Ochnaceae

Ochna serrulata, copyright Bernard Dupont.

Belongs within: Malpighiales.

The Ochnaceae are a pantropical group of relatively small trees bearing flowers with deciduous petals (Kanis 1978).

Characters (from Kanis 1978): Small to medium-sized trees. Leaves alternate, stipulate, simple. Inflorescences lateral and/or terminal, thyrsoid or paniculate, with many bracts at base; pedicels jointed. Flowers regular, bisexual or polygamous; sepals 5, free or more or less joined at base, imbricate, persistent; petals 5, free, contorted, deciduous; staminodes absent or 5–many; stamens 10 or 5; ovary superior, either of five free carpels with one ovule each or three fused carpels with many ovules; styles fused. Fruit either of drupelets or a many-seeded capsule.

<==Ochnaceae
    |  i. s.: Indovethia H03
    |         Schuurmansiella H03
    |         Schuurmansia K78
    |           |--S. elegans Bl. 1850 [incl. S. parviflora Ridl. 1916] K78
    |           `--S. henningsii Sch. 1888 (see below for synonymy) K78
    |         Brackenridgea forbesii Tiegh. 1902 K78
    |         Gomphia salicifolia JK80
    |         Ouratea valerii OV97
    |--Luxemburgia XR12
    `--+--+--Cespedesia macrophylla XR12, OV97
       |  `--Sauvagesia [Sauvagesioideae] XR12
       |       `--S. erecta C55
       `--Ochnoideae T00
            |--Lophira alata XR12, FGN07
            `--+--Elvasia XR12
               `--Ochna XR12
                    |--O. mossambicensis WM09
                    |--O. multiflora JK80
                    |--O. natalitia JK80
                    `--O. serrulata B00

Schuurmansia henningsii Sch. 1888 [incl. S. bamleri Sch. & Laut. 1901, S. coriacea Smith 1941, S. crassinervia Gilg 1925, S. gilgiana Laut. 1905, S. grandiflora Smith 1941, S. bamleri var. longifolia Laut. 1905, S. longifolia (Laut.) Gilg 1925, S. lophiroides Gilg 1925, S. microcarpa Capit. 1910, S. montana Smith 1941, S. oreophila Gilg 1925, S. rauwolfioides Hallier f. 1913, S. schlechteri Gilg 1925] K78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[FGN07] Fontaine, B., O. Gargominy & E. Neubert. 2007. Land snail diversity of the savanna/forest mosaic in Lopé National Park, Gabon. Malacologia 49 (2): 313–338.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[JK80] John, J., & K.-P. Kolbe. 1980. The systematic position of the “Theales” from the viewpoint of serology. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 8: 241–248.

[K78] Kanis, A. 1978. Ochnaceae. In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 216–221. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[OV97] Ochoa, R., C. Vargas, D. E. Walter & B. M. OConnor. 1997. Two new species of the genus Ceratotarsonemus (Acari: Tarsonemidae). International Journal of Acarology 23 (3): 177–183.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

[XR12] Xi, Z., B. R. Ruhfel, H. Schaefer, A. M. Amorim, M. Sugumaran, K. J. Wurdack, P. K. Endress, M. L. Matthews, P. F. Stevens, S. Mathews & C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (43): 17519–17524.

Linum

Linum alpinum, copyright Ibex73.

Belongs within: Linaceae.

Linum, the flaxes, is a genus of herbaceous plants found in warmer regions of the world, of which the common flax L. usitatissimum is widely grown as a source of fibre.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual or perennial. Stem 5–90 cm. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, erect, glabrous or hairy; margins entire or gland-toothed. Inflorescence a raceme or cyme. Flower with sepals 5, margins generally translucent; petals 5, 8–25 mm; stamens 5; staminodes 5 or absent; ovary chambers 10, styles 5, free or not, stigmas wider than styles (spheric or more or less elongate) or as wide as styles (more or less linear). Fruit 5–10 mm. Seeds 10, generally gelatinous when wet.

Linum Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |--L. alpinum D37
    |--L. austriacum D37
    |--L. bienne [incl. L. angustifolium] H93
    |--L. catharticum G88
    |--L. corymbulosum PT98
    |--L. flavum T08
    |--L. gallicum C06
    |--L. humile C55b
    |--L. lewisii H93
    |    |--L. l. var. lewisii H93
    |    `--L. l. var. alpicola H93
    |--L. marginale Cunn. ex Hook. 1848 C06
    |--L. monogynum Forst. f. 1786 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--L. perenne D37
    |--L. puberulum H93
    |--L. strictum PT98
    |    |--L. s. ssp. strictum PT98
    |    `--L. s. ssp. spicatum PT98
    |--L. trigynum Linnaeus 1753 PL04
    |--L. uninerve H09
    `--L. usitatissimum PT01

Linum monogynum Forst. f. 1786 [incl. L. monogynum var. chathamica Ckn. 1902, L. monogynum var. diffusum Sol. ex Hook. f. 1852, L. monogymnum var grandiflorum Sol. ex Hook. f. 1852] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[G88] Grubb, P. J. 1988. The uncoupling of disturbance and recruitment, two kinds of seed bank, and persistence of plant populations at the regional and local scales. Annales Zoologici Fennici 25: 23–26.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[T08] Turner, F. 1908. Notes and exhibits. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 290–291.

Erythroxylaceae

Wild cocaine Erythroxylum cuneatum, copyright Loupok.

Belongs within: Malpighiales.

The Erythroxylaceae are a pantropical group of trees and shrubs with simple, alternate leaves and flowers with ligulate appendages (Conn & Kerenga 1995).

Characters (from Conn & Kerenga 1995): Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate. Inflorescences terminal, axillary, solitary or in up to twenty-flowered clusters. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic. Calyx and corolla pentamerous. Petals with ligulate appendage. Stamens 5 + 5, united basally to form a small tube, ovary 1–3-locular, only one ovule developed. Fruit a drupe. Seed more or less endospermous; embryo erect, with cotyledons flat to plano-convex.

<==Erythroxylaceae CK95
    |--Nectaropetalum CK95
    |--Aneulophus CK95
    |--Pinacopodium CK95
    `--Erythroxylum LS08
         |  i. s.: E. areolatum XR12
         |         E. bangii LS08
         |         E. coca CK95
         |         E. ellipticum LK14
         |         E. novogranatense CK95
         |         E. polygonoides LS08
         |         E. obtusifolium VM03
         |--E. (sect. Archerythroxylum) nummularia LS08
         |--E. sect. Coelocarpus CK95
         |    |--E. cuneatum (Miq.) Kurz 1874 CK95
         |    `--E. ecarinatum Burck 1893 (see below for synonymy) CK95
         `--E. sect. Rhabdophyllum LS08
              |--E. bezerrae LS08
              |--E. longisetulosum Loiola & de Sales 2008 LS08
              |--E. tianguanum LS08
              `--E. timothei Loiola & de Sales 2008 LS08

Erythroxylum ecarinatum Burck 1893 [incl. E. ecarinatum var. ledermannii Schulz 1924, E. salomonense White 1950] CK95

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CK95] Conn, B. J., & K. Kerenga. 1995. Erythroxylaceae. In: Conn, B. J. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 3 pp. 56–60. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Australia).

[LS08] Loiola, M. I. B., & M. F. de Sales. 2008. Two new species of Erythroxylum sect. Rhabdophyllum (Erythroxylaceae) from north-eastern Brazil. Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 655–659.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[VM03] Viswanathan, M. B., & U. Manikandan. 2003. A new species of Balsaminaceae, Impatiens tirunelvelica, from peninsular India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 189–194.

[XR12] Xi, Z., B. R. Ruhfel, H. Schaefer, A. M. Amorim, M. Sugumaran, K. J. Wurdack, P. K. Endress, M. L. Matthews, P. F. Stevens, S. Mathews & C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (43): 17519–17524.

Picrodendraceae

Shrubby-spurge Tetracoccus dioicus, copyright Stan Shebs.

Belongs within: Malpighiales.

The Picrodendraceae are a pantropical group of trees and shrubs bearing characteristic spiny pollen.

Characters (from Flora of Victoria): Trees or shrubs, lacking latex, monoecious or dioecious. Leaves usually alternate (rarely opposite or whorled), simple to palmate, petiolate; stipules present or absent. Inflorescences axillary, cymose, racemose, spicate or paniculate, bracteate. Flowers regular, unisexual, pedicellate; sepals 3–8, free; petals absent. Male flowers with 3–12 usually free sepals and 3–30 stamens, their filaments free or connate. Female flowers with as many sepals as males, ovary superior, 2–5- (usually 3-) locular, ovules 2 per locule, nectary disc often present below ovary, annular or lobed; styles undivided or bifid, solitary or 1 per locule. Fruit capsular, rarely a drupe. Seeds 1 or 2 per locule, often carunculate.

<==Picrodendraceae [Oldfieldioideae]
    |  i. s.: Hymenocardia T00
    |         Picrodendron T00
    |         Oldfieldia YY22
    |         Malvacipollis diversus XR12
    |         Piranhea GA97
    |--Podocalyx loranthoides XR12
    `--+--+--Androstachys XR12
       |  `--Tetracoccus XR12
       |       |--T. dioicus H93
       |       |--T. hallii H93
       |       `--T. ilicifolius H93
       `--+--Petalostigma XR12
          |    |--P. pubescens LK14
          |    |--P. quadriloculare LK14
          |    `--P. triloculare H90
          `--+--Dissiliaria XR12
             `--+--Austrobuxus swainii XR12, H90
                `--+--Stachystemon DL07
                   `--Micrantheum XR12
                        |--M. ericoides H90
                        `--M. hexandrum H90

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DL07] Davis, C. C., M. Latvis, D. L. Nickrent, K. J. Wurdack & D. A. Baum. 2007. Floral gigantism in Rafflesiaceae. Science 315: 1812.

[GA97] Gillespie, L. J., & W. S. Armbruster. 1997. A contribution to the Guianan flora: Dalechampia, Haematostemon, Omphalea, Pera, Plukenetia, and Tragia (Euphorbiaceae) with notes on subfamily Acalyphoideae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 86: 1–48.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[XR12] Xi, Z., B. R. Ruhfel, H. Schaefer, A. M. Amorim, M. Sugumaran, K. J. Wurdack, P. K. Endress, M. L. Matthews, P. F. Stevens, S. Mathews & C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (43): 17519–17524.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Chrysobalanales

Hirtella rugosa, copyright Smithsonian Institution.

Belongs within: Malpighiales.

The Chrysobalanales (or Chrysobalanaceae sensu lato) have historically been recognised as a pantropical group of trees, shrubs and lianas with simple, entire leaves and obliquely monosymmetric flowers.

<==Chrysobalanales
    |  i. s.: Hunga H03
    |--+--Trigoniaceae XR12
    |  |    |--Humbertodendron T00
    |  |    |--Trigoniastrum XR12
    |  |    `--Trigonia Aubl. 1775 KC01
    |  `--Dichapetalaceae XR12
    |       |--Dichapetalum zenkeri XR12
    |       |--Stephanopodium T00
    |       `--Tapura ivorense CBH93
    `--+--Euphronia [Euphroniaceae] XR12
       |    `--E. guianensis XR12
       `--Chrysobalanaceae XR12
            |  i. s.: Couepia longipendula K06
            |         Parinari nonda LK14
            |         Maranthes corymbosa B00
            |--Atuna racemosa XR12, WM09
            `--+--Chrysobalanus icaco XR12
               `--+--Licania ternatensis XR12, SWK87
                  `--Hirtella XR12
                       |--H. bicornis WM09
                       `--H. rugosa SWK87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[K06] Kwiecinski, G. G. 2006. Phyllostomus discolor. Mammalian Species 801: 1–11.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

[XR12] Xi, Z., B. R. Ruhfel, H. Schaefer, A. M. Amorim, M. Sugumaran, K. J. Wurdack, P. K. Endress, M. L. Matthews, P. F. Stevens, S. Mathews & C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (43): 17519–17524.

Violineae

Casearia sylvestris, copyright Mauricio Mercadante.

Belongs within: Malpighiales.
Contains: Violaceae, Passifloraceae, Salicaceae.

The Violineae are a clade of flowering plants characterised by parietal placentation, with ovules developing on the wall of the ovary.

Characters (from Xi et al. 2012): Flowers haplostemonous; carpels 3; placentation parietal; ovules more than 2 per carpel, crassinucellar, without endothelium; seeds with aril.

<==Violineae
    |--Achariaceae [Kiggelariaceae] XR12
    |    |  i. s.: Ceratiosicyos T00
    |    |--+--Trichadenia philippensis DL07
    |    |  `--+--Guthriea DL07
    |    |     `--Kiggelarieae T00
    |    |          |--Pangium XR12
    |    |          `--+--Acharia XR12
    |    |             `--Kiggelaria XR12
    |    `--+--Hydnocarpus XR12
    |       |    |--H. alpina SR07
    |       |    |--H. heterophylla WM09
    |       |    `--H. pentandra SR07
    |       `--+--Carpotroche XR12
    |          |--Erythrospermum [Erythrospermeae] DL07
    |          `--Caloncoba echinata XR12
    `--+--+--Violaceae XR12
       |  `--Goupia [Goupiaceae] XR12
       `--+--+--Malesherbia [Malesherbiaceae] XR12
          |  `--+--Passifloraceae XR12
          |     `--Turneraceae XR12
          |          |--Hyalocalyx YY22
          |          |--Mathurina YY22
          |          |--Piriqueta YY22
          |          |--Streptopetalum YY22
          |          |--Wormskioldia YY22
          |          |--Tricliceras XR12
          |          `--Turnera XR12
          |               |--T. oculata CV06
          |               |    |--T. o. var. oculata CV06
          |               |    `--T. o. var. paucipilosa CV06
          |               |--T. subulata P88
          |               `--T. ulmifolia XR12
          `--+--Lacistemataceae [Lacistematoideae] XR12
             |    |--Lacistema robustum XR12
             |    `--Lozania XR12
             `--+--+--Salicaceae XR12
                |  `--Scyphostegia [Scyphostegiaceae] XR12
                |       `--S. borneensis XR12
                `--Samydaceae XR12
                     |--Samyda dodecandra J87
                     |--Lunania mauritii XR12, J87
                     `--Casearia [Casearieae] XR12
                          |--C. arborea SWK87
                          |--C. corymbosa MM96
                          |--C. decandra SWK87
                          |--C. guianensis SWK87
                          |--C. grewiaefolia K03
                          |--C. multinervosa H90
                          |--C. nitida XR12
                          |--C. pachyphylla H03
                          `--C. sylvestris J87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[DL07] Davis, C. C., M. Latvis, D. L. Nickrent, K. J. Wurdack & D. A. Baum. 2007. Floral gigantism in Rafflesiaceae. Science 315: 1812.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 165–172.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

[XR12] Xi, Z., B. R. Ruhfel, H. Schaefer, A. M. Amorim, M. Sugumaran, K. J. Wurdack, P. K. Endress, M. L. Matthews, P. F. Stevens, S. Mathews & C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (43): 17519–17524.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Viola

Viola capillaris, copyright Mildred Ehrenfeld.

Belongs within: Violaceae.
Contains: Viola section Viola.

Viola, the violets, is a cosmopolitan genus of mostly herbaceous plants bearing bilateral flowers with the lowest petal basally pouched or spurred.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual or perennial <35 cm, glabrous to hairy. Leaf entire to compound. Flowers generally solitary, axillary. Flower bilateral; sepals subequal, appendaged at base; petals unequal, lowest spurred or pouched at base, lateral 2 equal, generally spreading, often hairy near base, upper 2 equal, erect; lower 2 stamens with nectaries projecting into spur. Fruit a capsule, ovoid to oblong.

<==Viola Linnaeus 1753 [Violoideae] A61
    |--V. (sect. Rubellium) capillaris BS00
    `--+--V. (sect. Leptidium) scandens BS00
       `--+--V. (sect. Chilenium) reichei BS00
          `--+--V. (sect. Andinium) micranthella BS00
             `--V. sect. Viola BS00

Viola incertae sedis:
  V. adunca [incl. V. adunca var. kirkii, V. adunca var. oxyceras] H93
  V. aurea H93
  V. bakeri [incl. V. bakeri var. grandis (nom. illeg.), V. bakeri var. shastensis] H93
  V. betonicifolia KC83
  V. biflora T77
  V. caleyana H90
  V. cleistogamoides [=V. hederacea ssp. cleistogamoides] H90
  V. cunninghamii Hooker 1852 (see below for synonymy) A61
  V. declinata H09
  V. douglasii H93
  V. filicaulis Hook. f. 1852 (see below for synonymy) A61
  V. glabella [incl. V. californica] H93
  V. hallii H93
  V. hederacea C08
    |--V. h. ssp. hederacea H90
    `--V. h. ssp. fuscoviolacea H90
  V. jooi H09
  V. kitaibeliana D37
  V. kosaninii GR98
  V. lobata H93
    |--V. l. ssp. lobata [incl. V. lobata ssp. psychodes] H93
    `--V. l. ssp. integrifolia H93
  V. lyallii Hooker 1864 (see below for synonymy) A61
  V. maculata D03
  V. ocellata H93
  V. palustris H93
  V. pedunculata [incl. V. pedunculata var. tenuifolia] H93
  V. pinetorum [incl. V. purpurea ssp. xerophyta] H93
    |--V. p. ssp. pinetorum [incl. V. purpurea ssp. mesophyta] H93
    `--V. p. ssp. grisea H93
  V. primulifolia H93
    |--V. p. ssp. primulifolia H93
    `--V. p. ssp. occidentalis [=V. lanceolata ssp. occidentalis] H93
  V. rubella BS00
  V. sempervirens H93
  V. sieberiana H90
  V. sororia H93
  V. stipularis BS00
  V. tomentosa H93
  V. tricolor JK80
  V. tridentata D03
  V. × wittrockiana MH98

Viola cunninghamii Hooker 1852 [incl. V. cunninghamii var. multiceps Hooker 1852, V. perexigua Col. 1884, V. cunninghamii var. perexigua (Col.) Kirk 1899, V. cunninghamii var. radicata Hooker 1852] A61

Viola filicaulis Hook. f. 1852 [incl. V. hydrocotyloides Armstrong 1882, V. filicaulis var. hydrocotyloides (Armstrong) Kirk 1899] A61

Viola lyallii Hooker 1864 [=V. cunninghamii var. gracilis Hooker 1852; incl. Erpetion spathulatum Cunn. 1840 non Don 1831] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BS00] Ballard, H. E., Jr & K. J. Systsma. 2000. Evolution and biogeography of the woody Hawaiian violets (Viola, Violaceae): Arctic origins, herbaceous ancestry and bird dispersal. Evolution 54 (5): 1521–1532.

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[GR98] Greuter, W., & T. Raus (eds.) 1998. Med-Checklist Notulae, 17. Willdenowia 28: 163–174.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JK80] John, J., & K.-P. Kolbe. 1980. The systematic position of the “Theales” from the viewpoint of serology. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 8: 241–248.

[KC83] Körner, C., & P. Cochrane. 1983. Influence of plant physiognomy on leaf temperature on clear midsummer days in the Snowy Mountains, south-eastern Australia. Acta Oecologica Oecologiae Plantae 4 (2): 117–124.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[T77] Taylor, P. 1977. Lentibulariaceae. Flora Malesiana, Series I—Spermatophyta, Flowering Plants 8 (2): 275–300.

Calophyllaceae

Mastwood Calophyllum inophyllum, copyright Adityamadhav83.

Belongs within: Malpighiales.

The Calophyllaceae are an assemblage of about 450 species of latex-producing tropical trees and shrubs. One species, the mammee Mammea americana, is used in some parts of the Americas as a fruit tree whereas other species are used for their wood. Members of the genus Calophyllum are distinguished by leaves with close-set, parallel veins on the lamina alternating with latex canals (Stevens 1995).

Characters (from Stevens 1995): Leaves opposite or alternate; latex glands dots or lines. Inflorescence lateral or terminal; bracts present, deciduous or not, bracteoles often absent. Flowers regular, hermaphroditic or unisexual. Sepals and petals sometimes not clearly separated, up to 14, or sepals 4 or 5, decussate or imbricate, petals 4 or 5, decussate, imbricate or contorted. Stamens numerous, usually free. Ovary superior, 2-5-carpellate; ovules anatropous, basal or apical, usually 1-12; styles fused, rarely free; stigma often very prominently developed. Fruit a drupe, drupe-like, berry-like or a capsule. Seeds large to small; cotyledons well developed, sometimes fused; aril absent.

<==Calophyllaceae [Calophylloideae]
    |  i. s.: Kayea S95
    |           |--K. coriacea (Stevens) Stevens 1993 [=Mesua coriacea Stevens 1974] S95
    |           `--K. macrophylla Kan. & Hat. 1942 [=Mesua macrophylla (Kan. & Hat.) Kosterm. 1969] S95
    |--Endodesmia Benth. 1862 XR12, KC01
    `--+--Mammea XR12
       |    |--M. americana XR12
       |    |--M. congregata S95
       |    |--M. cordata Stevens 1974 S95
       |    |--M. grandifolia Stevens 1974 S95
       |    |--M. novoguineensis (Kan. & Hat.) Kosterm. 1956 (see below for synonymy) S95
       |    |--M. odorata (Raf.) Kosterm. 1956 (see below for synonymy) S95
       |    |--M. papuana (Laut.) Kosterm. 1956 [=Ochrocarpus papuana Laut. 1922] S95
       |    |--M. papyracea Stevens 1993 S95
       |    `--M. veimauriensis Stevens 1974 S95
       `--+--Mesua ferrea Linnaeus 1753 XR12, S95
          `--Calophyllum XR12
               |--C. acutiputamen Stevens 1974 S95
               |--C. alboramulum H03
               |--C. antillanum F11
               |--C. articulatum S95
               |--C. bicolor Stevens 1980 S95
               |--C. bifurcatum Stevens 1980 S95
               |--C. blancoi H03
               |--C. brasiliense SWK87
               |--C. brassii Smith 1941 S95
               |--C. carrii Stevens 1974 S95
               |    |--C. c. var. carrii S95
               |    `--C. c. var. longigemmatum Stevens 1974 S95
               |--C. caudatum Kan. & Hat. 1942 S95
               |--C. collinum Stevens 1980 S95
               |--C. confusum Stevens 1974 S95
               |--C. costatum S95
               |--C. dasypodum H03
               |--C. euryphyllum Laut. 1922 S95
               |--C. goniocarpum Stevens 1974 S95
               |--C. heterophyllum Stevens 1974 S95
               |--C. hirasimum Stevens 1980 S95
               |--C. inophyllum Linnaeus 1753 S95
               |--C. insularum Stevens 1980 S95
               |--C. lanigerum H03
               |    |--C. l. var. lanigerum H03
               |    `--C. l. var. austrocoriaceum H03
               |--C. laticostatum Stevens 1974 S95
               |--C. leleanii Stevens 1980 S95
               |--C. leucocarpum S95
               |--C. macrophyllum Scheffer 1873 S95
               |--C. morobense Stevens 1974 S95
               |--C. neo-ebudicum Guillaumin 1931 [incl. C. pseudovitiense Stevens 1974] S95
               |--C. novoguineense Kan. & Hat. 1942 [incl. C. warenense Kan. & Hat. 1942] S95
               |--C. obscurum Stevens 1974 S95
               |--C. papuanum Laut. 1922 S95
               |--C. parvifolium Choisy 1823 [incl. C. microphyllum Planch. & Triana 1862, C. schefferi Vesque 1893] S95
               |--C. pauciflorum Smith 1941 [incl. C. congestiflorum Smith 1941] S95
               |--C. peekelii Laut. 1922 S95
               |--C. persimile Stevens 1980 S95
               |--C. piluliferum Stevens 1974 S95
               |--C. robustum Stevens 1974 S95
               |--C. rufinerve Kan. & Hat. 1942 S95
               |--C. rupicolum P88
               |--C. savannarum Smith 1941 S95
               |--C. sil Laut. 1922 [incl. C. procerum Smith 1941] S95
               |--C. soulattri Burm. 1768 (see below for synonymy) S95
               |--C. streimannii Stevens 1974 S95
               |--C. suberosum Stevens 1974 S95
               |--C. trachycaule Laut. 1922 S95
               |--C. vexans Stevens 1974 [incl. C. gaimanum Stevens 1974] S95
               `--C. waliense Stevens 1980 S95

Calophyllum soulattri Burm. 1768 [incl. C. kiong Laut. & Sch. 1901, C. lanceolatum Warb. 1891, C. paludosum White 1941, C. solomonense Smith 1941, C. versteegii Laut. 1922, C. warburgii Engl. 1892] S95

Mammea novoguineensis (Kan. & Hat.) Kosterm. 1956 [=Ochrocarpus novoguineensis Kan. & Hat. 1942; incl. M. lancelimba Kosterm. 1956] S95

Mammea odorata (Raf.) Kosterm. 1956 [=Lolanara odorata Raf. 1837, Ochrocarpus odoratus (Raf.) Merr. 1945; incl. O. excelsus (Planch. & Triana) Vesque 1893, O. ovalifolius Anderson ex Hemsl. 1885, O. pachyphyllus Sch. 1889] S95

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[S95] Stevens, P. F. 1995. Guttiferae subfam. Calophylloideae. In: Conn, B. J. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 3 pp. 61–126. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Australia).

[XR12] Xi, Z., B. R. Ruhfel, H. Schaefer, A. M. Amorim, M. Sugumaran, K. J. Wurdack, P. K. Endress, M. L. Matthews, P. F. Stevens, S. Mathews & C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (43): 17519–17524.

Macaranga

Nasturtium tree Macaranga tanarius, copyright Tatiana Gerus.

Belongs within: Euphorbiaceae.

Macaranga is a genus of trees found in the Old World tropics that often dominate disturbed habitats in lowland rainforests (Fiala et al. 1999).

Characters (from Flora of China): Trees or shrubs, mostly dioecious (exceptionally monoecious); indumentum usually of simple hairs and whitish to reddish glandular scales. Leaves alternate; stipules small or enlarged; petiole insertion often peltate; leaf blade undivided or lobed, base with glands, abaxially glandular-scaly; venation palmate or pinnate. Inflorescences axillary, sometimes at old leafless nodes, unbranched, branched, or females capitate or 1-flowered, unisexual, very rarely bisexual; bracts sometimes with glands. Flowers 1 or few to many per bract. Male flowers: calyx closed in bud; sepals 2-4, valvate; petals absent; disk absent; stamens [1-]2-22[-30]; filaments free or shortly connate; anthers 3- or 4-locellate; pistillode absent. Female flowers: calyx cup-shaped or urceolate, apex denticulate or lobed, sometimes truncate, caducous or persistent; petals absent; disk absent; ovary 1-6-locular; styles simple, free, rarely shortly connate, stigmatic surface papillose. Fruit a capsule, (1 or)2- or 3(-6)-locular, smooth or spiny, often glandular scaly. Seeds subglobose, smooth.

<==Macaranga
    |  i. s.: M. aleuritoides NM02
    |         M. digyna L99
    |         M. hispida FM97
    |         M. inamoena B00
    |         M. involucrata B00
    |         M. peltata S02
    |         M. pynaertii DP72
    |         M. quadriglandulosa NM02
    |         M. schweinfurthii DP72
    |--M. denticulata FM97
    |--M. diepenhorstii FM97
    |--M. gigantea FM97
    |--M. gigantifolia FM97
    |--M. indica FM97
    |--M. tanarius FM97
    |--M. trichocarpa FM97
    |--M. pruinosa group FJ99
    |    |--M. hosei FJ99
    |    |--M. pearsonii FJ99
    |    |--M. pruinosa FJ99
    |    `--M. puberula FJ99
    |--M. (sect. Adenoceras) endertii FM97
    |--M. sect. Javanicae FM97
    |    |--M. costulata FM97
    |    |--M. heynei FM97
    |    `--M. kinabaluensis FM97
    |--M. sect. Pachystemon FJ99
    |    |--M. aetheadenia FJ99
    |    |--M. beccariana FJ99
    |    |--M. caladiifolia FM97
    |    |--M. calcicola FJ99
    |    |    |--M. c. var. calcicola FM97
    |    |    `--M. c. var. calcifuga FM97
    |    |--M. constricta FJ99
    |    |--M. curtisii FM97
    |    |    |--M. c. var. curtisii FM97
    |    |    `--M. c. var. glabra FM97
    |    |--M. depressa FJ99
    |    |    |--M. d. f. depressa FM97
    |    |    `--M. d. f. strigosa FM97
    |    |--M. havilandii FJ99
    |    |--M. hullettii FJ99
    |    |    |--M. h. ssp. hullettii FM97
    |    |    `--M. h. ssp. borneensis FM97
    |    |--M. hypoleuca FJ99
    |    |--M. indistincta FJ99
    |    |--M. kingii FJ99
    |    |    |--M. k. var. kingii FJ99
    |    |    `--M. k. var. platyphylla FJ99
    |    |--M. lamellata FJ99
    |    |--M. motleyana FJ99
    |    |    |--M. m. ssp. motleyana FM97
    |    |    `--M. m. ssp. griffithiana FM97
    |    |--M. petanostyla FJ99
    |    |--M. puncticulata FM97
    |    |--M. quadricornis FM97
    |    |--M. recurvata FM97
    |    |--M. rostrata FM97
    |    |--M. sarcocarpa FM97
    |    |--M. trachyphylla FJ99
    |    `--M. triloba FJ99
    |--M. sect. Pseudo-Rottlera FM97
    |    |--M. andamanica FM97
    |    |--M. baccaureifolia FM97
    |    |--M. brevipetiolata FM97
    |    |--M. fulva FM97
    |    |--M. lowii FM97
    |    |--M. praestans FM97
    |    |--M. rarispina FM97
    |    |--M. repandodentata FM97
    |    |--M. setosa FM97
    |    `--M. strigosissima FM97
    |--M. sect. Stachyella FM97
    |    |--M. amissa FM97
    |    `--M. conifera FM97
    `--M. sect. Winklerianae FJ99
        |--M. winkleri FJ99
        `--M. winkleriella FJ99

Nomen nudum: Macaranga bancana Whitmore & Davies in Fiala, Jakob et al. 1999 FJ99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[DP72] Deighton, F. C., & K. A. Pirozynski. 1972. Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 128: 1–110.

[FM97] Federle, W., U. Maschwitz, B. Fiala, M. Riederer & B. Hölldobler. 1997. Slippery ant-plants and skilful climbers: selection and protection of specific ant partners by epicuticular wax blooms in Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae). Oecologia 112: 217–224.

[FJ99] Fiala, B., A. Jakob, U. Maschwitz & K. E. Linsenmair. 1999. Diversity, evolutionary specialization and geographic distribution of a mutualistic ant-plant complex: Macaranga and Crematogaster in south east Asia. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 66: 305–331.

[L99] Leclercq, J. 1999. Hyménoptères sphecides crabroniens du genre Ectemnius Dahlbom, 1845. Espèces d'Asie et d'Océanie et groupes d'espèces de la faune mondiale. Notes Fauniques de Gembloux 36: 3–83.

[NM02] Novotny, V., S. E. Miller, Y. Basset, L. Cizek, P. Drozd, K. Darrow & J. Leps. 2002. Predictably simple: assemblages of caterpillars (Lepidoptera) feeding on rainforest trees in Papua New Guinea. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 269: 2337–2344.

[S02] Santharam, V. 2002. Fruit and nectar resources in a moist deciduous forest and their use by birds—a preliminary report. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 537–543.

Croton

California croton Croton californicus, copyright Jim Morefield.

Belongs within: Euphorbiaceae.

Croton is a genus of trees and shrubs bearing stellate hairs on the leaves and stems found in tropical and warm temperate regions of the world (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual, perennial, shrub, tree, monoecious or dioecious; sap clear or colored. Stems generally erect. Leaves generally simple, cauline, alternate; hairs generally stellate. Inflorescence a spike or raceme, generally terminal. Staminate flowers generally pedicelled; sepals generally 5; petals 5 or absent; stamens 8-50(300), filaments free, bent inward in bud; nectar disk generally divided. Pistillate flowers with pedicel short or absent, becoming longer in fruit; sepals generally 5, entire to lobed; petals gen absent; nectar disk entire; ovary 3-chambered, styles 2-lobed or toothed. Fruit spheric or three-lobed, smooth or tubercled. Seeds one per chamber, smooth to ribbed or pitted; scar appendaged.

<==Croton [Crotonoideae]
    |--C. acronychioides H90
    |--C. alabamensis DL07
    |--C. aridus LK14
    |--C. arnhemicus LK14
    |--C. bonplandianum P03
    |--C. californicus [incl. C. californicus var. mohavensis,. C. californicus var. tenuis] H93
    |--C. capitatus H90
    |--C. ciliato-glandulosus BT87
    |--C. corymbulosus BT72
    |--C. draconoides GA97
    |--C. gibsonianus SR07
    |--C. glabellus J87
    |--C. gossipifolius PWP96
    |--C. habrophyllus LK14
    |--C. insularis B00
    |--C. macrostachyus E09
    |--C. megalocarpus HSS13
    |--C. oblongifolius P03
    |--C. phebalioides [incl. C. maidenii] H90
    |--C. poecilanthus SWK87
    |--C. schultzii LK14
    |--C. sonderianus BP09
    |--C. stigmatosus H90
    |--C. tiglium P88
    |--C. tinctorium B02
    |--C. tomentellus LK14
    |--C. verreauxii H90
    `--C. wigginsii H93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BT72] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1972. New species and further notes on the Tetranychoidea mostly from the southwestern United States (Acarina: Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 116: 1–37.

[BT87] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1987. The false spider mites of Mexico (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1706: 1–237.

[B02] Bouvier, M. 1802. Sur le Clematis flammula, et le Croton tinctorium. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (Bulletin de la Société Philomathique, a ses correspondans): 13'.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[BP09] Bravo, F., H. Pohl, A. Silva-Neto & R. G. Beutel. 2009. Bahiaxenidae, a "living fossil" and a new family of Strepsiptera (Hexapoda) discovered in Brazil. Cladistics 25 (6): 614–623.

[DL07] Davis, C. C., M. Latvis, D. L. Nickrent, K. J. Wurdack & D. A. Baum. 2007. Floral gigantism in Rafflesiaceae. Science 315: 1812.

[E09] Ensermu K. 2009. Three new species of Acanthaceae from Ethiopia. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 57–65.

[GA97] Gillespie, L. J., & W. S. Armbruster. 1997. A contribution to the Guianan flora: Dalechampia, Haematostemon, Omphalea, Pera, Plukenetia, and Tragia (Euphorbiaceae) with notes on subfamily Acalyphoideae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 86: 1–48.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[PWP96] Palmer, W. A., B. W. Willson & K. R. Pullen. 1996. The host range of Aconophora compressa Walker (Homoptera: Membracidae): a potential biological control agent for Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (4): 617–624.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 165–172.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

Elatinaceae

Waterwort Elatine triandra, copyright Stefan Lefnaer.

Belongs within: Malpighiales.

The Elatinaceae are a cosmopolitan group of herbs and shrubs found growing in or near water (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual or perennial, in or near water; roots fibrous, from a tap root or not, generally from lower leaf axils as well. Stem generally soft. Leaves simple, opposite, more or less 4-ranked; stipules scarious. Inflorescence with flowers axillary or terminal, solitary or clustered. Flowers small, inconspicuous, radial, bisexual; sepals and petals generally free, 3-5, equal in number; ovary spheric, styles 3-5, very short. Fruit a capsule, septicidal, more or less spheric, ovoid, or depressed-ovoid, walls thin; chambers 2-5, each several- to many-seeded. Seed very small; surface net-like or glossy.

<==Elatinaceae [Elatineae] XR12
    |--Bergia XR12
    |    |--B. ammannioides H90
    |    |--B. occultipetala H90
    |    |--B. pedicellaris LK14
    |    |--B. perennis H90
    |    |    |--B. p. ssp. perennis H90
    |    |    `--B. p. ssp. obtusifolia H90
    |    |--B. polyantha VB02
    |    |--B. suffruticosa PP07
    |    |--E. texana XR12
    |    `--B. trimera H90
    `--Elatine Linnaeus 1753 A61
         |--E. ambigua H93
         |--E. americana (Pursh.) Arn. 1830 A61
         |--E. brachysperma [incl. E. obovata] H93
         |--E. californica H93
         |--E. chilensis [incl. E. gracilis] H93
         |--E. gratioloides Cunningham 1840 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |--E. heterandra H93
         |--E. minima V72
         |--E. rubella H93
         `--E. triandra WM09

Elatine gratioloides Cunningham 1840 [incl. E. americana Hook. f. 1852 non (Pursh.) Arn. 1830, E. americana var. australiensis Bentham 1863] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[VB02] Vijay, S. K., & T. N. Bhardwaja. 2002. Vegetation and phenodynamics of wetlands of central Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 573–581.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

[XR12] Xi, Z., B. R. Ruhfel, H. Schaefer, A. M. Amorim, M. Sugumaran, K. J. Wurdack, P. K. Endress, M. L. Matthews, P. F. Stevens, S. Mathews & C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (43): 17519–17524.

Malpighiaceae

Nance Byrsonima crassifolia, copyright Reinaldo Aguilar.

Belongs within: Malpighiales.

The Malpighiaceae are a tropical group of small trees, shrubs and climbers whose flowers often bear oil-producing glands to attract pollinating bees.

Characters (from Neotropikey): Trees, treelets, shrubs, stem twisting lianas and climbers and occasionally herbs sprouting from a woody rootstock, plants with T-shaped and stellate trichomes and a variety of indumenta. Leaves opposite, with stipules, these fused in some genera and becoming intrapetiolar stipules, leaves often whorled distribution at the end of stems; leaf-blade entire, with large multicellular glands at the leaf-base or petiole. Inflorescences variable, from axillary fasicles to terminal racemes or panicles, often showy. Flowers 5-merous, hermaphrodite, subtly to strongly zygomorphic, calyx with 5 distinct sepals generally bearing two (rarely one) extra-floral nectaries, sometimes nectary missing from one sepal or completely; petals 5, free, aestivation imbricate, unguiculate at base, often with frilly edges, one larger 'flag' petal white, pink, magenta, yellow or orange, sometimes changing colour during anthesis; anthers 10; ovary superior, 3-locular, stigmas 3, separate. Fruit schizocarp with winged mericarps or drupaceous, sometimes fleshy and edible.

<==Malpighiaceae XR12
    |--Byrsonima [Byrsonimoideae] XR12
    |    |--B. coriacea SWK87
    |    |--B. crassifolia XR12
    |    |--B. lucida J87
    |    `--B. wadsworthii SWK87
    `--+--Acridocarpus XR12
       `--+--Thryallis XR12
          `--+--Dicella XR12
             `--Malpighia [Malpighioideae] DL07
                  |--M. coccigera Linnaeus 1753 CD07
                  |--M. macracantha J87
                  `--M. punicifolia F11

Malpighiaceae incertae sedis:
  Bannisterieae H03
    |--Banisteria D01
    |--Brachylophon H03
    `--Rhyssopterys timorensis H03, B00
  Microsteira YY22
  Gaudichaudioideae T00
  Stigmaphyllon J87
    |--S. angulosum J87
    `--S. emarginatum J87
  Tetrapterys citrifolia J87
  Bunchosia ekmanii J87
  Perisyncolporites pokornyi XR12
  Banisteriophyllum australiense Ettingshausen 1887 CBH93
  Eoglandulosa CBH93
  Tetrapteris CBH93
  Flabellaria Cav. 1790 KC01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[DL07] Davis, C. C., M. Latvis, D. L. Nickrent, K. J. Wurdack & D. A. Baum. 2007. Floral gigantism in Rafflesiaceae. Science 315: 1812.

[D01] Doweld, A. B. 2001. The systematic relevance of fruit and seed structure in Bersama and Melianthus (Melianthaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 227: 75–103.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[XR12] Xi, Z., B. R. Ruhfel, H. Schaefer, A. M. Amorim, M. Sugumaran, K. J. Wurdack, P. K. Endress, M. L. Matthews, P. F. Stevens, S. Mathews & C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (43): 17519–17524.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Glochidion

Cheese tree Glochidion ferdinandi, copyright Mark Marathon.

Belongs within: Euphorbiaceae.

Glochidion, cheese trees, is a primarily tropical genus, most diverse in Asia and Australasia, of shrubs and small tree producing multilobed, capsular fruits (Harden 1990).

Characters (from Harden 1990): Shrubs or small trees, monoecious. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, 2-ranked, branchlets appearing pseudopinnate; stipules present. Flowers pedicellate, axillary or above the axils. Perianth segments 6. Stamens usually 3, erect on a short central column, glands absent. Ovary 5-7-locular, 2 ovules in each loculus; styles basally united. Capsule multilobed, depressed-globose.

<==Glochidion
    |--G. apodogynum B00
    |--G. disparipes LK14
    |--G. ferdinandi NC91
    |    |--G. f. var. ferdinandi H90
    |    `--G. f. var. pubens H90
    |--G. harveyanum B00
    |--G. littorale P88
    |--G. lobocarpum NC91
    |--G. macrostigma K03
    |--G. perakense LK14
    |--G. philippicum B00
    |--G. sumatranum [incl. G. perakense var. supra-axillare] H90
    |--G. xerocarpum LK14
    `--G. zeylanicum UB06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[UB06] Udayan, P. S., & I. Balachandran. 2006. Cleistanthus sankunnianus Sivar. & Indu Balach.—a rare and little known endemic plant rediscovered from wild populations in Kollam district of Kerala state, India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 217–218.