Aturus

Male Aturus sp., from here.

Belongs within: Aturidae.

Aturus is a genus of water mites abundant in Eurasia and North America.

Characters (from Wolcott 1905): Body of the female inverted oval, of male with projecting anterior margin and weakly concave lateral margins, both sexes with a median cleft in the posterior margin, dorsal and ventral plates nearly equal in size; eyes of the two sides only moderately distant from each other; palpi with segment 2 having a long peg-like process at the distal margin of the flexor surface; epimera with only fused epimerae II and III of each side separate from the rest; legs short, without swimming-hairs; genital area at the posterior margin of the ventral chitinous plate, acetabula numerous, scattered along the posterior margin of the body almost to the place of articulation of leg IV and accompanied by a row of hairs, the opening guarded by two plates; the male marked also by the very strongly developed leg IV, of which segsments 4, 5 and 6 are variously modified, and by the possession in certain species of club-shaped hairs at the posterior end of the body on either side of the genital opening.

<==Aturus Kramer 1875 S86
    |--A. andinus Lundblad 1953 RFF05
    |--A. barbatulus Viets 1936 VBB91
    |--A. crinitus Thor 1902 VBB91
    |--A. hiatosomus Cook 1967 S86
    |--A. karamani Viets 1936 S86
    |--A. kronestedti Cook 1988 RFF05
    |--A. leligoensis van Rendburg 1971 S86
    |--A. liberorum Habeeb 1959 (n. d.) C91
    |--A. natagensis Protz 1900 VBB91
    |--A. paucisetus Motas & Tanasachi 1946 S86
    |--A. protzi Piersig 1901 GS91
    |--A. pulchellus Biesiadka 1975 S86
    |--A. scaber Kramer 1875 VBB91
    `--A. subterraneus Imamura 1957 S86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C91] Conroy, J. C. 1991. Acarology—a modern science. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 5-16. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[GS91] Gerecke, R., & J. Schwoerbel. 1991. Water quality and water mites (Acari, Actinedida) in the Upper Danube region, 1959-1984. In: Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 483-491. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[RFF05] Rosso de Ferradás, B. & H. R. Fernández. 2005. Elenco y biogeografía de los ácaros acuáticos (Acari, Parasitengona, Hydrachnidia) de Sudamérica. Graellsia 61 (2): 181-224.

[S86] Schwoerbel, J. 1986. Acari: “Hydrachnellae”. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 652-696. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[VBB91] Valdecasas, A. G., A. Baltanás & E. Bello. 1991. A preliminary assessment of single rocks for sampling water mites. In: Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 503-507. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

Wolcott, R. H. 1905. A review of the genera of the water-mites. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 26: 161-243.

Kongsbergia

Kongsbergia sp., from the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario.

Belongs within: Aturidae.

Kongsbergia is a genus of water mites that are among the dominant mites in stream and spring habitats in temperate Eurasia and North America (Walter et al. 2009).

<==Kongsbergia Thor 1899 S86
    |  i. s.: K. globipalpis Lundblad 1953 RFF05
    |         K. largaiolii (Maglio 1909) VBB91
    |--K. (Kongsbergia) S86
    |    |--K. (K.) alata Szalay 1945 [incl. K. pectinata Walter 1947] S86
    |    |--K. (K.) angusta Walter 1947 S86
    |    |--K. (K.) arenaria Angelier 1951 S86
    |    |--K. (K.) bombifrons Szalay 1945 S86
    |    |--K. (K.) callosa Walter 1947 S86
    |    |--K. (K.) clypeata Szalay 1945 S86
    |    |--K. (K.) dentata Walter 1947 S86
    |    |--K. (K.) d-motasi Motas, Tanasachi & Orghidan 1958 S86
    |    |--K. (K.) elliptica Angelier 1950 S86
    |    |--K. (K.) fusiformis Walter 1947 [incl. K. simillima Viets 1949] S86
    |    |--K. (K.) pectinigera Motas & Tanasachi 1946 S86
    |    |--K. (K.) rucira Cook 1967 S86
    |    |--K. (K.) ruttneri Walter 1930 S86
    |    |--K. (K.) simplicipes Walter 1947 S86
    |    `--K. (K.) variabilis Cook 1967 S86
    |--K. (Crocokongsbergia) S86
    |    |--K. (C.) athleta Orghidan & Gruia 1980 S86
    |    `--K. (C.) cooki Orghidan & Gruia 1980 S86
    `--K. (Parakongsbergia Viets 1949) S86
         `-K. (P.) hansvietsi Viets 1949 S86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[RFF05] Rosso de Ferradás, B. & H. R. Fernández. 2005. Elenco y biogeografía de los ácaros acuáticos (Acari, Parasitengona, Hydrachnidia) de Sudamérica. Graellsia 61 (2): 181-224.

[S86] Schwoerbel, J. 1986. Acari: “Hydrachnellae”. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 652-696. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[VBB91] Valdecasas, A. G., A. Baltanás & E. Bello. 1991. A preliminary assessment of single rocks for sampling water mites. In: Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 503-507. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W. & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology, 3rd ed., pp. 233-420. Texas Tech University Press.

Axonopsis

Axonopsis sp., from here.

Belongs within: Aturidae.

Axonopsis is a genus of water mites found in Eurasia and North America.

Characters (from Wolcott 1905): Body oval, with a chitinous covering with a median cleft in the posterior margin; palpi with segment 2 thickened, segment 4 with a convex flexor surface on which, beyond the middle, are two strong hairs borne on small papillae, segment 5 pointed and ending in two small claws; epimera forming an epimeral plate, separated anteriorly by a constriction from the rest of the body, all epimera fused with each other and with the posterior ventral chitin, the anterior ends of epimerae I strongly produced, extending considerably beyond the capitulum, the margins of the anterior epimera serrate and bearing hairs; legs short, II to IV with a few swimming-hairs; genital area at the posterior end of the body, including two plates each with four acetabula; no sexual dimorphism.

<==Axonopsis Piersig 1893 S86
    |  i. s.: A. complanata BK91
    |         A. setonensis WL09
    |--A. (Axonopsis) [incl. Pseudaxonopsis Cook 1963] S86
    |    |--A. (A.) bimaculata Cook 1974 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) cogitatus Biesiadka 1975 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) longipalpis Imamura 1956 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) orghidani Petrova 1967 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) phreaticola Cook 1967 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) sabulonis Cook 1974 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) uchidai Imamura 1956 S86
    |    `--A. (A.) yokotai Imamura 1957 S86
    |--A. (Brachypodopsis Piersig 1903) S86
    |    |--A. (B.) arpeda Cook 1974 S86
    |    |--A. (B.) bicornis Orghidan, Gruia & Iavorschi 1981 S86
    |    |--A. (B.) boutata Cook 1980 RFF05
    |    |--A. (B.) columbicola Lundblad 1953 RFF05
    |    |--A. (B.) dapsila Cook 1974 S86
    |    `--A. (B.) kasamensis Imamura 1977 S86
    |--A. (Cubaxonopsis Orghidan, Gruia & Iavorschi 1981) S86
    |    |--A. (C.) bispinulatus Orghidan, Gruia & Iavorschi 1981 S86
    |    |--A. (C.) cavifrons Orghidan, Gruia & Iavorschi 1981 S86
    |    `--A. (C.) robustipalpis Orghidan, Gruia & Iavorschi 1981 S86
    |--A. (Hexaxonopsis Viets 1926) S86
    |    |--A. (H.) heteropalpis Imamura 1956 S86
    |    |--A. (H.) inferorum Motas & Tanasachi 1947 S86
    |    |--A. (H.) miurai Imamura 1956 S86
    |    |--A. (H.) monstrabilis Biesiadka 1975 S86
    |    |--A. (H.) serrata Walter 1928 S86
    |    `--A. (H.) subterraneus Uchida & Imamura 1953 S86
    |--A. (Navinaxonopsis Orghidan, Gruia & Iavorschi 1981) S86
    |    `--A. (N.) guajabicus Orghidan, Gruia & Iavorschi 1981 S86
    |--A. (Paraxonopsis Motas & Tanasachi 1947) S86
    |    |--A. (N.) mikawaensis Imamura 1957 S86
    |    |--A. (N.) panduvarna Cook 1967 S86
    |    |--A. (N.) pumila Cook 1974 S86
    |    `--A. (N.) vietsi Motas & Tanasachi 1947 S86
    `--A. (Vicinaxonopsis Cook 1974) S86
         |--A. (V.) californica Cook 1974 S86
         |--A. (V.) cooki Orghidan, Gruia & Iavorschi 1981 S86
         |--A. (V.) motasi Orghidan, Gruia & Iavorschi 1981 S86
         `--A. (V.) solangei Orghidan, Gruia & Iavorschi 1981 S86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK91] Biesiadka, E., & W. Kowalik. 1991. Water mites (Hydracarina) as indicators of trophy and pollution in lakes. In: Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 475-481. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[RFF05] Rosso de Ferradás, B. & H. R. Fernández. 2005. Elenco y biogeografía de los ácaros acuáticos (Acari, Parasitengona, Hydrachnidia) de Sudamérica. Graellsia 61 (2): 181-224.

[S86] Schwoerbel, J. 1986. Acari: “Hydrachnellae”. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 652-696. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[WL09] Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W. & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology, pp. 233-420. Texas Tech University Press.

Wolcott, R. H. 1905. A review of the genera of the water-mites. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 26: 161-243.

Feltria

Feltria sp., copyright Andrea J. Radwell & Ian M. Smith.

Belongs within: Neohydrachnidia.

Feltria is a genus of water mites found in springs and streams in Eurasia and North America. Their larvae are parasites of Chironomidae (Walter et al. 2009).

Characters (from Walter et al. 2009): Adults with sclerotisation of dorsum varying from scattered platelets of varying size up to a complete dorsal shield; palptibia lacking a peg-like seta; integument between coxal plates IV and genital field with two pairs of glandularia arranged more or less in a row. Larvae with dorsal and coxal plates, and leg sclerites, conspicuously longitudinally striate; cheliceral bases fused; coxal plates I separate from posterior coxal group on each side; one pair of urstigmata borne distally between coxal plates I-II; coxal plates III rounded posteriorly; legs with five movable segments, leg tarsi bearing paired claws; tibia I bearing seven setae (and two solenidia), lacking Ti10 and Ti11; tarsi I-II bearing ten setae and one solenidion.

<==Feltria Koenike 1892 [Feltriidae]
    |  i. s.: F. anahoffmannae WL09
    |         F. armata Koenike 1902 VBB91
    |         F. minuta Koenike 1892 GS91
    |         F. setigera CS91
    |         F. wyomingensis WL09
    |--F. (Feltria) S86
    |    |--F. (F.) cataphracta Cook 1963 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) conica Imamura 1957 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) conjuncta Viets 1953 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) cornuta S86
    |    |    |--F. c. cornuta S86
    |    |    |--F. c. americana Cook 1963 S86
    |    |    |--F. c. longispina S86
    |    |    `--F. c. paucipora Szalay 1946 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) cornutopsis Cook 1963 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) denticulata Angelier 1949 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) disjuncta Walter 1947 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) echinopalpis Cook 1963 S86
    |    |    |--F. e. echinopalpis S86
    |    |    `--F. e. projecta Cook 1970 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) exilis Cook 1970 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) faceta Cook 1963 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) falcicorna Cook 1970 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) fossea van Rendsburg 1971 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) gennada Cook 1963 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) obihiroensis Imamura 1962 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) pectinifera Szalay 1946 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) phreaticola Schwoerbel 1961 S86
    |    |--F. (F.) stygophila Waltrer 1947 S86
    |    `--F. (F.) subterranea Viets 1937 S86
    |--F. (Azugofeltria Motas & Tanasachi 1948) S86
    |    |--F. (A.) acutipalpis (Habeeb 1954) S86
    |    |--F. (A.) insolita (Walter 1947) S86
    |    |--F. (A.) matsumotoi (Imamura 1959) S86
    |    |--F. (A.) mira (Motas & Tanasachi 1948) S86
    |    |--F. (A.) miura (Imamura 1957) S86
    |    |--F. (A.) motasi (Schwoerbel 1961) S86
    |    `--F. (A.) testudo (Cook 1970) S86
    |--F. (Feltriella Viets 1930) S86
    |    |--F. (F.) airoloensis van Rendsburg 1971 S86
    |    `--F. (F.) golatensis van Rendsburg 1971 S86
    `--F. (Neofeltria Cook 1963) S86
         |--F. (N.) similis Cook 1963 S86
         `--F. (N.) virginiensis Cook 1963 S86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CS91] Cicolani, B., & A. Di Sabatino. 1991. Sensitivity of water mites to water pollution. In: Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 465-474. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[GS91] Gerecke, R., & J. Schwoerbel. 1991. Water quality and water mites (Acari, Actinedida) in the Upper Danube region, 1959-1984. In: Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 483-491. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[S86] Schwoerbel, J. 1986. Acari: “Hydrachnellae”. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 652-696. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[VBB91] Valdecasas, A. G., A. Baltanás & E. Bello. 1991. A preliminary assessment of single rocks for sampling water mites. In: Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 503-507. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[WL09] Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W. & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology, pp. 233-420. Texas Tech University Press.

Atractides

Male Atractides (Atractides) nodipalpis, copyright Holger Müller.

Belongs within: Hygrobatidae.

Atractides is a genus of water mites found mostly in the Northern Hemisphere, with smaller numbers of species in Africa and South America (Walter et al. 2009).

<==Atractides Koch 1837 S86
    |--A. (Atractides) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) acutirostris S86
    |    |    |--A. a. acutirostris S86
    |    |    `--A. a. gibberimarginatus Viets 1955 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) asticae Petrova 1968 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) brasiliensis (Lundblad 1937) RFF05
    |    |--A. (A.) cagiallensis van Rendsburg 1971 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) cerberus Schwoerbel 1961 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) cisternarum (Viets 1935) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) denticulatus (Walter 1947) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) elegans (Motas & Tanasachi 1948) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) firmus (Walter 1947) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) gracilipes (Angelier 1951) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) hyogoensis Imamura 1957 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) hyporheicus Schwoerbel 1961 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) kotoensis Imamura 1983 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) latipalpis (Motas & Tanasachi 1946) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) latipes (Szalay 1935) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) longiporus Petrova 1967 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) longus (Walter 1947) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) losoensis van Rendsburg 1971 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) magnipalpis van Rendsburg 1971 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) magnirostris (Motas & Tanasachi 1948) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) microcavaticus Schwoerbel 1961 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) microphthalmus (Motas & Tanasachi 1948) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) miurai Imamura 1956 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) nitraensis Laska 1959 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) nodipalpis (Thor 1899) S86, GS91
    |    |    |--A. n. nodipalpis S86
    |    |    |--A. n. fonticolus (Viets 1920) GS91
    |    |    `--A. n. stygophilus Schwoerbel 1961 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) orghidani Motas & Tanasachi 1960 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) phreaticus (Motas & Tanasachi 1948) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) pilosus Schwoerbel 1961 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) plaumanni Lundblad 1953 RFF05
    |    |    |--A. p. plaumanni RFF05
    |    |    `--A. p. novus Lundblad 1953 RFF05
    |    |--A. (A.) porosus (Lundblad 1936) RFF05
    |    |    |--A. p. porosus RFF05
    |    |    `--A. p. columbianus Lundblad 1953 RFF05
    |    |--A. (A.) primitivus (Walter 1947) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) prosiliens (Motas & Tanasachi 1948) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) psammophilus Schwoerbel 1961 [incl. A. longipes Schwoerbel 1961 non Halbert 1944] S86
    |    |--A. (A.) pumilus (Szalay 1946) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) pygmaeus (Motas & Tanasachi 1948) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) radilofus Cook 1980 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) rostratus Lundblad 1953 RFF05
    |    |--A. (A.) sabulonis Cook 1967 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) schadei (Lundblad 1942) RFF05
    |    |--A. (A.) schlienzi Schwoerbel 1961 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) schwoerbeli Orghidan & Gruia 1983 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) similis (Angelier 1949) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) sinuatipes Lundblad 1953 RFF05
    |    |--A. (A.) sokolowi (Motas & Tanasachi 1948) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) subterraneus (Viets 1932) S86
    |    |    |--A. s. subterraneus S86
    |    |    |--A. s. japonensis Imamura 1958 S86
    |    |    `--A. s. obovalis (Szalay 1946) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) szalayi (Motas & Tanasachi 1948) S86
    |    |--A. (A.) talinarostris Cook 1967 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) trapeziformis Schwoerbel 1961 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) validipalpis (Lundblad 1937) RFF05
    |    |    |--A. v. validipalpis RFF05
    |    |    `--A. v. crassipes (Lundblad 1942) RFF05
    |    |--A. (A.) wevamus Cook 1980 S86
    |    |--A. (A.) yukii Cook 1967 S86
    |    `--A. (A.) zoldomus Cook 1980 S86
    `--A. (Octomegapus Viets 1926) S86
         |--A. (O.) aioiensis Imamura 1957 S86
         `--A. (O.) biscutatus Cook 1967 S86

Atractides incertae sedis:
  A. distans S86
  A. donipalpis VBB91
    |--A. d. donipalpis VBB91
    `--A. d. robustus (Sokolow 1940) VBB91
  A. grouti WL09
  A. lacustris BK91
  A. octoporus Piersig 1904 GS91
  A. ovalis BK91
  A. pavesii Maglio 1905 GS91
  A. pennatus CS91
  A. polyporus S86
  A. spinipes (Koch 1837) GS91
  A. tembolus WL09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK91] Biesiadka, E., & W. Kowalik. 1991. Water mites (Hydracarina) as indicators of trophy and pollution in lakes. In: Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 475-481. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[CS91] Cicolani, B., & A. Di Sabatino. 1991. Sensitivity of water mites to water pollution. In: Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 465-474. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[GS91] Gerecke, R., & J. Schwoerbel. 1991. Water quality and water mites (Acari, Actinedida) in the Upper Danube region, 1959-1984. In: Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 483-491. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[RFF05] Rosso de Ferradás, B. & H. R. Fernández. 2005. Elenco y biogeografía de los ácaros acuáticos (Acari, Parasitengona, Hydrachnidia) de Sudamérica. Graellsia 61 (2): 181-224.

[S86] Schwoerbel, J. 1986. Acari: “Hydrachnellae”. In Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) (L. Botosaneanu, ed.) pp. 652-696. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[VBB91] Valdecasas, A. G., A. Baltanás & E. Bello. 1991. A preliminary assessment of single rocks for sampling water mites. In: Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 503-507. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[WL09] Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W. & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology, pp. 233-420. Texas Tech University Press.

Assamiinae

Dorsum of Metassamia furcidens, from Roewer (1935).

Belongs within: Assamiidae.

The Assamiinae are a group of harvestmen found primarily in tropical Asia.

Characters (from Roewer 1935): Tarsi III and IV without pseudonychia above double claws. Distitarsus I two-segmented. Double claws of tarsi III and IV simple, without tooth-comb. Spiracles clearly visible, not hidden by denticles. Pedipalpal femur bearing ventral teeth that are shorter than femur diameter. Anterior edge of carapace with a median oblique upright spine.

<==Assamiinae
    |--Puria Roewer 1923 R35
    |    `--*P. dorsalis (Roewer 1914) R35, B02 [=Assamia dorsalis B02]
    |--Assamiella Roewer 1923 R35
    |    `--*A. marginata (Roewer 1912) R35, B02 [=Assamia marginata B02]
    |--Gudalura Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--G. biseriata Roewer 1927 R35
    |--Gomezyta Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*G. africana Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Dawnabius Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*D. pectinatus (Roewer 1912) [=Assamia pectinata] R35
    |--Anassamia Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*A. rufa (Roewer 1927) R35, B02 [=Assamia rufa B02]
    |--Pechota Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*P. marginalis Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Parassamia Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*P. sexdentata (Thorell 1889) [=Assamia sexdentata, Metassamia sexdentata] R35
    |--Tavoybia Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*T. quadrispina Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Assaphalla Martens 1977 M77
    |    `--*A. peralata Martens 1977 M77
    |--Umtaliella Lawrence 1934 K61
    |    `--*U. rhodesiensis Lawrence 1934 S92
    |--Neassamia Roewer 1935 R35
    |    |--*N. aborensis (Roewer 1913) R35, B02 [=Assamia aborensis B02]
    |    `--N. siamensis Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Nepalsioides Martens 1977 M77
    |    |--*N. thodunga Martens 1977 M77
    |    `--N. angusta Martens 1977 M77
    |--Micrassamula Martens 1977 M77
    |    |--*M. thak Martens 1977 M77
    |    `--M. jumlensis Martens 1977 M77
    |--Nepalsia Martens 1977 M77
    |    |--*N. rhododendron Martens 1977 M77
    |    |--N. betula Martens 1977 M77
    |    `--N. picea Martens 1977 M77
    |--Assamia Sørensen 1884 R35
    |    |--*A. westermanni Sørensen 1884 R35
    |    |--A. bituberculata Thorell 1889 R35
    |    |--A. gravelyi Roewer 1911 R35
    |    |--A. punctata Roewer 1924 B02
    |    `--A. simonis Thorell 1889 T89
    `--Metassamia Roewer 1923 R35
         |--*M. soerensenii (Thorell 1889) R35 [=Assamia soerensenii R23]
         |--M. bihemisphaerica Roewer 1927 R35
         |--M. ‘bituberculata’ (Roewer 1912) R35 [=Assamia bituberculata non Thorell 1889 R23]
         |--M. furcidens Roewer 1935 R35
         |--M. nepalica Martens 1977 M77
         |--M. reticulata (Simon 1887) R35 [=Maracandus reticulatus R23, Assamia reticulata R23]
         |--M. septemdentata Roewer 1923 R35
         |--M. spinifrons (Roewer 1915) R35 [=Assamia spinifrons R23]
         `--M. variata (Sørensen & Henriksen 1932) (n. d.) [=Assamia variata] R35

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B02] Bastawade, D. B. 2002. Revision of five known species of family Assamidae, Laniatores: Opiliones, on the basis of types and identified specimens deposited in the Zoological Survey of India National Collection, by Roewer (1911-1939). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 455-466.

[K61] Kauri, H. 1961. Opiliones. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 9–197. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[M77] Martens, J. 1977. Opiliones aus dem Nepal-Himalaya. III. Oncopodidae, Phalangodidae, Assamiidae (Arachnida). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (4-6): 295-340.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[R35] Roewer, C.-F. 1935. Alte und neue Assamiidae. Weitere Weberknechte VIII. (8. Ergänzung der “Weberknechte der Erde” 1923). Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Kolonial- und Uebersee-Museum in Bremen 1: 1-168.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271-336.

[T89] Thorell, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXI. – Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885-1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 521-729.

Metabiantes

Metabiantes leighi, from Schönhofer (2008).

Belongs within: Biantidae.

Metabiantes is an southern African genus of harvestmen, most species of which are only known from limited distributions.

See also: Metabiantes at Catalogue of Organisms.

Characters (from Kauri 1961): Eyes widely separated in posterior part of cephalothorax, common ocularium absent. Anterior edge of cephalothorax bearing median frontal mound of varying height and size. Scutum with five distinct areas, the 3rd to 4th of those with a larger pair of granules or spines in the middle. First cheliceral segemnt arched distodorsally and forming a hood. Pedipalp femur with large spine on basal quarter, another smaller more proximal spine also present (readily visible only in larger species). Patella with apical retrolateral spine, tibia and tarsus with two spines on both sides. Tarsal formula of legs 3-5-5-5. Distitarsus I with two and II with three segments. Tarsus I and II with simple claws, tarsus III and IV with scopula and double claws. Third ventral coxal plate with a series of teeth on anterior and posterior edges. Stigmata hidden.

<==Metabiantes Roewer 1915 S92 [incl. Spinibiantes Roewer 1915 L31]
    |--*M. pusulosus (Loman 1898) [=Biantes pusulosus] S92
    |--M. armatus Lawrence 1962 S92
    |--M. barbertonensis Lawrence 1963 S92
    |--M. basutoanus Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. cataracticus Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. convexus Roewer 1949 [=Hinzuanius convexus] S92
    |--M. filipes (Roewer 1912) [=Biantes filipes] S92
    |--M. flavus Lawrence 1949 [=M. flava] S92
    |--M. hanstroemi Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. incertus Kauri 1961 L02
    |--M. insulanus (Roewer 1949) [=Spinibiantes insulanus] S92
    |--M. jeanneli (Roewer 1913) [=Biantes jeanneli, Hinzuanius jeanneli] S92
    |--M. kakololius Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. kosibaiensis Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. lawrencei Staręga 1992 [=M. obscurus Lawrence 1962 non Kauri 1961] S92
    |--M. leighi (Pocock 1902) S92 (see below for synonymy)
    |--M. litoralis Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. longipalpis Kauri 1985 GV09
    |--M. longipes Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. machadoi Lawrence 1957 S92
    |--M. meraculus (Loman 1898) [=Biantes meraculus; incl. M. maximus Lawrence 1931] S92
    |--M. minutus Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. montanus Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. obscurus Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. parvulus Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. perustus Lawrence 1963 S92
    |--M. pumilio Roewer 1927 S92
    |--M. punctatus (Sørensen 1910) [=Biantes punctatus, Hinzuanius punctatus] S92
    |--M. rudebecki Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. stanleyi Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. submontanus Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. teres Lawrence 1963 S92
    |--M. teretipes Lawrence 1962 S92
    |--M. traegardhi Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. trifasciatus Roewer 1915 [=M. trifasciata] S92
    |--M. ulindinus Kauri 1985 S92
    |--M. unicolor (Roewer 1912) [=Biantes unicolor] S92
    |--M. urbanus Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. varius Kauri 1961 S92
    |--M. zuluanus Lawrence 1937 [=Biantiplus zuluanus] S92
    `--M. zuurbergianus Kauri 1961 S92

Metabiantes leighi (Pocock 1902) S92 [=Hinzuanius leighi K61, Biantes leighi R23, Hinzuanus (l. c.) leighi S92, *Spinibiantes leighi S92]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GV09] Giribet, G., L. Vogt, A. Pérez González, P. Sharma & A. B. Kury. 2009. A multilocus approach to harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) phylogeny with emphasis on biogeography and the systematics of Laniatores. Cladistics 25: 1-30.

[K61] Kauri, H. 1961. Opiliones. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 9–197. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[L31] Lawrence, R. F. 1931. The harvest-spiders (Opiliones) of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 29 (2): 341-508.

[L02] Lotz, L. N. 2002. The Opiliones (Arachnida) of the Free State Province, South Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein 18 (8): 161-187.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

Schönhofer, A. L. 2008. On harvestmen from the Soutpansberg, South Africa, with description of a new species of Monomontia (Arachnida: Opiliones). African Invertebrates 49 (2): 109-126.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271-336.

Ceratomontia

Ceratomontia centralis, photographed by G. Machado.

Belongs within: Triaenonychini.

Ceratomontia is a genus of harvestmen that has been described from South America and Africa. An analysis of Ceratomontia by Mendes & Kury (2008) suggested that it is paraphyletic to the African genera Monomontia and Austromontia, with the African species analysed (C. capensis, C. minor and C. tabulae) closer to the African species than to South American species.

Characters (from Mendes & Kury 2008): Median spine of eyemound continuous with eyemound; mesotergal areas well defined; pedipalpal femur with ventral band of small granules; tarsus I with two tarsomeres, distal tarsomere incrassate; tarsus II with less than six tarsomeres; penis with disto-ventral projections on dorso-lateral plate, stylus enfolded by dorsal plate.

<==Ceratomontia Roewer 1914 S08
    |  i. s.: C. annae Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. cheliplus Roewer 1931 [incl. C. hewitti Lawrence 1931] S92
    |         C. fluvialis Lawrence 1931 S92
    |         C. irregularis Lawrence 1931 S92
    |         C. karrooensis Lawrence 1931 S92
    |         C. namaqua Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. nasuta Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. pusilla Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. reticulata Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. rumpiana Lawrence 1937 S92 [=C. natalensis ms K61]
    |         C. ruricola Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. sanguinea Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. setosa Lawrence 1931 S92
    |         C. thornei Lawrence 1934 [=C. thorni] S92
    |         C. werneri Roewer 1931 S92
    |--+--C. mendocina Maury & Roig-Alsona 1985 MK08
    |  `--+--C. argentina Canals 1939 MK08
    |     |--C. brasiliana Maury 1999 MK08
    |     `--C. centralis Maury & Roig-Alsina 1985 MK08
    `--+--*C. capensis Roewer 1915 MK08
       `--+--+--C. minor Lawrence 1931 MK08
          |  `--C. tabulae Lawrence 1931 MK08
          `--Monomontia Lawrence 1931 MK08, S08
               |  i. s.: *M. atra Lawrence 1931 S92
               |         M. aquilonaris Lawrence 1963 S08
               |         M. aspera Lawrence 1939 S92
               |         M. cristiceps Lawrence 1963 S92
               |         M. curvirostris Lawrence 1938 S92
               |         M. flava Lawrence 1933 S92
               |         M. granifrons Lawrence 1938 S92
               |         M. intermedia Lawrence 1938 S92
               |         M. krausi Kauri 1961 S08
               |         M. montensis Lawrence 1938 S92
               |         M. neglecta Schönhofer 2008 S08
               |         M. rattrayi Lawrence 1931 S92
               |         M. transvaalica Lawrence 1963 S92
               |         M. versicolor Lawrence 1963 S08
               |--+--M. brincki Kauri 1961 MK08
               |  `--M. corticola Lawrence 1938 MK08
               `--Austromontia Lawrence 1931 MK08, S08
                    |  i. s.: A. caledonica Lawrence 1931 S92
                    |         A. formosa Lawrence 1963 S08
                    |         A. litoralis Lawrence 1934 S92
                    |--+--*A. silvatica Lawrence 1931 S92, MK08
                    |  `--A. bidentata Lawrence 1934 MK08
                    `--+--A. capensis Lawrence 1931 MK08
                       `--+--Monomontia lawrencei Kauri 1950 MK08
                          `--Monomontia rugosa Lawrence 1937 MK08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K61] Kauri, H. 1961. Opiliones. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 9–197. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[MK08] Mendes, A. C., & A. B. Kury. 2008. Intercontinental Triaenonychidae—the case of Ceratomontia (Opiliones, Insidiatores). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 273-279.

[S08] Schönhofer, A. L. 2008. On harvestmen from the Soutpansberg, South Africa, with description of a new species of Monomontia (Arachnida: Opiliones). African Invertebrates 49 (2): 109-126.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271-336.

Triaenonychidae

Soerensenella prehensor, photographed by Phil Bendle.

Belongs within: Laniatores.
Contains: Adaeini, Triaenonychini, Triaenobunini.

The Triaenonychidae are a family of harvestmen characterised by branched hind claws and found primarily on the southern continents (South America, Australasia and Africa). Kaolinonychus and the Nippononychinae from north-eastern Asian have also been assigned to this family, but their position here is open to doubt (Mendes & Kury 2008).

Characters (from Suzuki 1975): Anterior margin of scute usually with three projections flanking chelicerae. Eyes situated on median tubercle. Dorsum with five tergal areas bounded by transverse grooves or rows of tubercles and three free tergites. Ninth tergite fused to anal plate. Palpi robust, without slender, elongated segments. Spiracles exposed or hidden in a groove between coxa and sternite. Metatarsi of legs usually divided by a constriction into two sections, a proximal astragalus and a distal calcaneus. Claws of third and fourth legs with uniform or stout central prong bearing two to six or less lateral branches in adults and three, four or five pairs of lateral spines or branches in juveniles. Pseudonychium, aroleum or scapulae not present on claws of adults or juveniles. Males with musculature in penis which apparently articulates distal process.

Triaenonychidae [Triaenonychoidae]
    |  i. s.: Breviacantha Kauri 1954 K54
    |           `--*B. gisleni Kauri 1954 K54
    |         Odontonuncia Hickman 1958 K04
    |--Kaolinonychus Suzuki 1975 S75 [Kaolinonychinae MK08]
    |    `--*K. coreanus (Suzuki 1966) [=Peltonychia coreana] S75
    |         |--K. c. coreanus S75
    |         `--K. c. longipes (Suzuki 1966) [=Peltonychia coreana longipes] S75
    |--Nippononychinae MK08
    |    |--Nippononychus Suzuki 1975 S75
    |    |    `--*N. japonicus (Miyosi 1957) [=Peltonychia japonica] S75
    |    |--Izunonychus Suzuki 1975 S75
    |    |    `--*I. ohruii Suzuki 1975 S75
    |    `--Metanippononychus Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         |--*M. tomishimai Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         |    |--M. t. tomishimai S75
    |         |    `--M. t. awanus Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         |--M. daisenensis Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         |--M. iriei Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         |    |--M. i. iriei S75
    |         |    `--M. i. yakuensis Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         `--M. iyanus Suzuki 1975 S75
    |--Soerensenellinae [Soerensellinae] F54
    |    |--Karamea Forster 1954 F54
    |    |    |--*K. lobata Forster 1954 F54
    |    |    |    |--K. l. lobata NS00
    |    |    |    |--K. l. aurea Forster 1954 NS00
    |    |    |    `--K. l. australis Forster 1954 NS00 [=K. l. australia (l. c.) F54]
    |    |    |--K. trailli (Hogg 1920) [=Monoxyomma trailli] F54
    |    |    |--K. tricerata Forster 1954 NS00
    |    |    `--K. tuthilli Forster 1954 NS00
    |    `--Soerensenella Pocock 1903 [incl. Akaroa Roewer 1931] F54
    |         |--*S. prehensor Pocock 1903 P03, F54 [=Soerensella (l. c.) prehensor R23]
    |         |    |--S. p. prehensor NS00
    |         |    |--S. p. nitida Forster 1954 F54
    |         |    `--S. p. obesa Forster 1954 NS00
    |         |--S. bicornis Pocock 1903 F54 [=Soerensella (l. c.) bicornis R23; incl. *Akaroa formosa Roewer 1931 F54]
    |         |    |--S. b. bicornis F54
    |         |    |--S. b. parva Forster 1954 F54
    |         |    `--S. b. waikanae Forster 1954 F54
    |         `--S. rotara Phillipps & Grimmett 1932 F54
    `--Triaenonychinae MK08
         |  i. s.: Picunchenops Maury 1988 K03
         |           `--*P. spelaeus Maury 1988 K03
         |         Conoculus Forster 1949 F49
         |           `--*C. asperus Forster 1949 F49
         |         Roewerania Lawrence 1934 S92
         |           |--*R. lignicola Lawrence 1934 S92
         |           |--R. guduana Kauri 1961 L02
         |           |--R. montana Kauri 1961 L02
         |           `--R. spinosa Lawrence 1938 L02
         |         Yulella Lawrence 1939 K04
         |           `--*Y. natalensis (Lawrence 1937) [=Roewerania natalensis] S92
         |         Millomontia Lawrence 1959 K04
         |           |--*M. brevispina Lawrence 1959 S92
         |           `--M. vadoni Lawrence 1959 S92
         |         Millotonyx Lawrence 1959 K04
         |           `--*M. tenuipes Lawrence 1959 S92
         |         Paulianyx Lawrence 1959 K04
         |           |--*P. brevipes Lawrence 1959 S92
         |           `--P. ferruginea Lawrence 1959 S92
         |         Ankaratrix Lawrence 1959 S92
         |           |--*A. illota Lawrence 1959 S92
         |           `--A. cancrops Lawrence 1959 S92
         |         Decarynella Fage 1945 S92
         |           `--*D. gracilipes Fage 1945 S92
         |         Ivohibea Lawrence 1959 S92
         |           `--*I. cavernicola Lawrence 1959 S92
         |         Planimontia Kauri 1961 S92
         |           `--*P. goodnightorum Kauri 1961 [=P. goodnighti] S92
         |--Fumontana Shear 1977 GV09, K03
         |    `--*F. deprehendor Shear 1977 [=F. deprehensor (l. c.)] K03
         `--+--Adaeini GV09
            `--+--Triaenonychini GV09
               `--+--Triaenobunini GV09
                  `--Graemontia Lawrence 1931 K06
                       |--*G. bifidens Lawrence 1931 K06
                       |--G. bicornigera Lawrence 1963 K06
                       |--G. decorata Lawrence 1938 K06
                       |--G. dentichelis Lawrence 1931 K06
                       |--G. erecta Kauri 1961 K06
                       |--G. natalensis Lawrence 1937 K06
                       `--G. viridiceps Kury 2006 K06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F49] Forster, R. R. 1949. Australian Opiliones. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 16: 59-89.

[F54] Forster, R. R. 1954. The New Zealand harvestmen (sub-order Laniatores). Canterbury Museum Bulletin 2: 1-329.

[GV09] Giribet, G., L. Vogt, A. Pérez González, P. Sharma & A. B. Kury. 2009. A multilocus approach to harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) phylogeny with emphasis on biogeography and the systematics of Laniatores. Cladistics 25: 1-30.

[K54] Kauri, H. 1954. Report from Professor T. Gislén’s expedition to Australia in 1951-1952. 9. Harvest-spiders from S. W. Australia. Lunds Universitets Ärsskrift. N. F. Avd. 2. 50 (11): 1-10.

[K03] Kury, A. B. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, volumen especial monográfico 1: 1-337.

[K04] Kury, A. B. 2004. A new genus of Triaenonychidae from South Africa (Opiliones, Laniatores). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología 9: 205-210.

[K06] Kury, A. B. 2006. A new species of Graemontia Lawrence, 1931, from the Western Cape, South Africa, with notes on the relationships of the genus (Opiliones: Laniatores: Triaenonychidae). African Zoology 41 (1): 45-50.

[L02] Lotz, L. N. 2002. The Opiliones (Arachnida) of the Free State Province, South Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein 18 (8): 161-187.

[MK08] Mendes, A. C., & A. B. Kury. 2008. Intercontinental Triaenonychidae – the case of Ceratomontia (Opiliones, Insidiatores). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 273-279.

[NS00] Nicholls, D. C., P. J. Sirvid, S. D. Pollard & M. Walker. 2000. A list of arachnid primary types held in Canterbury Museum. Records of the Canterbury Museum 14: 37-48.

[P03] Pocock, R. I. 1903. Fifteen new species and two new genera of tropical and southern Opiliones. Annals & Magazine of Natural History series 7, xi: 433-450.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271-336.

[S75] Suzuki, S. 1975. The harvestmen of family Triaenonychidae in Japan and Korea (Travunoidea, Opiliones, Arachnida). Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1, 26: 65-101.

Isometrus

Isometrus melanodactylus, photographed by azn4114.
Belongs within: Buthoidea.

Isometrus is a genus of scorpions found primarily in the Old World tropics, except for the pantropical I. maculatus.

See also: The world's scorpion.

Characters (from Kovařík 2003): Trichobothrial patterns orthobothriotaxic. Dorsal trichobothria of femur arranged in beta-configuration. Tibial spurs absent on all legs. Sternum subtriangular. Movable fingers of pedipalps with six rows of granules and external and internal granules. Tibiae and tarsomeres of legs I–III with setae not arranged into bristlecombs. Carapace granulated, without carinae. Mesosoma dorsally with one median carina. Telson with subaculear tooth pointed or rounded. Total length under 70 mm.

Isometrus Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1829 K92
    |--I. antillanus T89
    |--I. atomarius T89
    |--I. feae Thorell 1889 T89
    |--I. fuscus T89
    |--I. maculatus (De Geer 1778) K92 (see below for synonymy)
    |--I. melanodactylus (Koch 1867) [incl. I. papuensis Werner 1916] J98
    |--I. melanophysa (Koch 1867) [=Lychas melanophysa; incl. I. gracilis Thorell 1876] KK84
    |--I. perfidus Koch & Keyserling 1884-1885 KK84
    |--I. phipsoni T89
    |--I. scutilus [=Lychas scutilus] T89
    |--I. shoplandii Oates 1888 T89
    |--I. thorellii Koch & Keyserling 1884-1885 KK84
    `--I. variatus Thorell 1876 KK84

Isometrus maculatus (De Geer 1778) K92 [=Scorpio maculatus K92, Lychas maculatus KK84; incl. Lychas americanus Koch 1845 KK84, Centrurus (Isometrus) americanus KK84, Scorpio dentatus Herbst 1800 KK84, Buthus (Isometrus) filum Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1829 KK84, S. (Atreus) filum KK84, S. (Lichas) gabonensis Lucas 1858 KK84, S. guineensis Lucas 1858 KK84]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81-91.

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267-310.

[KK84] Koch, L., & E. Keyserling. 1884-1890. Die Arachniden Australiens nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet vol. 2. Bauer & Raspe: Nürnberg.

Kovařík, F. 2003. A review of the genus Isometrus Ehrenberg, 1828 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) with descriptions of four new species from Asia and Australia. Euscorpius 10: 1-19.

[T89] Thorell, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXI. – Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885-1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 521-729.

Texella

Texella tuberculata, photographed by Jean Krejca.
Belongs within: Phalangodidae.

Texella is a genus of harvestmen found in the southern and western US, with several species found in cave habitats.

Characters (from Ubick & Briggs 1992): Total body length 1.2-2.7; scute length 0.8-1.7. Body color from yellowish white to brownish orange, appendages relatively paler. Body cuticle with uniform layer of hemispherical to ovoid microtubercles, appearing smooth (microtubercles about 5 µm in diameter) to rugose (about 10 µm) at normal magnifications, and scattered patches of larger tubercles (from about 20 µm), which may be elongate, scale-like, and setiferous; setation light to moderate, most pronounced on the abdomen. Scute with eye mound at anterior margin; thoracic region set off dorsally by transverse grooves and laterally (at insertion of leg III) by pronounced constriction; abdominal region typically with five transverse rows of coarse tubercles representing fused tergites I-V. Eye mound roughly conical, reduced in troglomorphic species, rugosity smooth to coarse; eyes well developed, reduced, or absent. Anterior tubercles present or absent. Ozopores well developed, on anteriolateral margin, with distinct posterior channel. Tergites VI-VIII free, typically with median, transverse rows of coarse tubercles interspersed with short setae. Venter textured similarly as scute but more densely setose. Coxae with coarse tuberculation typically on ventral surfaces, retrolaterally on coxae II, and prolaterally on coxae IV; endites mesoapically situated on palpal coxae, coxae I, and coxae II; anteriorly directed spur on ventral surface of palpal coxae. Genital operculum between coxae IV, roughly semicircular, may be armed apically with 1-2 pairs of spines or tubercles. Large to small conical, cuticular outgrowth (=postopercular process) immediately behind genital operculum present in males of most species. Sternites typically with transverse rows of tubercles; sternite I with spiracle near distal part of coxa IV; stemites II-V free; sternites VI-VII fused. Anal operculum coarsely tuberculate and setose.

Chelicerae with smooth cuticle, basal segment with dorsoapical swelling, apical segments dorsally setose. Palpi with smooth cuticle of appressed scales, apically setose, typically robust but conspicuously attenuated in highly troglomorphic species; megaspine number and distribution: trochanter: 1-2 ventral (small); femur: 3 ecto(ventro)basal, 1-2 mesoapical; patella: 1 ectal, 1-2 mesal; tibia: 2 ectal, 2-3 mesal; tarsus: 2 ectal, 2 mesal. Legs with cuticle of apically rebordered scales giving honeycomb appearance; calcanei and tarsi smooth; lightly to moderately setose; leg II longest, leg formula (longest to shortest) II-IV-I-III; leg II length/scute length = 2-15; tarsal counts typically 3-5-4-5, 3-5-5-5, and 3-5-5-6, but up to 4-8-6-8 in highly troglomorphic species; tarsal claws single on legs I and II, paired on legs III and IV; legs of juveniles with posterior claws on onychium and enclosing arolium. Trochanter IV with ventral tubercles (females, some males) or elongate process (=spur) (most males); spur generally slightly curved, ventrally with smooth knobs, apically bent or enlarged.

Penis without muscles, composed of basal sac, truncus, and apical glans. Ventral plate bifurcate; incision at least as wide as glans width; each prong with a rigid, cuticular, apical spine and movable setae; setae arranged in dorsal, lateral, and ventral series. Glans double folded, appearing sigmoid in lateral view, expansion along two axes of rotation: 1) junction of basal and middle segment and 2) junction of apical segment and stylus; basal segment typically with ventroapical extension (=basal knob); middle segment with a pair of distal lobes (parastylar lobes), occasionally with a pair of secondary parastylar lobes; stylus apical, may bear a pair of basolateral processes (stylar apophyses) and ventral carina. Ovipositor bent or straight; cuticle wrinkled, with longitudinal and transverse folds; microsculpturing of small, thin spines, serrations, or rounded tubercles, rarely smooth; apex with dorsoventral slit, typically with a pair of teeth; setal pattern: 4 pairs lateral, 1 pair ventral, subapical, and 2 pairs dorsal, subapical; subapical setae located in cuticular folds. Hyperexpanded ovipositor with four apical valves and a patch of small basolateral spines.

Texella Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 UB04
    |--*T. mulaiki Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 K03, UB04
    |--T. bifurcata (Briggs 1968) [=Sitalcina bifurcata] UB04
    |--T. bilobata Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. brevidenta Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. brevistyla Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. cokendolpheri Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04 [incl. T. watersi Ubick & Briggs 1992 (n. n.) K03]
    |--T. deserticola Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. dimopercula Ubick & Briggs 2004 UB04
    |--T. diplospina Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. elliotti Ubick & briggs 2004 UB04
    |--T. fendi Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. grubbsi Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. hardeni Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. hartae Ubick & Briggs 2004 UB04
    |--T. hilgerensis Ubick & Briggs 2004 UB04
    |--T. homi Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. jungi Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. kokoweef Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. longistyla Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. reddelli Goodnight & Goodnight 1967 UB04
    |--T. renkesae Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. reyesi Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. shoshone Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. spinoperca Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. tuberculata Ubick & Briggs 2004 UB04
    |--T. wellbourni Ubick & Briggs 1992 UB04
    |--T. whitei Ubick & Briggs 2004 UB04
    `--T. youngensis Ubick & Briggs 2004 UB04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K03] Kury, A. B. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, volumen especial monográfico 1: 1-337.

Ubick, D., & T. S. Briggs. 1992. The harvestman family Phalangodidae. 3. Revision of Texella Goodnight and Goodnight (Opiliones: Laniatores). Texas Memorial Museum, Speleological Monographs 3: 155-240.

[UB04] Ubick, D., & T. S. Briggs. 2004. The harvestman family Phalangodidae. 5. New records and species of Texella Goodnight and Goodnight (Opiliones: Laniatores). Texas Memorial Museum, Speleological Monographs 6: 101-141.

Kimulidae

Minuella dimorpha, from Pérez González & Kury (2007).
Belongs within: Laniatores.

The Kimulidae is a small family of short-legged harvestmen found in northern South America.

Characters (from Pérez González & Kury 2007): Dorsal scutum bell-shaped with laterals of carapace convex; opisthosomal scutum widest at groove II and slightly constricted at area III or IV (Tegipiolus without any constriction); opisthosomal scutum outline in lateral view high, but somewhat flattened, not rounded convex. Ocularium prominent, granular, armed with a medial spiniform apophysis erect or curved or sinuous or inclined anteriorly. Mesotergum with four areas, area I longer than the others; mesotergal areas typically densely granular but unarmed; in a few species area I possesses a pair or transverse row of pointed tubercles. Lateral margin of scutum may have eularged spiniform tubercles, larger at area II. Free tergites with pointed corners or unpaired median apophyses. Free Sternites may bear varied armature, rows of spines or unpaired spines. Chelicerae with well-marked bulla, without remarkable armature. Pedipalps with setiferous tubercles never strongly developed; femur convex dorsally wlth ventral and dorsal scattered setiferous tubercles, group of two basal setiferous tubercles with basalmost tubercle always much reduced and always with mesal subdistal setiferous tubercle; patella with one mesal subdistal setiferous tubercle; tibia a little elongate, usually longer than tarsus, marginated with lateroectal and lateromesal rows of two to seven setiferous tubercles; tarsus with lateroectal and lateromesal rows of three to four setiferous tubercles. Legs III-IV without tarsal process and scopula; male coxa IV well developed, visible under scutum in dorsal view, roughly armed with heavy granules or acute tubercles; trochanter IV with characteristic ventral spine; femur IV very incrassate, with ventral row of strong spiniform apophyses; tibia and metatarsus IV roughly tuberculate with very enlarged and globose ventral tubercles at apices; tarsal formula 4(2):6-13(2):5:5-6 (except in Fudeci, 3:5:5:5). Penis with truncus cylindrical without well-defined ventral plate; pars distalis well-differentiated from pars basalis by one sulcus or the border between both easily recognisable by the upper limit of the pars basalis striate area; pars distalis laterally armed with three or four strong spatulate spines, in some species lanceolate, in others rounded, and ventrally with four small acute setae; Pars distalis with lamina ventralis surrounding capsula interna (conductors + stylus), apical extremes of the lamina ventralis enlarged, fingerlike, touching one another dorsally, the apical region of pars distalis commonly with two folds that can be ventrally entire or divided; two rigid conductors that can be lamelar or greatly developed and enlarged.

Kimulidae [Minuidae, Minuinae]
    |--Acanthominua Sørensen 1932 K03
    |    `--*A. tricarinata Sørensen 1932 K03
    |--Euminua Sørensen 1932 K03
    |    `--*E. brevitarsa Sørensen 1932 K03
    |--Euminuoides Mello-Leitão 1935 K03
    |    `--*E. longitarsa (Sørensen 1932) [=Euminua longitarsa, E. longitarsis (l. c.)] K03
    |--Fudeci González-Sponga 1997 PGK07, K03
    |    `--*F. curvifemur González-Sponga 1997 K03
    |--Metakimula Avram 1973 PGK07, K03
    |    `--*M. botosaneanui (Avram 1973) [=Kimula (Metakimula) botosaneanui] K03
    |--Tegipiolus Roewer 1949 PGK07, K03
    |    `--*T. pachypus Roewer 1949 K03
    |--Microminua Sørensen 1932 K03
    |    |--*M. parvula Sørensen 1932 K03
    |    `--M. soerenseni Soares & Soares 1954 K03
    |--Pseudominua Mello-Leitão 1933 K03
    |    |--*P. convolvulus (Sørensen 1932) [=Euminua convolvulus] K03
    |    `--P. peruviana Roewer 1963 K03
    |--Kimula Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 PGK07
    |    |--*K. elongata Goodnight & Goodnight 1942 K03
    |    |--K. banksi Šilhavý 1969 K03
    |    |--K. cokendolpheri Pérez González & Armas 2000 K03
    |    |--K. goodnightiorum Šilhavý 1969 K03
    |    |--K. levii Šilhavý 1969 K03
    |    |--K. tuberculata Goodnight & Goodnight 1943 K03
    |    `--K. turquinensis Šilhavý 1969 K03
    `--Minuella Roewer 1949 PGK07 [incl. Minua Sørensen 1932 (nom. inv.) PGK07, K03]
         |--*M. dimorpha (Sørensen 1932) [=Minua dimorpha; incl. Minua insolens Sørensen 1932] K03
         |--M. scabra (Sørensen 1932) [=*Minua scabra] K03
         |--M. barloventensis González-Sponga 1987 [=Minua barloventensis] K03
         |--M. choroniensis González-Sponga 1987 [=Minua choroniensis] K03
         |--M. crassa González-Sponga 1987 [=Minua crassa] K03
         |--M. denticulata González-Sponga 1987 [=Minua denticulata] K03
         |--M. elias (Sørensen 1932) [=Minua elias] K03
         |--M. guatopensis González-Sponga 1987 [=Minua guatopensis] K03
         |--M. momoyana González-Sponga 1998 [=Minua momoyana] K03
         |--M. montis González-Sponga 1987 [=Minua montis] K03
         |--M. nebulae González-Sponga 1987 [=Minua nebulae] K03
         |--M. parva González-Sponga 1987 [=Minua parva] K03
         |--M. pinturelensis González-Sponga 1987 [=Minua pinturelensis] K03
         |--M. punctiacuta González-Sponga 1987 [=Minua punctiacuta] K03
         `--M. venefica González-Sponga 1987 [=Minua venefica] K03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K03] Kury, A. B. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, volumen especial monográfico 1: 1-337.

[PGK07] Pérez González, A., & A. B. Kury. 2007. Kimulidae Pérez González, Kury, and Alonso-Zarazaga, new name. In Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones (R. Pinto-da-Rocha, G. Machado & G. Giribet, eds) pp. 207-209. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).