Rhinonyssidae

Female Ptilonyssus cerchneis, dorsal view, from here.

Belongs within: Gamasina.

The Rhinonyssidae are a group of endoparasitic mites found in the respiratory tracts of birds (Evans & Till 1979).

Characters (from Lindquist et al. 2009): Sternal shield reduced or absent but with distinct, and often distinctive, sternal setae, epigynal shield well developed or reduced, stigmata dorsal, peritremes greatly reduced or absent. Tibia and genu I each with two anterolateral setae.

<==Rhinonyssidae [Rhinonyssinae] LKW09
    |--Neonyssus LKW09
    |    |--N. columbae Crossley 1950 [=Mesonyssus columbae, Tinaminyssus columbae] H98
    |    `--N. intermedius H23
    |--Cas angrensis (de Castro 1948) LKW09, H98 [=Rhinonyssus angrensis H98, Ptilonyssus angrensis H98]
    |--Larinyssus Strandtmann 1948 H98
    |    |--L. benoiti Fain 1961 H98
    |    `--L. orbicularis Strandtmann 1948 H98
    |--Rhinoecius Cooreman 1946 ET79
    |    |--*R. oti Cooreman 1946 ET79
    |    `--R. cooremani Strandtmann 1952 H98
    |--Ruandanyssus Fain 1957 H98
    |    |--R. artami Domrow 1969 H98
    |    `--R. terpsiphonei Fain 1957 H98
    |--Rallinyssus Strandtmann 1948 H98
    |    |--R. caudistigmus Strandtmann 1948 H98
    |    |--R. congolensis Fain 1956 H98
    |    `--R. gallinulae Fain 1960 H98
    |--Rhinonyssus Trouessart 1894 ET79
    |    |  i. s.: R. himantopus Strandtmann 1951 H98
    |    |         R. minutus (Bregetova 1950) [=Sternostomum minutum] H98
    |    |         R. poliocephali Fain 1956 H98
    |    |         R. rhinolethrum (Trouessart 1895) [=Sternostomum rhinolethrum, R. rhinolethrus] H98
    |    |--*R. (Rhinonyssus) coniventris Trouessart 1894 ET79
    |    |    |--R. c. coniventris ET79
    |    |    `--R. c. echinipes ET79
    |    `--R. (Neonyssoides Hirst 1923 H23
    |         `--R. (*N.) nucifragae Hirst 1923 H23
    |--Sternostoma Berlese & Trouessart 1889 ET79 [=Sternostomum Trouessart 1895 E57]
    |    |--*S. cryptorhynchum Berlese & Trouessart 1889 ET79
    |    |--S. cooremani Fain 1956 H98
    |    |--S. cuculorum Fain 1956 [incl. S. zosteropus Domrow 1966] H98
    |    |--S. dureni Fain 1956 H98
    |    |--S. gliciphilae Domrow 1966 H98
    |    |--S. loxiae ET79
    |    |--S. neosittae domrow 1969 H98
    |    |--S. paddae Fain 1958 H98
    |    |--S. technaui Vitzthum 1935 [=Sternostomum technaui] H98
    |    |--S. thienponti Fain 1956 H98
    |    `--S. tracheacolum Lawrence 1948 H98
    |--Tinaminyssus Strandtmann & Wharton 1958 H98
    |    |--T. aprosmicti (Domrow 1964) [=Mesonyssoides aprosmicti; incl. M. platycerci Domrow 1964] H98
    |    |--T. belopolskii (Bregetova 1950) [=Neonyssus belopolskii, Mesonyssus belopolskii] H98
    |    |--T. daceloae (Domrow 1965) [=Mesonyssus daceloae] H98
    |    |--T. geopeliae (Fain 1964) [=Mesonyssus geopeliae] H98
    |    |--T. halcyonus (Domrow 1965) [=Mesonyssus halcyonus] H98
    |    |--T. hirtus (Wilson 1966) [=Mesonyssus hirtus] H98
    |    |--T. kakatuae (Domrow 1964) [=Mesonyssoides kakatuae, Mesonyssus kakatuae] H98
    |    |--T. macropygiae (Wilson 1966) [=Mesonyssus macropygiae] H98
    |    |--T. megaloprepiae Domrow 1969 H98
    |    |--T. melloi (de Castro 1948) [=Neonyssus melloi, Mesonyssus melloi] H98
    |    |--T. myristicivorae Domrow 1969 H98
    |    |--T. ocyphabus (Domrow 1965) [=Mesonyssus ocyphabus] H98
    |    |--T. phabus (Domrow 1965) [=Mesonyssus phabus] H98
    |    |--T. tanysipterae (Wilson 1966) [=Mesonyssus tanysipterae] H98
    |    |--T. trichoglossi (Domrow 1964) [=Mesonyssoides trichoglossi, Mesonyssus trichoglossi] H98
    |    `--T. welchi Domrow 1969 H98
    `--Ptilonyssus Berlese & Trouessart 1889 [incl. Rhinonyssoides Hirst 1921] H98
         |--*P. echinatus Berlese & Trouessart 1889 ET79
         |--P. acrocephali Fain 1964 H98
         |--P. ailuroedi Domrow 1964 H98
         |--P. astridae Fain 1956 [=Paraneonyssus astridae] H98
         |--P. balimoensis Sakakibara 1968 H98
         |--P. bradypteri (Fain 1962) [=Passeronyssus bradypteri] H98
         |--P. buloloensis Sakakibara 1968 H98
         |--P. capitatus (Strandtmann 1956) [=Paraneonyssus capitatus] H98
         |--P. cerchneis Fain 1957 [=Rhinonyssoides cerchneis] H98
         |--P. cinnyris Zumpt & Till 1955 [=Rhinonyssoides cinnyris] H98
         |--P. colluricinclae Domrow 1964 H98
         |--P. condylocoxa Fain & Lukoschus 1979 H98
         |--P. conopophilae Fain & Lukoschus 1979 H98
         |--P. corcoracis Domrow 1969 H98
         |--P. cractici Domrow 1964 H98
         |--P. dicaei Domrow 1966 H98
         |--P. dicruri Fain 1956 [=Passeronyssus dicruri, Ptilonyssoides dicruri] H98
         |--P. dioptrornis Fain 1956 [=Ptilonyssoides dioptrornis] H98
         |--P. emberizae Fain 1956 [=Paraneonyssus emberizae] H98
         |--P. gerygonae Domrow 1969 H98
         |--P. gliciphilae Domrow 1966 H98
         |--P. grallinae Domrow 1964 H98
         |--P. hirsti (de Castro & Periera 1947) [=Neonyssus hirsti, Paraneonyssus hirsti] H98
         |--P. lymozemae Domrow 1965 H98
         |--P. macclurei Fain 1963 H98
         |--P. maluri Domrow 1965 H98
         |--P. meliphagae Domrow 1964 H98
         |--P. microecae Domrow 1966 H98
         |--P. monarchae Domrow 1969 H98
         |--P. motacillae Fain 1956 [incl. P. estrildicola taeniopygiae Fain 1963] H98
         |--P. myzanthae Domrow 1964 H98
         |--P. myzomelae Domrow 1965 H98
         |--P. neochmiae Domrow 1969 H98
         |--P. ohioensis LKW09
         |--P. orthonychus Domrow 1969 H98
         |--P. philemoni Domrow 1964 [incl. P. pentagonicus Fain & Lukoschus 1979] H98
         |--P. pittae Domrow 1964 H98
         |--P. pseudothymanzae Fain & Lukoschus 1979 H98
         |--P. psophodae Domrow 1964 H98
         |--P. rhipidurae Domrow 1966 H98
         |--P. ruandae Fain 1956 H98
         |--P. setosae Domrow 1969 H98
         |--P. sittae Fain 1965 H98
         |--P. sphecotheris Domrow 1964 H98
         |--P. stomioperae Domrow 1966 H98
         |--P. struthideae Domrow 1969 H98
         |--P. sturnopastoris Fain 1963 H98
         |--P. terpsiphonei Fain 1956 H98
         |--P. thymanzae Domrow 1964 H98
         |--P. triscutatus (Vitzthum 1935) [=Ptilonyssoides triscutatus] H98
         `--P. trouessarti (Hirst 1921) [=Rhinonyssoides trouessarti] H98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E57] Evans, G. O. 1957. An introduction to the British Mesostigmata (Acarina) with keys to families and genera. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 43: 203–259.

[ET79] Evans, G. O., & W. M. Till. 1979. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction to their external morphology and classification. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35: 139–270.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[H23] Hirst, S. 1923. On some new or little-known species of Acari. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1923: 971–1000.

[LKW09] Lindquist, E. E., G. W. Krantz & D. E. Walter. 2009. Order Mesostigmata. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 124–232. Texas Tech University Press.

Macronyssidae

Female Ornithonyssus bursa, copyright Marcelo de Campos Pereira.

Belongs within: Gamasina.

The Macronyssidae are a group of mites mostly ectoparasitic on reptiles, birds and mammals, in which the deuteronymphal stage of the life cycle is inactive and non-feeding (Evans & Till 1979).

Characters (from Lindquist et al. 2009): Chelicerae elongate, edentate; tritosternum well developed, with laciniae; corniculi membranous, usually lobate. Palptrochanter often with raised medioventral keel. Leg coxa II with large anterior non-setigerous spur (rarely minute or absent), other coxae without spurs but occasionally with small ridges; genu and tibia I each with two anterolateral setae; genu IV typically with two ventral setae.

<==Macronyssidae [Macronyssinae] LKW09
    |--Mitonyssoides stercoralis Yunker, Lukoschus & Giesen 1990 SLH18
    |--Lepronyssoides LKW09
    |--Draconyssus LKW09
    |--Cryptonyssus desultorius M-M96
    |--Pellonyssus Clark & Yunker 1956 H98
    |    `--P. reedi (Zumpt & Patterson 1952) [=Steatonyssus reedi] H98
    |--Macronyssoides M-M96
    |    |--M. conciliatus M-M96
    |    `--M. kochi M-M96
    |--Radfordiella WK09
    |    |--R. anourae M-M96
    |    |--R. desmodi M-M96
    |    `--R. oricola M-M96
    |--Chiroptonyssus M-M96
    |    |--C. haematophagus M-M96
    |    |--C. robustipes M-M96
    |    `--C. venezolanus M-M96
    |--Parichoronyssus M-M96
    |    |--P. crassipes M-M96
    |    |--P. euthysternum M-M96
    |    |--P. radovskyi M-M96
    |    `--P. sclerus M-M96
    |--Steatonyssus Kolenati 1858 [incl. Ceratonyssus Ewing 1923] ET79
    |    |--*S. periblepharus Kolenati 1858 ET79
    |    |--S. (Steatonyssus) leptus M-M96
    |    |--S. murinus KK54
    |    |--S. musculi (Schrank 1803) [=Acarus musculi] E57
    |    `--S. patriciae Domrow 1969 H98
    |--Ophionyssus Mégnin 1884 (see below for synonymy) ET79
    |    |--*O. natricis (Gervais 1844) [=Dermanyssus natricis] ET79
    |    |--O. arnhemlandensis (Womersley 1956) [=Neoliponyssus arnhemlandensis, Sauronyssus arnhemlandensis] H98
    |    |--O. ehmanni Donrow 1985 H98
    |    |--O. galloticolus Fain & Bannert 2000 BKW00
    |    |--O. saurarum ET79
    |    |--O. scincorum Domrow et al. 1980 H98
    |    `--O. setosus BKW00
    |--Trichonyssus Domrow 1959 H98
    |    |--T. australicus (Womersley 1956) [=Chiroptonyssus australicus, Ichoronyssus australicus] H98
    |    |--T. caputmedusae Domrow 1986 H98
    |    |--T. lukoschusi Micherdzinski & Domrow 1985 H98
    |    |--T. nixoni Micherdzinski & Domrow 1985 H98
    |    |--T. solivagus Domrow 1986 H98
    |    |--T. streetorum Micherdzinski & Domrow 1985 h98
    |    `--T. womerleyi Domrow 1959 H98
    |--Macronyssus Kolenati 1858 (see below for synonymy) ET79
    |    |--*M. longimanus (Kolenati 1857) [=Caris longimana] ET79
    |    |--M. aristippe (Domrow 1959) [=Ichoronyssus aristippe] H98
    |    |--M. crosbyi M-M96
    |    |--M. flavus Y91
    |    |--M. kolenatii ET79
    |    |--M. longisetosus M-M96
    |    |--M. leucippe (Domrow 1959) [=Ichoronyssus leucippe] H98
    |    |--‘Liponyssus’ sternalis Hirst 1921 [=*Hirstesia sternalis] E57
    |    `--M. unidens M-M96
    `--Ornithonyssus Sambon 1928 H98 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*O. sylviarum (Canestrini & Fanzago 1877) H98 (see below for synonymy)
         |--O. acrobates Micherdzinski & Domrow 1985 H98
         |--O. bacoti (Hirst 1913) [=Leiognathus bacoti, Bdellonyssus bacoti, Liponyssus bacoti] H98
         |--O. bursa (Berlese 1888) (see below for synonymy) H98
         |--O. campester Micherdzinski & Domrow 1985 H98
         |--O. dasyuri Domrow 1983 H98
         |--O. latro Domrow 1963 H98
         |--O. petauri Michedzinski 1980 H98
         |--O. praedo Domrow 1971 H98
         |--O. stigmaticus Micherdzinski & Domrow 1985 H98
         `--O. taphozous Micherdzinski & Domrow 1985 H98

Macronyssus Kolenati 1858 [incl. Allonyssus Buitendijk 1945, Hirstesia Fonseca 1948, Lepronyssus Kolenati 1858] ET79

Ophionyssus Mégnin 1884 [incl. Neoliponyssus Ewing 1929, Oudemansiella Fonseca 1948 non Speg. 1881 (ICBN), Sauronyssus Sambon 1928, Serpenticola Ewing 1923] ET79

Ornithonyssus Sambon 1928 H98 [incl. Bdellonyssus Fonseca 1941 H98, Fonsecaonyssus Radford 1950 ET79, Leiognathus Canestrini 1884 (preoc.) H98]

Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese 1888) [=Leiognathus bursa, Bdellonyssus bursa, Liponyssus bursa; incl. Le. morsitans Hirst 1915] H98

*Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini & Fanzago 1877) H98 [=Dermanyssus sylviarum H98, Fonsecaonyssus sylviarum H98, Leiognathus sylviarum E57]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKW00] Bannert, B., H. Y. Karaca & A. Wohltmann. 2000. Life cycle and parasitic interaction of the lizard-parasitizing mite Ophionyssus galloticolus (Acari: Gamasida: Macronyssidae), with remarks about the evolutionary consequences of parasitism in mites. Experimental and Applied Acarology 24: 597–613.

[E57] Evans, G. O. 1957. An introduction to the British Mesostigmata (Acarina) with keys to families and genera. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 43: 203–259.

[ET79] Evans, G. O., & W. M. Till. 1979. Mesostigmatic mites of Britain and Ireland (Chelicerata: Acari-Parasitiformes). An introduction to their external morphology and classification. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 35: 139–270.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[KK54] Klemmer, K., & H. E. Krampitz. 1954. Zur Kenntnis der Säugetierfauna Siziliens. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3-4): 121–135.

[LKW09] Lindquist, E. E., G. W. Krantz & D. E. Walter. 2009. Order Mesostigmata. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 124–232. Texas Tech University Press.

[M-M96] Morales-Malacara, J. B. 1996. Mesostigmatid (Mesostigmata) ectoparasites of bats in México. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 105–108. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[SLH18] Seeman, O. D., E. E. Lindquist & R. W. Husband. 2018. A new tribe of tarsonemid mites (Trombidiformes: Heterostigmata) parasitic on tetrigid grasshoppers (Orthoptera). Zootaxa 4418 (1): 1–54.

[WK09] Walter, D. E., & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Oviposition and life stages. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 57–63. Texas Tech University Press.

[Y91] Yastrebtsov, A. V. 1991. Features of the embryonic development of gamasid mites (Parasitiformes, Gamasida). In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 115–119. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

Mesothelae

Reconstruction of Arthrolycosa fortis, from Fritsch (1904).

Belongs within: Araneida.

The Mesothelae are a group of spiders in which the abdomen retains external segmentation, the fangs are obliquely angled and the spinnerets are more or less displaced to the centre of the abdomen (Wunderlich 2019). Living members of the group are restricted to eastern Asia and inhabit tubular burrows with a trapdoor (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

<==Mesothelae [Liphistiomorphae, Verticulatae] S02
    |  i. s.: Palaeothele montceauensis SSS08
    |         Eothele Selden 2000 W19
    |         Vinathela nahang W19
    |--Arthromygalidae S93
    |    |--Protocteniza britannica Petrunkevitch 1949 S93
    |    `--Protolycosa S93
    |         |--P. anthracophyla Römer 1866 F04
    |         `--P. cebennensis Laurentiaux-Vieira & Laurentiaux 1963 S93
    |--Arthrolycosidae S93
    |    |--Geralycosa fritschii Kušta 1888 F04
    |    |--Rakovnicia antiqua Kušta 1884 F04
    |    |--Eotarbis litoralis Kušta 1888 F04
    |    |--Eocteniza silvicola Pocock 1911 S93
    |    `--Arthrolycosa [incl. Eolycosa Kušta 1885, Scudderia Kušta 1888] F04
    |         |--A. antiqua Harger 1874 S93
    |         |--A. beecheri Fritsch 1904 F04
    |         |--‘Palaranea’ borassifoliae [=Arthrolycosa palaranea Fritsch 1904] F04
    |         |--A. carbonaria (Kušta 1888) [=*Scudderia carbonaria] F04
    |         |--A. danielsi Petrunkevitch 1913 S93
    |         |--A. fortis Fritsch 1904 F04
    |         `--A. lorenzi (Kušta 1885) [=*Eolycosa lorenzi] F04
    |--Eomesothelidae W19
    |    |--Eomesothele Wunderlich 2019 W19
    |    |    `--*E. noninclinata Wunderlich 2019 W19
    |    `--Intermesothele Wunderlich 2019 W19
    |         `--*I. pulcher Wunderlich 2019 W19
    |--Heptathele Kishida 1923 JD-S07 [Heptathelidae W19]
    |    |--H. hangzhouensis WT06
    |    |--H. nishiharai H95
    |    `--H. kimurai FF99
    |--Burmathele Wunderlich 2017 [Burmathelidae] W19
    |    `--B. biseriata Wunderlich 2017 W19
    |--Cretaceothele [Cretaceothelidae] W19
    |    `--C. lata Wunderlich 2015 W19
    |--Parvithelidae W19
    |    |--Parvithele Wunderlich 2017 W19
    |    `--Pulvillothele haupti Wunderlich 2017 W19
    `--Liphistiidae JD-S07
         |--Nanthela Haupt 2003 JD-S07
         |--Songthela Ono 2000 JD-S07
         |--Palaeocteniza crassipes B86
         |--Ryuthela Haupt 1983 JD-S07
         |    `--R. nishihirai (Haupt 1969) H07
         `--Liphistius Schiödte 1849 JD-S07
              |--L. batuensis R95
              |--L. bicoloripes (Ono 1988) GE02
              |--L. desultor JD-S07
              |--L. lannaianus JD-S07
              |--L. malayanus WY88
              `--L. sumatranus JD-S07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B86] Bernini, F. 1986. Current ideas on the phylogeny and the adaptive radiations of Acarida. Bolletino di Zoologia 53: 279–313.

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[F04] Fritsch, A. 1904. Palaeozoische Arachniden. Selestverlag: Prague.

[GE02] Giribet, G., G. D. Edgecombe, W. C. Wheeler & C. Babbitt. 2002. Phylogeny and systematic position of Opiliones: a combined analysis of chelicerate relationships using morphological and molecular data. Cladistics 18: 5–70.

[H07] Haupt, J. 2007. The whipscorpion Minbosius manilanus (C. L. Koch 1843) on Panay Island (Philippines) (Arachnida, Uropygi, Thelyphonidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 87 (2): 135–136.

[H95] Humphreys, W. F. 1995. Chorion surface features of chelicerate eggs. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 171–181.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[R95] Raven, R. J. 1995. Coxal glands of spiders of the genera Bymainiella, Atrax and Namea (Hexathelidae, Dipluridae, Mygalomorphae). Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 67–71.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SSS08] Selden, P. A., W. A. Shear & M. D. Sutton. 2008. Fossil evidence for the origin of spider spinnerets, and a proposed arachnid order. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105 (52): 20781–20785.

[WT06] Waeschenbach, A., M. J. Telford, J. S. Porter & D. T. J. Littlewood. 2006. The complete mitochondrial genome of Flustrellidra hispida and the phylogenetic position of Bryozoa among the Metazoa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 195–207.

[WY88] Welbourn, W. C., & O. P. Young. 1988. Mites parasitic on spiders, with a description of a new species of Eutrombidium (Acari, Eutrombidiidae). Journal of Arachnology 16: 373–385.

[W19] Wunderlich, J. 2019. What is a spider? Cretaceous fossils modify strongly phylogenetics as well as diagnoses of families, superfamilies and even suborders of spiders (Araneida) and other arthropods. Beiträge zur Araneologie 12: 1–32.

Basalhaplogynae

Desert bush spider Diguetia canities, from the National Park Service.

Belongs within: Araneida.
Contains: Scytodoidea, Pholcidae, Segestriidae, Dysderidae, Orsolobidae, Oonopidae.

The Basalhaplogynae are a clade of spiders in which the chelicerae are fused at the base and provided with a lamina; members of the clade also have the tegulum and subtegulum fused and the spinnerets lack tartipores (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

<==Basalhaplogynae [Haplogynae, Pholcoidea] W19
    |--Filistatidae [Filistatomorpha] JD-S07
    |    |  i. s.: Misionella P05
    |    |           |--M. didicostae Penney 2005 P05
    |    |           `--M. mendensis R14
    |    |         Microfilistata Zohnstein 1990 G95
    |    |--Filistatinae G95
    |    |    |  i. s.: Zaituna Lehtinen 1967 G95
    |    |    |--Sahastata Benoit 1968 G95
    |    |    |    |--S. nigra G95
    |    |    |    `--S. sabaea Brignoli 1982
    |    |    `--+--Kukulcania Lehtinen 1967 G95
    |    |       |    `--K. hibernalis G95
    |    |       `--Filistata Latreille 1810 G95, JD-S07
    |    |            |--F. hibernalis B06
    |    |            `--F. insidiatrix (Forskål 1775) MG03
    |    `--Prithinae G95
    |         |  i. s.: Malalistata Mello-Leitão 1946 G95
    |         |         Tricalamus Wang 1987 G95
    |         |--+--Filistatinella Gertsch & Ivie 1936 G95
    |         |  `--+--Filistatoides P.-Cambridge 1899 G95
    |         |     `--Pikelinia Mello-Leitão 1946 G95
    |         |          `--P. tambilloi R14
    |         `--+--+--Andoharano Lehtinen 1967 G95
    |            |  `--Afrofilistata Benoit 1968 G95
    |            `--+--Pritha Lehtinen 1967 G95, MG03
    |               |    |--*P. nana (Simon 1868) MG03
    |               |    `--P. crosbyi (Spassky 1938) [=Filistata crosbyi] MG03
    |               `--+--Yardiella Gray 1994 G95
    |                  `--Wandella Gray 1994 G95
    |                       |--W. orana G95
    |                       `--W. waldockae MC13
    `--Synspermiata [Scytodiformes] W19
         |--+--Scytodoidea JD-S07
         |  `--+--Pholcidae JD-S07
         |     `--+--Plectreuridae JD-S07
         |        |    |--Kibramoa Chamberlin 1924 JD-S07
         |        |    `--Plectreurys Simon 1893 JD-S07
         |        |         `--P. tristis Simon 1893 HF08
         |        `--Diguetidae JD-S07
         |             |--Segestrioides Keyserling 1883 JD-S07
         |             |    `--S. bicolor JD-S07
         |             `--Diguetia Simon 1895 JD-S07
         |                  |--D. canities JD-S07
         |                  `--D. signata Gertsch 1958 HF08
         `--+--+--Dysderoidea JD-S07
            |  |    |  i. s.: Trogloraptor [Trogloraptoridae] R14
            |  |    |--Segestriidae JD-S07
            |  |    `--+--Dysderidae JD-S07
            |  |       `--+--Orsolobidae JD-S07
            |  |          `--Oonopidae JD-S07
            |  `--Tetrablemmidae JD-S07
            |       |--Shearella JD-S07
            |       |--Afroblemma JD-S07
            |       |--Tetrablemma P.-Cambridge 1873 [Tetrablemminae] JD-S07
            |       |--Paculla [Pacullinae] JD-S07
            |       `--Monoblemma spinosum Wunderlich 1988 S93
            `--Caponiidae JD-S07
                 |--Caponia Simon 1887 [Caponiinae] JD-S07
                 |--Calponia Platnick 1993 JD-S07
                 |--Diploglena Purcell 1904 JD-S07
                 |--Nopsides Chamberlin 1924 JD-S07
                 |--Notnops Platnick 1994 JD-S07
                 |--Orthonops Chamberlin 1924 JD-S07
                 |--Taintnops Platnick 1994 JD-S07
                 |--Tarsonops Platnick 1994 JD-S07
                 |--Tisentnops Platnick 1994 JD-S07
                 |--Caponina Simon 1887 JD-S07
                 |    `--C. notabilis (Mello-Leitão 1939) FM11
                 `--Nops MacLeay 1839 [Nopinae] JD-S07
                      |--N. lobatus Wunderlich 1988 S93
                      `--N. segmentatus Wunderlich 1988 S93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B06] Banks, N. 1906. Arachnida from the Bahamas. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22: 185–189.

[FM11] Freire-Jr, G. de B., & P. C. Motta. 2011. Effects of experimental fire regimes on the abundance and diversity of cursorial arachnids of Brazilian savannah (cerrado biome). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 263–272.

[G95] Gray, M. R. 1995. Morphology and relationships within the spider family Filistatidae (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 79–89.

[HF08] Huber, B. A., & N. Fleckenstein. 2008. Comb-hairs on the fourth tarsi in pholcid spiders. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 232–240.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[MG03] Marusik, Yu. M., & E. F. Guseinov. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 1. New family and genus records. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 29–46.

[P05] Penney, D. 2005. Fossil blood droplets in Miocene Dominican amber yield clues to speed and direction of resin secretion. Palaeontology 48 (5): 925–927.

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[W19] Wunderlich, J. 2019. What is a spider? Cretaceous fossils modify strongly phylogenetics as well as diagnoses of families, superfamilies and even suborders of spiders (Araneida) and other arthropods. Beiträge zur Araneologie 12: 1–32.

Neocribellatae

Lampshade spider Hypochilus thorelli, copyright Marshal Hedin.

Belongs within: Araneida.
Contains: Argyronetidae, Hahniidae, Leptonetoidea, Plectana, Palpimanoidea, Eresoidea, Nicodamidae, Araneoidea, Austrochiloidea, Deinopoidea, Dictynidae, Amaurobioidea, Phyxelididae.

The Neocribellatae are a clade of spiders in which a sieve-like spinning plate, the cribellum, evolved in front of the spinnerets, though this feature has been secondarily lost in many derived subgroups. Members of this clade have a relatively short life cycle and do not moult subsequent to attaining maturity (Wunderlich 2019). Many members of this clade (most members of the subclade Praeentelegynae) have an entelegyne female reproductive system, with an epigyne bearing separate pairs of ducts for sperm transport during insemination and fertilisation, though it is debated whether such a system has arisen more than once.

<==Neocribellatae [Cleistospermiata] W19
    |  i. s.: Spinipalpus [Pholcochyroceridae] W19
    |           `--S. veta Wunderlich 2015 W19
    |--Hypochilidae [Palaearchaeidea, Paleocribellatae] W19
    |    |--Ectatosticta Simon 1892 [Ectatostictidae] JD-S07
    |    |    `--E. davidi A99
    |    `--Hypochilus Marx 1888 JD-S07
    |         |--H. coylei HR01
    |         |--H. gertschi FF99
    |         |--H. pococki FF99
    |         |--H. sheari HR01
    |         `--H. thorelli Marx 1888 HF08
    `--Praeentelegynae (see below for synonymy) W19
         |  i. s.: Argyronetidae S02
         |         Hahniidae S02
         |         Eurocoelotes inermis (Koch 1855) SL14
         |         Homalonychus Marx 1891 [Homalonychidae] JD-S07
         |           |--H. selenopoides R14
         |           `--H. theologus JD-S07
         |         Leptonetoidea W19
         |         Plectana D59
         |         Notocentria Thorell 1894 T94
         |           `--*N. sexspinosa Thorell 1894 T94
         |         Talthybia depressa Thorell 1898 GA11
         |--Palpimanoidea R14
         `--+--Eresoidea R14
            `--+--+--Nicodamidae R14
               |  `--+--Araneoidea R14
               |     `--+--Austrochiloidea R14
               |        `--+--Deinopoidea R14
               |           `--Dictynidae R14
               `--+--Amaurobioidea R14
                  `--Titanoecoidea JD-S07
                       |--Phyxelididae JD-S07
                       `--Titanoecidae JD-S07
                            |--Goeldia Keyserling 1891 JD-S07
                            |--Anuvinda Lehtinen 1967 JD-S07
                            |--Nurscia Simon 1874 JD-S07
                            |--Pandava Lehtinen 1967 JD-S07
                            `--Titanoeca Thorell 1869 R14, JD-S07
                                 |--T. americana R14
                                 `--T. obscura JD-S07

Praeentelegynae [Dictynoidea, Dipneumonomorpha, Entelegynae, Euetrioidae, Orbitelae, Orbiculariae, Orbitelariae] W19

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (transl. 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[D59] Doleschall, C. L. 1859. Tweede Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie [Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae] 5 (5): 1–60, pls 1–18.

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[GA11] Gregorič, M., I. Agnarsson, T. A. Blackledge & M. Kuntner. 2011. Darwin's bark spider: giant prey in giant orb webs (Caerostris darwini, Araneae: Araneidae)? Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 287–295.

[HR01] Hale, R. J., & D. C. F. Rentz. 2001. The Gryllacrididae: an overview of the world fauna with emphasis on Australian examples. In: Field, L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies pp. 95–110. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[HF08] Huber, B. A., & N. Fleckenstein. 2008. Comb-hairs on the fourth tarsi in pholcid spiders. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 232–240.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

[SL14] Samu, F., G. Lengyel, É. Szita, A. Bidló & P. Ódor. 2014. The effect of forest stand characteristics on spider diversity and species composition in deciduous-coniferous mixed forests. Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 135–141.

[S02] Selden, P. A. 2002. Missing links between Argyroneta and Cybaeidae revealed by fossil spiders. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 189–200.

[T94] Thorell, T. 1894. Förteckning öfver Arachnider från Java och närgränsande öar, insamlade af docenten D:r Carl Aurivillius; jemte beskrifingar å några sydasiatiska och sydamerikanska Spindlar. Bihang till K. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 20 pt. 4 (4): 1–63.

[W19] Wunderlich, J. 2019. What is a spider? Cretaceous fossils modify strongly phylogenetics as well as diagnoses of families, superfamilies and even suborders of spiders (Araneida) and other arthropods. Beiträge zur Araneologie 12: 1–32.

Araneida

Chimerarachne yingi, copyright Bo Yang.

Belongs within: Tetrapulmonata.
Contains: Mesothelae, Mygalomorphae, Basalhaplogynae, Neocribellatae.

The Araneida are a clade of arachnids including the spiders (Araneae) and the Cretaceous Chimerarachne, united by the organisation of the openings of the silk glands into a group of spinnerets at the end of the opisthosoma, and modification of the male pedipalp as an organ for sperm transfer. Chimerarachne yingi is known from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber and differs from modern spiders in retaining a long terminal flagellum (Wunderlich 2019). The tarsus of the pedipalp bears a pair of apical apophyses in some but not all of the known specimens; the modified pedipalp has been interpreted as a sperm transfer organ like that of modern male spiders. Modern spiders are also characterised by the modification of the chelicerae to bear venomous fangs. In most living spiders, forming the clade Opisthothelae, all trace of external segmentation has been lost from the abdomen. The fangs are plesiomorphically parallel with one another but in members of the clade Araneomorphae they close towards the midline of the body.

Other fossil spiders may include the Pyritaraneidae, a poorly defined group of large, long-legged arachnids known from the Carboniferous of Europe.

Araneida W19
    |--Chimerarachne Wang et al. 2018 [Chimerarachnida, Chimerarachnidae] W19
    |    `--C. yingi Wang et al. 2018 W19
    `--Araneae [Arachnides, Aranea, Aranina, Artharachnae, Parallelodontes] GD16
         |  i. s.: Archoleptona schusteri UB02
         |         Blabomma UB02
         |         Bryantella smaragdus (Crane 1945) [incl. Parnaenus convexus Chickering 1946] J02
         |         Pterinochilus WS02
         |           |--P. carnivorus Strand 1917 J98
         |           `--P. nigrofulvus (Pocock 1898) WS02
         |         Lophomma punctatum RKD02
         |         Tholia KK90
         |           |--T. conifera Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
         |           |--T. mammeata Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
         |           |--T. peltata Koch in Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
         |           |--T. pilosa Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
         |           |--T. simpla Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
         |           `--T. tuberculata Koch in Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
         |         Heurodes Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
         |           `--*H. turrita Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
         |         Carepalxis Koch 1872 KK90
         |           |--C. bilobata Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
         |           |--C. furcula Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
         |           `--C. tuberculata Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
         |         Ulesanis Koch 1872 KK90
         |           `--U. sextuberculata Koch & Keyserling 1890 KK90
         |         Wirada Keyserling 1886 KK90
         |           `--W. rotunda Koch & Keyserling 1890 KK90
         |         Tobesoa Koch & Keyserling 1890 KK90
         |           `--*T. theridioides Koch & Keyserling 1890 KK90
         |         Gmogala Koch & Keyserling 1890 [=Imogala (l. c.)] KK90
         |           `--*G. scarabaea Koch & Keyserling 1890 [=Imogala (l. c.) scarabaea] KK90
         |         Euro permunda B96
         |         Daramulunia [=Daramuliana (l. c.)] C90
         |         Pyritaraneidae D07
         |           |--Pyritaranea tubifera F04
         |           `--Dinopilio Fritsch 1904 D07, F04
         |                `--*D. gigas Fritsch 1904 F04
         |         Amphitrogulus sternalis Gourret 1886 D07
         |         Phalangillum hirsutum Gourret 1886 D07
         |         Tidarren sisyphoides CM07
         |         Novakia ‘trituberculata’ (Urquhart 1887) [=Epeira trituberculata non Lucas 1846] NS00
         |         Phalaea marginata Strand 1907 J98
         |         Barusia maheni (Kratochvíl & Miller 1939) UO05
         |         Hadites tegenarioides Keyserling 1862 UO05
         |         Ariadne Doleschall 1857 D57
         |           `--*A. flagellum Doleschall 1857 D57
         |         Sarinda linda C08
         |         Perneria Fritsch 1904 F04
         |           `--*P. salticoides [=Arthrolycosa salticoides] F04
         |         Pleurolycosa Fritsch 1904 F04
         |           `--*P. prolifera [=Arthrolycosa prolifera] F04
         |         Acrosoma H04
         |           |--A. bifurcatum H04
         |           |--A. hexacanthum H04
         |           `--A. spinosum H04
         |         Troglodiplura lowryi Y95
         |         Desidiopsis racovitzai PP64
         |         Sanogasta backhauseni R14
         |         Cupa kalawitana R14
         |         Acanthodon P01
         |           |--A. flaveolum Pocock 1901 P01
         |           `--A. thorellii P01
         |         Heligmomerus P01
         |           |--H. deserti Pocock 1901 P01
         |           `--H. somalicus P01
         |--Mesothelae JD-S07
         `--Opisthothelae JD-S07
              |--Mygalomorphae JD-S07
              `--Araneomorphae (see below for synonymy) JD-S07
                   |  i. s.: Phrynarachne decipiens B96
                   |         Dendrolycosa Doleschall 1859 D59
                   |           `--*D. fusca Doleschall 1859 D59
                   |--Basalhaplogynae W19
                   `--Neocribellatae W19

Araneomorphae [Antiodontes, Arachnomorphae, Araneoclada, Hypochilomorphae, Inaequitelae, Tubitelariae] JD-S07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B96] Brunet, B. 1996. Spiderwatch: A Guide to Australian Spiders. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

[C08] Ceccarelli, F. S. 2008. Behavioral mimicry in Myrmarachne species (Araneae, Salticidae) from north Queensland, Australia. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 344–351.

[C90] Coddington, J. A. 1990. Book review: Advances in spider taxonomy 1981–1987: a supplement to Brignoli’s A catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981 (edited by P. Merrett), by Norman I. Platnick. Journal of Arachnology 18: 245–248.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[D57] Doleschall, C. L. 1857. Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, series 3, 3 (5–6): 399–434, pls 1–2.

[D59] Doleschall, C. L. 1859. Tweede Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie [Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae] 5 (5): 1–60, pls 1–18.

[D07] Dunlop, J. A. 2007. Paleontology. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 247–265. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[F04] Fritsch, A. 1904. Palaeozoische Arachniden. Selestverlag: Prague.

[GD16] Garwood, R. J., J. A. Dunlop, P. A. Selden, A. R. T. Spencer, R. C. Atwood, N. T. Vo & M. Drakopoulos. 2016. Almost a spider: a 305-million-year-old fossil arachnid and spider origins. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 283: 20160125.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[J02] Jocqué, R. 2002. Genitalic polymorphism—a challenge for taxonomy. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 298–306.

[KK90] Koch, L., & E. Keyserling. 1884–1890. Die Arachniden Australiens nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet vol. 2. Bauer & Raspe: Nürnberg.

[NS00] Nicholls, D. C., P. J. Sirvid, S. D. Pollard & M. Walker. 2000. A list of arachnid primary types held in Canterbury Museum. Records of the Canterbury Museum 14: 37–48.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P01] Pocock, R. I. 1901. Descriptions of some new African Arachnida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 284–288.

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

[RKD02] Relys, V., S. Koponen & D. Dapkus. 2002. Annual differences and species turnover in peat bog spider communities. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 416–424.

[UB02] Ubick, D., & T. S. Briggs. 2002. The harvestman family Phalangodidae 4. A review of the genus Banksula (Opiliones, Laniatores). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 435–451.

[UO05] Ubick, D., & R. Ozimec. 2005. On the harvestman genus Lola Kratochvíl (Opiliones: Laniatores). Natura Croatica 14 (3): 161–174.

[WS02] Whitmore, C., R. Slotov, T. E. Crouch & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2002. Diversity of spiders (Araneae) in a savanna reserve, Northern Province, South Africa. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 344–356.

[W19] Wunderlich, J. 2019. What is a spider? Cretaceous fossils modify strongly phylogenetics as well as diagnoses of families, superfamilies and even suborders of spiders (Araneida) and other arthropods. Beiträge zur Araneologie 12: 1–32.

[Y95] Yen, A. L. 1995. Australian spiders: an opportunity for conservation. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 39–47.

Last updated: 16 October 2019.

Xysticus

Xysticus cristatus, copyright Philippe Garcelon.

Belongs within: Thomisidae.

Xysticus, ground crab spiders, is a genus of crab spiders with a generally flattened abdomen, carapace with the front distinctly higher than the back, and the two pairs of lateral eyes on incompletely joined tubercles.

<==Xysticus
    |--X. altaicus Simon 1895 S95
    |--X. audax R14
    |--X. bifasciatus CM07
    |--X. bliteus (Simon 1875) PO08
    |--X. calenzanae Kraus 1955 K55
    |--X. canadensis Gertsch 1934 PS08
    |--X. caperatus Simon 1875 PO08
    |--X. connectens Kulczyński 1901 K01
    |--X. cristatus (Clerck 1757) PO08
    |--X. cunctator MC02
    |--X. edax (Pickard-Cambridge 1872) PO08
    |--X. elegans JVHN90
    |--X. elongatus (Stoliczka 1869) [=Thomisus (Xysticus) elongatus] S69
    |--X. emertoni Keyserling 1880 M01
    |--X. erraticus (Blackwall 1834) BBM02
    |--X. fienae JD-S07
    |--X. fucatus [incl. X. albimanus] K01
    |--X. grallator Simon 1932 K55
    |--X. inaequalis Kulczyński 1901 K01
    |--X. kempeleni Thorell 1872 PO08
    |--X. kochii Thorell 1872 K55
    |--X. lanio Koch 1835 MF11
    |--X. lateralis K01
    |--X. lineatus (Westring 1851) PO08
    |--X. luctator K01
    |--X. luctuosus K01
    |--X. ninni BV00
    |--X. nubilus Simon 1875 K55
    |--X. obscurus Collett 1887 PS08
    |--X. pini K01
    |--X. promiscuus Pickard-Cambridge 1876 PO08
    |--X. pugilis (Stoliczka 1869) [=Thomisus (Xysticus) pugilis] S69
    |--X. punctatus JDW90
    |--X. sabulosus (Hahn 1832) BBM02
    |--X. secedens BV00
    |--X. striatipes K01
    |--X. ulmi (Hahn 1831) K55
    |--X. viaticus CM07
    `--X. xerodermus Strand 1913 PO08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BV00] Bayram, A., & M. İ. Varol. 2000. Spiders active on snow in eastern Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East 21: 133–137.

[BBM02] Bonte, D., L. Baert & J.-P. Maelfait. 2002. Spider assemblage structure and stability in a heterogeneous coastal dune system (Belgium). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 331–343.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[JDW90] Jennings, D. T., J. B. Dimond & B. A. Watt. 1990. Population densities of spiders (Araneae) and spruce budworms (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) on foliage of balsam fir and red spruce in east-central Maine. Journal of Arachnology 18: 181–194.

[JVHN90] Jennings, D. T., W. M. Vander Haegen & A. M. Narahara. 1990. A sampling of forest-floor spiders (Araneae) by expellant, Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge, Maine. Journal of Arachnology 18: 173–180.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MF11] Mąkol, J., & M. Felska. 2011. New records of spiders (Araneae) as hosts of terrestrial Parasitengona mites (Acari: Actinotrichida: Prostigmata). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 352–354.

[MC02] Miliczky, E. R., & C. O. Calkins. 2002. Spiders (Araneae) as potential predators of leafroller larvae and egg masses (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in central Washington apple and pear orchards. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 78 (2): 140–150.

[M01] Morse, D. H. 2001. Harvestmen as commensals of crab spiders. Journal of Arachnology 29: 273–275.

[PS08] Pinzón, J., & J. Spence. 2008. Performance of two arboreal pitfall trap designs in sampling cursorial spiders from tree trunks. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 280–286.

[PO08] Pluess, T., I. Opatovsky, E. Gavish-Regev, Y. Lubin & M. H. Schmidt. 2008. Spiders in wheat fields and semi-desert in the Negev (Israel). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 368–373.

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

[S95] Simon, E. 1895. Arachnides recueillis par M^r G. Potanine en Chine et en Mongolie (1876–1879). Izviestĭia Imperatorskoi Akademĭi Nauk” [Bulletin de l’Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg], Ser. 5, 4: 331–345.

[S69] Stoliczka, F. 1869. Contribution to the knowledge of Indian Arachnoidea. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 38 pt 2 (4): 201–251, pls 18–20.

Thomisus

Female Thomisus onustus, copyright Lucarelli.

Belongs within: Thomisidae.

Thomisus is a genus of crab spiders, a number of species of which are brightly coloured to match flowers on which they wait to ambush visiting insects.

<==Thomisus Walckenaer 1805 [Thomisinae] JD-S07
    |--T. albens S95
    |--T. albus K01 [incl. T. albidus S95]
    |--T. amboinensis Doleschall 1857 D57
    |--T. annulipes Lucas 1846 E12
    |--T. anthobius P01
    |--T. argentatus [=Aranea argentata, Heteropoda argentata] C01
    |--T. aureolus [=Aranea aureola, Heteropoda aureola] C01
    |--T. bilineatus [=Aranea bilineata, Heteropoda bilineata] C01
    |--T. calycinus (Linnaeus 1758) C01, L58 [=Aranea calycina C01, Heteropoda calycina C01]
    |--T. cespitum [=Aranea cespitum, Heteropoda cespitum] C01
    |--T. cinerascens Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--T. cristatus [=Aranea cristata, Heteropoda cristata] C01
    |--T. daradioides JD-S07
    |--T. dauci [=Aranea dauci, Heteropoda dauci] C01
    |--T. delicatulus [=Aranea delicatula, Heteropoda delicatula] C01
    |--T. diana [=Aranea diana, Heteropoda diana] C01
    |--T. dilatatus Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--T. dissimilis Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--T. facatus [=Aranea facata, Heteropoda facata] C01
    |--T. ferox K18
    |--T. floricola [=Aranea floricola, Heteropoda floricola] C01
    |--T. grubei Simon 1895 S95
    |--T. numida Lucas 1846 E12
    |--T. oblongus [=Aranea oblonga, Heteropoda oblonga] C01
    |--T. onustus Walckenaer 1805 K55
    |--T. peelianus Stoliczka 1869 S69
    |--T. piger [=Aranea pigra, Heteropoda pigra] C01
    |--T. rhomboicus [=Aranea rhomboica, Heteropoda rhomboica] C01
    |--T. rotundatus [=Aranea rotundata, Heteropoda rotundata] C01
    |--T. spectabilis Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--T. spiculosus Pocock 1901 P01
    |--T. stellifer Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--T. tigrinus [=Aranea tigrina, Heteropoda tigrina] C01
    |--T. truncatus [=Aranea truncata, Heteropoda truncata] C01
    |--T. tuberosus S69
    |--T. violaceus [=Aranea violacea, Heteropoda violacea] C01
    `--T. vulcanicus Doleschall 1859 D59

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C01] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[D57] Doleschall, C. L. 1857. Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, series 3, 3 (5–6): 399–434, pls 1–2.

[D59] Doleschall, C. L. 1859. Tweede Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie [Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae] 5 (5): 1–60, pls 1–18.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K18] Kohl, F. F. 1918. Die Hautflügergruppe "Sphecinae". IV. Teil. Die natürliche Gattung Sceliphron Klug (Pelopoeus Latr.). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museum in Wien 32: 1–171.

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[P01] Pocock, R. I. 1901. Diagnoses of some new species of spiders from Mashonaland. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 337–340.

[S95] Simon, E. 1895. Arachnides recueillis par M^r G. Potanine en Chine et en Mongolie (1876-1879). Izviestĭia Imperatorskoi Akademĭi Nauk” [Bulletin de l’Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg], Ser. 5, 4: 331–345.

[S69] Stoliczka, F. 1869. Contribution to the knowledge of Indian Arachnoidea. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 38 pt 2 (4): 201–251, pls 18–20.

Gnaphosoidea

Broad-faced sac spiders Trachelas tranquillus, copyright Judy Gallagher.

Belongs within: Dionycha.
Contains: Lamponidae, Liocranidae, Micaria, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae, Phrurolithidae, Gallieniellidae.

The Gnaphosoidea are a clade of spiders that mostly have flat posterior median eyes whose tapeta have the middle dark lines orthogonal to each other, allowing the tapeta to function as a polarised light compass (Ramírez 2014).

Synapomorphies (from Ramírez 2014, as Oblique Median Tapetum clade): Claw tuft seta with thick base; female with shaft of anterior major ampullate spigot much smaller than posterior; male with two major ampullates; major ampullate and piriform fields separated by deep furrow male and female; posterior median spinneret with four or five cylindrical gland spigots, forming isolated posterior group.

<==Gnaphosoidea JD-S07
    |  i. s.: Sphingius R14
    |         Sudharmia R14
    |         Koppe R14
    |--Trochanteriidae R14
    |    |  i. s.: Trochanteria Karsch 1878 [Trochanteriinae] JD-S07
    |    |         Morebilus T13 [Morebilinae JD-S07]
    |    |           `--M. diversus (Koch 1875) T13
    |    |         Plator [Platoridae] R14
    |    |           |--P. indicus Sim. 1897 K01
    |    |           `--P. insolens Simon 1880 K01
    |    |--Fissarena R14
    |    |    |--F. barrow Platnick 2002 T13
    |    |    `--F. castanea R14
    |    `--+--Desognaphosa yabbra R14
    |       `--Trachycosmus [Trachycosminae] R14
    |            `--T. sculptilis R14
    `--+--+--Galianoella Goloboff 2000 WJ02
       |  |    `--G. leucostigma R14
       |  `--+--Jacaena R14
       |     `--+--Teutamus R14
       |        `--+--Sesieutes R14
       |           `--Oedignatha [Oedignathae] R14
       |                |--O. jocquei R14
       |                `--O. scrobiculata R14
       `--+--Lamponidae R14
          `--+--+--Austrachelas pondoensis R14
             |  `--Liocranidae R14
             `--+--Trachelidae [Tracheleae, Trachelinae] R14
                |    |  i. s.: Poachelas R14
                |    |         Spinotrachelas capensis Haddad 2006 R14
                |    |         Fuchiba R14
                |    |         Fuchibotulus R14
                |    |         Afroceto R14
                |    |         Cetonana laticeps R14
                |    |         Metatrachelas R14
                |    |         Paratrachelas R14
                |    |         Patelloceto R14
                |    |         Planochelas R14
                |    |         Thysanina R14
                |    |         Utivarachna R14
                |    |--Trachelas Koch 1872 R14
                |    |    |--T. minor R14
                |    |    |--T. tranquillus R14
                |    |    `--T. volutus R14
                |    `--+--Meriola R14
                |       |    |--M. barrosi R14
                |       |    `--M. cetiformis (Strand 1908) [=Trachelas cetiformis] J98
                |       `--+--Paccius scharffi R14
                |          `--+--‘Trachelas’ mexicanus R14
                |             `--Trachelopachys ammobates R14
                `--+--+--Toxoniella Warui & Jocqué 2002 R14, WJ02
                   |  |    |--*T. taitensis Warui & Jocqué 2002 WJ02
                   |  |    `--T. rogoae Warui & Jocqué 2002 WJ02
                   |  `--+--+--Micaria R14
                   |     |  `--+--Gnaphosidae R14
                   |     |     `--Prodidomidae R14
                   |     `--+--Platyoides R14
                   |        |    |--P. pictus JD-S07
                   |        |    `--P. walteri JD-S07
                   |        `--+--Doliomalus cimicoides R14
                   |           `--Vectius niger R14
                   `--+--Legendrena Platnick 1984 R14, WJ02
                      |    `--L. perinet R14
                      `--+--Xenoplectus armatus R14
                         `--+--+--Phrurolithidae R14
                            |  `--Rastellus Platnick & Griffin 1990 R14, JD-S07
                            |       `--R. florisbad R14
                            `--+--Gallieniellidae R14
                               `--+--Cithaeronidae JD-S07
                                  |    |--Inthaeron Platnick 1991 JD-S07
                                  |    `--Cithaeron P.-Cambridge 1872 R14, JD-S07
                                  |         `--C. delimbatus R14
                                  `--Ammoxenidae JD-S07
                                       |--Austrammo Platnick 2002 JD-S07
                                       |--Barrowammo Platnick 2002 JD-S07
                                       |    `--B. waldockae Platnick 2002 T13
                                       `--Ammoxenus Simon 1893 R14, JD-S07
                                            |--A. amphalodes Dippenaar & Meyer 1980 HD-S02
                                            `--A. coccineus R14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[HD-S02] Haddad, C. R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2002. The influence of mound structure on the diversity of spiders (Araneae) inhabiting the abandoned mounds of the snouted harvester termite Trinervitermes trinervoides. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 403–408.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

[T13] Taylor, C. K. 2013. Annotated bibliography for Barrow Island terrestrial invertebrates. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 135–144.

[WJ02] Warui, C., & R. Jocqué. 2002. The first Gallieniellidae (Araneae) from eastern Africa. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 307–315.