Lalage maculosa

Polynesian triller Lalage maculosa, copyright Duncan Wright.

Belongs within: Lalage.

The Polynesian triller Lalage maculosa is a widespread bird on islands of the south-west Pacific, with a heavy bill and short tail. Populations vary in plumage but they mostly have a low level of sexual dimorphism (with females being 'masculine' in appearance), reduced barring on the underside, a pronounced white pattern on the wings, head and back, and lack a buffy wash on the underside.

<==Lalage maculosa
    |--L. m. maculosa L03
    |--L. m. futunae Mayr & Ripley 1941 L03
    |--L. m. keppeli Mayr & Ripley 1941 L03
    |--L. m. melanopygia Mayr & Ripley 1941 L03
    |--L. m. mixta Mayr & Ripley 1941 L03
    |--L. m. modesta Mayr & Ripley 1941 L03
    |--L. m. nesophila Mayr & Ripley 1941 L03
    |--L. m. soror Mayr & Ripley 1941 L03
    |--L. m. tabuensis Mayr & Ripley 1941 L03
    |--L. m. ultima Mayr & Ripley 1941 L03
    |--L. m. vanikorensis Mayr & Ripley 1941 L03
    `--L. m. vauana Mayr & Ripley 1941 L03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1–156.

'Coracina' tenuirostris

Male common cicadabird Coracina tenuirostris, copyright Dominic Sherony.

Belongs within: Campephagidae.

The common cicadabird Coracina tenuirostris is a small, slender cuckoo-shrike with a relatively slender bill found from Indonesia to eastern Australia and the Solomon Islands. Males are grey with a more or less developed black mask and contrasting silver-grey edges on wing coverts and secondaries. Females are dull brown with ventral barring.

‘Coracina’ tenuirostris (Jardine 1831) L03
    |--C. t. tenuirostris [incl. C. tenuirostris obscura Mathews 1912] L03
    |--C. t. admiralitatis (Rothschild & Hartert 1914) [=Edolisoma amboinense admiralitatis] L03
    |--C. t. emancipata (Hartert 1896) [=Edolisoma emancipata] L03
    |--C. t. melvillensis Mathews 1912 L03
    |--C. t. pelingi (Hartert 1918) [=Edolisoma obiense pelingi] L03
    |--C. t. pererrata (Hartert 1918) [=Edolisoma morio pererratum] L03
    |--C. t. rooki (Rothschild & Hartert 1914) [=Edolisoma amboinense rooki] L03
    |--C. t. rostrata (Hartert 1898) [=Edolisoma rostratum] L03
    |--C. t. saturatior (Rothschild & Hartert 1902) [=Edoliisoma erythropygium saturatius] L03
    |--C. t. tagulana (Hartert 1898) [=Edoliosoma amboinense tagulanum] L03
    `--C. t. ultima Mayr 1955 L03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1–156.

Paradisaeidae

Male lesser bird of paradise Paradisaea minor, photographed by Leo Antonius.

Belongs within: Corvoidea.

The Paradisaeidae, birds of paradise, are a group of stout-billed birds found in northern Australasia. Males of this family are often extremely colourful and/or ornately plumed, and may perfom complex mating displays.

<==Paradisaeidae [Paradisaeinae]
    |  i. s.: Paryphephorus duivenbodei (Meyer 1890) [=Craspedophora duivenbodei] F95
    |         Loborhamphus nobilis Rothschild 1901 F95
    |         Janthothorax bensbachi Büttikofer 1894 F95
    |--+--Lycocorax pyrrhopterus JT12
    |  `--Manucodia Boddaert 1783 JF06, B94 (see below for synonymy)
    |       |  i. s.: M. gouldi G66
    |       |--M. keraudrenii JT12 [=Phonygammus keraudrenii JF06]
    |       `--+--M. jobiensis JT12
    |          `--+--M. ater JT12
    |             `--+--M. chalybatus JT12
    |                `--M. comrii JT12
    `--+--+--Pteridophora alberti JT12 [=Drepanornis alberti JF06]
       |  `--Parotia Vieillot 1816 JT12, B94 [Parotiinae]
       |       |--P. carolae JT12
       |       `--+--P. wahnesi JT12
       |          `--+--P. sefilata JT12
       |             `--+--P. helenae JT12
       |                `--P. lawesi JT12, F95
       `--+--+--Semioptera wallacii JT12
          |  `--Ptiloris Swainson 1825 JT12, B94 [Ptilorininae]
          |       |--+--P. paradiseus JT12
          |       |  `--P. victoriae JT12
          |       `--+--Lophorina superba JT12
          |          |    |--L. s. superba F95
          |          |    `--L. s. feminina F95
          |          `--+--P. intercedens JT12
          |             `--P. magnificus JT12 [=Craspedophora magnifica F95]
          `--+--+--Seleucidis JT12
             |  |    |--S. ignotus A61
             |  |    `--S. melanoleuca F95
             |  `--+--‘Epimachus’ albertisi JT12
             |     `--‘Epimachus’ bruijnii JT12
             `--+--+--Epimachus Cuvier 1817 JT12, B94 [incl. Astrapimachus Mayr 1941 (nom. inv.) F95; Epimachinae]
                |  |    |--E. albus T62
                |  |    |--E. ellioti Ward 1873 (see below for synonymy) F95
                |  |    |--E. fastosus [incl. E. magnus] F95
                |  |    |    |--E. f. fastosus F95
                |  |    |    `--E. f. atratus F95
                |  |    `--E. meyeri F95
                |  `--+--Paradigalla Lesson 1835 JT12, B94 [Paradigallinae]
                |     |    |--P. brevicauda JT12
                |     |    `--P. carunculata F95
                |     `--Astrapia Vieillot 1816 JT12, B94 [Astrapiinae]
                |          |--+--A. nigra JT12
                |          |  `--A. splendidissima JT12
                |          `--+--A. rothschildi JT12
                |             `--+--A. mayeri JT12
                |                `--A. stephaniae JT12
                `--+--+--Cicinnurus Vieillot 1816 JT12, B94 [Cicinnurinae]
                   |  |    `--C. regius F95 [=Paradisaea regia A61]
                   |  `--Diphyllodes JF06
                   |       |--D. magnificus F95 [=Cicinnurus magnificus JT12]
                   |       `--D. respublica F95 (see below for synonymy)
                   `--Paradisaea Linnaeus 1758 JT12, B94
                        |--P. rudolphi JF06
                        `--+--P. guilielmi JT12
                           `--+--P. rubra JF06
                              `--+--P. decora JT12
                                 `--+--P. minor JF06
                                    |    |--P. m. minor F95
                                    |    `--P. m. finschi F95
                                    `--+--P. apoda Linnaeus 1758 JT12, A61
                                       |    |--P. a. apoda F95
                                       |    `--P. a. novaeguineae F95
                                       `--P. raggiana JF06
                                            |--P. r. raggiana [=P. apoda raggiana] F95
                                            |--P. r. angustaevictoriae [=P. apoda angustaevictoriae] F95
                                            `--P. r. salvadorii [=P. apoda salvadorii] F95

Hybrids: Astrapia barnesi Iredale 1948 [A. mayeri × A. stephaniae]
         Cicinnurus lyogyrus Currie 1900 [Cicinnurus regius × Diphyllodes magnificus; =C. lyrogyrus (l. c.); incl. C. goodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant 1907]
         Craspedophora mantoui Oustalet 1891 [Seleucidis melanoleuca × Ptiloris magnificus; =Heteroptilorhis mantoui; incl. C. bruijni Büttikofer 1894]
         Diphyllodes gulielmitertii Meyer 1875 [D. magnificus × Cicinnurus regius; =Rhipidornis gulielmitertii, R. guglielmitertii]
         Epimachus astrapioides Rothschild 1898 [E. fastosus × Astrapia nigra; =Falcinellus astrapioides, Astrapimachus astrapioides]
         Lamprothorax wilhelminae Meyer 1894 [Lophorina superba × Diphyllodes magnificus]
         Loborhamphus ptilorhis Sharpe 1908 [Parotia sefilata × Paradigalla carunculata]
         Neoparadisea ruysi van Oort 1906 [Diphyllodes magnificus × Paradisaea minor]
         Paradisaea apoda luptoni Lowe 1923 [P. raggiana × P. apoda]
         Paradisea bloodi Iredale 1948 [P. raggiana × P. rudolphi]
         Paradisea maria Reichenow 1894 [P. raggiana × P. guilielmi; incl. P. duivenbodei Menegaux 1913]
         Paradisea mirabilis Reichenow 1901 [Paradisaea minor × Seleucidis melanoleuca; =Janthothorax mirabilis, Quesoparens mirabilis]
         Paradisaea mixta Rothschild 1921 [Paradisaea minor × P. raggiana]
         Parotia duivenbodei Rothschild 1900 [Lophorina superba × Parotia sefilata]

Diphyllodes respublica F95 [=Paradisaea respublica A61, Cicinnurus respublica JF06; incl. P. wilsoni Cassin 1850 A61]

Epimachus ellioti Ward 1873 [=Astrapimachus ellioti, Falcinellus ellioti, Pseudastrapia ellioti; incl. P. lobata Rothschild 1907] F95

Manucodia Boddaert 1783 JF06, B94 [incl. Chalybaeus Cuvier 1829 B94, Phonygammus Lesson Garnot 1826 B94; Chalybaeinae, Manucodiinae, Phonygamminae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[F95] Fuller, E. 1995. The Lost Birds of Paradise. Swan Hill Press: Shrewsbury (UK).

[G66] Gould, J. 1866. Exhibition of the trachea of Manucodia gouldi. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 201.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149-186.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: Revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7-460.

Lalage leucomela

Varied triller Lalage leucomela rufiventris, photographed by Lip Kee Yap.

Belongs within: Lalage.

Lalageleucomela, the varied triller, is a species of inconspicuous insectivorous bird found in woodlands in New Guinea and northern and eastern Australia. They forage among foliage in pairs or small parties (Morcombe 2003).

Characters (from Morcombe 2003): Male with crown to back glossy black; prominent white brow line; black eye line; white shoulder bar; lower back and rump grey; tail black, tipped white; breast pale grey to buff, may or may not be barred; belly to vent cinnamon-tinted. Female much as for male, except brown in place of black, underparts barred; juvenile as for female, but flecked buff above, with darker barring and streaking of underparts. Contact calls given almost continuously while foraging: call a rolling, swelling and fading, mellow rattling, rising and strengthening for several seconds, 'trrrreee-', then falling '-iurr', giving an undulating 'trrreee-iurr, trrreee-iurr, trrreee-iurr'.

<==Lalage leucomela (Vigors & Horsfield 1827) [=Campephaga leucomela] WS48
    |--L. l. leucomela L03
    |--L. l. albidior Hartert 1924 [=L. karu albidior] L03
    |--L. l. conjuncta Rothschild & Hartert 1924 L03
    |--L. l. falsa Hartert 1925 [=L. karu falsa] L03
    |--L. l. keyensis Rothschild & Hartert 1917 [=L. karu keyensis] L03
    |--L. l. obscurior Rothschild & Hartert 1917 [=L. karu obscurior] L03
    |--L. l. pallescens Rothschild & Hartert 1917 [=L. karu pallescens] L03
    |--L. l. rufiventris (Gray 1846) L03 (see below for synonymy)
    |--L. l. tabarensis Mayr 1955 L03
    |--L. l. triobriandi Mayr 1936 [=L. karu triobriandi] L03
    `--L. l. yorki Mathews 1912 L03

Lalage leucomela rufiventris (Gray 1846) L03 [=Campephaga rufiventris WS48; incl. L. l. gouldi Mathews 1912 L03, L. l. macrura M03]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1-156.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.

Oriolidae

Golden oriole Oriolus oriolus, photographed by Crusier.

Belongs within: Corvoidea.

The Oriolidae includes the Old World orioles, forest-dwelling birds found in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World. They are starling-sized birds from eight to twelve inches in length, with short fine bristles concealing the nostrils. The wings have ten primary feathers, and the tails have twelve feathers (Austin 1961).

<==Oriolidae
    |--Pitohui JT12
    |    |--P. dichrous JF11
    |    `--P. kirhocephalus JF11
    `--+--Sphecotheres Vieillot 1816 JT12, B94 [Sphecotheridae]
       |    |--S. flaviventris T62 [=S. viridis flaviventris M03; incl. S. viridis ashbyi M03]
       |    |--S. hypoleucus JT12
       |    |--S. vieilloti JF11 [=S. viridis vieilloti M03]
       |    `--S. viridis BC04
       `--Oriolus Linné 1766 JT12, B94 [incl. Analcipus Swainson 1831 B94; Analcipodidae]
            |  i. s.: O. ceylonensis W66
            |         O. cochinsinensis S89
            |         O. crassirostris JT12
            |         O. diffusus Sharpe 1877 [incl. O. indicus Oat. 1883] S89
            |         O. galbula D66
            |         O. melanocephalus S89
            |         O. tenuirostris S89
            |--O. mellianus JT12
            `--+--+--O. phaeochromus JT12
               |  `--+--+--O. bouroensis JT12
               |     |  `--O. forsteni JT12
               |     `--+--O. sagittatus (Latham 1801) JT12, WS48 [=Coracias sagittata WS48]
               |        |    |--O. s. sagittatus M03
               |        |    |--O. s. affinis Gould 1848 [incl. O. sagittatus blaauwi Mathews 1912] WS48
               |        |    `--O. s. magnirostris [incl. O. s. grisescens] M03
               |        `--+--O. flavocinctus (Vigors 1826) JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
               |           `--+--O. melanotis JT12
               |              `--O. szalayi JT12
               `--+--+--O. xanthonotus JT12
                  |  `--+--O. steerii JT12
                  |     `--+--O. albiloris JT12
                  |        `--O. isabellae JT12
                  `--+--+--O. traillii JT12 [=Analcipus trailli S89]
                     |  `--+--O. cruentus JT12
                     |     `--O. hosii JT12
                     `--+--+--O. xanthornus JT12
                        |  `--+--O. brachyrhynchus JT12
                        |     `--O. chlorocephalus JT12
                        `--+--+--O. auratus JT12
                           |  `--+--O. chinensis JT12
                           |     |    |--O. c. chinensis R02
                           |     |    `--O. c. sanghirensis R02
                           |     `--O. oriolus JT12
                           `--+--O. monacha (Gmelin 1789) JT12, S05 [incl. O. moloxita Rüppell 1835 S05]
                              `--+--O. larvatus JT12
                                 `--+--O. nigripennis JT12
                                    `--O. percivali JT12

Oriolus flavocinctus (Vigors 1826) JT12, WS48 [=Mimetes flavocinctus WS48; incl. O. flavocinctus parryi Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[BC04] Barker, F. K., A. Cibois, P. Schikler, J. Feinstein & J. Cracraft. 2004. Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (30): 11040-11045.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[D66] Dohrn, H. 1866. Synopsis of the birds of Ilha do Principe, with some remarks on their habits and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 324-332.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[JF11] Jønsson, K. A., P.-H. Fabre, R. E. Ricklefs & J. Fjeldså. 2011. Major global radiation of corvoid birds originated in the proto-Papuan archipelago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (6): 2328-2333.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[R02] Riley, J. 2002. Population sizes and the status of endemic and restricted-range bird species on Sangihe Island, Indonesia. Bird Conservation International 12: 53-78.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX. – Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 369-438.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233-264.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: Revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7-460.

[W66] Walden, A. 1866. Notes on birds collected in Tennasserim and in the Andaman Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 537-556.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.

Coracina papuensis

White-bellied cuckoo-shrike Coracina papuensis, photographed by Lindsay Hansch.

Belongs within: Campephagidae.

The white-bellied cuckoo-shrike Coracina papuensis is found in forested habitats from Indonesia to the Solomon Islands, and northern and eastern Australia. The species can vary in appearance both between and within subspecies, with light and dark morphs potentially present.

Characters (from Morcombe 2003): Face with small black mask from top of bill through lores and narrowly behind fine white eye-ring (entire head may be dusky black in dark morph). Tail black, with outer feathers tipped white. Flight undulating, long glides alternating with bursts of wingbeats; on landing, each wing briefly flicked up, then folded. Contact call, often while in flight, a scratchy, peevish, rather piercing, unmusical 'queeik-quisseeik', 'quirreeik, quirreeik'; also softer churrings.

Coracina papuensis (Gmelin 1788) [=Corvus papuensis] WS48
    |--C. p. papuensis (see below for synonymy) L03
    |--C. p. angustifrons (Sharpe 1878) [incl. C. p. meekiana Rothschild & Hartert 1912] L03
    |--C. p. apsleyi Mathews 1912 [=Coracina hypoleuca apsleyi] L03
    |--C. p. artamoides Schodde & Mason 1999 L03
    |--C. p. eyerdami Mayr 1931 L03
    |--C. p. hypoleuca (Gould 1848) [=Graucalus hypoleucus; incl. C. hypoleuca parryi Mathews 1912] WS48
    |--C. p. ingens (Rothschild & Hartert 1914) [=Graucalus papuensis ingens] L03
    |--C. p. louisiadensis (Hartert 1898) [=Graucalus hypoleucus louisiadensis] L03
    |--C. p. oriomo Mayr & Rand 1936 L03
    |--C. p. perpallida Rothschild & Hartert 1916 L03
    |--C. p. robusta (Latham 1802) [=Lanius robustus; incl. C. robusta victoriae Mathews 1916] L03
    `--C. p. stalkeri Mathews 1912 M03, L03 [=C. hypoleuca stalkeri L03]

Coracina papuensis papuensis (Gmelin 1788) [incl. C. papuensis intermedia Rothschild 1931 non C. melaschistos intermedia (Hume 1877)] L03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1-156.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.

Corvoidea

Varied sitellas Daphoenositta chrysoptera striata, from Chiemomo.

Belongs within: Euoscines.
Contains: Melanocharitidae, Cinclosomatidae, Psophodes, Campephagidae, Pachycephalidae, Oriolidae, Vireonidae, Dicruridae, Rhipidura, Monarchidae, Corvidae, Lanius, Paradisaeidae, Cracticidae, Artamus, Platysteiridae, Aegithina, Malaconotidae, Vangidae, Prionops.

The Corvoidea is a clade of passerine birds that has been identified by molecular analyses. Basal lineages of the Corvoidea are found in the Australo-Papuan region, where the clade is believed to have originated, but members of various sub-clades are found in Eurasia and Africa, such as the Corvidae, Laniidae and Malaconotidae, while the Vireonidae are found in the Americas. Basal lineages of the Corvoidea include the Cnemophilidae, satinbirds, frugivorous birds with brightly coloured males found in New Guinea. Cnemophilids were previously believed to be closely related to the birds of paradise (Paradisaeidae), which are now placed elsewhere in the corvoids. The sitellas Daphoenositta are nuthatch-like birds found in Australia and New Guinea that feed by branching on branches and trunks.

See also: The shrikes of the south.

<==Corvoidea [Colluricinclidae]
    |--+--Melanocharitidae JF06
    |  `--Cnemophilus De Vis 1890 JF06, B94 [Cnemophilidae]
    |       |--C. macgregorii JT12
    |       `--+--C. loriae JT12
    |          `--Loboparadisaea sericea JT12
    `--+--+--Cinclosomatidae JF11
       |  `--+--+--Androphobus viridis JF11
       |     |  `--Psophodes JF11
       |     `--+--Oreocharis arfaki JF11
       |        `--Paramythia De Vis 1892 JF11, B94 [Paramythiinae]
       |             `--P. montium JF06
       `--+--+--Campephagidae JF11
          |  `--Mohoua Lesson 1835 JF11, B94 (see below for synonymy)
          |       |--M. novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1789) JT12, WH02 [=Finschia novaeseelandiae HWT01]
          |       `--+--M. albicilla (Lesson 1830) JT12, WH02
          |          `--M. ochrocephala (Gmelin 1789) JT12, WH02
          `--+--+--Oreoica Gould 1838 JF11, B94 [Oreoicidae]
             |  |    `--O. gutturalis (Vigors & Horsfield 1827) (see below for synonymy) WS48
             |  `--+--Ornorectes cristatus JF11 [=Pitohui cristatus JT12]
             |     `--Aleadryas rufinucha JF11
             `--+--+--+--Pachycephalidae JF11
                |  |  `--Falcunculus Vieillot 1816 JF11, B94 [Falcunculidae]
                |  |       `--F. frontatus (Latham 1801) [=Lanius frontatus] WS48
                |  |            |--F. f. frontatus WS48
                |  |            |--F. f. leucogaster Gould 1848 [incl. F. leucogaster stirlingi Mathews 1915] WS48
                |  |            `--F. f. whitei Campbell 1910 WS48
                |  `--+--Oriolidae JF11
                |     `--+--Vireonidae JF11
                |        `--Pteruthius JT12
                |             |  i. s.: P. aeralatus [=Pterythrius aeralatus] S89
                |             |         P. cameranoi S89
                |             |         P. erythropterus A61
                |             |--+--P. flaviscapis JT12
                |             |  `--P. rufiventer JT12
                |             `--+--P. xanthochlorus JT12
                |                `--+--P. aenobarbus JT12
                |                   `--P. melanotis JT12
                `--+--Daphoenositta De Vis 1897 JF11, B94 (see below for synonymy)
                   |    |--D. chrysoptera JF06
                   |    |    |--D. c. chrysoptera M03
                   |    |    |--D. c. albata M03
                   |    |    |--D. c. leucocephala M03
                   |    |    `--D. c. striata M03
                   |    |--D. leucoptera (Gould 1839) M03, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                   |    |--D. miranda JT12
                   |    `--D. pileata (Gould 1838) M03, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                   `--+--+--Eulacestoma nigropectus JF11
                      |  `--+--Dicruridae BB05
                      |     `--+--+--Rhipidura BC04
                      |        |  `--+--Chaetorhynchus papuensis JF06
                      |        |     `--Lamprolia Finsch 1874 JF11, B94 [Lamproliidae]
                      |        |          `--L. victoriae FP64
                      |        |               |--L. v. victoriae FP64
                      |        |               `--L. v. kleinschmidti FP64
                      |        `--+--+--Platylophus Swainson 1832 JF11, B94 (see below for synonymy)
                      |           |  |    `--P. galericulatus JF11
                      |           |  `--Eurocephalus JT12
                      |           |       |--E. anguitimens JF06
                      |           |       `--E. rueppelli JT12
                      |           |--+--Ifrita kowaldi (DeVis 1890) JF11, N10 (see below for synonymy)
                      |           |  `--+--Monarchidae JF11
                      |           |     `--+--Corvidae JF11
                      |           |        `--Laniidae [Laniinae] B94
                      |           |             |--Urolestes melanoleucus JT12
                      |           |             `--Lanius JF11
                      |           `--+--+--Paradisaeidae JF11
                      |              |  `--Melampitta JF11
                      |              |       |--M. gigantea JF06
                      |              |       `--M. lugubris JF06
                      |              `--Corcoracidae [Corcoracinae] EC02
                      |                   |--Corcorax Lesson 1830 JF11, B94
                      |                   |    `--C. melanorhamphos JT12
                      |                   `--Struthidea Gould 1837 [Struthideidae, Struthideinae] B94
                      |                        `--S. cinerea JF06
                      `--+--+--Machaerirhynchus [Machaerirhynchidae] JF11
                         |  |    |--M. flaviventer M03
                         |  |    |    |--M. f. flaviventer M03
                         |  |    |    `--M. f. secundus M03
                         |  |    `--M. nigripectus JT12
                         |  `--+--Cracticidae JF06
                         |     `--+--Artamus JF06
                         |        `--Peltops JT12
                         |             |--P. blainvillii JT12
                         |             `--P. montanus JT12
                         `--+--+--Platysteiridae JF06
                            |  `--+--Pityriasis Lesson 1839 JT12, B94 [Pityriaseidae, Pityriaseinae]
                            |     |    `--P. gymnocephala JT12
                            |     `--+--Aegithina JF06
                            |        `--Rhagologus leucostigma JF11
                            `--+--Malaconotidae JF11
                               `--+--+--Vangidae JF11
                                  |  `--Philentoma JF11
                                  |       |--P. pyrhopterum JF11
                                  |       `--P. velata JT12
                                  `--+--Prionops JF11
                                     `--+--+--Megabyas flammulatus JT12 [=Bias flammulatus JF06]
                                        |  `--‘Prionops’ plumatus (Shaw 1809) JT12, L03
                                        |       |--P. p. plumatus [incl. P. p. haussarum Hartert 1921] L03
                                        |       `--P. p. cristatus Rüppell 1836 L03 (see below for synonymy)
                                        `--+--Bias musicus JF11
                                           `--+--Tephrodornis JF11
                                              |    |--T. gularis JF11
                                              |    |--T. pondicerianus RD02
                                              |    `--T. virgatus JF06
                                              `--Hemipus JF11
                                                   |--H. hirundinaceus JF11
                                                   `--H. picatus JF11
                                                        |--H. p. picatus L03
                                                        `--H. p. leggei Whistler 1939 (see below for synonymy) L03

Daphoenositta De Vis 1897 BC04, B94 [incl. Neositta Hellmayr 1901 B94; Daphoenosittidae, Daphoenosittinae, Neosittidae, Neosittinae]

Daphoenositta leucoptera (Gould 1839) M03, WS48 [=Sittella leucoptera WS48, D. chrysoptera leucoptera M03, Neositta leucoptera WS48; incl. N. pileata broomei Mathews 1912 WS48, N. pileata rogersi Mathews 1912 WS48]

Daphoenositta pileata (Gould 1838) M03, WS48 [=Sittella pileata WS48, D. chrysoptera pileata M03, Neositta pileata WS48; incl. N. pileata broomi Mathews 1912 WS48, Sittella melanocephala Gould 1838 WS48, N. pileata milligani Mathews 1922 WS48, N. pileata whitlocki Mathews 1912 WS48]

Hemipus picatus leggei Whistler 1939 [incl. H. p. insulae Koelz 1939] L03

Ifrita kowaldi (DeVis 1890) JF11, N10 [=Todopsis kowaldi N10; incl. I. coronata Rothschild 1898 N10]

Mohoua Lesson 1835 JF11, B94 [incl. Certhiparus Lafresnaye 1842 B94, Clitonyx Reichenbach 1853 B94; Certhiparinae, Mohouinae]

Oreoica gutturalis (Vigors & Horsfield 1827) [=Falcunculus gutturalis; incl. O. cristata lloydi Mathews 1917, O. cristata mungi Mathews 1912, O. cristata westralensis Mathews 1912] WS48

Platylophus Swainson 1832 JF11, B94 [incl. Lophocitta Gray 1841 B94; Lophocittidae]

Prionops plumatus cristatus Rüppell 1836 L03 [=P. (Lanius) cristatus (preoc. in Lanius); incl. P. cristata omoensis Neumann 1905 L03]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[BC04] Barker, F. K., A. Cibois, P. Schikler, J. Feinstein & J. Cracraft. 2004. Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (30): 11040-11045.

[BB05] Beresford, P., F. K. Barker, P. G. Ryan & T. M. Crowe. 2005. African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): Molecular systematics of several evolutionary ‘enigmas’. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 272: 849-858.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[EC02] Ericson, P. G. P., L. Christidis, M. Irestedt & J. A. Norman. 2002. Systematic affinities of the lyrebirds (Passeriformes: Menura), with a novel classification of the major groups of passerine birds. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 25: 53-62.

[HWT01] Holdaway, R. N., T. H. Worthy & A. J. D. Tennyson. 2001. A working list of breeding bird species of the New Zealand region at first human contact. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 28: 119-187.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[JF11] Jønsson, K. A., P.-H. Fabre, R. E. Ricklefs & J. Fjeldså. 2011. Major global radiation of corvoid birds originated in the proto-Papuan archipelago. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (6): 2328-2333.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149-186.

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1-156.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[RD02] Robin, V. V., & P. Davidar. 2002. The vertical stratification of birds in mixed species flocks at Parambikulam, south India: a comparison between two habitats. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 389-399.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX. – Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 369-438.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Lanius

Woodchat shrike Lanius senator, photographed by Lior Kislev.

Belongs within: Corvoidea.

The genus Lanius contains the northern shrikes of Eurasia, Africa and North America. Shrikes are predatory passerines with sharply hooked bills that feed on insects and small vertebrates, and are known for their habit of caching prey by pinning it on thorns.

<==Lanius Linnaeus 1758 M02
    |--L. bucephalus VP89
    |--L. collaris JF06
    |--L. collurio Linnaeus 1758 [incl. L. brachyuros Brehm 1842, L. brachiuros, L. gracilis Brehm 1842] L03
    |--L. collurioides VP89
    |--L. cristatus S89
    |    |--L. c. cristatus VP89
    |    `--L. c. lucionensis VP89
    |--L. erythronotus B66
    |--L. excubitor Linnaeus 1758 [incl. L. major Brehm 1831 nec Gmelin 1788 nec Pallas 1831, L. rapax Brehm 1854] L03
    |--L. excubitorides Swainson 1831 L03
    |--L. excubitoroides [=L. excubitorius] L03
    |    |--L. e. excubitoroides L03
    |    `--L. e. intercedens Neumann 1905 [=L. excubitorius intercedens] L03
    |--L. gubernator Hartlaub 1882 L03
    |--L. isabellinus Ehrenberg 1833 [incl. L. ruficaudus Brehm 1857, L. collurio speculigerus Taczanowski 1874] L03
    |--L. ludovicianus L03
    |    |--L. l. ludovicianus L03
    |    `--L. l. mexicanus Brehm 1854 L03
    |--L. meridionalis L03
    |    |--L. m. meridionalis L03
    |    |--L. m. leucopygos Ehrenberg 1833 [incl. L. leuconotus Brehm & Brehm in Brehm 1854] L03
    |    `--L. m. pallidirostris Cassin 1854 [incl. L. assimilis Brehm & Brehm in Brehm 1854] L03
    |--L. minor Gmelin 1788 [incl. L. graecus Brehm 1855] L03
    |--L. miocaenus Milne-Edwards 1871 M02
    |--L. nasutus S89
    |--L. schach Linnaeus 1758 L03
    |    |--L. s. scach [incl. L. s. hainanus Birckhead 1937] L03
    |    `--L. s. caniceps Blyth 1846 [incl. L. s. kathiawarensis Koelz 1950] L03
    |--L. senator L03
    |    |--L. s. senator L03
    |    `--L. s. niloticus (Bonaparte 1853) [incl. L. paradoxus Brehm 1854] L03
    |--L. somalicus Hartlaub 1859 [incl. L. antinorii mauritii Neumann 1907] L03
    |--L. souzae L03
    |    |--L. s. souzae L03
    |    `--L. s. burigi Chapin 1950 L03
    |--L. sphenocercus VP89
    |--L. tephronotus L03
    |    |--L. t. tephronotus L03
    |    `--L. t. lahulensis Koelz 1950 [incl. Collurio jounotus Hodgson 1844 (n. n.)] L03
    |--L. tigrinus VP89
    |--L. validirostris L03
    |    |--L. v. validirostris L03
    |    `--L. v. tertius Salomonsen 1953 L03
    `--L. vittatus L03
         |--L. v. vittatus L03
         `--L. v. nargianus Vaurie 1955 L03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B66] Bulger, G. E. 1866. List of birds observed at Wellington, Neilgherry Hills, about 6000 feet above the level of the sea, during the months of April and May, 1866. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 568-571.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149-186.

[L03] LeCroy, M. 2003. Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 5. Passeriformes: Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Motacillidae, Campephagidae, Pycnonotidae, Irenidae, Laniidae, Vangidae, Bombycillidae, Dulidae, Cinclidae, Troglodytidae, and Mimidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 278: 1-156.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX. – Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 369-438.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

Corvus

Australian raven Corvus coronoides, photographed by Gary.

Belongs within: Corvidae.

The crows of the genus Corvus are large, predominantly black passerine birds. Crows are mostly generalist feeders, and are found in most parts of the world. The largest species (and the largest-bodied of all passerine birds) is the raven Corvus corax, which is found scattered throughout the Palaearctic region. The phylogenetic analysis by Burleigh et al. (2015) also suggests that the nutcrackers Nucifraga are placed within the Corvus clade; these are two species found in the Holarctic region, patterned in contrasting dark and pale colours, with relatively long, slender and pointed bills. Their diet contains a high proportion of conifer seeds, which they also sequester in caches.

<==Corvus Linnaeus 1758 G03 (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--+--C. dauuricus BKB15
    |  |  `--C. monedula Linnaeus 1758 JT12, M02 (see below for synonymy)
    |  `--Nucifraga Brisson 1760 BKB15, M02 [Nucifragidae]
    |       |--N. caryocatactes (Linnaeus 1758) [=Corvus caryocatactes] M02
    |       `--N. columbiana BKB15
    `--+--+--C. frugilegus Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, R85
       |  |    |--C. f. frugilegus VP89
       |  |    `--C. f. pastinator VP89
       |  `--C. hawaiiensis JT12
       `--+--C. ossifragus BKB15
          `--+--+--+--C. brachyrhynchos BKB15
             |  |  `--C. caurinus JT12
             |  `--+--C. cornix BKB15 [=C. corone cornix FP64]
             |      `--C. corone Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, M02 (see below for synonymy)
             `--+--+--C. albicollis BKB15
                |  `--+--C. albus JT12
                |     `--+--*C. corax Linnaeus 1758 G03, JT12, M02 (see below for synonymy)
                |        `--C. cryptoleucus JT12
                `--+--+--C. kubaryi JT12
                   |  |--C. macrorhynchos JT12
                   |  `--C. splendens BKB15
                   |       |--C. s. splendens L81
                   |       |--C. s. insolens L81
                   |       `--C. s. protegatus L81
                   `--+--+--C. nasicus JT12
                      |  `--C. orru JT12
                      `--+--C. coronoides Vigors & Horsfield 1827 JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                         `--+--C. moriorum Forbes 1892 [=*Palaeocorax moriorum] G03
                            `--C. antipodum (Forbes 1893) [=Palaeocorax antipodum, C. moriorum antipodum] G03
                                 |--C. a. antipodum G03
                                 `--C. a. pycrafti Gill 2003 G03

Corvus incertae sedis:
  C. bennetti North 1901 [incl. C. bennetti bonhoti Mathews 1912, C. cecilae marngli Mathews 1912] WS48
  C. cafer Scl66
  C. capensis JT12
  C. cecilae Mathews 1912 WS48 (see below for synonymy)
  C. crassirostris Rüppell 1836 S05
  C. culminatus B66
  C. edithae JT12
  C. enca JT12
  C. florensis JT12
  C. fuscicapillus JT12
  C. hungaricus Lambrecht 1916 M02
  C. imparatus JT12
  C. jamaicensis JT12
  C. larteti (Milne-Edwards 1871) JM14, M02 [=*Miocorvus larteti M02]
  C. leucognaphalus SWK87
  C. levaillantii JT12
  C. meeki JT12
  C. mellori G03
  C. minutus JT12 [=C. palmarum minutus MS55]
  C. moneduloides G03
  C. palmarum MS55
  C. pumilis SWK87
  C. rhipidurus JT12
  C. ruficollis JT12
  C. scapulatus [incl. C. madagascariensis] Sch66
  C. sinaloae JT12
  C. tasmanicus M03
    |--C. t. tasmanicus M03
    `--C. t. boreus M03
  C. torquatus VP89
  C. tristis JT12
  C. tropicus FP64
  C. typicus JT12
  C. unicolor HSS13
  C. validus JT12
  C. woodfordi JT12

Corvus Linnaeus 1758 G03 [incl. Gymnocorvus Lesson 1831 B94, Miocorax Lambrecht 1933 M02, Miocorvus Lambrecht 1933 M02, Palaeocorax Forbes in Anon. 1892 G03, Trypanocorax Bonaparte 1854 B94; Gymnocorvidae, Trypanocoracidae]

Corvus cecilae Mathews 1912 WS48 [=C. coronoides cecilae WS48, C. orru cecilae M03; incl. C. cecilae hartogi Mathews 1920 WS48, C. cecilae probleema Mathews 1923 WS48]

*Corvus corax Linnaeus 1758 G03, JT12, M02 [incl. C. corax antecorax Mourer-Chauviré 1975 M02, C. fossilis Giebel 1847 M02, C. pliocaenus janossyi Mourer-Chauviré 1975 M02]

Corvus corone Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, M02 [incl. C. betfianus Kretzoi 1962 M02, C. cornix fossilis Giebel 1847 non C. fossilis Giebel 1847 M02, Numenius pliocaenus Portis 1889 M02, C. pliocaenus M02, C. praecorax Depéret 1892 M02, C. simionescui Kessler 1979 M02]

Corvus coronoides Vigors & Horsfield 1827 JT12, WS48 [incl. C. australis S13, C. coronoides perplexus Mathews 1912 WS48]

Corvus monedula Linnaeus 1758 JT12, M02 [incl. Pica pica major Jánossy 1972 M02, C. moravicus Mlíkovský 1995 M02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B66] Beavan, R. C. 1866. Extracts from a letter addressed to the Secretary relating his trip to Zwagaben, and discovery of Nemorhaedus sumatrensis. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 2–4.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[G03] Gill, B. J. 2003. Osteometry and systematics of the extinct New Zealand ravens (Aves: Corvidae: Corvus). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1 (1): 43–58.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

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