold & Maync 1935 (n. n.) non Deloffre 1961] LT64
    |    `--*P. lituus (Yokoyama 1890) [=Cyclammina lituus] LT64
    |--Choffatella Schlumberger 1905 LT64
    |    `--*C. decipiens Schlumberger 1905 LT64
    |--Alveolophragmium Shchedrina 1936 LT64
    |    |--*A. orbiculatum Shchedrina 1936 LT64
    |    `--A. indentatus (Voloshinova in Voloshinova & Budasheva 1961) (see below for synonymy) H03
    `--Cyclammina Brady 1879 LT64
         |--*C. cancellata Brady 1879 LT64
         |--C. elegans C40
         |--C. incisa H90
         |--C. japonica Asano 1950 H03
         |--C. pauciloculata C40
         |--C. pseudopusilla Hanagata 2003 H03
         |--C. pusilla H03
         `--C. rotundata H90

Alveolophragmium indentatus (Voloshinova in Voloshinova & Budasheva 1961) [=Haplophragmoides indentatus; incl. H. hatai Takayanagi in Scott et al. 2000] H03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene-Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[H90] Hayward, B. W. 1990. Use of foraminiferal data in analysis of Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 20: 71–83.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

Textulariidae

Textularia sp., from the US Geological Survey.

Belongs within: Foraminifera.

The Textulariinae are a group of agglutinated Foraminifera known from the Carboniferous to the present day. The test is initially planispiral in members of the subfamily Spiroplectammininae, becoming biserial in later stages; in members of other subfamilies it is biserial from the start though it may become uniserial in later stages of Textulariinae (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test free or attached, may have early planispiral coil, generally biserial and may become uniserial; wall agglutinated; aperture simple, basal or terminal, single to multiple.

<==Textulariidae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Pseudobolivininae LT64
    |    |--Planctostoma Loeblich & Tappan 1955 LT64
    |    |    `--*P. luculenta (Brady 1884) [=Textularia luculenta] LT64
    |    |--Haeuslerella Parr 1935 LT64
    |    |    |--*H. pukeuriensis Parr 1935 LT64
    |    |    `--H. textilarioides B49
    |    |--Siphotextularia Finlay 1939 LT64
    |    |    |--*S. wairoana Finlay 1939 LT64
    |    |    |--S. flintii JW99
    |    |    `--S. rotshauseni JW99
    |    `--Pseudobolivina Wiesner 1931 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |         |--*P. antarctica Wiesner 1931 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |         |--P. aegyptica (Said & Barakat 1958) [=*Arenovirgulina aegyptica] LT64
    |         |--P. tepiovkensis BL79
    |         |--P. variana (Eicher 1960) [=*Bimonilina variana] LT64
    |         `--‘*Plectinella’ virgulinoides Marie 1956 LT64
    |--Plectorecurvoides Noth 1952 [incl. Globivalvulinella Bukalova 1957; Plectorecurvoidinae] LT64
    |    |--*P. alternans Noth 1952 LT64
    |    `--P. grossheimi (Bukalova 1957) [=*Globivalvulinella grossheimi] LT64
    |--Tawitawiinae LT64
    |    |--Tawitawia Loeblich 1952 LT64
    |    |    `--*T. immensa (Cushman 1913) [=Textularia immensa] LT64
    |    |--Phyllopsamia Małecki 1954 LT64
    |    |    `--*P. adanula Małecki 1954 LT64
    |    |--Septigerina Keijzer 1941 LT64
    |    |    `--*S. dalmatica Keijzer 1941 LT64
    |    `--Zotheculifida Loeblich & Tappan 1957 LT64
    |         `--*Z. lirata (Cushman & Jarvis 1929) [=Textularia lirata] LT64
    |--Textulariinae [Textilaria, Textilaridae, Textilariinae] LT64
    |    |--Cribrobigenerina Andersen 1961 LT64
    |    |    `--*C. parkerae Andersen 1961 LT64
    |    |--Poritextularia Loeblich & Tappan 1952 LT64
    |    |    `--*P. mexicana Loeblich & Tappan 1952 LT64
    |    |--Semivulvulina Finlay 1939 LT64
    |    |    `--*S. capitata (Stache 1865) [=Textilaria capitata, Vulvulina (*Semivulvulina) capitata] LT64
    |    |--Textularioides Cushman 1911 LT64
    |    |    `--*T. inflata Cushman 1911 LT64
    |    |--Olssonina Bermúdez 1949 [incl. Cribrotextularia Loeblich & Tappan 1952] LT64
    |    |    |--*O. cribrosa Bermúdez 1949 LT64
    |    |    `--O. coryensis (Cole 1941) [=Textularia coryensis, *Cribrotextularia coryensis] LT64
    |    |--Bigenerina d’Orbigny 1826 [incl. Gemmulina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839] LT64
    |    |    |--*B. nodosaria d’Orbigny 1826 LT64
    |    |    |--B. ciscoensis C40
    |    |    |--B. digitata d’Orbigny 1826 [=B. (*Gemmulina) digitata] LT64
    |    |    |--B. irregularis LT64
    |    |    `--B. wintoni C40
    |    `--Textularia Defrance 1824 S-VC91 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--*T. sagittula Defrance in de Blainville 1824 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |         |--T. agglutinans LT64
    |         |--‘*Pleurostomelloides’ andreasi Majzon 1943 LT64
    |         |--T. candeiana LT64
    |         |--T. gracillima LT64
    |         |--T. grahamensis C40
    |         |--T. gramen C40
    |         |--T. labiata Reuss 1862 [=*Plecanium labiatum] LT64
    |         |--T. porrecta LJ98
    |         |--T. pseudogramen S05
    |         |--T. ripleyensis C40
    |         |--T. schencki Cushman & Valentine 1930 S-VC91
    |         |--T. siphonifera LJ98
    |         |--T. truncata M62
    |         `--T. zeaggluta B49
    `--Spiroplectammininae LT64
         |--Ammospirata Cushman 1933 LT64
         |    `--*A. mexicana (Cushman 1926) [=Pavonina mexicana] LT64
         |--Morulaeplecta Höglund 1947 LT64
         |    `--*M. bulbosa Höglund 1947 LT64
         |--Spiroplectammina Cushman 1927 LT64
         |    |--*S. biformis (Parker & Jones 1865) [=Textularia agglutinans var. biformis] LT64
         |    |--S. castensis C40
         |    |--S. niigataensis Asano & Inomata in Asano 1952 H03
         |    `--S. scotti C40
         |--Bolivinopsis Yakovlev 1891 [incl. Spiroplectoides Cushman 1927] LT64
         |    |--*B. capitata Yakovlev 1891
         |    |--B. clotho [incl. Spiroplectammina grzybowskii] LT64
         |    |--B. cubensis B49
         |    |--B. papillata C40
         |    `--B. rosula (Ehrenberg 1854) [=Spiroplecta rosula, *Spiroplectoides rosula] LT64
         `--Vulvulina d’Orbigny 1826 (see below for synonymy) LT64
              |--*V. capreolus d’Orbigny 1826 [=*Trigenerina capreolus] LT64
              |--V. advena C40
              |--V. colei C40
              |--‘*Schizophora’ neugeboreni Reuss 1861 LT64
              |--‘*Venilina’ nummulina Gümbel 1870 LT64
              `--V. pennatula C40

Pseudobolivina Wiesner 1931 [incl. Arenovirgulina Said & Barakat 1958, Bimonilina Eicher 1960, Parvigenerina Vella 1957, Plectinella Marie 1956] LT64

*Pseudobolivina antarctica Wiesner 1931 [incl. Bifarina porrecta var. arenacea Heron-Allen & Earland 1922, *Parvigenerina arenacea, Bolivina punctata var. arenacea Heron-Allen & Earland 1922 nec Bo. inflata var. arenacea Heron-Allen & Earland 1922 nec Bo. textilarioides var. arenacea Heron-Allen & Earland 1922 nec Bo. tortuosa var. arenacea Heron-Allen & Earland 1922 nec Bo. variabilis var. arenacea Heron-Allen & Earland 1922] LT64

Textularia Defrance 1824 S-VC91 [=Textilaria Ehrenberg 1839 LT64, Textillaria Schwager 1864 LT64; incl. Plecanium Reuss 1862 LT64, Pleurostomelloides Majzon 1943 LT64]

*Textularia sagittula Defrance in de Blainville 1824 [=Spiroplectammina sagittula, *Textilaria sagittula, *Textillaria sagittula] LT64

Textulariidae [Artextulidia, Plecanioidea, Textilarida, Textilaridea, Textilarideae, Textilariidae, Textilarina, Textularina, Textularinae, Textulinidae]

Vulvulina d’Orbigny 1826 [=Trigenerina Schubert 1902; incl. Schizophora Reuss 1861, Venilina Gümbel 1870] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BL79] Basov, V. A., B. G. Lopatin, I. S. Gramberg, A. I. Danjushevskaya, V. Ya. Kaban’kov, V. M. Lazurkin & D. K. Patrunov. 1979. Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphy near Galicia Bank. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 47: 683–717.

[B49] Battey, M. H. 1949. The geology of the Tuakau-Mercer area, Auckland. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 429–455.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene-Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[JW99] Jian, Z.-M., L.-J. Wang, M. Kienast, M. Sarnthein, W. Kuhnt, H.-L. Lin & P.-X. Wang. 1999. Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last 40,000 years. Marine Geology 156: 159–186.

[LJ98] Li, Q., N. P. James, B. McGowran, Y. Bone & J. Cann. 1998. Synergetic influence of water masses and Kangaroo Island barrier on foraminiferal distribution, Lincoln and Lacepede shelves, South Australia: a synthesis. Alcheringa 22 (2): 153–176.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[S-VC91] Segura-Vernis, L. R., & A. L. Carreño. 1991. Foraminíferos y ostrácodos de la Laguna de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 6 (1): 195–224.

[S05] Semeniuk, T. A. 2005. Fossil foraminiferal assemblages from Pleistocene seagrass-bank deposits of the southern Perth Basin, Western Australia, and their palaeotemperature implications. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 177–190.

Ataxophragmiidae

Various views of Karreriella bradyi, from Brady (1884).

Belongs within: Foraminifera.
Contains: Gaudryina.

The Ataxophragmiidae are a group of agglutinated Foraminifera known from the Late Carboniferous to the present. Most species are triserial or trochospiral with three or more chambers to a whorl in early stages, reducing to two chambers or uniserial in later stages (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test free, trochospiral, uncoiling or uniserial; wall agglutinated; aperture a basal slit in the early stage, later may become terminal, cribrate or toothed.

<==Ataxophragmiidae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Varsoviella Gawor-Biedowa 1987 [Varsoviellinae] G-B87
    |    `--*V. pazdroae Gawor-Biedowa 1987 G-B87
    |--Verneuilininae [Spiroplectinatinae, Spiroplectininae] LT64
    |    |  i. s.: Barbourinella Bermúdez 1940 [=Barbourina Bermúdez 1939 non Amaral 1924] LT64
    |    |           `--*B. atlantica (Bermúdez 1939) [=*Barbourina atlantica] LT64
    |    |         Rudigaudryina Cushman & McCulloch 1939 LT64
    |    |           `--*R. inepta Cushman & McCulloch 1939 LT64
    |    |         Bermudezina Cushman 1937 LT64
    |    |           `--*B. cubensis (Palmer & Bermúdez 1936) [=Heterostomella cubensis] LT64
    |    |         Belorussiella Akimets 1958 LT64
    |    |           `--*B. bolivinaeformis Akimets 1958 LT64
    |    |         Flourensina Marie 1938 LT64
    |    |           `--*F. douvillei Marie 1938 LT64
    |    |         Migros Finlay 1939 [incl. Paleogaudryina Said & Barakat 1958] LT64
    |    |           |--*M. medwayensis (Parr 1935) [=Gaudryina medwayensis] LT64
    |    |           `--M. magharaensis (Said & Barakat 1958) [=*Paleogaudryina magharaensis] LT64
    |    |         Pseudoreophax Geroch 1961 LT64
    |    |           `--*P. cisovnicensis Geroch 1961 LT64
    |    |         Pseudospiroplectinata Gorbenko 1957 LT64
    |    |           `--*P. plana Gorbenko 1957 LT64
    |    |         Reophacella Kaptarenko-Chernousova 1956 LT64
    |    |           `--*R. compressa Kaptarenko-Chernousova 1956 LT64
    |    |         Uvigerinammina Majzon 1943 LT64
    |    |           |--U. jankoi Majzon 1943 LT64
    |    |           `--U. manitobensis LT64
    |    |         Verneuilinoides Loeblich & Tappan 1949 LT64
    |    |           `--*V. schizea (Cushman & Alexander 1930) [=Verneuilina schizea] LT64
    |    |--Verneuilina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 C40, LT64 [=Verneolina (l. c.) LT64, Verneulina (l. c.) LT64]
    |    |    |--*V. tricarinata d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 LT64
    |    |    |--V. advena LT64
    |    |    |--V. agalarovae BL79
    |    |    |--V. polystropha C40
    |    |    `--V. pyramidata BL79
    |    |--Tritaxia Reuss 1860 C40 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--*T. tricarinata (Reuss 1844) [=Textularia tricarinata; incl. Verneuilina dubia Reuss 1851] LT64
    |    |    |--T. capitosa (Cushman 1933) [=Gaudryinella capitosa, *Pseudogaudryinella capitosa] LT64
    |    |    |--T. compressa [=Clavulina compressa] LT64
    |    |    |--T. cubana [=Gaudryinella cubana] LT64
    |    |    |--T. pleurostoma (Rzehak 1895) [=*Tritaxiopsis pleurostoma] LT64
    |    |    |--T. pyramidata C40
    |    |    |--T. trigona (Silvestri 1948) [=*Siphonclavulina trigona] LT64
    |    |    `--T. trilatera (Cushman 1926) [=Clavulina trilatera, *Clavulinoides trilatera] LT64
    |    `--+--Gaudryinella Plummer 1931 C40
    |       |    `--*G. delrioensis Plummer 1931 LT64
    |       |--+--Heterostomella Reuss 1866 C40, LT64
    |       |  |    |--*H. rugosa (d’Orbigny 1840) [=Sagrina rugosa] LT64
    |       |  |    `--H. foveolata C40
    |       |  `--Spiroplectinata Cushman 1927 C40 (see below for synonymy)
    |       |       |--*S. annectens (Parker & Jones 1863) [=Textularia annectens, *Spiroplectina annectens] LT64
    |       |       |--S. inornata (Suleymanov 1958) [=*Paragaudryina inornata] LT64
    |       |       |--S. mollis [=Pseudogaudryinella mollis] LT64
    |       |       `--S. pseudoserrata [=Gaudryinella pseudoserrata] LT64
    |       `--Gaudryina C40
    |--Globotextulariinae [Eggerellinae] LT64
    |    |--Globotextularia Eimer & Fickert 1899 [Globotexulariinae] LT64
    |    |    `--*G. anceps (Brady 1884) [=Haplophragmium anceps] LT64
    |    |--Arenobulimina Cushman 1927 [incl. Ataxophragmoides Brotzen 1948, Hagenowella Cushman 1933] LT64
    |    |    |  i. s.: A. frankei (Brotzen 1948) [=*Ataxophragmoides frankei] LT64
    |    |    |         ‘Globigerina’ elevata d’Orbigny 1840 [=Hagenowella elevata] LT61b
    |    |    |         ‘Valvulina’ gibbosa d’Orbigny 1840 [=*Hagenowella gibbosa] LT64
    |    |    |--*A. (Arenobulimina) presli (Reuss 1846) [=Bulimina presli] LT64
    |    |    `--A. (Pasternakia) cuneata G-B87
    |    |--Cribrogoesella Cushman 1935 LT64
    |    |    `--*C. robusta (Brady 1881) [=Bigenerina robusta] LT64
    |    |--Digitina Crespin & Park 1940 LT64
    |    |    `--*D. recurvata Crespin & Park 1940 LT64
    |    |--Eggerellina Marie 1941 LT64
    |    |    `--*E. brevis (d’Orbigny 1840) [=Bulimina brevis] LT64
    |    |         |--E. b. brevis LT64
    |    |         `--E. b. conica LT64
    |    |--Eggerina Toulmin 1941 LT64
    |    |    `--*E. cylindrica Toulmin 1941 LT64
    |    |--Gravellina Brönnimann 1953 [incl. Verneuilinella Tairov 1956] LT64
    |    |    |--*G. narivaensis Brönnimann 1953 LT64
    |    |    `--G. azerbaidjanica (Tairov 1956) [=*Verneuilinella azerbaidjanica] LT64
    |    |--Karrerulina Finlay 1940 LT64
    |    |    |--K. conversa (Grzybowski 1901) H03 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    `--K. coniformis (Grzybowski 1898) (see below for synonymy) H03
    |    |--Mooreinella Cushman & Waters 1928 LT64
    |    |    `--*M. biserialis Cushman & Waters 1928 LT64
    |    |--Multifidella Loeblich & Tappan 1961 LT64
    |    |    `--*M. nodulosa (Cushman 1922) (see below for synonymy) LT61a
    |    |--Orientalia Bykova 1947 LT64
    |    |    `--*O. exilis Bykova 1947 LT64
    |    |--Plectotrochammina Parr 1950 [incl. Poronaia Ujtié & Watanabe 1960] LT64
    |    |    |--*P. subglobosa Parr 1950 LT64
    |    |    `--P. poronaiensis (Asano 1952) [=Plectina poronaiensis, *Poronaia poronaiensis] LT64
    |    |--Karreriella Cushman 1933 [incl. Valvotextularia Hofker 1951] LT64
    |    |    |--*K. siphonella (Reuss 1851) [=Gaudryina siphonella] LT64
    |    |    |--K. baccata H03
    |    |    |    |--K. b. baccata H03
    |    |    |    `--K. b. japonica Asano 1938 H03
    |    |    |--K. bradyi JW99
    |    |    |--K. catenata (Cushman 1911) [=Textularia catenata, *Valvotextularia catenata] LT64
    |    |    |--K. chilostoma B49
    |    |    |--K. cylindrica H90
    |    |    `--K. novaezelandica B49
    |    |--Eggerella Cushman 1933 LT64
    |    |    |--*E. bradyi (Cushman 1911) [=Verneuilina bradyi] LT64
    |    |    |--E. columna Finlay 1940 LT64
    |    |    |--E. inflata (Franke 1928) [=Valvulina inflata] LT64
    |    |    `--E. trochoides (Reuss 1845) [=Globigerina trochoides, Allomorphina trochoides] LT64
    |    `--Dorothia Plummer 1931 [incl. Marssonella Cushman 1933] LT64
    |         |--*D. bulletta (Carsey 1936) [=Gaudryina bulletta] LT64
    |         |--D. filiformis BL79
    |         |--‘Marssonella’ indentata B49
    |         |--D. ouachensis BL79
    |         |--D. oxycona (Reuss 1860) [=Gaudryina oxycona, *Marssonella oxycona] LT64
    |         |--D. paupercula (Cushman 1911) [=Gaudryina paupercula] H03
    |         `--D. trochus BL79
    |--Ataxophragmiinae [Ataxophragmidea] LT64
    |    |--Voloshovinella Loeblich & Tappan 1964 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |    `--*V. aequisgranensis (Beissel 1891) [=Lituola aequisgranensis, *Beisselina aequisgranensis] LT64
    |    |--Camagueyia Cole & Bermúdez 1944 LT64
    |    |    `--*C. perplexa Cole & Bermúdez 1944 LT64
    |    |--Coprolithina Marie 1941 LT64
    |    |    `--*C. subcylindrica Marie 1941 LT64
    |    |--Cubanina Palmer 1936 LT64
    |    |    `--*C. alavensis Palmer 1936 LT64
    |    |--Hagenowina Loelich & Tappan 1961 LT64
    |    |    `--*H. quadribullata (von Hagenow 1842) [=Valvulina quadribullata] LT64
    |    |--Liebusella Cushman 1933 LT64
    |    |    `--*L. soldanii (Jones & Parker 1860) [=Lituola soldanii] LT64
    |    |--Matanzia Palmer 1936 LT64
    |    |    `--*M. bermudezi Palmer 1936 LT64
    |    |--Orbignyna von Hagenow 1842 [=Orbignyina Bronn 1853] LT64
    |    |    `--*O. ovata von Hagenow 1842 [=*Orbignyina ovata] LT64
    |    |--Pseudolituonella Marie 1955 LT64
    |    |    `--*P. reicheli Marie 1955 LT64
    |    |--Remesella Vašíček 1947 LT64
    |    |    `--*R. mariae Vašíček 1947 LT64
    |    |--Dictyopsella Munier-Chalmas in Schlumberger 1900 LT64
    |    |    |--*D. kiliani Munier-Chalmas in Schlumberger 1900 LT64
    |    |    `--D. chalmasi C40
    |    |--Tritaxilina Cushman 1911 [=Clavulinella Schubert 1921] LT64
    |    |    |--*T. caperata (Brady 1881) [=Clavulina caperata, *Clavulinella caperata] LT64
    |    |    `--T. zealandica H90
    |    |--Ataxophragmium Reuss 1860 [=Ataxogyroidina Marie 1941; incl. Pernerina Cushman 1933] LT64
    |    |    |--*A. variabile (d’Orbigny 1840) [=Bulimina variabilis, *Ataxogyroidina variabilis] LT64
    |    |    `--A. depressum (Perner 1892) [=Bulimina depressa, *Pernerina depressa] LT64
    |    |--Pseudochrysalidina Cole 1941 [incl. Dukhania Henson 1948, Pseudogoesella Keijzer 1945] LT64
    |    |    |--*P. floridana Cole 1941 LT64
    |    |    |--P. conica (Henson 1948) [=*Dukhania conica] LT64
    |    |    `--P. cubana (Keijzer 1945) [=*Pseudogoesella cubana] LT64
    |    `--Cuneolina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 [incl. Cuneolinella Cushman & Bermúdez 1941] LT64
    |         |--*C. pavonia d’Orbigny 1846 LT64
    |         |--C. angusta C40
    |         |--C. conica C40
    |         `--C. lewisi (Cushman & Bermúdez 1941) [=*Cuneolinella lewisi] LT64
    `--Valvulininae LT64
         |--Cribrobulimina Cushman 1927 LT64
         |    `--*C. mixta Cushman 1927 (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |--Chrysalidina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |    `--*C. gradata d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 LT64
         |--Cylindroclavulina Bermúdez & Key 1952 LT64
         |    `--*C. bradyi (Cushman 1911) [=Clavulina bradyi] LT64
         |--Dusenburyina Bermúdez & Key 1952 LT64
         |    `--*D. procera (Goës 1889) [=Clavulina procera] LT64
         |--Goesella Cushman 1933 LT64
         |    `--*G. rotundata (Cushman 1913) [=Clavulina rotundata] LT64
         |--Makarskiana Van Soest 1942 LT64
         |    `--*M. trochoidea Van Soest 1942 LT64
         |--Valvulammina Cushman 1933 LT64
         |    `--*V. globularis (d’Orbigny 1826) [=Valvulina globularis, V. globulosa (l. c.)] LT64
         |--Cribroturretoides Smith 1949 [incl. Neoclavulina Puri 1957] LT64
         |    |--*C. miocenica Smith 1949 LT64
         |    `--C. intermedia (Applin & Jordan 1945) [=Valvulina intermedia, *Neoclavulina intermedia] LT64
         |--Discorinopsis Cole 1941 [incl. Arenagula Bourdon & Lys 1955, Arenaglobula (l. c.)] LT64
         |    |--*D. gunteri Cole 1941 [incl. Valvulina floridana Cole 1941] LT64
         |    `--D. globula (Bourdon & Lys 1955) [=*Arenagula globula] LT64
         |--Valvulina d’Orbigny 1826 [incl. Duotaxis Kristan 1957] LT64
         |    |--*V. triangularis d’Orbigny 1826 LT64
         |    |--V. metula (Kristan 1957) [=*Duotaxis metula] LT64
         |    `--V. oviedoiana C40
         |--Martinottiella Cushman 1933 (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |    |--*M. communis (d’Orbigny 1826) LT64 [=Clavulina communis H03, Listerella communis C40]
         |    |--M. primaeva (Cushman 1913) [=Clavulina primaeva, *Listerella primaeva, *Schenckiella primaeva] LT64
         |    `--‘Listerella’ weymouthi B49
         |--Minouxia Marie 1955 [incl. Bermudezita Seiglie 1961] LT64
         |    |--*M. gumbelitrioides Marie 1955 LT64
         |    |--‘*Bermudezita’ borroi Seiglie 1961 LT64
         |    `--M. dordonica LT64
         |--Plectina Marsson 1878 [incl. Arenodosaria Finlay 1939] LT64
         |    |--*P. ruthenica (Reuss 1851) [=Gaudryina ruthenica] LT64
         |    |--‘Arenodosaria’ antipoda B49
         |    |--P. nipponica Asano 1951 H03
         |    `--P. robusta (Stache 1865) [=Clavulina robusta, *Arenodosaria robusta] LT64
         `--Clavulina d’Orbigny 1826 [incl. Pseudoclavulina Cushman 1936] LT64
              |--*C. parisiensis d’Orbigny 1826 LT64
              |--C. angularis LT64
              |--C. clavata Cushman 1926 [=*Pseudoclavulina clavata] LT64
              |--C. gaultina BL79
              |--C. humilis C40
              `--C. insignis C40

Ataxophragmiidae [Ataxophragmiacea, Dorothiidae, Eggerellidae, Opisthotrischistidae, Trischistidae, Valvulinidae, Verneuilinidae]

Chrysalidina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 [incl. Pupina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 non Vignard 1839] LT64

*Clavulina mixta Cushman 1927 [=Valvulina mixta Parker & Jones 1865 (n. n.); incl. V. polystoma Parker & Jones 1865 (n. n.)] LT64

Karrerulina coniformis (Grzybowski 1898) [=Gaudryina coniformis; incl. Eggerella matsunoi Takayanagi in Scott 2000] H03

Karrerulina conversa (Grzybowski 1901) H03 [=Gaudryina conversa H03; incl. G. apicularis Cushman 1911 H03, Karreriella apicularis LT64, *Karrerulina apicularis LT64]

Martinottiella Cushman 1933 [incl. Listerella Cushman 1933 non Jahn 1906, Schenckiella Thalmann 1942] LT64

*Multifidella nodulosa (Cushman 1922) [=Clavulina communis var. nodulosa, Listerella nodulosa, Martinottiella nodulosa, Schenckiella nodulosa] LT61a

Spiroplectinata Cushman 1927 [=Spiroplectina Cushman 1927 non Schubert 1902 LT64; incl. Paragaudryina Suleymanov 1958 LT64]

Tritaxia Reuss 1860 C40 [incl. Clavulinoides Cushman 1936 LT64, Pseudogaudryinella Cushman 1936 LT64, Siphonclavulina Silvestri 1948 LT64, Tritaxiopsis Rzehak 1895 LT64]

Voloshovinella Loeblich & Tappan 1964 [=Beisselina Voloshinova & Balakhmatova in Rauzer-Chernousova & Fursenko 1959 non Canu 1913] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BL79] Basov, V. A., B. G. Lopatin, I. S. Gramberg, A. I. Danjushevskaya, V. Ya. Kaban’kov, V. M. Lazurkin & D. K. Patrunov. 1979. Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphy near Galicia Bank. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 47: 683–717.

[B49] Battey, M. H. 1949. The geology of the Tuakau-Mercer area, Auckland. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 429–455.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G-B87] Gawor-Biedowa, E. 1987. New benthic foraminifers from the Late Cretaceous of Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 32 (1-2): 49–72.

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene-Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[H90] Hayward, B. W. 1990. Use of foraminiferal data in analysis of Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 20: 71–83.

[JW99] Jian, Z.-M., L.-J. Wang, M. Kienast, M. Sarnthein, W. Kuhnt, H.-L. Lin & P.-X. Wang. 1999. Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last 40,000 years. Marine Geology 156: 159–186.

[LT61a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1961a. Remarks on the systematics of the Sarkodina (Protozoa), renamed homonyms and new and validated genera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 213–234.

[LT61b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1961b. The status of Hagenowella Cushman, 1933 and a new genus Hagenowina. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 241–244.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

Ataxophragmiinae

Cuneolina pavonia, from Dana (1883).

Belongs within: Ataxophragmiidae.

The Ataxophragmiinae are a group of Foraminifera known from the Lower Cretaceous to the present (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Early stage with three or more chambers in each whorl but increasing in number with growth or uncoiling and spreading to form low conical test; interior with internal pillars and partitions.

Ataxophragmiinae [Ataxophragmidea]
    |--Voloshovinella Loeblich & Tappan 1964 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    `--*V. aequisgranensis (Beissel 1891) [=Lituola aequisgranensis, *Beisselina aequisgranensis] LT64
    |--Camagueyia Cole & Bermúdez 1944 LT64
    |    `--*C. perplexa Cole & Bermúdez 1944 LT64
    |--Coprolithina Marie 1941 LT64
    |    `--*C. subcylindrica Marie 1941 LT64
    |--Cubanina Palmer 1936 LT64
    |    `--*C. alavensis Palmer 1936 LT64
    |--Hagenowina Loelich & Tappan 1961 LT64
    |    `--*H. quadribullata (von Hagenow 1842) [=Valvulina quadribullata] LT64
    |--Liebusella Cushman 1933 LT64
    |    `--*L. soldanii (Jones & Parker 1860) [=Lituola soldanii] LT64
    |--Matanzia Palmer 1936 LT64
    |    `--*M. bermudezi Palmer 1936 LT64
    |--Orbignyna von Hagenow 1842 [=Orbignyina Bronn 1853] LT64
    |    `--*O. ovata von Hagenow 1842 [=*Orbignyina ovata] LT64
    |--Pseudolituonella Marie 1955 LT64
    |    `--*P. reicheli Marie 1955 LT64
    |--Remesella Vašíček 1947 LT64
    |    `--*R. mariae Vašíček 1947 LT64
    |--Dictyopsella Munier-Chalmas in Schlumberger 1900 LT64
    |    |--*D. kiliani Munier-Chalmas in Schlumberger 1900 LT64
    |    `--D. chalmasi C40
    |--Tritaxilina Cushman 1911 [=Clavulinella Schubert 1921] LT64
    |    |--*T. caperata (Brady 1881) [=Clavulina caperata, *Clavulinella caperata] LT64
    |    `--T. zealandica H90
    |--Ataxophragmium Reuss 1860 [=Ataxogyroidina Marie 1941; incl. Pernerina Cushman 1933] LT64
    |    |--*A. variabile (d’Orbigny 1840) [=Bulimina variabilis, *Ataxogyroidina variabilis] LT64
    |    `--A. depressum (Perner 1892) [=Bulimina depressa, *Pernerina depressa] LT64
    |--Pseudochrysalidina Cole 1941 [incl. Dukhania Henson 1948, Pseudogoesella Keijzer 1945] LT64
    |    |--*P. floridana Cole 1941 LT64
    |    |--P. conica (Henson 1948) [=*Dukhania conica] LT64
    |    `--P. cubana (Keijzer 1945) [=*Pseudogoesella cubana] LT64
    `--Cuneolina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 [incl. Cuneolinella Cushman & Bermúdez 1941] LT64
         |--*C. pavonia d’Orbigny 1846 LT64
         |--C. angusta C40
         |--C. conica C40
         `--C. lewisi (Cushman & Bermúdez 1941) [=*Cuneolinella lewisi] LT64

Voloshovinella Loeblich & Tappan 1964 [=Beisselina Voloshinova & Balakhmatova in Rauzer-Chernousova & Fursenko 1959 non Canu 1913] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[H90] Hayward, B. W. 1990. Use of foraminiferal data in analysis of Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 20: 71–83.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.