Ceratomontia

Ceratomontia centralis, photographed by G. Machado.

Belongs within: Triaenonychini.

Ceratomontia is a genus of harvestmen that has been described from South America and Africa. An analysis of Ceratomontia by Mendes & Kury (2008) suggested that it is paraphyletic to the African genera Monomontia and Austromontia, with the African species analysed (C. capensis, C. minor and C. tabulae) closer to the African species than to South American species.

Characters (from Mendes & Kury 2008): Median spine of eyemound continuous with eyemound; mesotergal areas well defined; pedipalpal femur with ventral band of small granules; tarsus I with two tarsomeres, distal tarsomere incrassate; tarsus II with less than six tarsomeres; penis with disto-ventral projections on dorso-lateral plate, stylus enfolded by dorsal plate.

<==Ceratomontia Roewer 1914 S08
    |  i. s.: C. annae Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. cheliplus Roewer 1931 [incl. C. hewitti Lawrence 1931] S92
    |         C. fluvialis Lawrence 1931 S92
    |         C. irregularis Lawrence 1931 S92
    |         C. karrooensis Lawrence 1931 S92
    |         C. namaqua Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. nasuta Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. pusilla Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. reticulata Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. rumpiana Lawrence 1937 S92 [=C. natalensis ms K61]
    |         C. ruricola Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. sanguinea Lawrence 1934 S92
    |         C. setosa Lawrence 1931 S92
    |         C. thornei Lawrence 1934 [=C. thorni] S92
    |         C. werneri Roewer 1931 S92
    |--+--C. mendocina Maury & Roig-Alsona 1985 MK08
    |  `--+--C. argentina Canals 1939 MK08
    |     |--C. brasiliana Maury 1999 MK08
    |     `--C. centralis Maury & Roig-Alsina 1985 MK08
    `--+--*C. capensis Roewer 1915 MK08
       `--+--+--C. minor Lawrence 1931 MK08
          |  `--C. tabulae Lawrence 1931 MK08
          `--Monomontia Lawrence 1931 MK08, S08
               |  i. s.: *M. atra Lawrence 1931 S92
               |         M. aquilonaris Lawrence 1963 S08
               |         M. aspera Lawrence 1939 S92
               |         M. cristiceps Lawrence 1963 S92
               |         M. curvirostris Lawrence 1938 S92
               |         M. flava Lawrence 1933 S92
               |         M. granifrons Lawrence 1938 S92
               |         M. intermedia Lawrence 1938 S92
               |         M. krausi Kauri 1961 S08
               |         M. montensis Lawrence 1938 S92
               |         M. neglecta Schönhofer 2008 S08
               |         M. rattrayi Lawrence 1931 S92
               |         M. transvaalica Lawrence 1963 S92
               |         M. versicolor Lawrence 1963 S08
               |--+--M. brincki Kauri 1961 MK08
               |  `--M. corticola Lawrence 1938 MK08
               `--Austromontia Lawrence 1931 MK08, S08
                    |  i. s.: A. caledonica Lawrence 1931 S92
                    |         A. formosa Lawrence 1963 S08
                    |         A. litoralis Lawrence 1934 S92
                    |--+--*A. silvatica Lawrence 1931 S92, MK08
                    |  `--A. bidentata Lawrence 1934 MK08
                    `--+--A. capensis Lawrence 1931 MK08
                       `--+--Monomontia lawrencei Kauri 1950 MK08
                          `--Monomontia rugosa Lawrence 1937 MK08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K61] Kauri, H. 1961. Opiliones. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 9–197. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[MK08] Mendes, A. C., & A. B. Kury. 2008. Intercontinental Triaenonychidae—the case of Ceratomontia (Opiliones, Insidiatores). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 273-279.

[S08] Schönhofer, A. L. 2008. On harvestmen from the Soutpansberg, South Africa, with description of a new species of Monomontia (Arachnida: Opiliones). African Invertebrates 49 (2): 109-126.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271-336.

Triaenonychidae

Soerensenella prehensor, photographed by Phil Bendle.

Belongs within: Laniatores.
Contains: Adaeini, Triaenonychini, Triaenobunini.

The Triaenonychidae are a family of harvestmen characterised by branched hind claws and found primarily on the southern continents (South America, Australasia and Africa). Kaolinonychus and the Nippononychinae from north-eastern Asian have also been assigned to this family, but their position here is open to doubt (Mendes & Kury 2008).

Characters (from Suzuki 1975): Anterior margin of scute usually with three projections flanking chelicerae. Eyes situated on median tubercle. Dorsum with five tergal areas bounded by transverse grooves or rows of tubercles and three free tergites. Ninth tergite fused to anal plate. Palpi robust, without slender, elongated segments. Spiracles exposed or hidden in a groove between coxa and sternite. Metatarsi of legs usually divided by a constriction into two sections, a proximal astragalus and a distal calcaneus. Claws of third and fourth legs with uniform or stout central prong bearing two to six or less lateral branches in adults and three, four or five pairs of lateral spines or branches in juveniles. Pseudonychium, aroleum or scapulae not present on claws of adults or juveniles. Males with musculature in penis which apparently articulates distal process.

Triaenonychidae [Triaenonychoidae]
    |  i. s.: Breviacantha Kauri 1954 K54
    |           `--*B. gisleni Kauri 1954 K54
    |         Odontonuncia Hickman 1958 K04
    |--Kaolinonychus Suzuki 1975 S75 [Kaolinonychinae MK08]
    |    `--*K. coreanus (Suzuki 1966) [=Peltonychia coreana] S75
    |         |--K. c. coreanus S75
    |         `--K. c. longipes (Suzuki 1966) [=Peltonychia coreana longipes] S75
    |--Nippononychinae MK08
    |    |--Nippononychus Suzuki 1975 S75
    |    |    `--*N. japonicus (Miyosi 1957) [=Peltonychia japonica] S75
    |    |--Izunonychus Suzuki 1975 S75
    |    |    `--*I. ohruii Suzuki 1975 S75
    |    `--Metanippononychus Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         |--*M. tomishimai Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         |    |--M. t. tomishimai S75
    |         |    `--M. t. awanus Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         |--M. daisenensis Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         |--M. iriei Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         |    |--M. i. iriei S75
    |         |    `--M. i. yakuensis Suzuki 1975 S75
    |         `--M. iyanus Suzuki 1975 S75
    |--Soerensenellinae [Soerensellinae] F54
    |    |--Karamea Forster 1954 F54
    |    |    |--*K. lobata Forster 1954 F54
    |    |    |    |--K. l. lobata NS00
    |    |    |    |--K. l. aurea Forster 1954 NS00
    |    |    |    `--K. l. australis Forster 1954 NS00 [=K. l. australia (l. c.) F54]
    |    |    |--K. trailli (Hogg 1920) [=Monoxyomma trailli] F54
    |    |    |--K. tricerata Forster 1954 NS00
    |    |    `--K. tuthilli Forster 1954 NS00
    |    `--Soerensenella Pocock 1903 [incl. Akaroa Roewer 1931] F54
    |         |--*S. prehensor Pocock 1903 P03, F54 [=Soerensella (l. c.) prehensor R23]
    |         |    |--S. p. prehensor NS00
    |         |    |--S. p. nitida Forster 1954 F54
    |         |    `--S. p. obesa Forster 1954 NS00
    |         |--S. bicornis Pocock 1903 F54 [=Soerensella (l. c.) bicornis R23; incl. *Akaroa formosa Roewer 1931 F54]
    |         |    |--S. b. bicornis F54
    |         |    |--S. b. parva Forster 1954 F54
    |         |    `--S. b. waikanae Forster 1954 F54
    |         `--S. rotara Phillipps & Grimmett 1932 F54
    `--Triaenonychinae MK08
         |  i. s.: Picunchenops Maury 1988 K03
         |           `--*P. spelaeus Maury 1988 K03
         |         Conoculus Forster 1949 F49
         |           `--*C. asperus Forster 1949 F49
         |         Roewerania Lawrence 1934 S92
         |           |--*R. lignicola Lawrence 1934 S92
         |           |--R. guduana Kauri 1961 L02
         |           |--R. montana Kauri 1961 L02
         |           `--R. spinosa Lawrence 1938 L02
         |         Yulella Lawrence 1939 K04
         |           `--*Y. natalensis (Lawrence 1937) [=Roewerania natalensis] S92
         |         Millomontia Lawrence 1959 K04
         |           |--*M. brevispina Lawrence 1959 S92
         |           `--M. vadoni Lawrence 1959 S92
         |         Millotonyx Lawrence 1959 K04
         |           `--*M. tenuipes Lawrence 1959 S92
         |         Paulianyx Lawrence 1959 K04
         |           |--*P. brevipes Lawrence 1959 S92
         |           `--P. ferruginea Lawrence 1959 S92
         |         Ankaratrix Lawrence 1959 S92
         |           |--*A. illota Lawrence 1959 S92
         |           `--A. cancrops Lawrence 1959 S92
         |         Decarynella Fage 1945 S92
         |           `--*D. gracilipes Fage 1945 S92
         |         Ivohibea Lawrence 1959 S92
         |           `--*I. cavernicola Lawrence 1959 S92
         |         Planimontia Kauri 1961 S92
         |           `--*P. goodnightorum Kauri 1961 [=P. goodnighti] S92
         |--Fumontana Shear 1977 GV09, K03
         |    `--*F. deprehendor Shear 1977 [=F. deprehensor (l. c.)] K03
         `--+--Adaeini GV09
            `--+--Triaenonychini GV09
               `--+--Triaenobunini GV09
                  `--Graemontia Lawrence 1931 K06
                       |--*G. bifidens Lawrence 1931 K06
                       |--G. bicornigera Lawrence 1963 K06
                       |--G. decorata Lawrence 1938 K06
                       |--G. dentichelis Lawrence 1931 K06
                       |--G. erecta Kauri 1961 K06
                       |--G. natalensis Lawrence 1937 K06
                       `--G. viridiceps Kury 2006 K06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F49] Forster, R. R. 1949. Australian Opiliones. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 16: 59-89.

[F54] Forster, R. R. 1954. The New Zealand harvestmen (sub-order Laniatores). Canterbury Museum Bulletin 2: 1-329.

[GV09] Giribet, G., L. Vogt, A. Pérez González, P. Sharma & A. B. Kury. 2009. A multilocus approach to harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) phylogeny with emphasis on biogeography and the systematics of Laniatores. Cladistics 25: 1-30.

[K54] Kauri, H. 1954. Report from Professor T. Gislén’s expedition to Australia in 1951-1952. 9. Harvest-spiders from S. W. Australia. Lunds Universitets Ärsskrift. N. F. Avd. 2. 50 (11): 1-10.

[K03] Kury, A. B. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, volumen especial monográfico 1: 1-337.

[K04] Kury, A. B. 2004. A new genus of Triaenonychidae from South Africa (Opiliones, Laniatores). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología 9: 205-210.

[K06] Kury, A. B. 2006. A new species of Graemontia Lawrence, 1931, from the Western Cape, South Africa, with notes on the relationships of the genus (Opiliones: Laniatores: Triaenonychidae). African Zoology 41 (1): 45-50.

[L02] Lotz, L. N. 2002. The Opiliones (Arachnida) of the Free State Province, South Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein 18 (8): 161-187.

[MK08] Mendes, A. C., & A. B. Kury. 2008. Intercontinental Triaenonychidae – the case of Ceratomontia (Opiliones, Insidiatores). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 273-279.

[NS00] Nicholls, D. C., P. J. Sirvid, S. D. Pollard & M. Walker. 2000. A list of arachnid primary types held in Canterbury Museum. Records of the Canterbury Museum 14: 37-48.

[P03] Pocock, R. I. 1903. Fifteen new species and two new genera of tropical and southern Opiliones. Annals & Magazine of Natural History series 7, xi: 433-450.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271-336.

[S75] Suzuki, S. 1975. The harvestmen of family Triaenonychidae in Japan and Korea (Travunoidea, Opiliones, Arachnida). Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1, 26: 65-101.

Triaenonychini

Nahuelonyx nasutus, diagnostic features. From Maury (1988).

Belongs within: Triaenonychidae.
Contains: Hendea, Algidia, Equitius, Acumontia, Nunciella, Nuncia, Ceratomontia.

The Triaenonychini was established in its current form by Forster (1954) who suggested that the separate Southern Hemisphere subfamilies of Triaenonychidae previously recognised by Roewer (1923) were probably not natural groupings. Rather than eliminate them entirely, he reduced them to tribes of a single subfamily Triaenonychinae pending further analysis. The tribes remain untested, though Kury (2006) suggested that the previously triaenonychin genus Graemontia might be more closely related to the tribe Triaenobunini. Species of Triaenonychini are found in South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and South America. Fewer species have been described from the last locality than the others, though the South American taxa do include the type genus Triaenonyx.

Characters (from Forster 1954): Tarsal claws III-IV with single pair of accessory lateral branches, side branches of claws much shorter than median prong; sternum slender, with lance-shaped expansion anteriorly and lateral expansions posteriorly, width of posterior expansions much less than length of sternum.

<==Triaenonychini [Triaenochini]
    |--+--Nuncia MK08
    |  `--Ceratomontia MK08
    `--+--Gunvoria Kauri 1961 MK08, S92
       |    `--*G. spatulata Kauri 1961 S92, MK08
       `--Nahuelonyx Maury 1988 MK08, K03
            `--*N. nasutus (Ringuelet 1959) K03, MK08 [=Diasia nasuta K03]

Triaenonychini incertae sedis:
  Hendea F54
  Algidia F54
  Equitius H85
  Triconobunus Roewer 1914 R23
    `--*T. horridus Roewer 1914 R14, R23
  Diaenobunus Roewer 1914 R23
    `--D. armatus Roewer 1914 R23
  Heteronuncia Roewer 1920 F55
    `--H. robusta Roewer 1920 F55
  Psalenoba Roewer 1931 F54
    `--*P. nunciaeformis Roewer 1931 F54
  Perthacantha Roewer 1931 R31
    `--*P. jugata Roewer 1931 R31
  Antongila Roewer 1931 S92
    `--*A. spinigera Roewer 1931 S92
  Hedwiga Roewer 1931 F54
    `--*H. manubriata Roewer 1931 F54
  Prasmiola Forster 1954 F54
    `--*P. unica Forster 1954 F54
  Brasiloctis Mello-Leitão 1938 K03
    `--*B. bucki Mello-Leitão 1938 K03
  Valdivionyx Maury 1988 K03, K04
    `--*V. crassipes Maury 1988 K03
  Paranuncia Roewer 1914 H85, F49
    |--*P. gigantea Roewer 1914 F49
    `--P. ingens Roewer 1931 R31
  Callihamus Roewer 1931 R31
    |--C. badius Roewer 1931 R31
    `--C. inermis Roewer 1931 R31
  Triaenonychoides Soares 1968 [=Trianonychoides (l. c.)] K03
    |--*T. cekalovici Soares 1968 [=Trianonychoides (l. c.) cekalovici] K03
    `--T. breviops Maury 1987 K03
  Lomanella Pocock 1903 F55
    |--*L. raniceps Pocock 1903 P02, R23
    |--L. atrolutea Roewer 1914 R23
    |--L. kallista Forster 1949 F49
    `--L. parva Forster 1955 F55
  Calliuncus Roewer 1931 H71, H72
    |--*C. ferrugineus Roewer 1931 H72, R31
    |--C. ephippiatus Roewer 1931 R31
    |--C. glaber Kauri 1954 [=C. glabra] H59
    |--C. labyrinthus Hunt 1972 H72
    |--C. odoratus H72
    `--C. vulsus Hickman 1959 [=C. glaber Hickman 1958 non Kauri 1954] H59
  Diasia Sørensen 1902 K03, K04 [=Diaria (l. c.) K03, Diasa (l. c.) K03]
    |--*D. michaelsenii Sørensen 1902 (see below for synonymy) K03
    |--D. araucana Maury 1987 K03
    `--D. platnicki Maury 1987 K03
  Hendeola Forster 1954 F54
    |--*H. bullata Forster 1954 F54
    |    |--H. b. bullata NS00
    |    `--H. b. pterna Forster 1954 NS00
    `--H. woodwardi Forster 1954 NS00
  Neonuncia Roewer 1914 H71, F55
    |--*N. enderbei (Hogg 1909) F54 (see below for synonymy)
    |--N. blacki Forster 1954 NS00
    |--N. campbelli Foster 1954 NS00
    |--N. eastoni Forster 1954 NS00
    `--N. opaca (Roewer 1931) [=Nuncia opaca] F54
  Acumontia S92
  Triregia Forster 1948 F54
    |--*T. monstrosa Forster 1948 F54
    |--T. bilineata (Forster 1943) [=Adaeum bilineatum] F54
    `--T. fairburni (Forster 1943) [=Adaeum fairburni] F54
         |--T. f. fairburni F54
         `--T. f. grata Forster 1954 F54
  Nunciella H71
  Triaenonyx Sørensen 1886 K04 [incl. Pythora Koch in Sørensen 1886 R23]
    |--*T. rapax Sørensen 1886 K03, R31 [=Pythora rapax R23]
    |--T. arrogans Soares 1968 K03
    |--T. chilensis Sørensen 1902 K03
    |--T. corralensis Roewer 1915 K03
    |--T. dispersus Roewer 1915 R31
    `--T. valdiviensis Sørensen 1902 R31 [=Nuncia valdiviensis H20]
  Prasma Roewer 1931 [incl. Triaenobletus Roewer 1931] F54
    |--*P. tuberculata (Hogg 1920) (see below for synonymy) F54
    |    |--P. t. tuberculata NS00
    |    |--P. t. intermedia Forster 1954 NS00
    |    |--P. t. mearosa Forster 1954 NS00
    |    `--P. t. mulsa Forster 1954 NS00
    `--P. sorenseni Forster 1954 NS00
         |--P. s. sorenseni NS00
         `--P. s. regalia Forster 1954 NS00
  Cluniella Forster 1955 F55
    |--*C. minuta Forster 1955 F55
    |--C. distincta Forster 1955 F55
    `--C. ornata Forster 1955 F55
  Holonuncia Forster 1955 H85, F55
    |--*H. cavernicola Forster 1955 F55
    `--H. tuberculata (Roewer 1914) [=Neonuncia tuberculata] F55
  Lizamontia Kury 2004 K04
    |--*L. starengai Kury 2004 K04
    |--L. draconensis (Lawrence 1931) [=Acumontia draconensis] K04
    `--L. natalensis (Lawrence 1931) [=Acumontia natalensis] K04
  Nuncioides H71
  Rostromontia Lawrence 1931 S92
    |--*R. truncata Lawrence 1931 S92
    |--R. capensis Lawrence 1931 GV09
    `--R. granulifera Lawrence 1931 [=R. granulifer] S92
  Mensamontia Lawrence 1931 S92
    |--*M. morulifera Lawrence 1931 S92
    `--M. melanophora Lawrence 1931 S92
  Austronuncia Lawrence 1931 S92
    |--*A. spinipalpis Lawrence 1931 S92
    `--A. leleupi Lawrence 1963 S92
  Speleomontia Lawrence 1931 S92
    `--*S. cavernicola Lawrence 1931 S92
  Biacumontia Lawrence 1931 S92
    |--*B. paucidens Lawrence 1931 S92
    |--B. cornuta Lawrence 1931 S92
    |--B. elata Kauri 1961 S92
    |--B. fissidens Lawrence 1931 S92
    |--B. maculata Lawrence 1938 S92
    |--B. truncatidens Lawrence 1931 S92
    `--B. variegata Lawrence 1934 S92
  Amatola Lawrence 1931 [incl. Cryptobunus Lawrence 1931] S92
    |--*A. dentifrons Lawrence 1931 S92
    |--A. armata (Lawrence 1938) [=Cryptobunus armatus] L02
    |--A. durbanica (Lawrence 1937) [=Cryptobunus durbanicus] S92
    |--A. maritima (Lawrence 1937) [=Cryptobunus maritimus] S92
    |--A. setifemur (Lawrence 1931) S92 (see below for synonymy)
    `--A. unidentata (Lawrence 1937) [=Cryptobunus unidentatus] S92
  Lawrencella Strand 1932 S92 [=Roeweria Lawrence 1931 non Mello-Leitão 1923 L31]
    `--*L. inermis (Lawrence 1931) S92 [=*Roeweria inermis L31]
  Hovanuncia Lawrence 1959 S92
    |--*H. monticola Lawrence 1959 S92
    `--H. bidentata Lawrence 1959 S92
  Flavonuncia Lawrence 1959 S92
    `--*F. pupilla Lawrence 1959 S92
  Paramontia Lawrence 1934 S92
    |--*P. lisposoma (Lawrence 1931) [=Rostromontia lisposoma] S92
    `--P. infinita Lawrence 1934 S92
  Lispomontia Lawrence 1937 K61
    `--L. coxidens Lawrence 1937 K61
  Micromontia Lawrence 1939 K61
    `--*M. flava Lawrence 1939 S92

Amatola setifemur (Lawrence 1931) S92 [=*Cryptobunus setifemur L31; incl. C. silvicolus Lawrence 1937 S92]

*Diasia michaelsenii Sørensen 1902 [=Diaria (l. c.) michaelsenii, Diasa michaelsenii (l. c.), Diasia michaelseni (l. c.)] K03

Neonuncia enderbei (Hogg 1909) F54 [=Triaenonyx enderbei F54, Neonuncia enderbyi F54, Nuncia enderbaei H20; incl. Nu. insulana Roewer 1942 F54]

*Prasma tuberculata (Hogg 1920) [=Monoxyomma tuberculatum; incl. *Triaenobletus crassipalpus Roewer 1931] F54

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F49] Forster, R. R. 1949. Australian Opiliones. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 16: 59-89.

[F54] Forster, R. R. 1954. The New Zealand harvestmen (sub-order Laniatores). Canterbury Museum Bulletin 2: 1-329.

[F55] Forster, R. R. 1955. Further Australian harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones). Australian Journal of Zoology 3 (3): 354-411.

[GV09] Giribet, G., L. Vogt, A. Pérez González, P. Sharma & A. B. Kury. 2009. A multilocus approach to harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) phylogeny with emphasis on biogeography and the systematics of Laniatores. Cladistics 25: 1-30.

[H59] Hickman, V. V. 1959. Calliuncus vulsus nom. nov. (Opiliones). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 93: vi.

[H20] Hogg, H. R. 1920. Some Australian Opiliones. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1920: 31-48.

[H71] Hunt, G. S. 1971. The genus Nunciella Roewer (Opiliones, Laniatores) with description of a new species from Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 96 (1): 53-65.

[H72] Hunt, G. S. 1972. A new cavernicolous harvestman from Western Australia (Arachnida: Opiliones: Triaenonychidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 11: 232-236.

[H85] Hunt, G. S. 1985. Taxonomy and distribution of Equitius in eastern Australia (Opiliones: Laniatores: Triaenonychidae). Records of the Australian Museum 36: 107-125.

[K61] Kauri, H. 1961. Opiliones. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 9–197. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[K03] Kury, A. B. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, volumen especial monográfico 1: 1-337.

[K04] Kury, A. B. 2004. A new genus of Triaenonychidae from South Africa (Opiliones, Laniatores). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología 9: 205-210.

Kury, A. B. 2006. A new species of Graemontia Lawrence, 1931, from the Western Cape, South Africa, with notes on the relationships of the genus (Opiliones: Laniatores: Triaenonychidae). African Zoology 41 (1): 45-50.

[L31] Lawrence, R. F. 1931. The harvest-spiders (Opiliones) of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 29 (2): 341-508.

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