Coptotermes

Castes of Coptotermes acinaciformis, from CSIRO.

Belongs within: Rhinotermitidae.

Coptotermes is a genus of drywood termites in which soldiers bear a large fontanelle opening near the front of the head.

Characters (from Maiti 2006): Imago with head dark to dark brown, head and pronotum fairly densely and abdomen densely hairy. Head subround. Eyes of medium size. Ocelli either subround or elongately oval, either almost touching or slightly separated from eyes. Fontanelle minute, placed almost at middle of head. Mandibles each with an apical and three marginal teeth. Left with apical only slightly longer than first marginal and almost equal to or slightly shorter than or subequal to second and third marginal. Right with apical thinner and slightly shorter than second, first marginal rudimentary placed at anterior base of second, third smaller with long posterior margin, generally longer than molar plate. Postclypeus flat or weakly swollen with or without median line. Apical tibial spur formula 3:2:2. Wings generally moderate to densely hairy, all veins arising independently from scale. In fore wing, costa and subcosta merged, strongly chitinised, running along anterior margin. Radius thick and running parallel and close to costa and subcosta. Medial thin and with one to three branches distally, cubitus also weak and with six to thirteen branches to posterior margin. Hind wing as in fore wing except medial arising from radius just outside scale. Soldier with head light yellow to deep brown in colour, moderately to densely hair, pyriform to broadly oval. Eyes generally absent, eye spots at times visible. Ocelli absent. Fontanelle large with round to oval large opening placed far anteriorly. Mandibles sabre-shaped, gradually narrowing anteriorly and strongly to weakly hooked at apices, left with a few to maximum of four crenulations in basal half and with a large knob-like projection. Right with a few basal crenulations also. Antennae with 13–17 segments, 3–4 variable in shape and size. Postmentum long and club-shaped with distinct widest and narrowest width, sometimes with hairs anteriorly. Pronotum narrower than head, flat, sometimes a little raised on anterior margin, anterior margin with median notch and posterior margin with weak median emargination.

<==Coptotermes Wasmann 1896 M06 (see below for synonymy)
    |--C. sjostedti Holmgren 1911 IVE07, M06 [incl. C. sjostedti var. modica M06]
    `--+--C. acinaciformis (Froggatt 1898) IVE07, M06 (see below for synonymy)
       |    |--C. a. acinaciformis M06
       |    `--C. a. raffrayi Wasmann 1900 [=Termes (Coptotermes) raffrayi] M06
       `--+--C. niger Snyder 1922 IVE07, M06
          `--C. testaceus (Linnaeus 1758) IVE07, M06 (see below for synonymy)

Coptotermes incertae sedis:
  *C. gestroi (Wasmann 1896) [=Termes (*Coptotermes) gestroi] M06
  C. amanii (Sjöstedt 1911) (see below for synonymy) M06
  C. amboinensis Kemner 1931 M06
  C. bannaensis Xia & He 1986 [=[=C. (Oligocrinitermes) bannaensis] XH86
  C. beckeri Mathur & Chhotani 1969 M06
  C. bentongensis Krishna 1956 M06 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) bentongensis XH86]
  C. boetonensis Kemner 1934 M06 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) boetonensis XH86]
  C. bornensis Oshima 1914 M06
  C. brevis DAF07
  C. brunneus Gay 1955 M06
  C. ceylonicus Holmgren 1911 XH86, M06 [=C. (Oligocrinitermes) ceylonicus] XH86
  C. changtaiensis Xia & He 1986 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) changtaiensis] XH86
  C. chaoxianensis Huang & Li 1985 [=C. varicapitatus chaoxianensis, [=C. (Polycrinitermes) chaoxianensis] XH86
  C. cochlearus Xia & He 1986 [=C. (Oligocrinitermes) cochlearus] XH86
  C. communis Xia & He 1986 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) communis] XH86
  C. crassus Snyder 1922 M06
  C. ‘crassus’ Ping 1985 non Snyder 1922 M06
  C. curvignathus Holmgren 1913 M06 (see below for synonymy)
  C. cyclocoryphus Zhu et al. 1984 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) cyclocoryphus] XH86
  C. dimorphus Xia & He 1986 [=C. (Oligocrinitermes) dimorphus] XH86
  C. dobonicus Oshima 1914 M06 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) dobonicus XH86]
  C. dreghorni Hill 1942 M06
  C. elisae (Desneux 1905) M06 [=Termes (Coptotermes) elisae M06; incl. C. hyaloapex Holmgren 1911 M06, H42]
  C. emersoni Ahmad 1953 M06
  C. eucalyptus Ping 1984 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) eucalyptus] XH86
  C. formosanus Shiraki 1909 XH86 (see below for synonymy)
  C. gaurii Roonwal & Krishna 1956 [incl. C. exignus Jepson 1930, C. exiguus] M06
  C. grandiceps Snyder 1925 [incl. C. froggatti Light & Davis 1929, C. solomonensis Snyder 1925] M06
  C. grandis Li & Huang 1985 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) grandis] XH86
  C. guangdongensis Ping 1985 M06
  C. guanzhouensis Ping 1985 M06
  C. hainanensis Li & Tsai 1985 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) hainanensis] XH86
  C. harrisi M06
  C. havilandi Holmgren 1911 [incl. C. javanicus Kemner 1934, C. pacificus Light 1932] M06
  C. heimi (Wasmann 1902) [=*Arrhinotermes heimi; incl. C. parvulus Holmgren 1913] M06
  C. hekouensis Xia & He 1986 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) hekouensis] XH86
  C. heteromorphus Ping 1985 M06
  C. intermedius Silvestri 1912 [incl. C. truncatus var. reducta Sjostedt 1926, C. reductus] M06
  C. jiaxingensis Xia & He 1986 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) jiaxingensis] XH86
  C. kalshoveni Kemner 1934 M06
  C. kishori Roonwal & Chhotani 1962 M06
  C. labiosus Hill 1926 H42 [incl. C. flavus Hill 1926 non Bugnion & Popeff 1910 M06, C. frenchi Hill 1932 M06]
  C. lacteus (Froggatt 1898) [=Termes lacteus; incl. C. sedulus Hill 1923] M06
  C. longignathus Xia & He 1986 [=C. (Oligocrinitermes) longignathus] XH86
  C. longistriatus Li & Huang 1985 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) longistriatus] XH86
  C. menadoensis Oshima 1914 M06
  C. menglunensis Tsai & Huang 1985 (see below for synonymy) XH86
  C. michaelseni Silvestri 1909 M06
  C. minutissimus Kemner 1934 M06
  C. minutus Li & Huang 1985 [=C. varicapitatus minutus, C. (Polycrinitermes) minutus] XH86
  C. monosetosus Tsai & Li 1985 [=C. (Oligocrinitermes) monosetosus] XH86
  C. obiratus Hill 1927 M06
  C. obliquus Xia & He 1986 [=[=C. (Oligocrinitermes) obliquus] XH86
  C. ochraceus Ping & Xu 1986 M06
  C. pamuae Snyder 1925 M06
  C. parradoxus M06
  C. perigrenator Kemner 1943 M06
  C. premrasmii Ahmad 1965 XH86, M06 [=C. (Oligocrinitermes) premrasmii XH86]
  C. priscus Emerson 1971 P92
  C. rectangularis Ping & Xu 1986 M06
  C. remotus Hill 1927 M06
  C. reticulatus M06
  C. sepangensis Krishna 1956 M06
  C. shanghaiensis Xia & He 1986 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) shanghaiensis] XH86
  C. sinabangensis Oshima 1923 M06 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) sinabangensis XH86]
  C. sucineus Emerson 1971 P92
  C. suzhouensis Xia & He 1986 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) suzhouensis] XH86
  C. travians (Haviland 1898) [=Termes (Coptotermes) travians] M06
  C. truncatus (Wasmann 1897) [=Termes (Coptotermes) truncatus, Eutermes truncatus] M06
  C. vastator Light 1929 M06
  C. xiaoliangensis Ping 1984 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) xiaoliangensis] XH86

Coptotermes Wasmann 1896 M06 [incl. Arrhinotermes Wasmann 1902 M06, Oligocrinitermes Xia & He 1986 (n. n.) XH86, Polycrinitermes Xia & He 1986 (n. n.) XH86, Vastitermes Sjöstedt 1926 M06; Coptotermitinae]

Coptotermes acinaciformis (Froggatt 1898) IVE07, M06 [=Termes acinaciformis M06, T. (Eutermes) acinaciformis M06]

Coptotermes amanii (Sjöstedt 1911) [=Eutermes (Coptotermes) amanii; incl. C. sjostedti var. subintactae Silvestri 1914-1915] M06

Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren 1913 M06 [=C. (Polycrinitermes) curvignathus XH86; incl. C. robustus Holmgren 1913 M06]

Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki 1909 XH86 [=[=C. (Polycrinitermes) formosanus XH86; incl. C. formosae Holmgren 1911 M06, C. hongkonensis Oshima 1914 M06, C. intrudens Oshima 1920 M06]

Coptotermes menglunensis Tsai & Huang 1985 [=C. monosetosus menglunensis, [=C. (Oligocrinitermes) menglunensis] XH86

Coptotermes testaceus (Linnaeus 1758) IVE07, M06 [=Hemerobius testaceus M06, Termes (Eutermes) testaceus M06; incl. Perla fusca De Geer 1778 M06, T. (E.) marabitanus Hagen 1858 M06, Coptotermes marabitanus M06, T. morio Fabricius 1793 M06]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DAF07] Department of Agriculture and Food. 2007. Common Seasonal Pests. State of Western Australia.

[H42] Hill, G. F. 1942. Termites (Isoptera) from the Australian Region (including Australia, New Guinea and islands south of the Equator between 140°E. longitude and 170°W. longitude). Commonwealth of Australia Council for Scientific and Industrial Research: Melbourne.

[IVE07] Inward, D. J. G., A. P. Vogler & P. Eggleton. 2007. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of termites (Isoptera) illuminates key aspects of their evolutionary biology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44: 953–967.

[M06] Maiti, P. K. 2006. A taxonomic monograph on the world species of termites of the family Rhinotermitidae (Isoptera: Insecta). Memoirs of the Zoological Survey of India 20 (4): i–viii, 1–272.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[XH86] Xia K.-L. & He X.-S. 1986. Study on the genus Coptotermes from China (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Contr. Shanghai Inst. Entomol. 6: 157–182.

Mantoidea

Pygmy ground mantis Bolbe sp., possibly B. nigra, copyright Steve Kerr.

Belongs within: Mantodea.
Contains: Mantinae.

The Mantoidea are a major clade of mantids characterised by a long pronotum and the presence of a unique hearing organ (the 'cyclopean' ear) on the metathorax between the sternites and just anterior to the hind coxae (Grimaldi & Engel 2005).

<==Mantoidea GE05
    |  i. s.: Prochaeradodis enigmaticus G03
    |--Empusidae GE05
    |    |--Gongylus gongyloides TW05
    |    |--Empusa R13
    |    |    |--E. egena R13
    |    |    |--E. gongylodes G20
    |    |    `--E. pauperata R13
    |    `--Idolum de Saussure 1870 L89
    |         `--*I. diabolicum de Saussure 1870 L89
    |--Hymenopodidae GE05
    |    |--Chrysomantis TW05
    |    |--Hymenopus coronatus GE05
    |    |--Oxypilus RD77
    |    `--Acromantis [Acromantinae] TW05
    |         `--A. australis R96
    `--Mantidae [Manteidae] GE05
         |  i. s.: Tarachodes [Tarachodidae] Z02
         |         Myomantis caffra H04
         |         Prochaerododis enigmaticus GE05
         |         Iris [Irides] AN-A04
         |           `--L. oratoria AN-A04
         |         Ameles AN-A04
         |           |--A. abjecta AN-A04
         |           |--A. decolor AN-A04
         |           `--A. spallanzania AN-A04
         |         Pyrgomantis RD77
         |         Miomantis RD77
         |         Stagmomantis carolina RD77, BB16
         |--Choeradodis [Choeradodinae] Z02
         |--Comsothespinae Z02
         |--Liturgusinae [Liturgusidae] Z02
         |--Toxoderinae Z02
         |--Thespinae B91
         |--Compsothespinae B91
         |--Mantinae Z02
         |--Vatinae [Vatidae] Z02
         |    |--Stagmatoptera hyaloptera Z02, R15
         |    `--Parastagmatoptera Z02
         |         |--P. flavoguttata (Serville 1839) [=Mantis flavoguttata] R18
         |         `--P. unipunctata R15
         |--Miopteryginae R18
         |    |--Miopteryx argentina R15
         |    `--Musonia [=Promusonia Giglio-Tos 1916; incl. Mionyx] R18
         |         |--*M. surinama [=*Promusonia surinama] R18
         |         |--M. lineativentris [=*Mionyx lineativentris] R18
         |         `--M. major Saussure & Zehntner 1894 R18
         |--Orthoderinae Z02
         |    |--Orthoderina straminea R96
         |    `--Orthodera H04
         |         |--O. gunnii W70
         |         |--O. ministralis R96
         |         `--O. novaezealandiae H04
         |--Photinainae SB07
         |    |--Coptopteryx [Coptopteriges, Coptopterygini] SB07
         |    |    |--C. argentina R15
         |    |    |--C. crenaticollis BM76
         |    |    `--C. gayi BM76
         |    `--Photinaini [Orthoderellae] SB07
         |         |--Orthoderella ornata R15
         |         `--Photina Burmeister 1838 SB07
         |              `--*P. vitrea (Burmeister 1838) (see below for synonymy) SB07
         `--Iridopteryginae R96
              |--Ciulfina R96
              |--Neomantis australis R96
              |--Kongobatha diademata R96
              |--Calofulcinia R96
              |--Ima fusca R96
              `--Bolbe R96
                   |--B. maia B91
                   |--B. nigra R96
                   `--B. pallida K70

*Photina vitrea (Burmeister 1838) [=Mantis (*Photina) vitrea (nom. cons.) non Stoll 1813, Cardioptera vitrea, Metriomantis vitrea; incl. Photina amplipennis Stål 1877] SB07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AN-A04] Askew, R. R., & J. L. Nieves-Aldrey. 2004. Further observations on Eupelminae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eupelmidae) in the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands, including descriptions of new species. Graellsia 60 (1): 27–39.

[BB16] Bai, M., R. G. Beutel, K.-D. Klass, W. Zhang, X. Yang & B. Wipfler. 2016. Alienoptera—a new insect order in the roach-mantodean twilight zone. Gondwana Research 39: 317–326.

[B91] Balderson, J. 1991. Mantodea (praying mantids). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 348–356. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[G03] Grimaldi, D. 2003. A revision of Cretaceous mantises and their relationships, including new taxa (Insecta: Dictyoptera: Mantodea). American Museum Novitates 3412: 1–47.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H04] Harris, A. C. 2004. Range extensions of Ancistrocerus gazella (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae) and Myomantis caffra (Mantodea: Mantidae). Weta 27: 31–32.

[K70] Key, K. H. L. 1970. Mantodea (praying mantids). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 294–301. Melbourne University Press.

[L89] Lucas, H. 1889. Notes suivantes. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: lxxxii–lxxxiii.

[R15] Rehn, J. A. G. 1915. A further contribution to the knowledge of the Orthoptera of Argentina. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 270–292.

[R18] Rehn, J. A. G. 1918. On a collection of Orthoptera from the State of Pará, Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 144–236, pls 1–2.

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[SB07] Svenson, G. J., & M. A. Branham. 2007. Photinini LeConte, 1881 (Insecta, Coleoptera) and Photininae Giglio-Tos, 1915 (Insecta, Mantodea): proposed resolution of homonymy between family-group names. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 64 (4): 243–251.

[TW05] Terry, M. D., & M. F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21: 240–257.

[W70] White, M. J. D. 1970. Cytogenetics. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 72–82. Melbourne University Press.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Order Mantida Latreille, 1802. The mantises (=Mantodea Burmeister, 1838). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 273–276. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Blattellidae

Little gem cockroach Aglaopteryx gemma, copyright Jeff Garner.

Belongs within: Blattaria.
Contains: Ischnoptera, Parcoblattini.

The Blattellidae are a diverse group of small to medium-sized, mostly fast-running cockroaches.

Characters (from Roth 1991): Size usually small to medium; antennae longer than half body length. Legs long, slender, spiny, ventral surfaces of tarsi spined. Tegmina and wings fully developed or with reduced wings in both sexes, sometimes with small tegmina only. In fully alate forms, hind wings with or without an apical triangle; R usually well developed, with simple, regularly spaced anterior rami; CuA unbranched (simple), or with complete branches only, or with both complete and incomplete rami. Cerci fairly long, tapering, extending well beyond body. Male abdominal terga unspecialised, or with one or two modified terga used in sexual behaviour. Male subgenital plate (S9) asymmetrical or symmetrical, usually with two styles; hooklike genital phallomere on right or left sides. Female subgenital plate broad, rounded, rarely bivalvular. Oviparous or ovoviparous.

<==Blattellidae [Phyllodromiidae] BP10
    |--Nyctiborinae BP10
    |    |--Paratropes elegans (Burmeister 1838) [=Phoraspis elegans] R18
    |    `--Nyctibora glabra R15
    |--Anaplecta Burmeister 1838 [Anaplectidae, Anaplectinae] BP10
    |    |--A. bivittata Brunner 1865 R18
    |    |--A. lateralis R18
    |    |--A. minutissima [=Holocompsa minutissima] R18
    |    |--A. pumila R18
    |    `--A. replicata Saussure & Zehntner 1893 R18
    |--Attaphila Wheeler 1900 G37 [Attaphilinae BP10]
    |    |--*A. fungicola Wheeler 1900 G37
    |    |--A. bergi Bolivar 1901 G37
    |    |    |--A. b. bergi G37
    |    |    `--A. b. minor Bruch 1916 G37
    |    |--A. fiava Gurney 1937 G37
    |    |--A. schuppi Bolivar 1905 G37
    |    `--A. sexdentis Bolivar 1905 G37
    |--Ectobiinae [Ectobiidae] BP10
    |    |--Choristima Tepper 1895 BP10
    |    |--Choristimoides R96
    |    |--Ectoneura Shelford 1907 BP10
    |    |--Stenectoneura Hebard 1943 BP10
    |    |--Phyllodromica Fieber 1853 BP10
    |    |    `--P. megerlei BM76
    |    |--Ectobius Stephens 1835 BP10
    |    |    |--‘Ectobia’ ericetorum (Wesm. 1838) [=Blatta ericetorum] K00
    |    |    |--E. germanicus B88
    |    |    |--E. lapponica A99 [=Phyllodromia lapponica B01; incl. P. hemiptera B01]
    |    |    |--E. lividus BM76
    |    |    `--E. silvestris BB16
    |    `--Aphlebia K00
    |         |--A. bicolor Kirby 1900 K00
    |         `--A. transvaaliensis Kirby 1900 K00
    |--Pseudophyllodromiinae [Plectopteridae, Plectopterinae] BP10
    |    |--Balta bicolor R96
    |    |--Allacta R96
    |    |--Margattea R96
    |    |--Mediastinia R96
    |    |--Megamareta phaneropyga R96
    |    |--Nahublattella Brujining 1959 BP10
    |    |--Shelfordina Hebard 1929 R96, V10
    |    |    `--S. orchidae [=Imblattella orchidae] R96
    |    |--Ellipsidion R96
    |    |    |--E. australe R96
    |    |    |--E. bicolor R96
    |    |    |--E. humerale R96
    |    |    |--E. magnificum C91
    |    |    `--E. pellucidum B88
    |    `--Supella Shelford 1911 BP10
    |         |--S. longipalpa TW05
    |         `--S. supellectilium (see below for synonymy) B37
    |--Pseudomopinae R90
    |    |--Xestoblatta nyctiboroides (Rehn 1906) [=Ischnoptera nyctiboroides] R18
    |    |--Pseudomops R18
    |    |    |--P. affinis (Burmeister 1838) [=Thyrsocera affinis] R18
    |    |    |--P. angusta Walker 1868 R18
    |    |    |--P. annulicornis (Burmeister 1838) [=Thyrsocera annulicornis; incl. P. deceptura] R18
    |    |    `--P. neglecta R15
    |    |--Neoblattella R18
    |    |    |--N. conspersa (Brunner 1865) [=Phyllodromia conspersa] R18
    |    |    |--N. pellucida (Burmeister 1838) [=Blatta pellucida] R18
    |    |    `--N. titania (Rehn 1903) [=Blatella titania] R18
    |    |--Cariblatta R18
    |    |    |--C. fossicauda Hebard 1916 R18
    |    |    |--C. igarapensis Rehn 1918 R18
    |    |    |--C. lutea BM76
    |    |    `--C. minima BM76
    |    |--Ceratinoptera R15
    |    |    |--C. otomia (Saussure 1868) R15
    |    |    `--C. puerilis Rehn 1915 R15
    |    |--Ischnoptera R18
    |    `--Aglaopteryx Hebard 1917 G37
    |         |--*A. gemma Hebard 1917 G37
    |         |--A. absimilis Gurney 1937 G37
    |         |--A. devia G37
    |         |--A. diaphana G37
    |         |--A. lita Hebard 1919 G37
    |         |--A. mira G37
    |         |--A. notabilis Gurney 1937 G37
    |         |--A. occulta G37
    |         `--A. vegeta G37
    `--Blattellinae BP10
         |  i. s.: Carbrunneria R96
         |         Dyakinides R96
         |         Eowilsonia biglandulifera R96
         |         Escala R96
         |         Hensaussurea R96
         |         Johnrehnia R96
         |         Richanistchia R96
         |         Robshelfordia circumducta R96
         |         Hemithyrsocera Saussure 1893 BP10
         |         Symplocodes Hebard 1929 BP10
         |         Pseudothyrsocera Shelford 1906 BP10
         |         Burchellia Rehn 1933 BP10
         |         Beybienkoa Roth 1991 R96, V10
         |           `--B. kurandaensis R96
         |         Saltoblattella Bohn, Picker et al. 2010 BP10
         |           `--*S. montistabularis Bohn, Picker et al. 2010 BP10
         |         Blattella BP10
         |           |--B. conspersa R15
         |           |--B. germanica Linnaeus 1767 W08
         |           `--B. signata BM76
         `--Parcoblattini RD77

Blattellidae incertae sedis:
  Piniblattella vitimica VVR02
  Theganopteryx BP10
  Richanitschia luteomarginata R91
  Stavella R91
  Phyllodromia D51
    |--P. bivittata (Serv. 1839) [=Blatta bivittata] K00
    |--P. delta Kirby 1900 K00
    |--P. germanica D51
    |--P. ruficeps Kirby 1900 K00
    |--P. supellectilium K00
    `--P. vinula [incl. P. amoena] K00
  Blattina P92
  Temnopteryx variegata P92, K00

Supella supellectilium [incl. Blatta capensis, B. cubensis, Phlodromia delta, B. extenuata, B. figurata, B. incisa, B. phalerata, Ischnoptera quadriplaga, B. subsastiata, B. transversalis] B37

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (translated: 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[B37] Back, E. A. 1937. The increasing importance of the cockroach, Supella supellectilium Serv., as a pest in the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (8): 205–213.

[BB16] Bai, M., R. G. Beutel, K.-D. Klass, W. Zhang, X. Yang & B. Wipfler. 2016. Alienoptera—a new insect order in the roach-mantodean twilight zone. Gondwana Research 39: 317–326.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[BP10] Bohn, H., M. Picker, K.-D. Klass & J. Colville. 2010. A jumping cockroach from South Africa, Saltoblattella montistabularis, gen. nov., spec. nov. (Blattodea: Blattellidae). Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny 68 (1): 53-69.

[B01] Bolivar, I. 1901. Orthopterák [Orthoptères]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 223–243. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[G37] Gurney, A. B. 1937. Studies in certain genera of American Blattidae (Orthoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (5): 101–112.

[K00] Kirby, W. F. 1900. Notes on a collection of African Blattidae, chiefly from the Transvaal, formed by Mr. W. L. Distant. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 277–294.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R15] Rehn, J. A. G. 1915. A further contribution to the knowledge of the Orthoptera of Argentina. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 270–292.

[R18] Rehn, J. A. G. 1918. On a collection of Orthoptera from the State of Pará, Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 144–236, pls 1–2.

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[R90] Roth, L. M. 1990. A revision of the Australian Parcoblattini (Blattaria: Blattellidae: Blattellinae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 28 (2): 531–596.

[R91] Roth, L. M. 1991. Blatttodea. Blattaria (cockroaches). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 320–329. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[TW05] Terry, M. D., & M. F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21: 240–257.

[V10] Vršanský, P. 2010. Cockroach as the earliest eusocial animal. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 84 (4): 793–808.

[VVR02] Vršanský, P., V. N. Vishniakova & A. P. Rasnitsyn. 2002. Order Blattida Latreille, 1810. The cockroaches (=Blattodea Brunner von Wattenvill, 1882). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 263–270. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[W08] Wetterer, J. K. 2008. Worldwide spread of the longhorn crazy ant, Paratrechina longicornis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 11: 137–149.

Polyzosteriinae

Platyzosteria secunda, copyright CSIRO.

Belongs within: Blattaria.

The Polyzosteriinae are a group of commonly flightless cockroaches, many of which produce foul-smelling defensive chemicals. Diurnal species are often stikingly coloured whereas nocturnal species are more usually black or brownish (Rentz 1996).

Characters (from Rentz 1996): Tarsi usually short, unspined (hind and sometimes mid metatarsi spined), occasionally second hind tarsal segment spined, third hind tarsal segment bare; pulvilli and arolia large; claws usually asymmetrical; cerci often short with indistinct segmentation; male styles simple, symmetrical; left lateral phallomere with extensible hook, right phallomere heavily sclerotised; smooth, lobiform ventral phallomere present; female subgenital plate bivalvular.

<==Polyzosteriinae R96
    |--Methanini R96
    |    |--Scabina R96
    |    |--Temnelytra truncata R96
    |    |--Methana R96
    |    |    |--M. curvigera R96
    |    |    `--M. marginalis R96
    |    `--Drymaplaneta R96
    |         |--D. communis R96
    |         `--D. variegata WPT01
    `--Polyzosteriini R96
         |--Desmozosteria cincta R96
         |--Pseudolampra R96
         |--Eppertia R96
         |--Zonioploca medilinea R96, M74
         |--Megazosteria R96
         |--Euzosteria R96
         |--Anamesia R96
         |    |--A. polyzona C91
         |    `--A. uniformis MC13
         |--Cosmozosteria R96
         |    |--C. gloriosa R96
         |    |--C. sloanei R96
         |    |--C. subzonata R96
         |    `--C. zonata R96
         |--Polyzosteria R96
         |    |--P. limbata R96
         |    |--P. metallica R96
         |    |--P. mitchelli R96
         |    |--P. pubescens M74
         |    `--P. viridissima R96
         `--Platyzosteria R96
              |  i. s.: P. melanaria R91
              |         P. sublobata (Princis 1954) T13
              |         P. tibialis MC13
              |         P. tricaudata MC13
              `--P. (Melanozosteria) R96
                   |--P. (M.) castanea K91
                   |--P. (M.) circumducta R96
                   |--P. (M.) nitidella R96
                   `--P. (M.) secunda R96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[K91] Kathirithamby, J. 1991. Strepsiptera. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 684–695. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[M74] Mackerras, M. J. 1974. Blattodea (cockroaches). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 37.Melbourne University Press.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[R91] Roth, L. M. 1991. Blatttodea. Blattaria (cockroaches). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 320–329. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[T13] Taylor, C. K. 2013. Annotated bibliography for Barrow Island terrestrial invertebrates. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 135–144.

[WPT01] Wharton, D. A., R. Poulin & C. L. Tyrell. 2001. Parasites of anostostomatid insects. In: Field, L. H. (ed.) The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies pp. 259–267. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

Last updated: 21 May 2022.

Termes

Head of soldier of Termes hospes, copyright Rebecca Bath.

Belongs within: Termitinae.

Termes is a pantropical genus of termites whose soldiers have long snapping mandibles. The molecular phylogenetic analysis published by Inward et al. (2007) indicated that Termes is paraphyletic to a clade of various snapping termite genera from Australia.

<==Termes Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |  i. s.: T. argutus M91
    |         T. australis (n. d.) H42
    |         T. baculiformis [=Mirotermes baculiformis] S57
    |         T. jarmuranus M91
    |         T. marginipennis H42
    |         T. melvillensis M91
    |         T. rutoti Z02
    |         T. tubicola V25
    |--T. borneensis IVE07
    `--+--*T. fatalis Linnaeus 1758 M91, IVE07, M91 [=T. fatale M91]
       `--+--+--T. cornis IVE07
          |  `--T. hospes IVE07
          `--+--T. propinquus IVE07
             `--+--Ephelotermes Miller 1991 IVE07, M91
                |    |--*E. melachoma Miller 1991 M91
                |    |--E. argutus (Hill 1929) [=Mirotermes argutus] M91
                |    |--E. cheeli (Mjöberg 1920) (see below for synonymy) M91
                |    |--E. paleatus Miller 1991 M91
                |    |--E. persimilis (Gay 1971) [=Termes persimilis] M91
                |    `--E. taylori (Hill 1915) [=Capritermes taylori, Mirotermes taylori, Termes taylori] M91
                `--+--Macrognathotermes Miller 1991 IVE07, M91
                   |    |--*M. errator Miller 1991 M91
                   |    |--M. broomensis (Mjöberg 1920) [=Mirotermes broomensis, Termes broomensis] M91
                   |    |--M. prolatus Miller 1991 M91
                   |    `--M. sunteri (Hill 1927) [=Mirotermes sunteri, Termes sunteri] M91
                   `--+--Xylochomitermes Miller 1991 IVE07, M91
                      |    |--*X. melvillensis (Hill 1915) [=Capritermes melvillensis, Mirotermes melvillensis] M91
                      |    |--X. aspinosus Miller 1991 M91
                      |    |--X. occidualis (Gay 1971) [=Termes occidualis] M91
                      |    |--X. punctillus Miller 1991 M91
                      |    |--X. reductus (Gay 1971) [=Termes reductus] M91
                      |    `--X. tomentosus (Gay 1971) [=Termes tomentosus] M91
                      `--+--Paracapritermes Hill 1942 IVE07, M91
                         |    |--*P. primus (Hill 1942) [=Mirotermes (*Paracapritermes) primus] M91
                         |    |--P. kraepelinii (Silvestri 1909) [=Mirotermes kraepelinii] M91
                         |    |--P. prolixus Miller 1991 M91
                         |    `--P. secundus Miller 1991 M91
                         `--Cristatitermes Miller 1991 IVE07, M91
                              |--*C. carinatus Miller 1991 M91
                              |--C. arenicola Miller 1991 M91
                              |--C. barretti Miller 1991 M91
                              |--C. froggatti (Hill 1915) (see below for synonymy) M91
                              |--C. pineaformis Miller 1991 M91
                              `--C. tutulatus Miller 1991 M91

Cristatitermes froggatti (Hill 1915) [=Capritermes froggatti, Mirotermes froggatti, Termes froggatti] M91

Ephelotermes cheeli (Mjöberg 1920) [=Mirotermes cheeli, Termes cheeli; incl. M. alleni Mjöberg 1920, M. banksiensis Hill 1927] M91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H42] Hill, G. F. 1942. Termites (Isoptera) from the Australian Region (including Australia, New Guinea and islands south of the Equator between 140°E. longitude and 170°W. longitude). Commonwealth of Australia Council for Scientific and Industrial Research: Melbourne.

[IVE07] Inward, D. J. G., A. P. Vogler & P. Eggleton. 2007. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of termites (Isoptera) illuminates key aspects of their evolutionary biology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44: 953–967.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M91] Miller, L. R. 1991. A revision of the Termes-Capritermes branch of the Termitinae in Australia (Isoptera: Termitidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 4: 1147–1282.

[S57] Seevers, C. H. 1957. A monograph on the termitophilous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fieldiana Zoology 40: 1–334.

[V25] Vitzthum, H. 1925. Fauna sumatrensis. (Beitrag no. 5). Acarinae. Supplementa Entomologica 11: 1–79.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Ecological history of the terrestrial insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 331–388. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Nasutitermitinae

Tumulitermes soldiers, copyright Melinda Hillery.

Belongs within: Termitinae.
Contains: Eutermes, Nasutitermes, Bulbitermes.

The Nasutitermitinae, nasute termites, are a distinct group of termites in which the head capsule of the soldier caste has an enlarged frontal gland and the fontanelle placed on a protruding rostrum, allowing the ejection of defensive chemicals at threats to the colony. The development of the rostrum is correlated with the reduction of the mandibles which are usually non-functional in the soldiers. The mandibles retain sharp points in the basal genera Angularitermes and Mimeutermes (Ahmad 1950). Members of the African genera Mimeutermes and Postsubulitermes feed on humus, presumably digesting the decomposed vegetable matter it contains.

<==Nasutitermitinae [Nasutitermitidae]
    |--+--Angularitermes nasutissimus IVE07, A50
    |  |--Mimeutermes giffardii A50
    |  `--Postsubulitermes parviconstrictus IVE07
    `--+--+--Cyranotermes caete IVE07
       |  |--Atlantitermes oculatissimus IVE07
       |  |--Obtusitermes panamae IVE07, A50
       |  |--Coatitermes kartaboensis IVE07
       |  `--+--Velocitermes IVE07
       |     |    |--V. beebei S57
       |     |    `--V. heteropterus [=Eutermes heteropterus] S57
       |     `--+--Convexitermes manni A50
       |        `--Subulitermes IVE07
       |             |--*S. microsoma A50 [=Nasutitermes microsoma S57]
       |             |--S. baileyi IVE07
       |             |--S. oculatissimus A50
       |             `--S. undecimus RD77
       `--+--+--Fulleritermes coatoni IVE07
          |  `--+--Leptomyxotermes doriae IVE07
          |     `--Rhadinotermes coarctus IVE07
          `--+--+--Oriensubulitermes inanis IVE07
             |  `--+--‘Nasutitermes’ longinasus IVE07
             |     `--Havilanditermes IVE07
             |          |--H. atripennis A50
             |          `--H. proatripennis IVE07
             `--+--Nasutitermes IVE07
                |--Leucopitermes leucops IVE07
                |--+--Aciculitermes maymyoensis IVE07
                |  `--Malaysiotermes spinocephalus IVE07
                |--+--Australitermes IVE07
                |  |    |--A. dilucidus WG91
                |  |    |--A. insignitus [=Termes insignitus] WG91
                |  |    `--A. perlevis [=Macrosubulitermes perlevis] WG91
                |  `--+--+--Eutermellus convergens A50
                |     |  `--Occasitermes IVE07
                |     |       |--O. occasus (Silvestri 1909) [=Eutermes (Occasitermes) occasus] H42
                |     |       `--O. watsoni WG91
                |     `--Tumulitermes IVE07
                |          |  i. s.: T. peracutus (Hill 1925) J13
                |          |         T. recalvus WG91
                |          |--T. westraliensis IVE07
                |          `--+--T. apiocephalus (Silvestri 1909) IVE07, H42 (see below for synonymy)
                |             `--+--T. hastilis (Froggatt 1898) IVE07, J13
                |                `--‘Nasutitermes’ eucalypti (Mjöberg 1920) IVE07, J13
                `--+--Bulbitermes IVE07
                   `--+--Constrictotermes S57
                      |    |--C. cavifrons S57
                      |    `--C. cyphergaster S57
                      `--+--Lacessititermes IVE07
                         |    |--L. batavus A50
                         |    `--L. laborator S57
                         `--+--Longipeditermes longipes IVE07
                            `--Hospitalitermes IVE07
                                 |--H. asahinai SVT04
                                 |--H. ataramensis SVT04
                                 |--H. bicolor SVT04
                                 |--H. birmanicus SVT04
                                 |--H. butteli [=Eutermes butteli] S57
                                 |--H. hospitalis A50
                                 |--H. jepsoni SVT04
                                 |--H. medioflavus SVT04
                                 `--H. monoceros IVE07

Nasutitermitinae incertae sedis:
  Eutermes H42
  Macrosubulitermes greavesi WG91
  Occultitermes WG91
    |--O. aridus WG91
    `--O. occultus WG91
  Diversitermes diversimilis [=Nasutitermes diversimiles] S57
  Triacitermes triacifer A50
  Rhynchotermes nasutissimus A50
  Hirtitermes spinocephalus A50
  Grallatotermes A50
    |--G. africanus S57
    `--G. splendidus A50
  Rotunditermes rotundiceps A50
  Parvitermes A50
    |--P. discolor A50
    `--P. pallidiceps A50

Tumulitermes apiocephalus (Silvestri 1909) IVE07, H42 [=Eutermes apiocephalus H42; incl. E. (Tumulitermes) aagaardi Mjöberg 1920 H42]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A50] Ahmad, M. 1950. The phylogeny of termite genera based on imago-worker mandibles. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 95 (2): 37–86.

[H42] Hill, G. F. 1942. Termites (Isoptera) from the Australian Region (including Australia, New Guinea and islands south of the Equator between 140°E. longitude and 170°W. longitude). Commonwealth of Australia Council for Scientific and Industrial Research: Melbourne.

[IVE07] Inward, D. J. G., A. P. Vogler & P. Eggleton. 2007. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of termites (Isoptera) illuminates key aspects of their evolutionary biology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44: 953–967.

[J13] Jones, D. T. 2013. The termites of Barrow Island, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 241–244.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S57] Seevers, C. H. 1957. A monograph on the termitophilous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fieldiana Zoology 40: 1–334.

[SVT04] Sornnuwat, Y., C. Vongkaluang & Y. Takematsu. 2004. A systematic key to termites of Thailand. Kasetsart Journal of Natural Science 38 (3): 349–368.

[WG91] Watson, J. A. L., & F. J. Gay. 1991. Isoptera (termites). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 330–347. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

Last updated: 21 May 2022.

Nasutitermes

Colony of Nasutitermes luzonicus, copyright Choon Huat Quah.

Belongs within: Nasutitermitinae.

Nasutitermes is a pantropical genus of nasute termites in which soldiers are generally monomorphic and lack a constriction on the head capsule behind the antennal sockets. The genus is poorly defined relative to other nasute genera and may not be monophyletic.

<==Nasutitermes Banks 1920 H42
    |--N. neoparvus IVE07
    `--+--+--N. latifrons IVE07
       |  `--+--N. infuscatus IVE07
       |     `--Trinervitermes IVE07
       |          |--T. biformis [=Eutermes biformis] S57
       |          |--T. geminatus IVE07
       |          |--T. heimi [=Eutermes heimi] S57
       |          |--T. rapulum [=Eutermes rapulum] S57
       |          |--T. rhodesiensis N55
       |          |--T. trinerviformis [=Eutermes trinerviformis] S57
       |          |--T. trinervius S57
       |          `--T. trinervoides HD-S02
       `--+--+--+--N. ceylonicus IVE07 [=Eutermes ceylonicus S57]
          |  |  `--N. lacustris IVE07
          |  `--+--+--N. canaliculatus IVE07
          |     |  `--N. lujae IVE07 [incl. Eutermes lujae S57]
          |     `--+--Malagasitermes milloti IVE07
          |        `--Coarctotermes IVE07
          |             |  i. s.: C. brunneus Noirot 1955 N55
          |             |--C. beharensis IVE07
          |             `--+--C. clepsydra IVE07
          |                `--C. pauliani IVE07
          `--+--+--N. arborum IVE07
             |  `--N. fulleri IVE07
             `--+--N. glabritergus IVE07
                `--+--+--N. similis IVE07
                   |  `--+--N. corniger IVE07
                   |     `--+--N. matangensis IVE07 [=Eutermes matangensis S57]
                   |        `--N. voeltzkowi IVE07
                   `--+--N. graveolus IVE07
                      |--N. triodea (Froggatt 1898) IVE07, J13
                      |--+--N. dasyopsis IVE07
                      |  `--N. nigriceps IVE07 [incl. N. acajutlae S57, N. pilifrons S57]
                      `--+--N. longipennis (Hill 1915) IVE07, J13
                         `--‘Tumulitermes’ pastinator IVE07

Nasutitermes incertae sedis:
  N. amboinensis RD77
  N. aquilinus S57
  N. arenarius S57
  N. bivalens S57
  N. brachynasutus SVT04
  N. brevirostris S57
  N. carnarvonensis WG91
  N. chaquimayensis S57
  N. columbicus S57
  N. corporaali S57
  N. costalis S57
  N. coxipoensis S57
  N. dendrophilus S57
  N. dimorphus SVT04
  N. dixoni WG91
  N. ehrhardti S57
  N. electrodominicus GE05
  N. ephratae S57
  N. exitiosus WG91
  N. fulviceps S57
  N. fumipennis S57
  N. fuscipennis SVT04
  N. gaigei S57
  N. globiceps GE05
  N. guayanae S57
  N. havilandi SVT04
  N. incurvus S57
  N. intermedius S57
  N. itapocuensis S57
  N. jaraguae S57
  N. johoricus SVT04
  N. luzonicus [incl. Eutermes laspinasensis, N. laspinasensis] S57
  N. maculiventris S57
  N. magnus (Froggatt 1898) J13
  N. matagensiformis SVT04
  N. meinerti [=Eutermes meinerti] S57
  N. minimus S57
  N. mojosensis S57
  N. novarumhebridarum S57
  N. octopilis S57
  N. olidus S57
  N. peruanus S57
  N. pilifrons S57
  N. pilosus S57
  N. pluriarticulatus S57
  N. preparvus SVT04
  N. profuscipennis SVT04
  N. proximus S57
  N. rufirostris S57
  N. sanctaeanae S57
  N. surinamensis S57
  N. torquatus S57
  N. tungsalangensis SVT04
  N. usambarensis S57
  N. walkeri WG91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HD-S02] Haddad, C. R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2002. The influence of mound structure on the diversity of spiders (Araneae) inhabiting the abandoned mounds of the snouted harvester termite Trinervitermes trinervoides. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 403–408.

[H42] Hill, G. F. 1942. Termites (Isoptera) from the Australian Region (including Australia, New Guinea and islands south of the Equator between 140°E. longitude and 170°W. longitude). Commonwealth of Australia Council for Scientific and Industrial Research: Melbourne.

[IVE07] Inward, D. J. G., A. P. Vogler & P. Eggleton. 2007. A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of termites (Isoptera) illuminates key aspects of their evolutionary biology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44: 953–967.

[J13] Jones, D. T. 2013. The termites of Barrow Island, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 241–244.

[N55] Noirot, C. 1955. Termites du centre et du sud-ouest de l'Angola récoltés par A. de Barros Machado. Diamang Publicações Culturais 27: 139–150.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S57] Seevers, C. H. 1957. A monograph on the termitophilous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fieldiana Zoology 40: 1–334.

[SVT04] Sornnuwat, Y., C. Vongkaluang & Y. Takematsu. 2004. A systematic key to termites of Thailand. Kasetsart Journal of Natural Science 38 (3): 349–368.

[WG91] Watson, J. A. L., & F. J. Gay. 1991. Isoptera (termites). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 330–347. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

Blattaria

Wood roaches Cryptocercus, copyright David R. Maddison.

Belongs within: Dictyoptera.
Contains: Corydiidae, Blaberidae, Blattellidae, Polyzosteriinae, Blattinae.

The Blattaria include the crown-group cockroaches, with some studies regarding the termites as derived from within this clade. They are characterised by the production of eggs contained within a hard ootheca that is ancestrally deposited free on the ground. The outer ovipositor valves are completely internal, and the central ocellus is reduced (Vršanský 2010). Members of the Blattaria include the wood roaches Cryptocercus of North America and Asia, which possess wood-digesting gut bacteria and a subsocial lifestyle. The Blattidae, which include some of the more economically significant large cockroaches, possess symmetrical styles in the males and a bivalvular subgenital plate in the females (Roth 1991). The small species of the Australasian genus Tryonicus, which have reduced spination on the femora and short, stout cerci, have historically been treated as part of the Blattidae but are currently placed as their own family. The female subgenital plate may also be bivalvular in the Polyphagidae which are otherwise characterised by a flat anal area in the hind wing (if present), lacking fan-like pleating, and small or no spines on the underside of the mid and hind femora. The Nocticolidae are small, delicate cockroaches that are commonly cavernicolous.

<==Blattaria [Blaberoidea, Blattellomorpha, Epilampridae]
    |--Cryptocercus Scudder 1862 [Cryptocercidae] V10
    |    |--C. clevelandi GE05
    |    |--C. darwini GE05
    |    |--C. garciai GE05
    |    |--C. primarius GE05
    |    |--C. punctulatus GE05
    |    |--C. relictus GE05
    |    `--C. wrighti GE05
    `--+--+--Lamproblatta GE05 [Lamproblattidae BP10, Lamproblattinae]
       |  `--Polyphagidae V10
       |       |  i. s.: Therea GE05
       |       |         Arenivaga WL09
       |       |           |--A. apacha WL09
       |       |           |--A. grata C90
       |       |           `--A. investigata C90
       |       |         Eremoblatta subdiaphana C90
       |       |         Tivia australica M70
       |       |         Austropolyphaga R91a
       |       |         Polyphagoides R91a
       |       |--Lantindiinae VVR02
       |       |--Polyrhaga Kirby 1904 H02 [Polyphaginae RD77, Polyphagini]
       |       |--Atticolinae RD77
       |       |--Eutyrrhypha P92 [Euthyrrhaphinae VVR02]
       |       |    `--E. pacifica P92
       |       `--Vitisma Vršanský 1999 [Vitisminae] V02
       |            `--V. rasnitsyni Vršanský 1999 V02
       `--Blattoidea V02
            |--+--Blaberidae V10
            |  `--Blattellidae GE05
            |--Mesoblattinidae V02
            |    |--Hispanoblatta sumptuosa VVR02
            |    |--Austroblattula F71
            |    |--Mesoblattina Geinitz 1880 V02
            |    |    `--M. protypa Geinitz 1880 V02
            |    `--Artitocoblatta Handlirsch 1906 VVR02, V02
            |         |--*A. gossi (Scudder 1886) [=Rithma gossi] V02
            |         `--A. asiatica VVR02
            `--Blattidae [Blattomorpha] V10
                 |  i. s.: Stantoniella GE05
                 |         Stylopyga orientalis B01
                 |         Celatoblatta R91a
                 |         Shelfordella tartara H02, BM76
                 |         Euthlastoblatta G37
                 |         Apotrogia Kirby 1900 K00
                 |           `--*A. angolensis Kirby 1900 K00
                 |         Dorylaea rhombifolia (see below for synonymy) K00
                 |         Deropeltis K00
                 |           |--D. atra Brunn. 1865 K00
                 |           |--D. brevicollis (Serv. 1839) [=Kakerlac brevicollis; incl. D. juncea Sauss. 1864] K00
                 |           |--D. capensis (Sauss. 1864) (see below for synonymy) K00
                 |           |--D. distanti Kirby 1900 K00
                 |           |--D. erythrocephala (Fabr. 1761) [=Blatta erythrocephala] K00
                 |           |--D. melanophila K00
                 |           |--D. meridionalis K00
                 |           `--D. similis (Sauss. 1864) [=Ischnoptera similis; incl. Nauphoeta foveolata Walker 1868] K00
                 |--Macrocerca [Macrocercinae] R96
                 |--Polyzosteriinae R91a
                 `--Blattinae R91a

Blattaria incertae sedis:
  Loboptera decipiens BM76
  Latiblatella rehni BM76
  Tryonicus R91a [Tryonicidae BP10, Tryonicinae]
    `--T. parvus R96
  Corydiidae H02
  Cainoblattinopsis Ping 1931 [Cainoblattinidae] H02
    `--C. fushunensis Ping 1931 H02
  Heterogamia [Heterogamiidae] K00
    `--H. ursina Burm. 1839 (see below for synonymy) K00
  Nocticolidae R91a
    |--Nocticola V10
    |    |--N. australiensis R91a
    |    |--N. babindaensis R91b
    |    |--N. flabella Roth 1991 BP10
    |    |--N. rohini (Fernando 1957) [=Paraloboptera rohini] R91b
    |    |--N. simoni R91b
    |    `--N. termitophila V10
    `--Cardacus willeyi R91b

Deropeltis capensis (Sauss. 1864) [=Polyzosteria capensis; incl. Periplaneta collaris Walk. 1868, Deropeltis flavomarginata Brunn. 1868] K00

Dorylaea rhombifolia [=Blatta rhombifolia, Periplaneta rhombifolia; incl. P. decorata Brunn. 1865, P. heterospila Walk. 1871, P. histrio Sauss. 1864] K00

Heterogamia ursina Burm. 1839 [incl. H. conspersa Brunn. 1865, H. marismortui Jans. 1891, H. syriaca Kruass 1890] K00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[BP10] Bohn, H., M. Picker, K.-D. Klass & J. Colville. 2010. A jumping cockroach from South Africa, Saltoblattella montistabularis, gen. nov., spec. nov. (Blattodea: Blattellidae). Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny 68 (1): 53–69.

[B01] Bolivar, I. 1901. Orthopterák [Orthoptères]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 223–243. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[C90] Crawford, C. S. 1990. Scorpiones, Solifugae, and associated desert taxa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 421–475. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[G37] Gurney, A. B. 1937. Studies in certain genera of American Blattidae (Orthoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (5): 101–112.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[K00] Kirby, W. F. 1900. Notes on a collection of African Blattidae, chiefly from the Transvaal, formed by Mr. W. L. Distant. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 277–294.

[M70] Mackerras, M. J. 1970. Blattodea (cockroaches). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 262–274. Melbourne University Press.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[R91a] Roth, L. M. 1991a. Blatttodea. Blattaria (cockroaches). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 320–329. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R91b] Roth, L. M. 1991b. A new cave-dwelling cockroach from Western Australia (Blattaria: Nocticolidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 15 (1): 17–21.

[V02] Vršanský, P. 2002. Origin and the early evolution of mantises. AMBA Projekty 6 (1): 1–16.

[V10] Vršanský, P. 2010. Cockroach as the earliest eusocial animal. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 84 (4): 793–808.

[VVR02] Vršanský, P., V. N. Vishniakova & A. P. Rasnitsyn. 2002. Order Blattida Latreille, 1810. The cockroaches (=Blattodea Brunner von Wattenvill, 1882). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 263–270. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[WL09] Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 233–420. Texas Tech University Press.

Last updated: 21 May 2022.