Lesser bulrush Typha angustifolia, copyright Le Loup Gris.
Belongs within: Commelinidae.
Contains: Bromeliaceae, Eriocaulaceae,
Restionaceae,
Poaceae, Cyperaceae,
Juncaceae.
The Poales are a clade of monocotyledonous flowering plants united by molecular analyses, as well as by the presence of epidermal silica bodies (phytoliths).
Characters (from
Angiosperm Phylogeny Web): Mycorrhizae absent; vessel elements in roots often with simple perforation plates, vessels also in stem and leaf, also with simple perforation plates; SiO
2 epidermal; raphides absent; inflorescence indeterminate; style well developed, stigmas small, dry; micropyle bistomal, both integuments ca. 2 cells across; cotyledon hyperphyllar, haustorial; whole nuclear genome duplication [σ/sigma event]; mitochondrial
sdh3 [succinate dehydrogenase 3] gene lost.
<==Poales [Glumiflorae, Juncales, Xyridaceae, Xyridales, Xyridineae]
| i. s.: Lyginia OS04 [Lyginiaceae DS04]
| |--L. barbata RL05
| `--L. imberbis OS04
| Hopkinsiaceae DS04
|--Rapateaceae [Rapateoideae] DS04
| |--Rapatea xiphoides DS04
| `--+--+--Cephalostemon flavus DS04
| | `--Spathanthus bicolor DS04
| `--+--Stegolepis DS04
| | |--S. ligulata BS05
| | `--S. parvipetala DS04
| `--Saxofridericioideae DS04
| |--Kunhardtia radiata DS04
| `--+--Epidryos allenii DS04
| `--Schoenocephalium cucullatum DS04
`--+--Typhaceae [Typhales] DS04
| |--Sparganium Linnaeus 1753 DS04, ME70 [Sparganiaceae]
| | |--S. americanum DS04
| | |--S. emersum L06
| | |--S. erectum L06
| | |--S. eurycarpum DS04
| | |--S. pusilloides JD05
| | |--S. simplex CS77
| | `--S. subglobosum Morong 1888 [incl. S. antipodum Graebner 1900] ME70
| `--Typha Linnaeus 1753 SR07, ME70
| |--T. angustata PP07
| |--T. angustifolia Linnaeus 1753 BF89
| | |--T. a. var. angustifolia C06
| | `--T. a. var. brownii C06
| |--T. domingensis VB02
| |--T. elephantiana VB02
| |--T. latifolia Linnaeus 1753 CD07
| | |--T. l. ssp. latifolia G01
| | `--T. l. ssp. capensis G01
| |--T. minima GR98
| `--T. orientalis Presl 1852 ME70 (see below for synonymy)
`--+--Bromeliaceae SR07
`--+--+--Eriocaulaceae DS04
| `--+--Abolboda [Abolbodoideae] DS04
| | `--A. macrostachya DS04
| `--+--Aratitiyopea lopezii DS04
| `--Orectanthe sceptrum DS04
`--+--+--Flagellariaceae DS04
| | |--Flagellaria indica GPWG01
| | `--Susum YY22
| `--+--Restionaceae SR07
| `--+--Joinvillea [Joinvilleaceae] DS04
| | |--J. ascendens GPWG01
| | `--J. plicata GPWG01
| `--+--Poaceae SR07
| `--Ecdeiocolea [Ecdeiocoleaceae] SR07
| `--E. monostachya DS04
`--+--Mayaca [Mayacaceae] SR07
| `--M. sellowiana DS04
`--+--+--+--Cyperaceae SR07
| | `--Juncaceae DS04
| `--+--Prionium [Prioniaceae] DS04
| | `--P. serratum DS04
| `--Thurnia [Thurniaceae] DS04
| |--T. jenmani DS04
| `--T. polycephala DS04
`--Xyridoideae DS04
|--Achlyphila DS04
`--Xyris SR07
|--X. bicephala DS04
|--X. cheumatophila LK14
|--X. complanata LK14
|--X. indica LK14
|--X. jupicai DS04
|--X. laxifolia C55
|--X. oligantha LK14
|--X. pauciflora LK14
`--X. pusilla LK14
Typha orientalis Presl 1852 ME70 [incl. T. muelleri Rohrb. 1869 ME70, T. angustifolia var. muelleri C06]
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
[BS05] Barfuss, M. H. J., R. Samuel, W. Till & T. F. Stuessy. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships in subfamily Tillandsioideae (Bromeliaceae) based on DNA sequence data from seven plastid regions.
American Journal of Botany 92 (2): 337–351.
[BF89] Burnham, B. H., & P. E. Fell. 1989. Distribution of
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Nautilus 103 (3): 109–112.
[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855.
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[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta.
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[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906.
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[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977.
Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1.
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[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from
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[GPWG01] Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae).
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[GR98] Greuter, W., & T. Raus (eds.) 1998. Med-Checklist Notulae, 17.
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[G01] Grout, T. G. 2001. Advances in understanding the ecology of
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[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens.
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[L06] Lewin, I. 2006. The gastropod communities in the lowland rivers of agricultural areas—their biodiversity and bioindicative value in the Ciechanowska Upland, central Poland.
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[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia.
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[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970.
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[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064).
Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.
[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan).
Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1–4): 15–78.
[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire.
Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.
[SR07] Saarela, J. M., H. S. Rai, J. A. Doyle, P. K. Endress, S. Mathews, A. D. Marchant, B. G. Briggs & S. W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree.
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[VB02] Vijay, S. K., & T. N. Bhardwaja. 2002. Vegetation and phenodynamics of wetlands of central Rajasthan.
Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 573–581.