Dryandra

Dryandra nivea, from Wikimedia.

Belongs within: Proteaceae.

Dryandra has been recognised as a genus of shrubs and small trees found in south-western Western Australia. Recent revisions have suggested its synonymisation with the related genus Banksia, from which it was previously distinguished by having flat rather than conical inflorescences.

Characters (from A. S. George): Shrubs or small trees, many prostrate. Leaves serrate to pinnatifid or pinnatipartite, sometimes almost pinnatisect, sometimes bipinnatifid, sometimes entire, hairy becoming glabrous adaxially, closely tomentose or woolly between nerves abaxially. Inflorescence terminal, axillary or on short lateral branchlet, commonly sessile, capitate; receptacle concave, flat or convex; involucre usually prominent, of many imbricate flat or subulate bracts, persistent; flowering usually centripetal; flowers 15–250 per head; floral bracts usually enlarged after flowering. Perianth straight or curved; tepals separating almost to base at anthesis. Pistil straight or curved, with style often exserted to one side before anthesis; pollen presenter usually erect, narrower, as wide as or wider than style. Follicles few per head, woody but not massively so, commonly striate, in 2 species cartilaginous. Seed usually with a terminal wing, rarely elliptic with an annular wing and then without a separator but with 2 supplementary outer wings.

<==Dryandra
    |--D. arborea G04a
    |--D. armata OS04
    |--D. bipinnatifida GK00
    |--D. carduacea RL05
    |--D. erythrocephala G04b
    |--D. ferruginea G04b
    |    |--D. f. ssp. ferruginea G04b
    |    `--D. f. ssp. flavescens G04b
    |--D. floribunda S35
    |--D. fraseri OS04
    |--D. lindleyana JK08
    |    |--D. l. ssp. lindleyana OS04
    |    `--D. l. ssp. sylvestris OS04
    |--D. nivea S35
    |--D. nobilis OS04
    |--D. pallida G04b
    |--D. porrecta GK00
    |--D. praeformosa Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |--D. praemorsa JK08
    |--D. purdieana G04b
    |--D. rufistylis OS04
    |--D. sessilis JK08
    |--D. squarrosa JK08
    `--D. viscida G04b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35-47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49-62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323-402.

[JK08] Johnstone, R. E., & T. Kirkby. 2008. Distribution, status, social organisation, movements and conservation of Baudin's cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) in south-west Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 107-118.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19-28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155-165.

[S35] Solomon, M. E. 1935. On a new genus and two new species of Western Australian Aleyrodidae. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 21: 75-91.

Piperales

Florida peperomia Peperomia obtusifolia, photographed by Roger L. Hammer.

Belongs within: Mesangiospermae.
Contains: Aristolochiaceae.

The Piperales is a clade of mostly herbaceous plants (some species are lianes or small trees) found primarily in tropical and subtropical regions. Members of the families Piperaceae and Saururaceae have small flowers borne in elongate spikes. Commercially significant species include Piper nigrum, pepper, and Piper betle, betel.

Synapomorphies (from www.mobot.org): Plant herbaceous, growth sympodial; sesquiterpenes [e.g. gamma-elemene] present; starch grains compound; primary stem with distinct bundles; vessel elements in radial files, with simple perforation plates; wood with broad rays; nodes often swollen; stomata not paracytic; leaves two-ranked, lamina with secondary veins palmate; stamens in threes; seed more or less tegmic, endotegmen tanniniferous; PHYE gene absent.

<==Piperales [Piperineae]
    |--Aristolochiaceae SaaRai07
    |--Saururaceae DS04
    |    |--Houttuynia cordata DS04
    |    `--Saururus JD05
    |         |--S. bilibatus JD05
    |         `--S. cernuus DS04
    `--Piperaceae DS04
         |  i. s.: Nematanthera YY22
         |         Symbryon YY22
         |         Verhuellia YY22
         |         Lepianthes umbellatum [=Pothomorphe umbellata] J87
         |--+--Macropiper Miq. 1839 DS04, A61
         |  |    `--M. excelsum (Forst. f.) Miq. 1843 [=Piper excelsum Forst. f. 1786] A61
         |  |         |--M. e. var. excelsum A61
         |  |         `--M. e. var. majus (Cheeseman) Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |  `--Piper [Piperoideae] DS04
         |       |--P. aduncum J87
         |       |--P. amarum J87
         |       |--P. betle Linnaeus 1753 CD07
         |       |--P. carinum K03
         |       |--P. cenocladum DL99
         |       |--P. confusum J87
         |       |--P. feistmanteli Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |       |--P. hispidum J87
         |       |--P. longum SDK05
         |       |--P. methysticum HSS13
         |       |--P. nigrum SanRav07
         |       |--P. oviedoi J87
         |       |--P. rugosum J87
         |       `--P. wightii SanRav07
         `--Peperomia Ruiz & Pav. 1794 DS04, A61 [Peperomioideae]
              |--P. acuminata J87
              |--P. alata J87
              |--P. cabaianum J87
              |--P. distachya J87
              |--P. dominicana J87
              |--P. galioides J87
              |--P. glabella J87
              |--P. hernandifolia J87
              |--P. heyneana D07
              |--P. hispidula J87
              |--P. leonardii J87
              |--P. magnoliifolia J87
              |--P. michelensis J87
              |--P. obtusifolia J87
              |--P. pellucida P88
              |--P. polybotrya DS04
              |--P. pseudo-rhombea de Candolle 1869 (see below for synonymy) SanRav07
              |--P. quadrifolia J87
              |--P. ramosa J87
              |--P. reflexa J87
              |--P. tenella J87
              |--P. tetraphylla (Forst. f.) Hook. & Arn. 1832 (see below for synonymy) A61
              `--P. urvilleana Rich. 1832 (see below for synonymy) A61

Macropiper excelsum var. majus (Cheeseman) Allan 1961 [=Piper excelsum var. major Cheeseman 1906; incl. Piper psittacorum Endl. 1833, Macropiper excelsum var. psittacorum (Endl.) Laing 1915] A61

Peperomia pseudo-rhombea de Candolle 1869 [incl. P. dindigulensis Wight 1821, P. thomsoni Hooker 1886] SanRav07

Peperomia tetraphylla (Forst. f.) Hook. & Arn. 1832 [=Piper tetraphyllum Forst. f. 1786; incl. Pe. novae-zealandiae Col. 1895] A61

Peperomia urvilleana Rich. 1832 [incl. P. endlicheri Miq. 1843, P. muricatula Colenso 1895, P. simplex Endl. 1833] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1-E44.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 79-88.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467-510.

[DL99] Dyer, L. A. & D. K. Letourneau. 1999. Relative strengths of top-down and bottom-up forces in a tropical forest community. Oecologia 119: 265-274.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185-273.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81-98.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[SaaRai07] Saarela, J. M., H. S. Rai, J. A. Doyle, P. K. Endress, S. Mathews, A. D. Marchant, B. G. Briggs & S. W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446: 312-315.

[SanRav07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 165-172.

[SDK05] Sharma, L. K., N. K. Dadhich & A. Kumar. 2005. Plant based veterinary medicine from traditional knowledge of India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1-4): 43-52.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1-62.

Nymphaeales

The giant waterlily Victoria cruziana, from here.

Belongs within: Angiospermae.

The Nymphaeales are the waterlilies, a clade of aquatic flowering plants with surface-floating leaves (though the genus Cabomba produces both submerged and floating leaves). Recent phylogenetic analyses of flowering plants indicate that the Nymphaeales form one of the most basal branches within this group, and definitive fossil representatives date back to the Upper Cretaceous (Gandolfo et al. 2004).

<==Nymphaeales [Nymphaeanae]
    |--Cabombaceae [Hydropeltidales] GNC04
    |    |--Cabomba [Cabomboideae] GNC04
    |    `--Brasenia [Hydropeltoideae] GNC04
    |         `--B. schreberi SR07
    `--Nymphaeaceae GNC04
         |  i. s.: Nymphaeites rhoenensis S02
         |         Nelumbium luteum C55, D59
         |--Nuphar [Nupharoideae] GNC04
         |    |--N. advena SR07
         |    |--N. lutea SR07
         |    |--N. polysepalum WF02
         |    `--N. variegata DS04
         `--+--Hydrostemma C95 [Barclayaceae, Barclayoideae GNC04]
            |    `--H. motleyi (Hooker) Mabberley 1982 (see below for synonymy) C95
            `--Nymphaeoideae T00
                 |--Ondinea GNC04
                 `--+--Microvictoria Nixon, Gandolfo & Crepet in Gandolfo, Nixon & Crepet 2004 GNC04
                    |    `--*M. svitkoana Nixon, Gandolfo & Crepet in Gandolfo, Nixon & Crepet 2004 GNC04
                    |--Euryaloideae T00
                    |    |--Victoria cruziana GNC04, DS04
                    |    `--Euryale ferox J89
                    `--Nymphaea GNC04
                         |--N. alba BBO01
                         |--N. ampla C55
                         |--N. capensis P88
                         |--N. elleniae Jacobs 1992 C95
                         |--N. gigantea C95
                         |--N. immutabilis Jacobs 1992 C95
                         |--N. lotus P88
                         |--N. macrosperma Merr. & Perry 1942 [incl. N. dictyophlebia Merr. & Perry 1942] C95
                         |--N. nouchali Burm. f. 1768 C95
                         |--N. odorata Aiton 1789 CD07
                         |--N. pubescens Willdenow 1797 C95
                         |--N. stellata P88
                         `--N. violacea Lehn. 1843 [=N. gigantea var. violacea (Lehn.) Conard 1905] C95

Hydrostemma motleyi (Hooker) Mabberley 1982 [=Barclaya motleyi Hooker 1860; incl. B. motleyi f. membranacea Royen 1962] C95

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BBO01] Begerow, D., R. Bauer & F. Oberwinkler. 2001. Muribasidiospora: Microstromatales or Exobasidiales? Mycological Research 105 (7): 798-810.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1-E44.

[C95] Conn, B. J. 1995. Nymphaeaceae. In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 3 (B. J. Conn, ed.) pp. 192-202. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Australia).

[D59] Darwin, C. 1859. The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life 1^st ed. John Murray: London. (reprinted 1967. Atheneum: New York; 1968. Penguin Books: London)

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467-510.

[GNC04] Gandolfo, M. A., K. C. Nixon & W. L. Crepet. 2004. Cretaceous flowers of Nymphaeaceae and implications for complex insect entrapment pollination mechanisms in early angiosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (21): 8056-8060.

[J89] Jacoby, M. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XVII. – List of the phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Signor L. Fea at Burmah and Tenasserim, with descriptions of the new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 147-237.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[SR07] Saarela, J. M., H. S. Rai, J. A. Doyle, P. K. Endress, S. Mathews, A. D. Marchant, B. G. Briggs & S. W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446: 312-315.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 388-426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: Dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441-647.

[WF02] Williams, J. H., & W. E. Friedman. 2002. Identification of diploid endosperm in an early angiosperm lineage. Nature 415: 522-526.