Phorinae

Phora sp., copyright Eugene K.

Belongs within: Phoridae.

The Phorinae are a group of scuttle flies characterised by more or less distinct bristles on the tibiae, particularly a proximodorsal pair on the mid tibia (Peterson 1987).

Characters (from Peterson 1987): Frons bristled along entire lateral margins; supra-antennal bristles, when present, reclinate. Wing fully developed in both sexes. Tibiae with distinct, though sometimes short or weak, bristles; mid tibia always with at least a closely situated dorsal pair on basal half; other tibiae sometimes with similar bristles.

<==Phorinae B10
    |--Crinophleba rostrata P87
    |--Spiniphora spinulosa P87, B10
    |--Abaristophora diversipennis P87, B10
    |--Hypocerides nearcticus P87
    |--Stichillus adamsi P87
    |--Coniceromyia pilipleura P87
    |--Chaetopleurophora Schmitz 1927 H02
    |--Caenophorites Hong 2002 H02
    |    `--*C. xilutianensis Hong 2002 H02
    |--Huaxiaphoritis Hong 2002 H02
    |    `--*H. longispina (Hong 1981) [=Chaetopleurophora longispina] H02
    |--Fushunophoritis Hong 2002 H02
    |    `--*F. gastrocanthoidis (Hong 1981) [=Chaetopleurophora gastrocanthoidis] H02
    |--Fushuniclavicornia Hong 2002 H02
    |    `--*F. sinica (Hong 1981) [=Chaetopleurophora sinica] H02
    |--Rhoptrocera Hong 1981 H02
    |    `--*R. eocenica Hong 1981 H02
    |--Dohrniphora P87
    |    |--D. cornuta B10
    |    `--D. poinari P92
    |--Anevrina P87
    |    |--A. spinipes P87
    |    `--A. unispinosa B10
    |--Triphleba [incl. Citrago] P87
    |    |--T. pachyneura B10
    |    `--‘Citrago’ politifrons P87
    |--Borophaga P87
    |    |--B. incrassata [=Hypocera incrassata] A71
    |    `--B. verticalis B10
    |--Diplonevra P87
    |    |--D. florea WJ18
    |    |--D. nitidula B10
    |    `--D. setigera B10
    `--Phora Latreille 1796 BR05
         |--P. aterima (Fabricius 1794) [=Musca aterima] H02
         |--P. atra G20
         |--P. cara R35
         |--P. hybosa Hong 1981 H02
         |--P. occidentata B10
         |--P. putris (Linnaeus 758) L02, L58 [=Musca putris L02]
         `--P. viridinota P87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[B10] Brown, B. V. 2010. Phoridae (hump-backed flies, scuttle flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 725–761. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[P87] Peterson, B. V. 1987. Phoridae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 689–712. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.

[WJ18] Wahlberg, E., & K. A. Johanson. 2018. Molecular phylogenetics reveals novel relationships within Empidoidea (Diptera). Systematic Entomology 43: 619–636.

Platypezoidea

Male Calotarsa pallipes, copyright William Donald Newton.

Belongs within: Cyclorrhapha.
Contains: Phoridae.

The Platypezoidea are a clade of small, humpbacked flies supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses. Members of the Platypezidae, flat-footed flies, often have the hind tarsi modified, such as being enlarged and flattened in females or bearing processes in males (Chandler 2010). The Ironomyiidae are small flies restricted in the modern fauna to Australia though fossil representatives are more widespread in the Cretaceous (Grimaldi & Engel 2005).

<==Platypezoidea [Clythioidea, Phoroidea] WT11
    |  i. s.: Opetiala shatalkani GE05
    |--Opetiidae [Opetiinae] WT11
    |    |--Lithopetia hirsuta GE05
    |    `--Opetia nigra WT11
    `--+--Phoridea GC99
       |    |--Phoridae WT11
       |    `--Ironomyiidae WT11
       |         |--Palaeopetia laiyangensis Zhang 1987 GE05, RJ93
       |         |--Hermaeomyia GE05
       |         |--Eridomyia GE05
       |         |--Cretonomyia pristina GE05
       |         |--Sinolesta [Sinolestinae] GE05
       |         `--Ironomyia [Ironomyiinae] WT11
       |              `--I. nigromaculata WT11
       `--Platypezidae [Clythiidae] WT11
            |  i. s.: Maritulus sospes GC99
            |         Parnasos firmipes GC99
            |         Proplatypeza GE05
            |           |--P. amabilis GC99
            |           `--P. parva GC99
            |         Lebambromyia Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GE05, GC99
            |           `--*L. acrai Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GC99
            |         Promittor GE05
            |         Oloplatypeza GE05
            |         Bolopus C10
            |         Pamelamyia K87
            |         Orthovena K87
            |         Mesopetia GC99
            |         Oppenheimiella baltica P92
            |--Electrosania Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GC99
            |    `--*E. cretica Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GC99
            `--+--Melanderomyia [Melanderomyiinae] C10
               |    `--M. kahli K87
               |--Platypezininae K87
               |    |--Platypezina diversa K87
               |    `--Grossoseta pacifica K87
               |--Microsania [Microsaniinae] C10
               |    |--M. australis CM91
               |    |--M. imperfecta C10
               |    `--M. stigmaticalis C10
               |--Callomyiinae C10
               |    |--Bertamyia notata C10
               |    |--Chydaeopeza C10
               |    |--Callomyia C10
               |    |    |--C. calla C10
               |    |    `--C. gilloglyorum K87
               |    `--Agathomyia C10
               |         |--A. bella (Williston 1903) [=Callomyia bella] C10
               |         `--A. canadensis C10
               `--Platypezinae C10
                    |--Metaclythia currani K87
                    |--Polyporivora polypori K87, C10
                    |--Seri dymka K87
                    |--Paraplatypeza C10
                    |    |--P. coraxa K87
                    |    `--P. velutina WT11
                    |--Protoclythia K87
                    |    |--P. califormica K87
                    |    `--P. modesta K87
                    |--Platypeza C10
                    |    |--P. agarici RD77
                    |    |--P. brunnescens C10
                    |    `--P. consobrina K87
                    |--Lindneromyia [incl. Grossovena, Penesymmetria, Plesioclythia, Symmetricella] C10
                    |    |--L. agarici [=Plesioclythia agarici] C10
                    |    |--‘Grossovena’ carbonaria K87
                    |    |--‘Symmetricella’ mogollonensis K87
                    |    `--‘Penesymmetria’ umbrosa K87
                    `--Calotarsa K87
                         |--C. durangoensis Kessel & Young 1974 C10
                         |--C. insignis C10
                         |--C. mexicana Kessel & Young 1974 C10
                         `--C. pallipes C10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C10] Chandler, P. J. 2010. Platypezidae (flat-footed flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 715–719. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[GC99] Grimaldi, D., & J. Cumming. 1999. Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 239: 1–124.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K87] Kessel, E. L. 1987. Platypezidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 681–688. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 13 July 2021.

Metopininae

Phalacrotophora epeirae, copyright John R. Maxwell.

Belongs within: Phoridae.
Contains: Melaloncha, Megaselia.

The Metopininae are a diverse group of scuttle flies that generally lack strong isolated bristles on the tibiae. Members of the genus Beckerina have two or four strongly divergent supra-antennal bristles that are usually more or less reclinate and porrect; in other metopinines, these bristles (if present) are not strongly divergent and usually proclinate (Petersen 1987).

Characters (from Petersen 1987): Frons sometimes bare along margins or on anteroventral half; supra-antennal bristles variable. Tibiae usually without bristles (exceptionally with a single anterodorsal bristle very near base on mid and hind tibiae) or with rows of strong setae. Wing generally fully developed, but sometimes reduced, rudimentary, or absent in female of some species.

<==Metopininae B04
    |  i. s.: Melittophora salti B04
    |         Melaloncha B04
    |         Sinophoritis Hong 2002 H02
    |           `--*S. bikerkosa Hong 2002 H02
    |         Latiarista Hong 2002 H02
    |           `--*L. intermixta Hong 2002 H02
    |--Beckerina [Beckerinini] P87
    |    |--B. aliena P87
    |    `--B. umbrimargo P87
    |--Gymnophorini B10
    |    |--Megaselia B10
    |    `--Gymnophora B10
    |         |--G. arcuata B10
    |         |--G. luteiventris P87
    |         `--G. spiracularis B10
    `--Metopinini B10
         |--Ecituncula B10
         |--Ecitophora B10
         |--Ecitoptera B10
         |--Ecitomyia wheeleri B10, P87
         |--Rhabdomyia setosa B10
         |--Lecanocerus compressiceps P87, B10
         |--*Syneura cocciphila B10, P87
         |--Woodiphora magnipalpis P87
         |--Cremersia spinicauda P87, B10
         |--Zyziphora hirtifrons P87
         |--Myrmosicarius texanus P87, B10
         |--Auxanommatidia californica P87
         |--Physoptera vesiculata P87, B10
         |--Trophithauma rostratum P87, B10
         |--Cataclinusa pachycondylae P87, B10
         |--Stenophorina petiolata P87
         |--Chonocephalus americanus P87
         |--Xanionotum mexicanum P87
         |--Commoptera solenopsidis P87, B10
         |--Acontistoptera B10
         |    |--A. brasiliensis P87
         |    `--A. melanderi P87
         |--Diocophora P87
         |    |--D. appretiata B10
         |    `--D. disparifrons P87
         |--Pericyclocera P87
         |    |--P. cata P87
         |    `--P. floricola P87
         |--Pseudacteon P87
         |    |--P. formicarum A71
         |    `--P. onyx P87
         |--Trophodeinus P87
         |    |--T. furcatus [=Bactropalpus furcatus] B10
         |    `--T. pygmaeus B10
         |--Metopina [incl. Typhlophorina] B10
         |    |--M. goeleti Grimaldi 1989 RJ93
         |    |--M. pachycondylae A71
         |    `--M. subarcuata B10
         |--Puliciphora B10
         |    |--P. borinquenensis B10
         |    |--P. imbecilla B10
         |    `--P. occidentalis P87
         |--Apocephalus P87
         |    |--A. asymmetricus B10
         |    |--A. (Mesophora) borealis P87
         |    `--A. wheeleri B10
         |--Rhyncophoromyia P87
         |    |--R. conica P87
         |    |--R. maculineura B10
         |    `--R. trivittata B10
         |--Neodohrniphora P87
         |    |--N. arnaudi P87
         |    |--N. cognata B10
         |    |--N. curvinervis B10
         |    `--N. mexicanae B10
         `--Phalacrotophora P87
              |--P. berolinensis B04
              |--P. beuki B04
              |--P. epeirae B04
              |--P. fasciata B04
              |--P. halictorum B04
              |--P. (Omapanta) longifrons P87
              |--P. quadripunctata B04
              `--P. rufiventris B04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B04] Brown, B. V. 2004. Revision of the subgenus Udamochiras of Melaloncha bee-killing flies (Diptera: Phoridae: Metopininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140: 1–42.

[B10] Brown, B. V. 2010. Phoridae (hump-backed flies, scuttle flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 725–761. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[P87] Peterson, B. V. 1987. Phoridae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 689–712. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 13 July 2021.

Phoridae

Conicera tibialis, from here.

Belongs within: Platypezoidea.
Contains: Metopininae, Phorinae.

The Phoridae, scuttle flies, are a group of small hump-backed flies of diverse habits. Winged species are readily distinguished by the characteristic venation of their wings, with four or five veins (corresponding to the M and R veins) running obliquely across the main body of the wing. The branches of the R vein are strongly thickened relative to the posterior veins; in Sciadocerinae R₄₊₅ approaches the apex of the wing but in members of the clade Euphorida the R veins are all placed close to the wings base. Classification within the Euphorida remains uncertain; the majority of species have been divided between two subfamilies Metopininae and Phorinae, but the phylogenetic accuracy of this division requires investigation. The Holarctic genus Aenigmatias differs from other phorids in the dorsal position of the anterior thoracic spiracle; males are winged but females are wingless and cockroach-like in appearance (Peterson 1987).

Characters (from McAlpine 1990): Small humpbacked flies, 1-4 mm long. Ptilinal fissure and lunule absent. Wing rounded at apex, with radiating venation: branches of R strongly thickened and crowded into anterior base, four other weak and peculiarly aligned veins in remainder of wing blade; C ending near middle of anterior margin.

<==Phoridae [Phoromorpha]
    |--Sciadocerinae [Sciadoceridae] B10
    |    |--Sciadocera rufomaculata WT11
    |    |--Sciadophora bostoni McAlpine & Martin 1966 P92
    |    |--Eosciadocera Hong 1981 H02
    |    |    `--*E. helodis Hong 1981 H02
    |    |--Archisciada Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GC99
    |    |    `--*A. lebanensis Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GC99
    |    `--Archiphora Schmitz 1929 GC99
    |         |--A. pria Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GC99
    |         `--+--*A. patagonica (Schmitz 1929) GC99
    |            `--A. robusta (Meunier 1917) GC99
    `--+--Prioriphora McAlpine & Martin 1966 [Prioriphorinae] GC99
       |    |--*P. canadambra McAlpine & Martin 1966 GC99
       |    |--P. casei Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GC99
       |    |--P. intermedia GC99
       |    |--P. longicostalis GC99
       |    |--P. luzzii Grimaldi & Cumming 1999 GC99
       |    |--P. polyanka Mostovsky 1996 GC99
       |    `--P. setifemoralis GC99
       `--Euphorida B10
            |--Metopininae B10
            |--Phorinae B10
            |--Aenigmatias P87 [incl. Platyphora A71; Aenigmatiinae B10]
            |    `--A. eurynotus P87
            |--Hypocera [Hypocerinae] B10
            |    `--H. erhmanni B10
            `--Conicera [Conicerinae] B10
                 |--C. (Conicera) dauci P87
                 `--C. tibialis B10

Phoridae incertae sedis:
  Aphiura treviceps M83
  Thaumatoxena GE05
  Euliphora grimaldii GE05
  Cryptopteromyia jeanssoni S94
  Johowia B10
  Pseudohypocera kerteszi B10
  *Macrocerides curtifrons B10
  Ceratusa crinicornis B10
  Apterophora B10
  Eurycnemis alvarengai B10
  Latiborophaga B10
  Trineurocephala B10
  Chaetocnemistoptera B10
  Gymnoptera simplex B10
  Tapantia bicasa B10
  Neopleurophora B10
  Enderleinphora B10
    |--E. fuscohalterata [=Beckerina fuscohalterata] B10
    `--E. hansoni B10
  Brownphora sinefurca [=Beckerina sinefurca] B10
  Chaetaspidia convexifrons B10
  Cootiphora angustata B10
  Phymatopterella B10
    |--P. luteiclava B10
    `--P. miristigma [=Megaselia miristigma] B10
  Calamiscus cryptopalpis B10
  Acanthophorides B10
  Brachycephaloptera trichopleura B10
  Neophora frontalis B10
  Tabelliphora teretipenna B10
  Borgmeieriphora multisetosa B10
  Laciniomyia dilata B10
  Apodicrania B10
    |--A. molinai B10
    `--A. termitophila B10
  Myriophora B10
  Synclinusa B10
  Menozziola B10
  Dacnophora B10
  Laishania angustithorax B10
  Paurophora borgmeieri B10
  Eremophora hyalina B10
  Platydipteron balli B10
  Dinocercus caudatus B10
  Styletta crocea B10
  Dahliphora B10
  Allochaeta B10
  Travassophora plaumanni B10
  Cyphocephalus caviceps B10
  Homalophora B10
  Adelopteromyia B10
  Apterella molliventris B10
  Zikania schmidti B10
  Placophorina obtecta B10
  Holopterina longipalpis B10
    |--H. l. longipalpis B10
    `--H. l. sedula B10
  Thalloptera B10
  Veruanus B10
  Microselia texana P87
  Termitoxenia RD77 [Termitoxeniinae O98]
  Plectanocnema Schmitz 1926 B96
    `--P. nudipes (Becker 1901) B96
  Wandolleckia PB27
  Termitomyia RD77
  Ptochomyia RD77
  Aneurina caliginosa [incl. Phora urbana] RD77
  Electrophora P92
  Hypoceridites P92
  Protophorites P92
  Protoplatyphora P92
  Stephanostoriscus P92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B96] Brown, B. V. 1996. First record of the genus Plectanocnema Schmitz in North America (Diptera: Phoridae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 608–609.

[B10] Brown, B. V. 2010. Phoridae (hump-backed flies, scuttle flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 725–761. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[GC99] Grimaldi, D., & J. Cumming. 1999. Brachyceran Diptera in Cretaceous ambers and Mesozoic diversification of the Eremoneura. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 239: 1–124.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[P87] Peterson, B. V. 1987. Phoridae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 689–712. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S94] Southcott, R. V. 1994. Revision of the larvae of the Microtrombidiinae (Acarina, Microtrombidiidae), with notes on life histories. Zoologica 48 (2): 1–155.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 14 July 2021.

Melaloncha

Female Melaloncha punctifrons, photographed by Brian V. Brown.

Belongs within: Metopininae.

Melaloncha is a Neotropical genus of scuttle flies with larvae that are endoparasitoids of bees. Females have the abdominal segment 7 sclerotised and the following segments modified into a sharp stylet to form a piercing ovipositor.

Characters (from Brown 2004): Frons narrow. Supra-antennal setae absent. Fore femur with posterodorsal seta near apex. Apical tarsomere of fore leg lacking claws in male. Hind femur with erect dorsal setae. Mid and hind tibia with irregular, sinuous rows of enlarged setulae anterodorsally. Tergites and often thorax of most species with silver pollinosity. Female abdominal segment 7 completely sclerotised, forming a parasitic type ovipositor. Intersegment 7-8 modified, with sclerotisation of various forms. Posterior segments 9-10 of female abdomen forming a sharp, pointed, piercing stylet. Male with subepandrial plate with long, posterolateral lobes; aedeagus extremely elongate.

<==Melaloncha Brues 1904 [=Melanoloncha (l. c.)] B04
    |  i. s.: M. elongata BW09
    |--M. (Melaloncha) B04
    |    |--*M. (M.) pulchella B04
    |    |--M. (M.) cuspidata B04
    |    |--M. (M.) digitalis B04
    |    |--M. (M.) flava B04
    |    |--M. (M.) plaumanni B04
    |    |--M. (M.) punctifrons B04
    |    `--+--M. (M.) clavata B04
    |       |--M. (M.) hyalinipennis B04
    |       |--M. (M.) maculata B04
    |       |--M. (M.) palpalis B04
    |       |--M. (M.) sinistra B04
    |       |--M. (M.) striatula B04
    |       |--M. (M.) stylata B04
    |       |--+--M. (M.) cingulatus B04
    |       |  `--M. (M.) lamellata B04
    |       |--+--M. (M.) furcata B04
    |       |  `--M. (M.) obscurella B04
    |       `--+--M. (M.) nigrifrons B04
    |          |--M. (M.) nigrita B04
    |          `--+--M. (M.) genitalis B04
    |             |--M. (M.) glabrifrons B04
    |             `--M. (M.) ungulata B04
    `--M. (Udamochiras Enderlein 1912) B04
         |--M. (U.) flavilata Brown 2004 B04
         |--+--M. (U.) brevicarina Brown 2004 B04
         |  |--M. (U.) carinata Brown 2004 B04
         |  `--M. (U.) premordica Brown 2004 B04
         `--+--M. (U.) angustifrons Brown 2004 B04
            |--+--M. (U.) trua Brown 2004 B04
            |  `--+--M. (*U.) colossia (Enderlein 1912) [=*Udamochiras colossia] B04
            |     |--M. (U.) rhampha Brown 2004 B04
            |     |--M. (U.) rostrata Brown 2004 B04
            |     `--M. (U.) valeria Brown 2004 B04
            `--+--M. (U.) anaticula Brown 2004 B04
               |--M. (U.) apicula Brown 2004 B04
               |--M. (U.) basella Brown 2004 B04
               |--M. (U.) biseta Brown 2004 B04
               |--M. (U.) compressicauda Brown 2004 B04
               |--M. (U.) deinocerca Borgmeier 1960 B04
               |--M. (U.) exigua Brown 2004 B04
               |--M. (U.) falcata Brown 2004 B04
               |--M. (U.) hansoni Brown 2004 B04
               |--M. (U.) hirticauda Borgmeier 1934 B04
               |--M. (U.) lobata Brown 2004 B04
               |--M. (U.) maculifrons Brown 2004 B04
               |--M. (U.) nigricorpus Borgmeier 1934 B04
               |--M. (U.) parkeri Brown 2004 B04
               |--M. (U.) piliapex Borgmeier 1938 B04
               |--M. (U.) ronnai Borgmeier 1935 [incl. Phora apum Amerling 1862 (n. n.)] B04
               |--M. (U.) rubricornis Borgmeier 1924 B04
               |--M. (U.) simillima Borgmeier 1938 B04
               |--M. (U.) sinuosa Brown 2004 B04
               |--M. (U.) triangularis Brown 2004 B04
               |--M. (U.) villosa Brown 2004 B04
               |--M. (U.) woodi Brown 2004 B04
               |--+--M. (U.) aprica Brown 2004 B04
               |  `--M. (U.) paxilla Brown 2004 B04
               |--+--M. (U.) individa Brown 2004 B04
               |  `--M. (U.) rhypopoda Brown 2004 B04
               |--+--M. (U.) horologia Brown 2004 B04
               |  `--+--M. (U.) spatula Brown 2004 B04
               |     `--M. (U.) vargasi Brown 2004 B04
               `--+--M. (U.) spicula Brown 2004 B04
                  `--+--M. (U.) hamata Brown 2004 B04
                     `--M. (U.) mexicana Borgmeier 1971 B04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B04] Brown, B. V. 2004. Revision of the subgenus Udamochiras of Melaloncha bee-killing flies (Diptera: Phoridae: Metopininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140: 1–42.

[BW09] Buck, M., N. E. Woodley, A. Borkent, D. M. Wood, T. Pape, J. R. Vockeroth, V. Michelsen & S. A. Marshall. 2009. Key to Diptera families—adults. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 95–156. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

Last updated: 7 June 2018.