Nuculana

Nuculana commutata, copyright National Museum Wales.

Belongs within: Nuculanoidea.

Nuculana is a cosmopolitan genus of infaunal bivalves known from the Triassic to the present day. Members of the genus have a produced posterior end, concentric sculpture, and a narrow, oblique ligament pit.

<==Nuculana
    |--N. (*Adrana) elongata (Sowerby 1832) [=Nucula elongata] F27b
    |--N. (Ezonuculana) mactraeformis Nagao 1932 AJH07
    |--N. (Jupiteria Bellardi 1875) P61
    |    |--N. (*J.) concava [=Nucula concava] P61
    |    |--N. (J.) amuriensis Woods 1917 F27a
    |    |--N. (J.) manawatawhia Powell 1937 P61
    |    |--N. (J.) onairoensis Marwick 1926 F27a
    |    |--N. (J.) wolffi Dell 1956 P61
    |    `--N. (J.) zealedaformis Dell 1953 P61
    |--N. (Pseudoportlandia Woodring 1925) F27a
    |    |--N. (*P.) clara [=Leda clara] F27a
    |    `--N. (P.) solenelloides (Marshall 1919) [=Sarepta solenelloides] F27a
    `--N. (Saccella Woodring 1925) P61
         |--N. (*S.) commutata [=Leda commutata] P61
         |--N. (S.) bellula (Adams 1856) P61
         |--N. (S.) fastidiosa F27a
         |--N. (S.) fragilis [=Arca fragilis] F27a
         |--‘Saccella’ gordonis (Yokoyama 1920) XZ10
         |--N. (S.) hedleyi Fleming 1951 P61
         |    |--N. h. hedleyi P61
         |    `--N. h. morioria Dell 1956 P61
         `--N. (S.) semiteres (Hutton 1877) [=Leda semiteres; incl. N. belluloides Marshall 1919] F27a

Nuculana incertae sedis:
  N. abrupta (Dana 1849) [=Nucula abrupta] F71
  N. acuta (Conrad 1832) [=Nucula acuta] F27b
  N. ‘acuta’ (Sowerby 1840) [=Nucula acuta non Conrad 1832] F27b
  N. acuticauda [=Leda acuticauda] F27b
  N. alata Muller 1859 F27b
  N. apiculata (Reuss 1844) [=Nucula apiculata] F27b
  N. bellistriata [incl. N. bellistriata var. attenuata] G31
  N. chapmani Finlay 1924 [=Leda apiculata Tate 1886 non Nucula apiculata Reuss 1844] F27b
  N. concinna (Dana 1849) F71
  N. ellisi Marwick 1926 F27a
  N. etheridgei F71
  N. fossa GW02
  N. hamata B56
  N. martini Finlay 1927 [=Crassatella alata Martin 1887, N. alata non Muller 1859] F27b
  N. minuta GW02
  N. ovum [incl. N. complanata] H00
  N. pella GW02
  N. pernula GW02
  N. striata Sherrard 1959 F71
  N. taphria B56
  N. verconis (Tate 1891) MG-H11
  N. waterhousei Etheridge 1888 F71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B56] Berry, S. S. 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 150–157.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[G31] Grabau, A. W. 1931. The Permian of Mongolia: A report on the Permian fauna of the Jisu Honguer limestone of Mongolia and its relations to the Permian of other parts of the world. American Museum of Natural History: New York.

[H00] Hodges, P. 2000. The Early Jurassic Bivalvia from the Hettangian and Lower Sinemurian of south-west Britain. Part 1. Monograph of the Paleontographical Society 614: 1–64.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[XZ10] Xu, F., & J. Zhang. 2010. Study on the bivalve faunal composition of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 7–12. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Mytilus

Blue mussels Mytilus edulis, copyright Hans Hillewaert.

Belongs within: Mytilidae.

Mytilus is a cosmopolitan genus of mussels bearing an elongate, wedge-shaped shell with a terminal beak.

<==Mytilus Linnaeus 1758 P61
    |--*M. edulis Linnaeus 1758 P61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--M. e. edulis P61
    |    |--M. e. aoteanus Powell 1958 P61
    |    |--M. e. chilensis Hupe 1854 C96, GO78
    |    |--M. e. desolationis Lamy 1936 C96, T-Q84
    |    |--M. e. diegensis S59
    |    `--M. e. planulatus Lamarck 1819 HJ08
    |--M. adriaticus N79
    |--M. americanus [incl. M. tulipa] G79
    |--M. barbatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--M. brasiliensis [incl. M. guianensis, M. semifusca] G79
    |--M. californianus Conrad 1837 R78
    |--M. canaliculatus B64
    |--M. castaneus Lightfoot 1786 K65
    |--M. coruscus Gould 1861 XZ10
    |--M. domingensis G79
    |--M. exustus Linnaeus 1758 L58 [incl. M. citrinus G79, M. sulcata G79]
    |--M. humerus Conrad 1855 C64
    |--M. hyotis Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--M. incertus W70
    |--M. inezensis C64
    |--M. inflatus Muller 1849 F27b
    |--M. latus H86
    |--M. ligneus G79
    |--M. linguloides (Huddleston 1884) (see below for synonymy) F27b
    |--M. minganensis Mighels 1844 J49
    |--M. mirabilis (Lepsius 1878) [=Gervillea mirabilis] W60
    |--M. multiformis [incl. M. adamsianus Dkr. 1856] C64
    |--M. mytilus P75
    |--M. nicobarica [incl. M. nicobarica var. kraussii] B79
    |--M. palliopunctatus C64
    |--M. perna PP64
    |--M. phaseolinus J79
    |--M. primulafontensis Etheridge 1902 F71
    |--M. ruber Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--M. smaragdinus H79
    |--M. sphinx W70
    |--M. splendens C64
    |--M. tenuistriatus PB27
    |--M. trossulus Gould 1950 VKK10
    |--M. unguis Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--M. ungulatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |--M. variabilis P71
    `--M. viridis Linnaeus 1758 L58

*Mytilus edulis Linnaeus 1758 P61 [=M. (Eumytilus) edulis F27a; incl. M. edulis var. galloprovincialis Lamarck 1819 G84, XZ10, M. glomeratus C64, M. pedroanus Conrad 1855 C64]

Mytilus linguloides (Huddleston 1884) [=Modiola linguloides; incl. My. inflatus Moore 1870 non Muller 1849, My. moorei Cossmann 1907] F27b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B64] Bennett, E. W. 1964. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Crustacea Brachyura. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 153: 1–120.

[B79] Brazier, J. 1879. List of marine shells collected on Fitzroy Island, north coast of Australia; with notes on their geographical range. Journal of Conchology 2: 186–199.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C96] Crame, J. A. 1996. Evolution of high-latitude molluscan faunas. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 119–131. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GO78] Gallardo S., C., & C. Osorio R. 1978. Hiatella solida (Sowerby, 1834) (Mollusca: Hiatellidae) on Concholepas concholepas (Bruguière, 1789) and other substrates. Veliger 20 (3): 274–278.

[G84] Gosling, E. M. 1984. The systematic status of Mytilus galloprovincialis in western Europe: a review. Malacologia 25 (2): 551–568.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H79] Haast, J. von. 1879. Geology of the Provinces of Canterbury and Westland, New Zealand. A report comprising the results of official explorations. "Times" Office: Christchurch.

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1–44.

[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[J79] Jeffreys, J. G. 1879. Notes on Colonel Montagu's collection of British shells. Journal of Conchology 2: 1–4.

[J49] Johnson, R. I. 1949. Jesse Wedgwood Mighels with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species. Occasional Papers on Mollusks 1 (14): 213–231.

[K65] Kay, E. A. 1965. The Reverend John Lightfoot, Daniel Solander, and the Portland Catalogue. Nautilus 79 (1): 10–19.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[P71] Por, F. D. 1971. One hundred years of Suez Canal—a century of Lessepsian migration: retrospect and viewpoints. Systematic Zoology 20 (2): 138–159.

[P75] Por, F. D. 1975. Pleistocene pulsation and preadaptation of biotas in Mediterranean seas: consequences for Lessepsian migration. Systematic Zoology 24 (1): 72–78.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[R78] Reid, R. G. B. 1978. The systematic, adaptive and physiological significance of proteolytic enzyme distribution in bivalves. Veliger 20 (3): 260–265.

[S59] Stohler, R. 1959. Range extensions of some west N. A. marines. Nautilus 72 (4): 127–130.

[T-Q84] Thiriot-Quiévreux, C. 1984. Les caryotypes de quelques Ostreidae et Mytilidae. Malacologia 25 (2): 465–476.

[VKK10] Vekhova, E. E., M. I. Kusaykin & K. V. Kiselev. 2010. The phytoplankton contribution to the diet of some mussel species (Mollusca: Bivalvia) from different parts of the Sea of Japan. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 104–108. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[W60] Waterhouse, J. B. 1960. Some Carnian pelecypods from New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3): 425–442.

[W70] Wills, L. J. 1970. The Triassic succession in the central Midlands in its regional setting. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 126: 225–283.

[XZ10] Xu, F., & J. Zhang. 2010. Study on the bivalve faunal composition of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 7–12. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Hochstetteria

Hochstetteria pinctada, copyright Auckland War Memorial Museum.

Belongs within: Limopsoidea.

Hochstetteria is a genus of small bivalves with a thin, smooth or faintly radially ribbed shell with a distinct periostracum.

<==Hochstetteria Vélain 1878 P61
    |--*H. aviculoides Velain 1878 P61
    |--H. acutangula Powell 1935 P61
    |--H. crenella Velain 1878 [=Philobrya crenella] F27
    |--H. hamiltoni (Hedley 1916) P61
    |--H. meleagrina Bernard 1896 P61 [=Philippiella meleagrina F27]
    |--H. modiolina Velain 1878 F27
    |--H. modiolus (Suter 1913) P61
    |--H. munita Finlay 1930 P61
    |--H. pinctada Finlay 1930 P61
    |--H. sculpturalis Dell 1956 P61
    `--H. trapezina F27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

Cyclopecten

Cyclopecten secundus, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Pectinoidea.

Cyclopecten is a genus of deep-sea scallops with a minute, thin, rounded shell.

<==Cyclopecten Verrill 1897 F27
    |  i. s.: C. alaskenis (Dall 1872) W84
    |         C. culebrensis (Smith 1885) W84
    |         C. exquisitus Grau 1959 PP78
    |         C. favus F27
    |         C. murrayi (Smith 1885) [=Pecten murrayi] H09
    |         C. nanus Verrill & Bush 1897 W84
    |         C. obliquus F27
    |         C. thalassinus (Dall 1886) W84
    `--C. (Cyclochlamys Finlay 1927) P61
         |--C. (*C.) transennus (Suter 1913) [=Pecten transenna] P61
         |--C. (C.) aupouria Powell 1937 P61
         |--C. (C.) mestayerae Dell 1956 P61
         |--C. (C.) powelli Dell 1956 P61
         `--C. (C.) secundus Finlay 1927 P61 [=Cyclochlamys secundus F27]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[W84] Waller, T. R. 1984. The ctenolium of scallop shells: functional morphology and evolution of a key family-level character in the Pectinacea (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Malacologia 25 (1): 203–219.

Mimachlamys

Doughboy scallops Mimachlamys asperrima, copyright Peter Southwood.

Belongs within: Pectinidae.

Mimachlamys is a genus of medium-sized to large scallops, with highly unequal auricles and both primary and secondary spinous radial macrosculpture, that live byssally attached to rocks or coral.

Mimachlamys Iredale 1929 P61
    |--*M. asperrima (Lamarck 1819) P61, MG-H11 [=Chlamys (*Mimachlamys) asperrima P61]
    |--M. celator (Finlay 1928) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) celator] P61
    |--M. dichroa (Suter 1909) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) dichroa] P61
    |--M. gemmulata (Reeve 1853) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) gemmulata] P61
    |    |--M. g. gemmulata P61
    |    |--M. g. consociata (Smith 1915) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) gemmulata consociata] P61
    |    `--M. g. radiata (Hutton 1873) P61 [=Pecten radiatus H08, Chlamys (Mimachlamys) gemmulata radiata P61]
    |--M. kiwaensis (Powell 1933) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) kiwaensis] P61
    |--M. nobilis PC11
    |--M. suprasilis (Finlay 1928) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) suprasilis] P61
    |    |--M. s. suprasilis P61
    |    `--M. s. crepusculi (Fleming 1948) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) suprasilis crepusculi] P61
    |--M. taiaroa (Powell 1952) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) taiaroa] P61
    |--M. zeelandona (Hertlein 1931) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) zeelandona] P61
    `--M. zelandiae (Gray 1843) [=Chlamys (Mimachlamys) zelandiae] P61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H08] Hedley, C. 1908. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part X. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 456–489, pls 7–10.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PC11] Plazzi, F., A. Ceregato, M. Taviani & M. Passamonti. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of bivalve mollusks: ancient radiations and divergences as revealed by mitochondrial genes. PLoS One 6 (11): e27147.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

Limidae

Spiny file shell Lima lima, copyright Hectonichus.

Belongs within: Pectinida.

The Limidae, file shells, are a group of bivalves with an ovate to subtrigonal shell that commonly live attached in fissures by byssal threads, though some species are able swimmers by flapping the valves.

<==Limidae
    |--Austrolima nimbifera M54
    |--Ctenoides annulata (Lamarck 1819) MG-H11
    |--Ctenostreon pectiniformis JB12, F71
    |--Notolimea Iredale 1924 F27a
    |    `--*N. australis [=Lima australis] F27a
    |--Plicacesta Vokes 1963 DK08
    |    `--*P. smithi (Sowerby 1888) DK08
    |--Divarilima Powell 1958 P61
    |    `--*D. sydneyensis (Hedley 1904) [=Lima sydneyensis] P61
    |--Limaria MG-H11
    |    |--L. fragilis (Gmelin 1791) MG-H11
    |    `--L. hians GW02
    |--Escalima Iredale 1929 P61
    |    |--*E. murrayi (Smith 1891) P61, F27a (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--E. regularis Powell 1955 P61
    |--Palaeolima SB93
    |    |--P. furcoplicata DX84
    |    |--P. scabrosa G31
    |    `--P. simplex (Phillips 1836) SB93
    |--Plagiostoma Sowerby 1814 RC78
    |    |--P. beyrichii TE01
    |    |--P. giganteum Sowerby 1814 RC78
    |    `--P. striata (Schlotheim 1820) KL04
    |--Mantellum Adams & Adams 1858 F27a
    |    |--*M. inflatum [=Ostrea inflata] F27a
    |    |--M. basilanicum Ad. & Reeve 1850 [=Lima basilanica; incl. L. angulata Sowerby 1843 non Munster 1841] F27a
    |    |--M. hians [=Ostrea hians] F27a
    |    |--M. inconspicuum Marwick 1926 F27a
    |    |--M. marwicki (Powell 1926) [=Lima marwicki] F27a
    |    `--M. polynema (Tate 1886) [=Lima polynema] F27a
    |--Limea Bronn 1831 F27a
    |    |  i. s.: L. torresiana (Smith 1885) [=Limatula torresiana] H09
    |    |         L. transenna Tate 1886 F27b
    |    |--*L. (Limea) strigiliata (Brocchi 1814) [=Ostrea strigiliata] S98
    |    `--L. (Pseudolimea Arkell in Douglas & Arkell 1932) S98
    |         |--L. (*P.) duplicata (Sowerby 1827) [=Plagiostoma duplicata] S98
    |         |--L. (P.) flabellulina (Darragh & Kendrick 1991) [=Pseudolimea flabellulina] S98
    |         `--L. (P.) woodsi (Suter 1921) (see below for synonymy) S98
    |--Limatula Searles Wood 1839 P61
    |    |--*L. subauriculata P61
    |    |--L. aupouria Powell 1937 P61
    |    |--L. demiradiata Allen 2004 F05
    |    |--L. jeffreysiana F27a
    |    |--L. maoria Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--L. pygmaea (Philippi 1845) P61
    |    |--L. strangei [=Lima strangei; incl. Lima jacksonensis] F27a
    |    |--L. suteri (Dall 1908) P61
    |    |--L. thalassae Allen 2004 F05
    |    `--L. trulla Marwick 1926 F27a
    |--Acesta B65
    |    |  i. s.: A. angolensis [=Lima (Acesta) angolensis] B65
    |    |         A. goliath [=Lima (Acesta) goliath] B65
    |    |         A. patagonica [=Lima (Acesta) patagonica] B65
    |    |--A. excavata PC11 [=Lima (Acesta) excavata B65, Ostrea excavata N79]
    |    `--+--A. bullisi PC11
    |       `--A. oophaga PC11
    `--Lima Bruguière 1797 RC78
         |--*L. lima (Linnaeus 1758) P61, F27a (see below for synonymy)
         |--L. alata Roemer 1836 F27b
         |--L. ‘alata’ Lycett 1850 non Roemer 1836 F27b
         |--L. ales Finlay 1927 [=L. alata Hedley 1898 nec Roemer 1836 nec Lycett 1850] F27b
         |--L. arcuata Sowerby 1843 H09
         |--L. bassii [incl. L. colorata] H86b
         |--L. bullata (Born 1780) F27a [=Ostrea bullata H09, Limatula bullata F27a]
         |--L. crassa [incl. Limea sarsii Lovén 1846, Lima sarsii] N79
         |--L. dieneri G31
         |--L. elliptica PP64
         |--L. fasciata (Linnaeus 1758) [=Ostrea fasciata] H09
         |--L. hemphilli B56
         |--L. hians (Gmelin 1791) R78
         |--L. huttoni Suter 1914 [=L. multiradiata Hutton 1873 non Gabb 1868] F27b
         |--L. inflata Lamarck 1819 H09
         |--L. krotowi G31
         |--L. laevigata McCoy 1844 F27b
         |--L. levitesta Finlay 1927 [=L. laevigata Hutton 1873 non McCoy 1844] F27b
         |--L. linguatula Lamarck 1819 H09
         |--L. loscombei [=Radula loscombei] PP64
         |--L. marlburiensis Woods 1917 F27a
         |--L. mestayerae Marwick 1924 P61
         |--L. multiradiata Gabb 1868 F27b
         |--L. nimbifer Iredale 1924 MG-H11
         |--L. orientalis [incl. L. dehiscens] C64
         |--L. pacifica PC11
         |    |--L. p. pacifica PC11
         |    `--L. p. galapagensis PC11
         |--L. palaeata H86a
         |--L. paucisulcata H86a
         |--L. pellucida WE63
         |--L. permiana G31
         |--L. retifera G31
         |--L. scabra [incl. L. aspera, L. fragilis, L. glacialis] G79
         |--L. striatoplicata G31
         |--L. subauriculata N79
         |--L. subovata U79
         |--L. tenera H09
         |--L. vulgaris (Link 1807) MG-H11
         |--L. wacoensis Roemer 1852 W77
         |--L. watersi Marwick 1926 F27a
         `--L. zealandica Sowerby 1876 P61

Nomen nudum: Limea neozelanica A27

*Escalima murrayi (Smith 1891) P61, F27a [=Lima murrayi P61, Mantellum murrayi F27a; incl. Limea acclinis Hedley 1905 F27a, Limea acclinus (l. c.) F27a]

*Lima lima (Linnaeus 1758) P61, F27a [=Ostrea lima P61; incl. L. squamosa F27a, Pecten (Lima) squamosus G20, L. tetrica C64]

Limea (Pseudolimea) woodsi (Suter 1921) [=Lima (Limatula) woodsi, Lima (Limatula) huttoni Woods 1917 non L. huttoni Suter 1914] S98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[B56] Berry, S. S. 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 150–157.

[B65] Boss, K. J. 1965. Note on Lima (Acesta) angolensis. Nautilus 79 (2): 54–58.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[DX84] Ding Y., Xia G., Duan C., Li W., Liu X. & Liang Z. 1984. Study on the early Permian stratigraphy and fauna in Zhesi district, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu (Inner Mongolia). Bulletin Tianjin Institure Geol. Min. Res. 10.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[G31] Grabau, A. W. 1931. The Permian of Mongolia: A report on the Permian fauna of the Jisu Honguer limestone of Mongolia and its relations to the Permian of other parts of the world. American Museum of Natural History: New York.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H86a] Hutton, F. W. 1886a. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[H86b] Hutton, F. W. 1886b. Notes on some Australian Tertiary fossils. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 481–482.

[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.

[KL04] Klug, C. & A. Lehmkuhl. 2004. Soft-tissue attachment structures and taphonomy of the Middle Triassic nautiloid Germanonautilus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (2): 243–258.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PC11] Plazzi, F., A. Ceregato, M. Taviani & M. Passamonti. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of bivalve mollusks: ancient radiations and divergences as revealed by mitochondrial genes. PLoS One 6 (11): e27147.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[R78] Reid, R. G. B. 1978. The systematic, adaptive and physiological significance of proteolytic enzyme distribution in bivalves. Veliger 20 (3): 260–265.

[RC78] Roth, B., & E. V. Coan. 1978. Nomenclatural notes on Hinnites giganteus (Gray). Veliger 20 (3): 297–298.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

[TE01] Tong, J., & D. H. Erwin. 2001. Triassic gastropods of the southern Qinling Mountains, China. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 92: 1–47.

[U79] d'Urban, W. S. M. 1879. The Mollusca of Barents Sea, between Spitzbergen and Novaya Zemblia. Journal of Conchology 2: 88–94.

[WE63] Warmke, G. L., & D. S. Erdman. 1963. Records of marine mollusks eaten by bonefish in Puerto Rican waters. Nautilus 76 (4): 115–120.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.

Pectinida

Placunopsis gingensis, left valve, from Todd & Palmer (2002).

Belongs within: Pteriomorphia.
Contains: Buchiacea, Deltopecten, Aviculopectinoidea, Plicatuloidea, Limidae, Anomia.

The Pectinida are a clade of bivalves supported by molecular data, combining the living taxa Pectinoidea, Limoidea and Anomiidae. The Anomiidae, golden oysters, are a family of generally sessile bivalves that are first definitely known from the Jurassic (Todd & Palmer 2002). Anomiids usually have thin, translucent shells, and are attached to the substrate when mature by a byssal plug passing through a large foramen in the right valve. The dorsoventrally striated byssal plug is calcified by a mixture of calcite and aragonite.

<==Pectinida [Pectinina, Pectinoida] PC11
    |--+--+--Aviculopectinoidea W06
    |  |  `--Plicatuloidea M96
    |  `--Limoidea [Limoida] C96
    |       |  i. s.: Regalilima JB12
    |       |         Prolobella Ulrich 1894 C04
    |       |--Limidae PC11
    |       `--Myodakryotus Tunnicliff 1987 [Myodakryotidae] C96
    |            `--M. deigryn Tunnicliff 1987 SB93
    `--Anomiidae [Anomioidea] PC11
         |--Patro elyros (Gray 1849) TP02, H09 [=Anomia elyros H09]
         |--Eonomia timida Fürsich & Palmer 1982 SB93
         |--Enigmonia M96
         |--Anomia P61
         |--Juranomia Fürsich & Werner 1989 TP02
         |    `--*J. calcibyssata Fürsich & Werner 1989 TP02
         |--Osteodesma C64
         |    |--O. aeruginosa Mighels 1844 J49
         |    `--O. kutorgana G31
         |--Monia Gray 1849 P61
         |    |--*M. zelandica (Gray 1843) [=Anomia zelandica] P61
         |    |--M. furcata (Suter 1907) P61 [=Anomia furcata F27]
         |    `--M. incisura A27
         |--Pododesmus TP02
         |    |--P. macrochizma KBC03
         |    |--P. patelliformis [=Monia patelliformis] TP02
         |    |--P. rudis M63
         |    |--P. squama [=Monia squama] TP02
         |    |--P. squamula [=Heteranomia squamula] K92
         |    `--P. zelandicus PG98
         |--Placunanomia H09
         |    |--P. cumingii C64
         |    |--P. foliata C64
         |    |--P. incisura H86
         |    |--P. ione Gray 1850 H09
         |    |--P. macroschisma [incl. P. alope, P. cepio, Anomia subcostata Conrad 1855] C64
         |    `--P. neozelanica H86
         `--Placunopsis Morris & Lycett 1853 [Placunopsidae] TP02
              |--P. inaequalis (Phillips 1829) (see below for synonymy) TP02
              |--P. arcensis Freneix 1986 [=P. radiata arcensis] TP02
              |--P. distracta (Eichwald 1865) TP02
              |--P. fuersichi Todd & Palmer 2002 TP02
              |--P. gingensis (Quenstedt 1856) TP02
              |--P. matercula TP02
              |--P. radians Morris & Lycett 1853 TP02
              |--P. semistriata (Bean 1839) [=Anomia semistriata] TP02
              |--P. socialis Morris & Lycett 1853 TP02
              `--P. suprajurensis TP02

Pectinida incertae sedis:
  Buchiacea JB12
  Deltopectinidae JB12
    |--Deltopecten JB12
    |--Orbiculopecten parma Gonzalez 1978 SB93
    |--Corrugopecten altoprimus Waterhouse 1982 SB93
    `--Streblopteria JB12
         |--S. deprati G31
         |--S. granosostriata G31
         |--S. magnini G31
         |--S. plana G31
         `--S. sericea G31
  Pseudomonotidae JB12
    |--Eumicrotis JB12
    |--Lyriopecten gracilis Dun 1898 JB12, F71
    |--Pachypteria nobilissima de Koninck 1851 SB93
    `--Pseudomonotis SB93
         |  i. s.: P. bjona G31
         |         P. daonelliformis G31
         |         P. furcoplicatus Grabau 1931 G31
         |         P. garforthensis G31
         |         P. mathieui G31
         |         P. radialis G31
         |         P. shansiensis G31
         |--P. (Pseudomonotis) speluncaria (von Schlotheim 1816) SB93
         `--P. (Aviculomonotis Grabau 1931) G31
              |--P. (*A.) mongoliensis Grabau 1931 G31
              |--P. (A.) kazanensis G31
              `--P. (A.) matthewi Grabau 1931 G31
  Lentipecten hochstetteri JB12, M49

Placunopsis inaequalis (Phillips 1829) [=Ostrea inaequalis, Anomia inaequalis; incl. Placunopsis fibrosa Laube 1867, Placuna jurensis Roemer 1836, *Placunopsis jurensis, Placunopsis oblonga Laube 1867, Orbicula radiata Phillips 1829, Placunopsis radiata] TP02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C96] Cope, J. C. W. 1996. The early evolution of the Bivalvia. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 361–370. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[C04] Cope, J. C. W. 2004. Bivalve and rostroconch mollusks. In: Webby, B. D., F. Paris, M. L. Droser & I. G. Percival (eds) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event pp. 196–208. Columbia University Press.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G31] Grabau, A. W. 1931. The Permian of Mongolia: A report on the Permian fauna of the Jisu Honguer limestone of Mongolia and its relations to the Permian of other parts of the world. American Museum of Natural History: New York.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.

[J49] Johnson, R. I. 1949. Jesse Wedgwood Mighels with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species. Occasional Papers on Mollusks 1 (14): 213–231.

[KBC03] Kashin, I. A., E. V. Bagaveeva & S. F. Chaplygina. 2003. Fouling communities of hydrotechnical constructions in Nakhodka Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29: 267–283.

[K92] Kozloff, E. N. 1992. The genera of the phylum Orthonectida. Cahiers de Biologie Marine 33: 377–406.

[M49] Mason, B. 1949. The geology of Mandamus-Pahau district, north Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 403–428.

[M63] Merrill, A. S. 1963. Mollusks from a buoy off Georgia. Nautilus 77 (2): 68–70.

[M96] Morton, B. 1996. The evolutionary history of the Bivalvia. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 337–359. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[PC11] Plazzi, F., A. Ceregato, M. Taviani & M. Passamonti. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of bivalve mollusks: ancient radiations and divergences as revealed by mitochondrial genes. PLoS One 6 (11): e27147.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[PG98] Probert, P. K., & S. L. Grove. 1998. Macrobenthic assemblages of the continental shelf and upper slope off the west coast of South Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 28: 259–280.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TP02] Todd, J. A., & T. J. Palmer. 2002. The Jurassic bivalve genus Placunopsis: new evidence on anatomy and affinities. Palaeontology 45 (3): 487–510.

[W06] Waller, T. R. 2006. Phylogeny of families in the Pectinoidea (Mollusca: Bivalvia): importance of the fossil record. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 148 (3): 313–342.

Inoceramus

Inoceramus hobetsensis, photographed by Daderot.

Belongs within: Pteriomorphia.

Inoceramus is a diverse genus of pteriomorph molluscs known from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Subequivalve to strongly inequivalve, ovate, trapeziform or suborbicular; posterior wing variably developed; ligamental area concave transversely; radial ornament rarely present; outer ostracum occasionally very thick.

<==Inoceramus Smith 1816 B59
    |--I. involutus [=*I. cuvieri (preoc.)] B59
    |--I. adgjakendensis K79
    |--I. amakusensis K79
    |--I. anglicus K79
    |    |--I. a. anglicus K79
    |    |--I. a. conjugalis K79
    |    `--I. a. elongatus K79
    |--I. apicalis K79
    |--I. arvanus K79
    |--I. athabaskensis K79
    |--I. aucella K79
    |--I. awajiensis K79
    |--I. azerbaidjanensis K79
    |--I. balchii K79
    |--I. barabini Morton 1834 [incl. I. crispii Conrad 1857] W77
    |--I. bellvuensis K79
    |--I. browni K79
    |--I. carsoni RC02
    |--I. colonicus K79
    |--I. comancheanus K79
    |--I. concentricus K79
    |    |--I. c. concentricus K79
    |    |--I. c. costatus K79
    |    `--I. c. nipponicus K79
    |--I. convexus K79
    |--I. costellatus K79
    |--I. crassalatus White 1877 W77
    |--I. crassus K79
    |--I. crippsi K79
    |--I. deformis Meek 1872 W77
    |--I. dimidius White 1874 W77
    |--I. dubius M79
    |--I. dunveganensis K79
    |--I. elegans K79
    |    |--I. e. elegans K79
    |    `--I. e. pseudosulcatus K79
    |--I. erectus K79
    |--I. ernsti K79
    |--I. eulessanus K79
    |--I. fasciculatus K79
    |--I. flaccidus White 1877 W77
    |--I. flavus K79
    |--I. fragilis Hall & Meek 1856 W77
    |--I. furnivali K79
    |--I. ginterensis K79
    |--I. hetonaianus K79
    |--I. hobetsensis K79
    |--I. howelli K79
    |--I. humboldti K79
    |--I. inaequivalvis K79
    |--I. japonicus K79
    |--I. kedrovensis K79
    |--I. kleini K79
    |--I. kusiroensis K79
    |--I. labiatiformis K79
    |--I. lamarcki K79
    |--I. macconnelli K79
    |--I. maclearni K79
    |--I. madagascariensis RC02
    |--I. mihoensis K79
    |--I. mukawaensis K79
    |--I. nahwisi K79
    |--I. naumanni [=Sphenoceramus naumanni] K79
    |--I. nebrascensis K79
    |--I. oblongus K79
    |--I. opetius Wellman 1959 S98
    |--I. orientalis [=Sphenoceramus orientalis] K79
    |--I. ovatoides K79
    |--I. pennatulus K79
    |--I. perplexus K79
    |--I. pertenuis K79
    |--I. pictus RC02
    |    |--I. p. pictus K79
    |    `--I. p. etheridgei K79
    |--I. prefragilis K79
    |--I. problematicus (Schlotheim 1820) (see below for synonymy) W77
    |--I. quadrans K79
    |--I. reachensis K79
    |--I. redbirdensis K79
    |--I. reduncus K79
    |--I. rotundatus K79
    |--I. rutherfordi K79
    |--I. sagensis K79
    |--I. schloenbachi K79
    |--I. schmidti [=Sphenoceramus schmidti] K79
    |--I. securiformis K79
    |--I. serotinus K79
    |--I. shikotaensis K79
    |--I. simpsoni K79
    |--I. stantoni K79
    |--I. subcompressus K79
    |--I. subundatus K79
    |--I. sutherlandi RC02
    |--I. tenuilineatus K79
    |--I. tenuis K79
    |--I. tenuiumbonatus K79
    |--I. teshioensis K79
    |--I. typicus K79
    |--I. uwajimensis K79
    |    |--I. u. uwajimensis K79
    |    `--I. u. yeharai K79
    |--I. vanuxemi K79
    |--I. waltersdorfensis K79
    |    |--I. w. waltersdorfensis K79
    |    `--I. w. hannovrensis K79
    |--I. yabai K79
    |--I. yokoyamai K79
    `--I. yubariensis K79

Inoceramus problematicus (Schlotheim 1820) [=Mytilus problematicus; incl. M. labiatus Brongniart 1822, Inoceratus mytiloides Goldfuss 1836] W77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B59] Boreham, A. U. E. 1959. Cretaceous fossils from the Chatham Islands. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 119–125.

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 1. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[K79] Kauffman, E. G. 1979. Cretaceous. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A418–A487. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[M79] Müller, A. H. 1979. Fossilization (taphonomy). In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A2–A78. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[RC02] Riding, J. B., & J. A. Crame. 2002. Aptian to Coniacian (Early–Late Cretaceous) palynostratigraphy of the Gustav Group, James Ross Basin, Antarctica. Cretaceous Research 23: 739–760.

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.

Glycymeris

Small dog-cockle Glycymeris modesta, photographed by Graham Bould.

Belongs within: Limopsoidea.

Glycymeris, the dog-cockles, are a group of bivalves found lying unattached on the substrate in shallow seabeds. They have a subcircular to subquadrate shell with a smooth or costate surface and internally fluted ventral margins.

<==Glycymeris da Costa 1778 [Glycymeridinae] DK10
    |--G. (Glycymeris) KS02
    |    |--*G. (G.) orbicularis (da Costa 1778) [=Arca orbicularis] KS02
    |    `--G. (G.) siliqua [=Mya (G.) siliqua] G20
    |--G. (Glycymerita Finlay & Marwick 1937) KS02
    |    |--G. (*G.) concava Marshall 1917 KS02
    |    |--G. (G.) gigantica Kanjilal & Srinivasan 2002 KS02
    |    `--G. (G.) selwynensis Woods 1917 F27a, S98
    |--G. (Glycymerula Finlay & Marwick 1937) P61
    |    `--G. (*G.) modesta (Angas 1879) P61
    `--G. (Grandaxinea Iredale 1931) P61
         |--G. (*G.) magnificens P61
         `--G. (G.) laticostata (Quoy & Gaimard 1835) P61

Glycymeris incertae sedis:
  G. arabica (Adams 1870) BD86
  G. cainozoica (Tenison Woods 1877) [=Cucullaea cainoizoica] DK10
  G. capricornea Hedley 1906 H09
  G. cardiiformis (Angas 1879) [=Pectunculus cardiiformis] H09
  G. corteziana B56
  G. crebriliratus (Sowerby 1886) [=Pectunculus crebriliratus] H09
  G. fringilla (Angas 1872) [=Axinaea fringilla] H09
  G. generosa [incl. Mya abrupta, Panopaea faujasii] C64
  G. glycymeris M96
  G. halli F27b
    |--G. h. halli F27b
    `--G. h. mistio Finlay 1927 (see below for synonymy) F27b
  G. hedleyi (Lamy 1912) MG-H11
  G. holosericus GW02
  G. huttoni Marwick 1923 [=Pectunculus globosus Hutton 1873 non Sowerby 1850] F27b
  G. insubrica GW02 [incl. G. violascescens PP64]
  G. intermedia (Broderip 1832) [=Pectunculus intermedius] F27b
  G. maccoyi Q72
  G. martini Finlay 1927 [=Axinaea orbicularis Martin 1887 non Arca orbicularis da Costa 1778] F27b
  G. pectunculus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Arca pectunculus] H09
  G. radians M54
  G. queenslandica Hedley 1906 H09
  G. striatularis (Lamarck 1819) MG-H11 (see below for synonymy)
  G. tenuicostatus (Reeve 1843) [=Pectunculus tenuicostatus] H09
  G. vitreus (Lamarck 1819) [=Pectunculus vitreus] H09
  G. waipipiensis W27
  G. yessoensis (Sowerby 1889) XZ10

Glycymeris halli mistio Finlay 1927 [=G. halli var. intermedia Pritchard 1903 non Pectunculus intermedius Broderip 1832] F27b

Glycymeris striatularis (Lamarck 1819) MG-H11 [incl. Pectunculus obliquus Reeve 1843 nec Defrance 1826 nec Lea 1833 nec Munster 1835 F27b]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BD86] Barash, A., & Z. Danin. 1986. Further additions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrants). Spixiana 9 (2): 117–141.

[B56] Berry, S. S. 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 150–157.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[DK10] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2010. Eocene molluscs from the Merlinleigh Sandstone, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 26 (1): 23–41.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[KS02] Kanjilal, S., & M. S. Srinivasan. 2002. New bivalves from the Miocene of Little Andaman Island, Bay of Bengal. Journal of the Geological Society of India 60: 527–536.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[M96] Morton, B. 1996. The evolutionary history of the Bivalvia. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 337–359. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[Q72] Quilty, P. G. 1972. The biostratigraphy of the Tasmanian marine Tertiary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 106: 25–44.

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

[W27] Waghorn, R. J. 1927. The geology of the Ruakokopatuna Valley, southern Wairarapa. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 226–234.

[XZ10] Xu, F., & J. Zhang. 2010. Study on the bivalve faunal composition of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 7–12. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Last updated: 9 November 2021.

Pterioidea

Penguin-wing oyster Pteria penguin, from here.

Belongs within: Pterioida.

The Pterioidea are a group of byssally-attached bivalves with unequal valves, the left valve generally being distinctly more inflated than the right (Cox et al. 1969). Members of the Pteriidae, the feather oysters, usually have a characteristic triangular projection on either side of the straight hingeline. The Isognomonidae commonly possess the posterior wing of the shell but the anterior auricle is only rarely developed (Cox et al. 1969).

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Inequivalve, inequilateral, right valve generally less convex than left valve, markedly prosocline at least in juveniles with beaks situated well forward; ligament external, opisthodetic, variable otherwise; prismatonacreous or crossed lamellar, endostracum aragonitic, pallial line anteriorly discontinuous; characteristically byssate throughout life with byssal notch in right valve at least in juvenile stages.

<==Pterioidea [Pteriacea]
    |--Isognomon Solander in Lightfoot 1786 [Isognomonidae] S98
    |    |--*I. isognomum (Linnaeus 1758) S98, BW09 [=Ostrea isognomum S98, BW09, Perna isognomum H09]
    |    |--I. bicolor (Adams 1845) IZ77
    |    |--I. legumen (Gmelin 1791) BW09
    |    |--I. perna (Linnaeus 1758) BW09
    |    |--I. radiatus (Anton 1839) IZ77
    |    `--I. rekohuensis Crampton 1988 S98
    |--Bakevelliidae C04
    |    |--Panis S98
    |    |--Bakevellia King 1848 W77
    |    |    |--B. (Bakevelloides) costata (Schlotheim 1820) KL04
    |    |    `--B. parva Meek & Hayden 1858 W77
    |    `--Gervillia Defrance 1820 C04
    |         |--G. joleaudi Schmidt 1935 C04
    |         |--G. praecursor K79
    |         `--G. (Hoernesia) socialis M79
    `--Pteriidae MG-H11
         |--Electroma BW09
         |    |--E. alacorvi (Dillwyn 1817) BW09
         |    `--E. ovata (Quoy & Gaimard 1834) BW09
         |--Monopteria Meek & Worthen 1866 W77
         |    |--M. longispina [=Gervillia longispina] W77
         |    `--M. marian White 1874 W77
         |--Pinctada GW02
         |    |--P. albina (Lamarck 1819) BW09
         |    |--P. maculata (Gould 1850) BW09
         |    |--P. margaritifera (Linnaeus 1758) BW09
         |    |--P. martensi SW11
         |    |--P. maxima KC11
         |    |--P. radiata (Leach 1814) BD86
         |    `--P. vulgaris Linnaeus 1758 R78
         `--Pteria Scopoli 1777 W60
              |--*P. hirundo (Linnaeus 1758) W60, L58 [=Mytilus hirundo W60]
              |--P. alacorvi H09
              |--P. angusta Saurin 1941 W60
              |--P. aquatilis (Reeve 1857) [=Avicula aquatilis] H09
              |--P. cassiana Bittner 1895 W60
              |--P. caudata Stoppani 1858 W60
              |--P. chinensis (Leach 1814) BW09
              |--P. crocea H09
              |--P. falcata (Lamarck 1819) MG-H11
              |--P. kitakamiensis Hayami 1958 W60
              |--P. lata (Gray 1845) [=Avicula lata] H09
              |--P. loveni GO06
              |--P. macroptera (Lamarck 1819) [=Avicula macroptera] H09
              |--P. malleoides (Reeve 1857) [=Avicula malleoides] H09
              |--P. muricata (Reeve 1857) [=Avicula muricata] H09
              |--P. occa P71
              |--P. penguin (Röding 1798) BW09
              |--P. producta (Reeve 1857) BW09
              |--P. rufa (Dunker 1848) [=Avicula rufa] H09
              |--P. smaragdina (Reeve 1857) [=Avicula smaragdina] H09
              |--P. spedeni Waterhouse 1960 W60
              |--P. tofanae Bittner 1895 W60
              |--P. torelli Böhm 1903 W60
              `--P. zebra (Reeve 1857) [=Avicula zebra] H09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BD86] Barash, A., & Z. Danin. 1986. Further additions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrants). Spixiana 9 (2): 117–141.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C04] Carter, J. G. 2004. Evolutionary implications of a duplivincular ligament in the Carboniferous pinnid Pteronites (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Pteriomorphia). Journal of Paleontology 78 (1): 235–240.

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 1. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[GO06] Giribet, G., A. Okusu, A. R. Lindgren, S. W. Huff, M. Schrödl & M. K. Nishiguchi. 2006. Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: monoplacophorans are related to chitons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (20): 7723–7728.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[IZ77] Ingham, R. E., & J. A. Zischke. 1977. Prey preferences of carnivorous intertidal snails in the Florida Keys. Veliger 20 (1): 49–51.

[KL04] Klug, C., & A. Lehmkuhl. 2004. Soft-tissue attachment structures and taphonomy of the Middle Triassic nautiloid Germanonautilus. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (2): 243–258.

[KC11] Kocot, K. M., J. T. Cannon, C. Todt, M. R. Citarella, A. B. Kohn, A. Meyer, S. R. Santos, C. Schander, L. L. Moroz, B. Lieb & K. M. Halanych. 2011. Phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships. Nature 477: 452–456.

[K79] Kummel, B. 1979. Triassic. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A351–A389. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[M79] Müller, A. H. 1979. Fossilization (taphonomy). In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A2–A78. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[P71] Por, F. D. 1971. One hundred years of Suez Canal—a century of Lessepsian migration: retrospect and viewpoints. Systematic Zoology 20 (2): 138–159.

[R78] Reid, R. G. B. 1978. The systematic, adaptive and physiological significance of proteolytic enzyme distribution in bivalves. Veliger 20 (3): 260–265.

[SW11] Smith, S. A., N. G. Wilson, F. E. Goetz, C. Feehery, S. C. S. Andrade, G. W. Rouse, G. Giribet & C. W. Dunn. 2011. Resolving the evolutionary relationships of molluscs with phylogenomic tools. Nature 480: 364–367.

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

[W60] Waterhouse, J. B. 1960. Some Carnian pelecypods from New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3): 425–442.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.

Modiolus

Horse mussel Modiolus modiolus, from Kåre Telnes.

Belongs within: Mytilidae.

Modiolus is a genus of mussels generally regarded as dating from the Devonian to the present day, though some have suggested that the name should be restricted to Caenozoic forms (Hodges 2000). Modiolus species commonly bear a hairy external covering derived from the periostracum, the organic outer layer of the shell. Living species commonly form dense clumps or beds either partially buried in sediment or attached to hard substrata. The northern horsemussel M. modiolus is found in cooler waters of the northern Atlantic. The late Triassic to middle Jurassic (Rhaetian–Bajocian) subgenus Cyranus differs from the type genus in having a straighter, narrower shell that is more elongated posteriorly (Hodges 2000).

Characters (from Hodges 2000): Shell equivalve, elongated posteriorly; umbones placed just behind anterior end, never terminal; ligament long; ornament of commarginal striae or smooth; periostracum generally hirsute.

<==Modiolus Lamarck 1799 (see below for synonymy) H00
    |--M. (Modiolus) H00
    |    |--*M. (M.) modiolus (Linnaeus 1758) H00 [=Mytilus modiolus H00; incl. Modiola papuana J64]
    |    |--M. (M.) laevis Sowerby 1812 (n. d.) H00
    |    `--M. (M.) minimus (Sowerby 1818) (see below for synonymy) H00
    `--M. (Cyranus Hodges 2000) H00
         |--M. (*C.) hillanus (Sowerby 1818) (see below for synonymy) H00
         |--M. (C.) scalprum H00
         |--M. (C.) sowerbyanus H00
         `--M. (C.) ventricosus (Roemer 1836) (see below for synonymy) H00

Modiolus incertae sedis:
  M. adriaticus M62
  ‘Modiola’ albicostata H79
  M. altijugatus M49
  M. americanus M63
  ‘Mytilus’ arborescens Chemnitz 1795 [=Modiola arborescens] H09
  M. arcuatulus Hanley 1843 BD86
  M. areolatus (Gould 1850) P61
  M. auriculatus Krauss 1848 BD86 [=Modiola auriculata H09]
  ‘Modiola’ australis Gray 1827 H09
  ‘Modiola’ braziliensis C64
  ‘Modiola’ capax C64
  M. confusus [=Perna confusa] F26
  ‘Modiola’ contracta Conrad 1855 C64
  ‘Modiola’ crassissima M’Coy 1847 F71
  M. demissus ATW84
  M. difficilis KBC03
  ‘Modiola’ dunlopensis Etheridge 1902 F71
  M. elongata (Swainson 1821) XZ10
  M. flavida Dunker 1856 MG-H11
  M. fluviatilis (Hutton 1878) P61
  ‘Modiola’ fornicata Carpenter 1864 C64
  M. glaberrimus (Dunker 1856) BD86
  M. kurilensis PV06
  ‘Modiola’ lignea Reeve 1858 H09
  ‘Modiola’ lonsdalei B89
  ‘Modiola’ marmorata C64
  M. metcalfei (Hanley 1844) XZ10
  ‘Modiola’ modiclaeoidea G31
  ‘Modiola’ mytiliformis Etheridge 1917 F71
  M. neozelanicus (Iredale 1915) P61
  ‘Modiola’ nitens [incl. M. subpurpureus] C64
  M. pallidulus B56
  ‘Modiola’ philippinarum Hanley 1844 H09
  M. politus PP64
  M. proclivis Iredale 1939 MG-H11
  M. pulex M54 [incl. M. ater (Zelebor 1866) (preoc.) F26]
  ‘Modiola’ recta [incl. Mo. flabellata, Mytilus (Modiola) flabellatus] C64
  ‘Modiola’ semifusca C64
  ‘Modiola’ striatula G88
  ‘Modiola’ vulgaris S18
  ‘Modiola’ yunnanensis G31

Modiolus Lamarck 1799 [incl. Eumodiolus Ihering 1900, Modiola Lamarck 1801, Nudiola Monterosato 1917, Volsella Scopoli 1777 (nom. rej.)] H00

Modiolus (*Cyranus) hillanus (Sowerby 1818) [=Modiola hillana, Mytilus (Modiolus) hillanus, Volsella hillana; incl. V. langportensis var. angustiformis Richardson & Tutcher 1914, V. langportensis var. erecta Richardson & Tutcher 1914, Modiola glabrata Dunker 1846, Mytilus glabratus, V. langportensis Richardson & Tutcher 1914, My. stoppanii Dumortier 1864, Modiola stoppanii] H00

Modiolus (Cyranus) ventricosus (Roemer 1836) [=Modiola ventricosa; incl. Modiola elongata Koch & Dunker 1837 non (Swainson 1821), Mytilus geuxii d’Orbigny 1849, Myt. hillanus Goldfuss 1837 non Modiola hillana Sowerby 1818, Myt. liasinus Terquem 1855, Volsella liasina, Myt. morrisi Oppel 1856, Modiola nitidula Dunker 1846, Myt. (Modiolus) nitidulus, Modiola numismalis Oppel 1854, Myt. (Modiolus) numismalis, Myt. productus Terquem 1855, Modiola psilonoti Quenstedt 1856, Myt. rusticus Terquem 1855, Modiola rustica, Myt. scalprum Goldfuss 1837, Myt. simoni Terquem 1855, Myoconcha spatula d’Orbigny 1849, Myt. thiollierei Dumortier 1869] H00

Modiolus (Modiolus) minimus (Sowerby 1818) [=Modiola minima, Mytilus minimus, Mitylus (l. c.) minimus, Volsella minima; incl. Modiola minimus Goldfuss 1837, V. wickesi Richardson & Tutcher 1914] H00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ATW84] Adamkewicz, L., S. R. Taub & J. R. Wall. 1984. Genetics of the clam Mercenaria mercenaria. II. Size and genotype. Malacologia 25 (2): 525–533.

[BD86] Barash, A., & Z. Danin. 1986. Further additions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrants). Spixiana 9 (2): 117–141.

[B56] Berry, S. S. 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 150–157.

[B89] Boehm, G. 1889. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss fossiler Ophiuren. Berichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg I. B. 4: 232–287, pls 4–5.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F26] Finlay, H. J. 1926. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G31] Grabau, A. W. 1931. The Permian of Mongolia: A report on the Permian fauna of the Jisu Honguer limestone of Mongolia and its relations to the Permian of other parts of the world. American Museum of Natural History: New York.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[H79] Haast, J. von. 1879. Geology of the Provinces of Canterbury and Westland, New Zealand. A report comprising the results of official explorations. "Times" Office: Christchurch.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H00] Hodges, P. 2000. The Early Jurassic Bivalvia from the Hettangian and Lower Sinemurian of south-west Britain. Part. 1. Monograph of the Paleontographical Society 614: 1–64.

[J64] Jeffreys, J. G. 1864. The Upper Tertiary fossils at Uddevalla, in Sweden. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33 (Notices and Abstracts): 73–79.

[KBC03] Kashin, I. A., E. V. Bagaveeva & S. F. Chaplygina. 2003. Fouling communities of hydrotechnical constructions in Nakhodka Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29: 267–283.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[M49] Mason, B. 1949. The geology of Mandamus-Pahau district, north Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 403–428.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[M63] Merrill, A. S. 1963. Mollusks from a buoy off Georgia. Nautilus 77 (2): 68–70.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PV06] Pimenova, E. A., & A. A. Varaksin. 2006. Putative nitroxidergic cells in the digestive system of some mytilids (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Mytilidae) revealed by NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. Malacologia 49 (1): 61–77.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S18] Sars, G. O. 1918. An Account of the Crustacea of Norway with short descriptions and figures of all the species vol. 6. Copepoda. Cyclopoida pts 11–12. Lichomolgidae (concluded), Oncaeidae, Corycaeidae, Ergasilidae, Clausiidae, Eunicicolidae, supplement. Bergen Museum: Bergen.

[XZ10] Xu, F., & J. Zhang. 2010. Study on the bivalve faunal composition of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 7–12. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Last updated: 6 March 2022.