Sauropodomorpha

Skeletal reconstruction of Massospondylus carinatus, copyright Ballista.

Belongs within: Dinosauria.
Contains: Plateosauridae, Anchisauria, Sauropoda.

The Sauropodomorpha are a clade of often large herbivorous dinosaurs, the best-known members of which are the gigantic sauropods. Non-sauropod sauropodomorphs are commonly referred to as 'prosauropods' though the majority of analyses have not recognised them as a monophyletic clade. The earliest sauropodomorphs, such as Saturnalia tupiniquim and Panphagia protos, are known from the Late Triassic (Carnian) of South America. These were small forms, close to 1.5 metres in length. Guaibasaurus candelariensis is a slightly larger form represented by a partial postcranial skeleton from the Norian of Brazil that has been placed by various analyses as either a basal sauropodomorph or basal theropod.

Synapomorphies (from Baron et al. 2017): Premaxilla with posterodorsal process thin, bar-like, restricted to ventral border of external naris; external naris extending posteriorly to overlie maxilla; anterior margin of external naris posterior to midlength of premaxillary body; posterior margin of external naris posterior to first maxillary alveolus; anterior profile of maxilla with a strong inflection (notch) at base of ascending ramus, creating an anterior ramus with parallel dorsal and ventral margins; squamosal with ventral process narrower than one-quarter of its length; ventral ramus of squamosal forming more than half of caudal border of lower temporal fenestra; 18 or more dentary teeth present; premaxillary teeth with crown at least moderately expanded above root; maxillary/dentary tooth serrations present as enlarged and coarser (lower density) denticles; majority of maxillary and dentary teeth not recurved; anterior dentary teeth inclined anteriorly (procumbent); ten or more cervical vertebrae present; cervical vertebrae lacking prezygaodiapophyseal lamina; preacetabular process triangular and pointed; ischial shaft distally expanded into distinct ‘foot’ or 'boot'; tibia with posterolateral margin of distal end concave.

<==Sauropodomorpha [Plateosauria, Prosauropoda]
    |--+--Saturnalia Langer, Abdala et al. 1999 BNB17, GU04
    |  |    `--S. tupiniquim Langer, Abdala et al. 1999 GU04
    |  `--Chromogisaurus NS15
    |--Pampadromaeus barberenai BNB17
    `--+--Guaibasaurus Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro 1999 BNB17, L04
       |    `--G. candelariensis Bonaparte, Ferigolo & Ribeiro 1999 L04
       |--Panphagia protos BNB17
       |--Pantydraco caducus BNB17
       |--Thecodontosaurus Riley & Stutchbury 1836 BNB17, GU04 [Thecodontosauridae]
       |    |--*T. antiquus Morris 1843 Y03
       |    |--T. caducus Yates 2003 Y03
       |    |--T. dubius Haughton 1924 (n. d.) GU04
       |    `--T. minor Haughton 1918 (n. d.) GU04
       `--+--Plateosauravus Huene 1932 NS15, GU04 [Plateosauravidae]
          |    `--*P. cullngworthi (Haughton 1924) (n. d.) [=Plateosaurus cullingworthi] GU04
          `--+--Plateosauridae BNB17
             `--+--+--Lufengosaurus Young 1941 BNB17, GU04
                |  |    |--L. changhduensis D07
                |  |    `--L. huenei Young 1941 [incl. L. magnus Young 1947] GU04
                |  `--Gyposaurus GU04
                |       |--G. capensis Broom 1911 (n. d.) GU04
                |       `--G. sinensis Young 1941 GU04 [=Anchisaurus capensis N85]
                `--+--Coloradisaurus Lambert 1983 BNB17, GU04 [incl. Coloradia Bonaparte 1978 GU04]
                   |    `--C. brevis (Bonaparte 1978) [=Coloradia brevis] GU04
                   `--+--Yunnanosaurus Young 1942 BNB17, GU04 [Yunnanosauridae]
                      |    `--Y. huangi Young 1942 [incl. Y. robustus Young 1951] GU04
                      `--+--+--Massospondylus Owen 1854 BNB17, GU04 [Massospondylidae]
                         |  |    |--M. browni Seeley 1895 (n. d.) GU04
                         |  |    |--M. carinatus Owen 1854 GU04
                         |  |    |--M. harriesi Broom 1911 (n. d.) GU04
                         |  |    |--M. hislopi Lydekker 1890 (n. d.) GU04
                         |  |    |--M. kaalea BNB17
                         |  |    `--M. schwarzi Haughton 1924 (n. d.) GU04
                         |  `--+--Leyesaurus marayensis NS15, BNB17
                         |     `--Adeopapposaurus NS15
                         `--+--Anchisauria BNB17
                            `--+--Aardonyx celestae BNB17
                               |--Pulanesaura eocollum BNB17
                               `--Sauropoda BNB17

Sauropodomorpha incertae sedis:
  Avalonianus sanfordi (Seeley 1898) (n. d.) N85, H79 [=Avalonia sanfordi H79]
  Clepsysaurus (n. d.) N85
  Dinosaurus (n. d.) N85
  Nyasasaurus parringtoni BNB17
  Orosauravus (n. d.) N85
  Palaeosauriscus (n. d.) N85
  Picrodon herveyi Seeley 1898 (n. d.) N85, H79
  Thotobolosaurus (n. d.) N85
  Gresslyosaurus GU04
    |--G. ingens Rütimeyer 1856 (n. d.) GU04
    |--G. plieningeri APS03
    |--G. robustus Huene 1907-1908 (n. d.) GU04
    `--G. torgeri Jaekel 1911 (n. d.) GU04
  Aetonyx palustris Broom 1911 (n. d.) GU04
  Dromicosaurus gracilis Hoepen 1920 (n. d.) GU04
  Hortalotarsus skirtopodus Seeley 1894 (n. d.) GU04
  Leptospondylus capensis Owen 1854 (n. d.) GU04
  Pachysauriscus Kuhn 1959 (n. d.) [incl. Pachysaurops Huene 1959] GU04
    `--*P. ajax (Huene 1907-1908) (n. d.) [=Pachysaurus ajax, *Pachysaurops ajax] GU04
  Pachyspondylus orpenii Owen 1854 (n. d.) GU04
  Yimenosaurus Bai, Yang & Wang 1990 GU04
    `--Y. youngi Bai, Yang & Wang 1990 GU04
  Fulengia Carroll & Galton 1977 GU04, E88
    `--F. youngi Carroll & Galton 1977 (n. d.) GU04
  Pachysaurus GU04
    |--P. giganteus Huene 1932 (n. d.) GU04
    |--P. magnus Huene 1907-1908 (n. d.) GU04
    |--P. reiningeri Huene 1907-1908 (n. d.) GU04
    `--P. wetzelianus Huene 1932 (n. d.) GU04
  Palaeosaurus fraserianus Cope 1878 (n. d.) GU04
  Strenusaurus procerus Bonaparte 1969 (n. d.) GU04
  Tawasaurus minor Young 1982 (n. d.) GU04
  ‘Teratosaurus’ minor Huene 1907-1908 (n. d.) GU04
  ‘Teratosaurus’ trossingensis Huene 1907-1908 (n. d.) GU04
  Ruehleia Galton 2001 NS15, GU04
    `--R. bedheimensis Galton 2001 GU04
  Jingshanosaurus Zhang & Yang 1995 GU04
    `--J. xinwaensis Zhang & Yang 1995 GU04
  Agrosaurus mcgillivrayi Seeley 1891 GU04
  Basutodon ferox Huene 1932 (n. d.) N85, H79

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APS03] Allain, R., & X. Pereda Suberbiola. 2003. Dinosaurs of France. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2 (1): 27–44.

[BNB17] Baron, M. G., D. B. Norman & P. M. Barrett. 2017. A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution. Nature 543: 501–506.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[E88] Evans, S. E. 1988. The early history and relationships of the Diapsida. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods vol. 1. Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds pp. 221–260. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[GU04] Galton, P. M., & P. Upchurch. 2004. Prosauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 232–258. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[H79] Heerden, J. van. 1979. The morphology and taxonomy of Euskelosaurus (Reptilia: Saurischia; late Triassic) from South Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum 4: 21–84.

[L04] Langer, M. C. 2004. Basal Saurischia. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 25–46. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[NS15] Novas, F. E., L. Salgado, M. Suárez, F. L. Agnolin, M. D. Ezcurra, N. R. Chimento, R. de la Cruz, M. P. Isasi, A. O. Vargas & D. Rubilar-Rogers. 2015. An enigmatic plant-eating theropod from the Late Jurassic period of Chile. Nature 522: 331–334.

[Y03] Yates, A. M. 2003. A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 1–42.

Last updated: 11 July 2018.

Anchisauria

Reconstruction of Melanorosaurus readi, copyright Steveoc 86.

Belongs within: Sauropodomorpha.

The Anchisauria is a clade of prosauropods defined by Galton & Upchurch (2004) as the smallest clade including Anchisaurus and Melanorosaurus.

Characters (from Galton & Upchurch 2004): Length of prefrontal subequal to that of frontal; frontal excluded from margin of supratemporal fossa; at least five teeth present on premaxilla; ratio of forelimb length to hindlimb length greater than 0.60; pubis with pubic foramen completely visible in cranial view; femoral shaft straight in cranial or caudal view; femoral fourth trochanter displaced to caudomedial margin of shaft; proximal end of metatarsal II hourglass-shaped.

<==Anchisauria GU04
    |--Anchisauridae GU04
    |    |--Ammosaurus Marsh 1891 GU04
    |    |    `--A. major (Marsh 1889) [=Anchisaurus major; incl. An. solus Marsh 1892] GU04
    |    `--Anchisaurus Marsh 1885 GU04 (see below for synonymy)
    |         `--*A. polyzelus (Hitchcock 1865) Y03 (see below for synonymy)
    `--Melanorosauridae GU04
         |--Riojasaurus Bonaparte 1969 GU04
         |    `--R. incertus Bonaparte 1969 GU04
         `--+--Melanorosaurus Haughton 1924 GU04
            |    |--M. readi Haughton 1924 GU04
            |    `--M. thabanensis Gauffre 1993 GU04
            `--+--Camelotia Galton 1985 GU04
               |    `--C. borealis Galton 1985 GU04
               `--Lessemsaurus Bonaparte 1999 GU04
                    `--L. sauropoides Bonaparte 1999 GU04

Anchisaurus Marsh 1885 [=Amphisaurus Marsh 1882 (preoc.), Megadactylus Hitchcock 1865 (preoc.), Yaleosaurus Huene 1932] GU04

*Anchisaurus polyzelus (Hitchcock 1865) Y03 [=Megadactylus polyzelus GU04; incl. A. colurus Marsh 1891 GU04, Yaleosaurus colurus N85]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GU04] Galton, P. M., & P. Upchurch. 2004. Prosauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 232–258. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[Y03] Yates, A. M. 2003. A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 1–42.

Eusauropoda

Reconstruction of Mamenchisaurus, copyright DiBgd.

Belongs within: Sauropoda.
Contains: Neosauropoda.

The Eusauropoda is a clade of sauropods that has been defined as the smallest clade containing Shunosaurus and Saltasaurus; it contains almost all sauropods known from the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous (Upchurch et al. 2004). Basal members of the clade include Cetiosaurus from the Middle Jurassic of Europe, which was the first sauropod to be named (albeit under the inital mistaken belief that it was some form of marine reptile).

Characters (from Upchurch et al. 2004): Snout broadly rounded in dorsal view; caudal margin of external naris lying behind caudal margin of antorbital fenestra; lateral plate present on premaxillae, maxillae and dentaries; contact between dorsal ends of maxilla and lacrimal lying at caudodorsal margin of antorbital fenestra; platelike flange of bone present at base of maxillary ascending process; rostral process of quadratojugal at least twice as long as dorsal process; quadratojugal dorsal process expanded dorsoventrally at its tip; prefrontal rostral process absent; transverse width of frontals greater than rostrocaudal length; rostral tip of maxillary process of palatine expanded transversely; ectopterygoid process of pterygoid lying below rostral rim of orbit; diameter of external mandibular fenestra less than 10% of mandible length; tooth crown enamel wrinkled; caudalmost tooth lying beneath antorbital fenestra; at least twelve cervical vertebrae present; height of midcervical neural arches greater than diameter of centrum; caudal margin of caudal cervical neural spines sloping strongly forward in lateral view; dorsal surfaces of sacral plates level with dorsal margin of ilium; first caudal rib linked to neural arch by lamina; carpals blocklike; metacarpals arranged in U-shaped colonnade; manual phalanges (apart from unguals) wider transversely than proximodistally; manual digits II–IV having two or fewer phalanges; dorsal margin of ilium strongly convex in lateral view; ischial peduncle of ilium reduced, long axis of iliac blade sloping craniodorsally in lateral view; middle and distal portions of pubis lying in same plane as proximal part; femoral cranial trochanter absent; medial malleolus of tibia reduced, exposing caudal fossa of astragalus in caudal view; lateral muscle scar present at midlength on fibula; metatarsals II–IV diverging distally; ratio of length to proximal transverse width for metatarsal I 1.5 or less; pedal digit IV with three phalanges; pedal phalanges lacking collateral ligament pits; nonungual pedal phalanges wider transversely than proximodistally; pedal digits II–IV with rudimentary penultimate phalanges; ratio of ungual length to metatarsal length for pedal digit I greater than 1.0; unguals for pedal digits II and III with transversely compressed proximal articular ends.

<==Eusauropoda [Bothrosauropodidae, Cetiosauridae, Ornithopsidae, Somphospondylii]
    |  i. s.: Amygdalodon Cabrera 1947 UBD04
    |           `--A. patagonicus Cabrera 1947 UBD04
    |         Aragosaurus Sanz, Buscalioni et al. 1987 UBD04
    |           `--A. ischiaticus Sanz, Buscalioni et al. 1987 UBD04
    |--Shunosaurus Dong, Zhou & Zhang 1983 R-TCA06, UBD04 [Shunosaurinae]
    |    |--S. lii Dong, Zhou & Zhang 1983 UBD04
    |    `--S. ziliujingensis D07
    `--+--Jobaria Sereno, Beck et al. 1999 R-TCA06, UBD04
       |    `--J. tiguidensis Sereno, Beck et al. 1999 UBD04
       `--+--Atlasaurus Monbaron, Russell & Taquet 1999 R-TCA06, UBD04
          |    `--A. imelakei Monbaron, Russell & Taquet 1999 UBD04
          `--+--+--Neosauropoda R-TCA06
             |  `--Turiasauria R-TCA06
             |       |--Galveosaurus R-TCA06
             |       `--+--Losillasaurus Casanovas, Santafé & Sanz 2001 R-TCA06, UBD04
             |          |    `--L. giganteus Casanovas, Santafé & Sanz 2001 UBD04
             |          `--Turiasaurus Royo-Torres, Cobos & Alcalá 2006 R-TCA06
             |               `--*T. riodevensis Royo-Torres, Cobos & Alcalá 2006 R-TCA06
             `--+--Cetiosaurus Owen 1841 R-TCA06, UM02 [Cetiosaurinae]
                |    |--*C. oxoniensis Phillips 1871 UM02 (see below for synonymy)
                |    |--C. brachyurus (n. d.) UM02
                |    |--C. medius Owen 1842 (n. d.) UM02
                |    `--C. mogrebiensis Lapparent 1955 (n. d.) UBD04
                `--+--Patagosaurus Bonaparte 1979 R-TCA06, UBD04
                   |    `--P. fariasi Bonaparte 1979 UBD04
                   `--+--Barapasaurus Jain, Kutty et al. 1975 R-TCA06, UBD04
                      |    `--B. tagorei Jain, Kutty et al. 1975 UBD04
                      `--Euhelopodidae WS98
                           |  i. s.: Hudiesaurus Dong 1997 Y03, UBD04
                           |           `--H. sinojapanorum Dong 1997 UBD04
                           |--+--Tehuelchesaurus Rich, Vickers-Rich et al. 1999 UBD04
                           |  |    `--T. benitezii Rich, Vickers-Rich et al. 1999 UBD04
                           |  `--+--Cetiosauriscus Huene 1927 RR05, UBD04
                           |     |    |--C. glymptonensis (Phillips 1871) [=Cetiosaurus glymptonensis] UBD04
                           |     |    |--C. greppini D07
                           |     |    `--C. stewarti Charig 1980 [incl. Cetiosaurus leedsi Woodward 1905] UBD04
                           |     `--Omeisaurus Young 1939 R-TCA06, UBD04
                           |          |--*O. junghsiensis Young 1939 WS98, UBD04
                           |          |--O. changshouensis Young 1958 (n. d.) UBD04
                           |          |--O. fuxiensis Dong, Zhou & Zhang 1983 (n. d.) UBD04
                           |          |--O. luoquanensis Li 1988 (n. d.) UBD04
                           |          `--O. tianfuensis He, Li et al. 1984 UBD04
                           `--+--Euhelopus Romer 1956 R-TCA06, UBD04 [=Helopus Wiman 1929 (preoc.) UBD04; Euhelopodinae]
                              |    `--E. zdanskyi (Wiman 1929) [=Helopus zdanskyi] UBD04
                              `--Mamenchisaurus Young 1954 R-TCA06, UBD04 (see below for synonymy)
                                   |--M. anyuensis He, Yang et al. 1996 UBD04
                                   |--M. constructus Young 1954 UBD04
                                   |--M. fuxiensis (Hou, Chao & Chu 1976) (see below for synonymy) UBD04
                                   |--M. hochuanensis Young & Chao 1972 UBD04
                                   |--M. jingyanensis Zhang & Li in Zhang & Chen 1996 UBD04
                                   |--M. sinocanadorum Russell & Zheng 1993 UBD04
                                   `--M. youngi Pi, Ouyang & Ye 1996 UBD04

Nomina nuda: Cetiosaurus epioolithicus UM02
             Cetiosaurus hypoolithicus UM02

*Cetiosaurus oxoniensis Phillips 1871 UM02 [=Cardiodon oxoniensis UM02, Ornithopsis oxoniensis UM02; incl. Cetiosaurus giganteus Owen in Huxley 1870 (n. n.) UBD04, Cetiosaurus longus Owen 1875 UM02, Cetiosauriscus longus UBD04]

Mamenchisaurus Young 1954 R-TCA06, UBD04 [incl. Zigongosaurus Hou, Chao & Chu 1976 UBD04; Mamenchisaurinae]

Mamenchisaurus fuxiensis (Hou, Chao & Chu 1976) [=Zigongosaurus fuxiensis, Zizhongosaurus fuxiensis] UBD04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[RR05] Rauhut, O. W. M., K. Remes, R. Fechner, G. Cladera & P. Puerta. 2005. Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia. Nature 435: 670–672.

[R-TCA06] Royo-Torres, R., A. Cobos & L. Alcalá. 2006. A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade. Science 314: 1925–1927.

[UBD04] Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson. 2004. Sauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 259–322. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[UM02] Upchurch, P., & J. Martin. 2002. The Rutland Cetiosaurus: the anatomy and relationships of a Middle Jurassic British sauropod dinosaur. Palaeontology 45 (6): 1049–1074.

[WS98] Wilson, J. A., & P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (2 Suppl.): 1–68.

[Y03] Yates, A. M. 2003. A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 1–42.

Last updated: 6 August 2017.

Camarasauromorpha

Camarasaurus lentus, from here.

Belongs within: Neosauropoda.
Contains: Titanosauria.

The Camarasauromorpha are a clade of sauropod dinosaurs that have been defined as the smallest clade containing Camarasaurus and Saltasaurus (Upchurch et al. 2004). Camarasaurus is the most common sauropod in the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of North America; it possessed an arched skull and blunt snout.

Characters (from Upchurch et al. 2004): Premaxillary ascending process directed dorsally over most of its length; rostral end of splenial reaching mandibular symphysis; pleurocoels in cranial dorsal centra having acute caudal ends; metacarpal I longer than metacarpal IV; length of longest metacarpal at least 40% radius length.

<==Camarasauromorpha
    |  i. s.: Chondrosteosaurus gigas Owen 1876 (n. d.) N10, UBD04
    |         Oplosaurus Gervais 1852 N10, UBD04
    |           `--O. armatus Gervais 1852 [=Hoplosaurus armatus] UBD04
    |--Lourinhasaurus Dantas, Sanz et al. 1998 R-TCA06, UBD04
    |    `--L. alenquerensis (Lapparent & Zbyszewski 1957) (see below for synonymy) UBD04
    |--Klamelisaurinae D07
    |    |--Bellusaurus Dong 1990 R-TCA06, UBD04
    |    |    `--B. sui Dong 1990 UBD04
    |    `--Klamelisaurus Zhao 1993 D07
    |         `--K. gobiensis Zhao 1993 UBD04
    |--Camarasaurus Cope 1877 (see below for synonymy) UBD04
    |    |--‘Morosaurus’ agilis Marsh 1889 UBD04
    |    |--C. grandis (Marsh 1877) (see below for synonymy) UBD04
    |    |--C. lentus (Marsh 1889) UBD04 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. lewisi (Jensen 1988) [=Cathetosaurus lewisi] UBD04
    |    |--C. supremus Cope 1877 (see below for synonymy) UBD04
    |    `--‘Apatosaurus’ yahnahpin [=Eobrontosaurus yahnahpin] UBD04
    `--Titanosauriformes SL01
         |  i. s.: Lapparentosaurus Bonaparte 1986 UBD04
         |           `--L. madagascariensis Bonaparte 1986 UBD04
         |         Amazonsaurus RR05
         |         Tehuelchesaurus Rich, Vickers-Rich et al. 1999 RR05, UBD04
         |           `--T. benitezii Rich, Vickers-Rich et al. 1999 UBD04
         |--Titanosauria SL01
         `--Brachiosauridae UBD04
              |  i. s.: Pleurocoelus Marsh 1888 N10, UBD04 [Pleurocoelidae]
              |           |--P. altus Marsh 1888 UBD04
              |           |--P. nanus Marsh 1888 UBD04
              |           `--P. valdensis Ludekker 1889 (n. d.) UBD04
              |         Pelorosaurus Mantell 1850 N10, UBD04
              |           |--P. becklesii Mantell 1852 UBD04
              |           `--P. conybearei Mantell 1850 [=Cetiosaurus conybeari] UBD04
              |         Astrodon (n. d.) [Astrodontidae] N85
              |           `--A. johnstoni Leidy 1865 (n. d.) UBD04
              |         Eucamerotus foxi Blows 1995 N10, UBD04
              |         Sauroposeidon Wedel, Cifelli & Sanders 2000 UBD04
              |           `--S. proteles Wedel, Cifelli & Sanders 2000 UBD04
              |         Dystylosaurus Jensen 1985 UBD04
              |           `--D. edwini Jensen 1985 UBD04
              |         ‘Cetiosaurus’ humerocristatus Hulke 1874 UBD04
              |         Cedarosaurus Tidwell, Carpenter & Brooks 1999 UBD04
              |           `--C. weiskopfae Tidwell, Carpenter & Brooks 1999 UBD04
              |--Bothriospondylus Owen 1875 WS98, D07
              |    |--B. elongatus Owen 1875 (n. d.) UBD04
              |    |--B. madagascariensis Lydekker 1895 (n. d.) UBD04
              |    |--B. magnus Owen 1875 (n. d.) UBD04
              |    |--B. robustus Owen 1875 (n. d.) UBD04
              |    `--B. suffosus Owen 1875 (n. d.) UBD04
              `--+--Ornithopsis Seeley 1870 WS98, UBD04
                 |    |--O. eucamerotus Hulke 1882 (n. d.) UBD04
                 |    |--O. greppini Huene 1922 (n. d.) UBD04
                 |    |--O. hulkei Seeley 1870 UBD04
                 |    `--O. leedsi Hulke 1887 (n. d.) UBD04
                 `--Brachiosaurus Riggs 1903 WS98, UBD04 (see below for synonymy)
                      |--B. altithorax Riggs 1903 [=Giraffatitan altithorax] UBD04
                      |--B. atalaiensis Lapparent & Zbyszewski 1957 UBD04 [=Lusotitan atalaiensis D07]
                      |--B. brancai Janensch 1914 UBD04 [=Giraffatitan brancai N10; incl. B. fraasi Janensch 1914 UBD04]
                      `--B. nougaredi Lapparent 1960 UBD04

Brachiosaurus Riggs 1903 WS98, UBD04 [incl. Giraffatitan Paul 1988 UBD04, Lusotitan Teles, Antunes & Mateus 2003 D07; Brachiosaurinae]

Camarasaurus Cope 1877 [incl. Cathetosaurus Jensen 1988, Caulodon Cope 1877, Eobrontosaurus Bakker 1998, Morosaurus Marsh 1878, Uintasaurus Holland 1919; Camarasaurinae, Morosauridae] UBD04

Camarasaurus grandis (Marsh 1877) [=Apatosaurus grandis; incl. Morosaurus impar Marsh 1878, Pleurocoelus montanus Marsh 1896, M. robustus Marsh 1878] UBD04

Camarasaurus lentus (Marsh 1889) UBD04 [=Morosaurus lentus UBD04; incl. C. annae Ellinger 1950 UBD04, *Uintasaurus douglassi Holland 1919 N85, UBD04]

Camarasaurus supremus Cope 1877 [incl. Caulodon diversidens Cope 1877, Amphicoelias latus Cope 1877, Camarasaurus leptodirus Cope 1879, Caulodon leptoganus Cope 1878] UBD04

Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis (Lapparent & Zbyszewski 1957) [=Apatosaurus alenquerensis, Atlantosaurus alequerensis, Camarasaurus alequerensis] UBD04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[RR05] Rauhut, O. W. M., K. Remes, R. Fechner, G. Cladera & P. Puerta. 2005. Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia. Nature 435: 670–672.

[R-TCA06] Royo-Torres, R., A. Cobos & L. Alcalá. 2006. A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade. Science 314: 1925–1927.

[SL01] Smith, J. B., M. C. Lamanna, K. J. Lacovara, P. Dodson, J. R. Smith, J. C. Poole, R. Giegengack & Y. Attia. 2001. A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous mangrove deposit in Egypt. Science 292: 1704–1706.

[UBD04] Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson. 2004. Sauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 259–322. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[WS98] Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (2 Suppl.): 1–68.

Last updated: 6 August 2017.

Eutitanosauria

Reconstruction of Saltasaurus, from here.

Belongs within: Lithostrotia.

The Eutitanosauria are a clade of titanosaurian sauropods defined by the inclusion of Argyrosaurus, Lirainosaurus and Saltasaurus, together with the "Peirópolis titanosaur" (Wilson & Upchurch 2003).

Eutitanosauria
    |  i. s.: Argyrosaurus Lydekker 1893 WU03
    |           `--A. superbus Lydekker 1893 UBD04
    |--Lirainosaurus Sanz, Powell et al. 1999 UBD04
    |    `--L. astibiae Sanz, Powell et al. 1999 UBD04
    `--+--+--Alamosaurus Gilmore 1922 UBD04
       |  |    `--A. sanjuanensis Gilmore 1922 UBD04
       |  `--Pellegrinisaurus Salgado 1996 UBD04
       |       `--P. powelli Salgado 1996 UBD04
       `--Saltasauridae R-TCA06
            |--Opisthocoelicaudia Borsuk-Bialynicka 1977 UBD04 [Opisthocoelicaudiinae WU03]
            |    `--O. skarzynskii Borsuk-Bialynicka 1977 UBD04
            `--Saltasaurinae WU03
                 |--Neuquensaurus Powell 1992 WU03
                 |    `--N. australis (Lydekker 1893) (see below for synonymy) UBD04
                 `--Saltasaurus Bonaparte & Powell 1980 [incl. Loricosaurus Huene 1929, Microcoelus Ludekker 1893] UBD04
                      |--S. loricatus Bonaparte & Powell 1980 UBD04
                      `--S. robustus (Huene 1929) [=Titanosaurus robustus, Neuquensaurus robustus] UBD04

Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker 1893) [=Titanosaurus australis, Saltasaurus australis; incl. T. nanus Lydekker 1893, Microcoelus patagonicus Lydekker 1893, Loricosaurus scutatus Huene 1929] UBD04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[R-TCA06] Royo-Torres, R., A. Cobos & L. Alcalá. 2006. A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade. Science 314: 1925–1927.

[UBD04] Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson. 2004. Sauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 259–322. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[WU03] Wilson, J. A., & P. Upchurch. 2003. A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (Dinosauria—Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a ‘Gondwanan’ distribution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1 (3): 125–160.

Titanosauria

Femora of Antarctosaurus wichmannianus, copyright Beatrice Murch.

Belongs within: Camarasauromorpha.
Contains: Eutitanosauria.

The Titanosauria are a clade of sauropods that has been defined as all taxa closer to Saltasaurus than Brachiosaurus. Members of this clade are characterised by a prominent caudolateral expansion of the caudal end of the sternal plate, and an extremely robust radius and ulna with the radius proximal width at least 33% of its length (Upchurch et al. 2004). Many titanosaurs, placed in the clade Lithostrotia, possessed a dorsal armour of scattered dermal osteoderms.

<==Titanosauria [Titanosauridae, Titanosaurinae, Titanosauroidea]
    |--Andesaurus Calvo & Bonaparte 1991 WU03, UBD04 [Andesauridae]
    |    `--A. delgadoi Calvo & Bonaparte 1991 UBD04
    |--Phuwiangosaurus Martin, Buffetaut & Suteethorn 1994 UBD04
    |    `--P. sirindhornae Martin, Buffetaut & Suteethorn 1994 UBD04
    `--+--Austrosaurus Longman 1933 UBD04
       |    `--A. mckillopi Longman 1933 UBD04
       `--Lithostrotia WU03
            |  i. s.: Epachthosaurus Powell 1990 WU03, UBD04
            |           `--E. sciuttoi Powell 1990 UBD04
            |         Aeolosaurus Poell 1987 UBD04
            |           `--A. rionegrinus Powell 1987 UBD04
            |         Ampelosaurus Le Loeuff 1995 UBD04
            |           `--A. atacis Le Loeuff 1995 UBD04
            |         Jainosaurus Hunt, Lockley et al. 1994 UBD04
            |           `--J. septentrionalis (Huene & Matley 1933) [=Antarctosaurus septentrionalis] UBD04
            |         Jiangshanosaurus Tang, Kang et al. 2001 UBD04
            |           `--J. lixianensis Tang, Kang et al. 2001 UBD04
            |         Laplatasaurus Huene 1929 UBD04
            |           `--L. araukanicus Huene 1929 [=Titanosaurus araukanicus] WU03
            |         Magyarosaurus Huene 1932 UBD04
            |           `--M. dacus (Nopcsa 1915) (see below for synonymy) UBD04
            |         Paralititan Smith, Lamanna et al. 2001 SL01
            |           `--*P. stromeri Smith, Lamanna et al. 2001 SL01
            |         Rocasaurus Salgado & Azpilicueta 2000 UBD04
            |           `--R. muniozi Salgado & Azpilicueta 2000 UBD04
            |         Titanosaurus Lydekker 1877 WU03
            |           |--*T. indicus Lydekker 1877 (n. d.) WU03
            |           |--T. blanfordi Lydekker 1879 (n. d.) WU03
            |           |--T. falloti Hoffet 1942 (n. d.) [=Tangvayosaurus falloti] WU03
            |           |--T. madagascariensis Depéret 1896 (n. d.) [=Laplatasaurus madagascariensis] WU03
            |           `--T. rahioliensis Mathur & Srivastava 1987 (n. d.) WU03
            |--+--Gondwanatitan Kellner & de Azevedo 1999 UBD04
            |  |    `--G. faustoi Kellner & de Azevedo 1999 UBD04
            |  `--+--Eutitanosauria WU03
            |     `--Isisaurus Wilson & Upchurchu 2003 WU03
            |          `--*I. colberti (Jain & Bandyopadhyay 1997) [=Titanosaurus colberti] WU03
            `--+--Antarctosaurus Huene 1929 CRF01, WU03
               |    |--*A. wichmannianus Huene 1929 WU03, UBD04
               |    |--A. brasiliensis Arid & Vizotto 1971 (n. d.) UBD04
               |    |--A. giganteus Huene 1929 (n. d.) UBD04
               |    `--A. jaxartensis Riabinin 1939 (n. d.) UBD04
               `--+--Malawisaurus Jacobs, Winkler et al. 1993 UBD04
                  |    `--M. dixeyi (Haughton 1928) [=Gigantosaurus dixeyi] UBD04
                  `--Nemegtosauridae UBD04
                       |--Quaesitosaurus Kurzanov & Bannikov 1983 CRF01, UBD04
                       |    `--Q. orientalis Kurzanov & Bannikov 1983 UBD04
                       `--+--Rapetosaurus Curry Rogers & Forster 2001 CRF01
                          |    `--*R. krausei Curry Rogers & Forster 2001 CRF01
                          `--Nemegtosaurus Nowinski 1971 CRF01, UBD04
                               |--N. mongoliensis Nowinski 1971 UBD04
                               `--N. pachi Dong 1977 (n. d.) UBD04

Titanosauria incertae sedis:
  Aegyptosaurus Stromer 1932 UBD04
    `--A. baharijensis Stromer 1932 UBD04
  Aepysaurus elephantinus Gervais 1853 (n. d.) N85, UBD04
  Algoasaurus bauri Broom 1904 (n. d.) N85, UBD04
  Campylodoniscus Kuhn 1961 (n. d.) N85, UBD04
    `--*C. ameghinoi (Huene 1929) [=Campylodon ameghinoi] UBD04
  Macrurosaurus semnus Seeley 1869 (n. d.) N85, UBD04
  Tangvayosaurus Allain, Taquet et al. 1999 UBD04
    `--T. hoffeti Allain, Taquet et al. 1999 UBD04
  Iuticosaurus Le Loeuff 1993 (n. d.) WU03
    |--*I. valdensis (Huene 1929) (n. d.) [=Titanosaurus valdensis] UBD04
    `--I. lydekkeri (Huene 1929) (n. d.) [=Titanosaurus lydekkeri] WU03
  Hypselosaurus Matheron 1869 D07
    `--H. priscus Matheron 1869 (n. d.) APS03
  Argentinosaurus Bonaparte & Coria 1993 UBD04
    `--A. huinculensis Bonaparte & Coria 1993 UBD04
  Chubutisaurus Corro 1974 UBD04
    `--C. insignis Corro 1974 UBD04
  Mongolosaurus haplodon Gilmore 1933 (n. d.) WS98, UBD04
  Agustinia Bonaparte 1999 UBD04
    `--A. ligabuei Bonaparte 1999 UBD04
  Huabeisaurus Pang & Cheng 2000 UBD04
    `--H. allocotus Pang & Cheng 2000 UBD04
  Janenschia Wild 1991 UBD04
    `--J. robusta (Fraas 1908) [=Gigantosaurus robustus, Tornieria robustus] UBD04
  Venenosaurus Tidwell, Carpenter & Meyer 2001 UBD04
    `--V. dicrocei Tidwell, Carpenter & Meyer 2001 UBD04
  Bruhathkayosaurus Yadagiri & Ayyasami 1989 D07
    `--B. matleyi Yadagiri & Ayyasami 1987 (n. d.) UBD04
  Bonitasaura Apesteguia 2004 D07
    `--B. salgadoi D07

Magyarosaurus dacus (Nopcsa 1915) [=Titanosaurus dacus; incl. M. hungaricus Huene 1932, M. transsylvanicus Huene 1932] UBD04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APS03] Allain, R., & X. Pereda Suberbiola. 2003. Dinosaurs of France. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2 (1): 27–44.

[CRF01] Curry Rogers, K., & C. A. Forster. 2001. The last of the dinosaur titans: A new sauropod from Madagascar. Nature 412: 530–534.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[SL01] Smith, J. B., M. C. Lamanna, K. J. Lacovara, P. Dodson, J. R. Smith, J. C. Poole, R. Giegengack & Y. Attia. 2001. A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous mangrove deposit in Egypt. Science 292: 1704–1706.

[UBD04] Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson. 2004. Sauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 259–322. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[WS98] Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (2 Suppl.): 1–68.

[WU03] Wilson, J. A., & P. Upchurch. 2003. A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (Dinosauria—Sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a ‘Gondwanan’ distribution. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1 (3): 125–160.

Last updated: 6 August 2017.

Neosauropoda

Mounted skeleton of Diplodocus carnegii at Carnegie Museum of Natural History, photographed by Scott Robert Anselmo.

Belongs within: Eusauropoda.
Contains: Camarasauromorpha.

The Neosauropoda is defined as the most exclusive clade containing Diplodocus and Saltasaurus. This clade includes many of the most familiar sauropod genera. Its members are divided between two stem-defined clades: Diplodocoidea includes all taxa closer to Diplodocus than Saltasaurus, whereas Macronaria has the inverse definition (Upchurch et al. 2004). The name of the latter clade refers to one of the characteristic features of many of its members, the marked enlargement of the nares in the skull.

Characters (from Upchurch et al. 2004): Subnarial foramen present on premaxilla-maxilla suture facing dorsally; platelike projections at base of maxillary ascending processes meeting each other on midline; canal or preantorbital fenestra present in base of maxillary ascending process; rostral process of quadratojugal contacting caudal end of maxilla; rostroventral corner of infratemporal fenestra terminating level with or in front of rostral rim of orbit; lateral end of ectopterygoid contacting medial surface of maxilla; ascending process of astragalus terminating level with caudal edge; pedal digit V with two phalanges or fewer.

<==Neosauropoda [Homalosauropodidae]
    |  i. s.: Neosodon Moussaye 1885 APS03, UBD04
    |           `--N. praecursor (n. d.) APS03
    |         Tienshanosaurus chitaiensis Young 1937 (n. d.) N85, UBD04
    |         Asiatosaurus (n. d.) N85
    |           |--A. kwangshiensis Hou, Yeh & Zhao 1975 (n. d.) UBD04
    |           `--A. mongoliensis Osborn 1924 (n. d.) UBD04
    |--Macronaria [Camarasauridae] SL01
    |    |  i. s.: Abrosaurus Ouyang 1989 UBD04
    |    |           `--A. dongpoi Ouyang 1989 UBD04
    |    |         ‘Apatosaurus’ minimus Mook 1917 UBD04
    |    |         Volkheimeria Bonaparte 1979 D07, UBD04
    |    |           `--V. chubutensis Bonaparte 1979 UBD04
    |    |         Europasaurus Mateus, Laven & Knötschke 2006 D07
    |    |           `--E. holgeri D07
    |    |--Camarasauromorpha R-TCA06
    |    `--Haplocanthosaurus Hatcher 1903 R-TCA06, UBD04 [incl. Haplocanthus Hatcher 1903 UBD04]
    |         |--H. delfsi McIntosh & Williams 1988 UBD04
    |         `--H. priscus (Hatcher 1903) (see below for synonymy) UBD04
    `--Diplodocoidea [Diplodocimorpha] R-TCA06
         |  i. s.: Atlantosaurus Marsh 1877 [=Titanosaurus Marsh 1877 non Lydekker 1877] N85
         |           `--*A. montanus (Marsh 1877) [=Titanosaurus montanus] UBD04
         |--Amphicoelias Cope 1877 RR05, UBD04
         |    `--A. altus Cope 1877 [incl. A. fragillimus Cope 1878] UBD04
         `--+--Rebbachisauridae UBD04
            |    |--Rebbachisaurus Lavocat 1954 RR05, UBD04
            |    |    `--*R. garasbae Lavocat 1954 WS98
            |    |--Nigersaurus Sereno, Beck et al. 1999 UBD04
            |    |    `--N. taqueti Sereno, Beck et al. 1999 [incl. Rebbachisaurus tamesnensis Lapparent 1960] UBD04
            |    `--Rayososaurus Bonaparte 1996 [incl. Limaysaurus Calvo & Salgado in Novas 1997] UBD04
            |         |--R. agrioensis Bonaparte 1996 UBD04
            |         `--R. tessonei (Calvo & Salgado 1995) [=Rebacchisaurus tessonei, Limaysaurus tessonei] UBD04
            `--Flagellicaudata HD04
                 |--Dicraeosauridae RR05
                 |    |--Amargasaurus Salgado & Bonaparte 1991 RR05, UBD04
                 |    |    |--A. cazaui Salgado & Bonaparte 1991 UBD04
                 |    |    `--A. groeberi D07
                 |    `--+--Brachytrachelopan Rauhut, Remes et al. 2005 RR05
                 |       |    `--*B. mesai Rauhut, Remes et al. 2005 RR05
                 |       `--Dicraeosaurus Janensch 1914 RR05, UBD04 [Dicraeosaurinae]
                 |            |--D. hansemani Janensch 1914 UBD04
                 |            `--D. sattleri Janensch 1914 UBD04
                 `--Diplodocidae RR05
                      |  i. s.: Dyslocosaurus McIntosh, Coombs & Russell 1992 UBD04
                      |           `--D. polyonychius McIntosh, Coombs & Russell 1992 UBD04
                      |         Seismosaurus Gillette 1991 UBD04
                      |           `--S. halli Gillette 1991 UBD04
                      |         Supersaurus Jensen 1985 UBD04
                      |           `--S. vivianae Jensen 1985 [incl. Ultrasauros macintoshi Jensen 1985] UBD04
                      |--Suuwassea Harris & Dodson 2004 RR05, HD04
                      |    `--*S. emilieae Harris & Dodson 2004 HD04
                      `--+--Apatosaurus Marsh 1877 RR05, UBD04 (see below for synonymy)
                         |    |--A. ajax Marsh 1877 (see below for synonymy) UBD04
                         |    |--A. excelsus (Marsh 1879) (see below for synonymy) UBD04
                         |    |--A. louisae Holland 1915 UBD04
                         |    `--A. montanus D07
                         `--Diplodocinae HD04
                              |--Barosaurus Marsh 1890 UBD04
                              |    `--B. lentus Marsh 1890 [incl. B. affinis Marsh 1899] UBD04
                              |--Dinheirosaurus Bonaparte & Mateus 1999 RR05, UBD04
                              |    `--D. lourinhanensis Bonaparte & Mateus 1999 UBD04
                              |--Tornieria Sternfeld 1911 RR05, UBD04
                              |    `--T. africana (Fraas 1908) [=Gigantosaurus africanus, Barosaurus africanus] UBD04
                              `--Diplodocus Marsh 1878 RR05, UBD04
                                   |--D. carnegii Hatcher 1901 UBD04
                                   |--D. hayi Holland 1924 UBD04
                                   |--D. lacustris Marsh 1884 UBD04
                                   `--D. longus Marsh 1878 UBD04

Inorganic: Brontosaurus excelsus minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

Apatosaurus Marsh 1877 RR05, UBD04 [incl. Brontosaurus Marsh 1879 UBD04, Elosaurus Peterson & Gilmore 1902 UBD04; Apatosauridae, Apatosaurinae]

Apatosaurus ajax Marsh 1877 [incl. Atlantosaurus immanis Marsh 1878, Ap. laticollis Marsh 1879] UBD04

Apatosaurus excelsus (Marsh 1879) [=Brontosaurus excelsus; incl. B. amplus Marsh 1879, Elosaurus parvus Peterson & Gilmore 1902] UBD04

Haplocanthosaurus priscus (Hatcher 1903) [=Haplocanthus priscus; incl. Haplocanthosaurus utterbacki Hatcher 1903] UBD04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APS03] Allain, R., & X. Pereda Suberbiola. 2003. Dinosaurs of France. Comptes Rendus Palevol 2 (1): 27–44.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[HD04] Harris, J. D., & P. Dodson. 2004. A new diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (2): 197–210.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[RR05] Rauhut, O. W. M., K. Remes, R. Fechner, G. Cladera & P. Puerta. 2005. Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia. Nature 435: 670–672.

[R-TCA06] Royo-Torres, R., A. Cobos & L. Alcalá. 2006. A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade. Science 314: 1925–1927.

[SL01] Smith, J. B., M. C. Lamanna, K. J. Lacovara, P. Dodson, J. R. Smith, J. C. Poole, R. Giegengack & Y. Attia. 2001. A giant sauropod dinosaur from an Upper Cretaceous mangrove deposit in Egypt. Science 292: 1704–1706.

[UBD04] Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson. 2004. Sauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 259–322. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[WS98] Wilson, J. A. & P. C. Sereno. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18 (2 Suppl.): 1–68.

Last updated: 6 August 2017.

Sauropoda

Reconstructed skeleton of Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis at B. M. Birla Science Centre.

Belongs within: Sauropodomorpha.
Contains: Eusauropoda.

The Sauropoda were a group of mostly very large, herbivorous dinosaurs that include the largest terrestrial animals known to have existed. They appear in the fossil record during the Upper Triassic, with the South African Antetonitrus ingenipes being the earliest known species (Yates & Kitching 2003). Other Triassic sauropods include Blikanasaurus cromptoni from South Africa and Isanosaurus attavipachi from Thailand (Upchurch et al. 2004). Vulcanodon karibaensis is known from the Early Jurassic of Zimbabwe; ironically, despite its generic name meaning 'volcano tooth', the skull of this species is unknown.

Synapomorphies (from Yates & Kitching 2003): Suprapostzygapophyseal laminae present on the dorsal vertebrae; humerus greater than 80% length of femur; long cranial process present on proximal ulna; femur with elliptical cross-section; third metatarsal less than 40% length of tibia; midshaft of metatarsal 1 broader than all other metatarsals; pedal ungual I longer than metatarsal I.

<==Sauropoda [Atlantosauridae, Vulcanodontidae]
    |--Antetonitrus Yates & Kitching 2003 YK03
    |    `--*A. ingenipes Yates & Kitching 2003 YK03
    `--+--Isanosaurus Buffetaut, Suteethorn et al. 2000 YK03, UBD04
       |    |--*I. attavipachi Buffetaut, Suteethorn et al. 2000 BS00
       |    `--I. russelli D07
       `--+--Vulcanodon Raath 1972 UBD04
          |    `--V. karibaensis Raath 1972 UBD04
          `--+--Eusauropoda R-TCA06
             `--Kotasaurus Yadagiri 1988 UBD04
                  `--K. yamanpalliensis Yadagiri 1988 UBD04

Sauropoda incertae sedis:
  Rhoetosaurus Longman 1926 UBD04
    `--R. brownei Longman 1926 UBD04
  Zizhongosaurus chuanchengensis Dong, Zhou & Zhang 1983 (n. d.) UBD04
  Chinshakiangosaurus chunghoensis Dong 1992 (n. d.) UBD04
  Dystrophaeus Cope 1877 UBD04
    `--*D. viaemalae Cope 1877 C77
  Clasmodosaurus spatula Ameghino 1899 (n. d.) UBD04
  Datousaurus Dong & Tang 1984 UBD04
    `--D. bashanensis Dong & Tang 1984 UBD04
  Morinosaurus typus Sauvage 1874 (n. d.) UBD04
  Ohmdenosaurus Wild 1978 UBD04
    `--O. liasicus Wild 1978 UBD04
  Sanpasaurus yaoi Young 1944 (n. d.) UBD04
  Tapinosaurus (n. d.) N85
  Blikanasaurus Galton & Heerden 1985 UBD04
    `--B. cromptoni Galton & Heerden 1985 UBD04
  Sonidosaurus XT07
  Gongxianosaurus He, Wang et al. 1998 UBD04
    `--G. shibeiensis He, Wang et al. 1998 UBD04
  Xenoposeidon proneneukos Taylor & Naish 2007 N10
  Cardiodon Owen 1840-1845 UBD04
    `--C. rugulosus Owen 1840-1845 [=Cetiosaurus rugulosus] UBD04
  Chuanjiesaurus Fang, Pang et al. 2000 UBD04
    `--C. anaensis Fang, Pang et al. 2000 UBD04
  Tendaguria Bonaparte, Heinrich & Wild 2000 UBD04
    `--T. tanzaniensis Bonaparte, Heinrich & Wild 2000 UBD04
  Gigantosaurus megalonyx Seeley 1869 (n. d.) UBD04
  Histriasaurus boscarollii Dalla Vecchia 1998 (n. d.) UBD04
  ‘Iguanodon’ praecursor Sauvage 1876 (n. d.) UBD04
  Ischyrosaurus manseli Hulke in Ludekker 1888 (n. d.) UBD04
  Kunmingosaurus wudingensis Dong 1992 (n. d.) UBD04
  Protognathosaurus oxyodon Zhang 1988 (n. d.) UBD04
  Pukyongosaurus millenniumi Dong, Paik & Kim 2001 (n. d.) UBD04
  Qinlingosaurus luonanensis Xue, Zhang & Bi 1996 (n. d.) UBD04
  Sonorasaurus thompsoni Ratkevich 1998 (n. d.) UBD04
  Ultrasaurus tabriensis Kim 1983 (n. d.) UBD04
  Dinodocus mackesoni Owen 1884 (n. d.) [=Pelorosaurus mackesoni] UBD04
  Tazoudasaurus Allain 2003 D07
    `--T. naimi D07
  Ferganasaurus Alifanov & Averianov 2003 D07
    `--F. verzilini D07
  Chiayusaurus UBD04
    |--C. asianensis Lee, Yang & Park 1997 UBD04
    `--C. lacustris Bohlin 1953 UBD04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS00] Buffetaut, E., V. Suteethorn, G. Cuny, H. Tong, J. Le Loueff, S. Khansubha & S. Jongautchariyakul. 2000. The earliest known sauropod dinosaur. Nature 407: 72–74.

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[R-TCA06] Royo-Torres, R., A. Cobos & L. Alcalá. 2006. A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade. Science 314: 1925–1927.

[UBD04] Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson. 2004. Sauropoda. In: Weishampel, D. B., P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria 2^nd ed. pp. 259–322. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[XT07] Xu, X., Q. Tan, J. Wang, X. Zhao & L. Tan. 2007. A gigantic bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China. Nature 447: 844–847.

[YK03] Yates, A. M., & J. W. Kitching. 2003. The earliest known sauropod dinosaur and the first steps towards sauropod locomotion. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 270: 1753–1758.

Last updated: 6 August 2017.