Petrophile

Prickly conesticks Petrophile sessilis, copyright Casliber.

Belongs within: Proteaceae.

Petrophile, conebushes, is an Australian genus of erect shrubs with deeply divided, often spiny leaves and cone-like inflorescences.

<==Petrophile
    |--P. acicularis GK00
    |--P. circinata G04
    |--P. divaricata GK00
    |--P. glauca G04
    |--P. heterophylla LK00
    |--P. longifolia GK00
    |--P. media GK00
    |--P. rigida OS04
    |--P. seminuda OS04
    |--P. serruriae RL05
    |--P. sessilis C08
    |--P. squamata OS04
    `--P. striata OS04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[LK00] Lowrie, A., & K. F. Kenneally. 2000. Three new species of Stylidium (Stylidiaceae) from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 13: 293–302.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

Conosperminae

Synaphea petiolaris, from Esperance Wildflowers.

Belongs within: Proteaceae.

The Conosperminae are a group of proteaceous plants found in Australia, primarily in the south-west corner.

Characters (from Flora of Australia): Leaves entire to ±pinnate. Inflorescence of 1–many short, dense spikes. Flowers weakly or (more commonly) strongly zygomorphic, bisexual; tepal bases connate. One anther and 2 half-anthers abortive; loculi of adjacent anthers cohering in bud. Hypogynous glands absent. Style variously modified but pollen presenter absent. Fruit a nut, often with long hairs. n = 11.

<==Conosperminae
    |--Conospermum B06
    |    |--C. brownii G04
    |    |--C. capitatum GK00
    |    |--C. ericifolium H87a
    |    |--C. flexuosum GK00
    |    |    |--C. f. ssp. flexuosum GK00
    |    |    `--C. f. ssp. laevigatum GK00
    |    |--C. longifolium H87a
    |    |    |--C. l. var. longifolium H87b
    |    |    `--C. l. var. angustifolium H87b
    |    |--C. stoechadis OS04
    |    |    |--C. s. ssp. stoechadis OS04
    |    |    `--C. s. ssp. sclerophyllum OS04
    |    `--C. taxifolium C08
    `--Synaphea B06
         |--S. aephynsa B06
         |--S. damopsis B06
         |--S. decumbens B06
         |--S. endothrix B06
         |--S. favosa GK00
         |--S. interioris OS04
         |--S. lesueurensis B06
         |--S. oulopha B06
         |--S. panhesya B06
         |--S. petiolaris SB04
         |--S. quartzitica B06
         |--S. recurva B06
         |--S. reticulata GK00
         |--S. spinulosa B06
         |    |--S. s. ssp. spinulosa B06
         |    `--S. s. ssp. borealis B06
         `--S. xela Butcher 2006 B06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B06] Butcher, R. 2006. Synaphea xela (Proteaceae: Conosperminae), a new species from the Jurien-Eneabba area of south-west Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (3): 123–127.

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H87a] Haviland, E. 1887a. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. I—List of plants indigenous in the neighbourhood of Sydney, flowering during July. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1049–1051.

[H87b] Haviland, E. 1887b. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1103–1104.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[SB04] Sage, L. W., P. A. Blankendaal, A. Moylett & K. Agar. 2004. The occurrence and impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the central-western Avon Wheatbelt bioregion of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 15–18.

Hakea

Silky hakea Hakea sericea with fruit, photographed by Edoarado.

Belongs within: Grevilleoideae.

Hakea is an Australian genus of trees and shrubs characterised by the production of persistent woody fruits that do not open to release their seeds until the death of the bearing branch from fire or other causes. Mature fruit size is correlated with the length of time the plant may retain the fruit before release (Groom & Lamont 2004). Many Hakea species have notably spiny leaves. A number of species are grown as ornamental plants, and some have become invasive weeds in South Africa and New Zealand. These include the silky hakea or needle bush Hakea sericea, a native of south-eastern Australia which has rigid needle-like leaves about six centimetres in length.

Characters (from Harden 2001): Shrubs or small trees. Leaves flat with similar surfaces or terete, and then entire or divided into segments, or rarely trigonous. Conflorescences axillary, raceme-like with paired flowers, or in several- to many-flowered clusters, and then flowers not regularly or obviously paired. Flowers zygomorphic. Perianth tube revolute and curved under the limb; tepals splitting to base or remaining fused and splitting on upper side only, becoming free. Anthers 4, sessile. Hypogynous glands fused, horseshoe-shaped, obovoid or rarely disc-shaped, rarely absent. Ovary shortly stipitate, glabrous; ovules 2; style longer than the perianth, curved and protruding from a slit in the perianth before being released; pollen presenter an oblique or lateral disc or an erect cone. Follicle woody, surface smooth, wrinkled, blistered or warty, sometimes prominently beaked (apical portion of the fruit beyond the main swollen body of the fruit), often with apical horns (pair of hard points just behind fruit apex, often broken off in mature fruit); secondary thickening formed by the cambium, the fruit opening in 2 valves; seeds 2, compressed, testa expanded into a wing, usually at one end; seeds generally placed near the upper suture of the fruit and mostly borne in ± same direction as stalk of fruit.

Hakea
    |--H. acicularis H87
    |--H. ambigua RL05
    |--H. amplexicaulis GK00
    |--H. arborescens LK14
    |-—H. brownii OS04
    |--H. ceratophylla GK00
    |--H. chordophylla LK14
    |--H. commutata G04b
    |--H. coriacea M93
    |--H. corymbosa GK00
    |--H. costata B14
    |--H. cristata JK08
    |--H. cunninghamii C16
    |--H. dactyloides B88
    |--H. drupacea H06
    |--H. duttoni Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |--H. epiglottis SN08
    |--H. erecta G04b
    |--H. erinacea GL04
    |--H. ferruginea CFH05
    |--H. gibbosa H06
    |--H. gilbertii GK00
    |--H. hastata OS04
    |--H. incrassata OS04
    |--H. lasianthoides JK08
    |--H. lehmanniana OS04
    |--H. leucoptera B88
    |--H. lissocarpha JK08
    |--H. loranthifolia LK00
    |--H. lorea LK14
    |    |--H. l. ssp. lorea LK14
    |    `--H. l. ssp. borealis LK14
    |--H. macrocarpa LK14
    |--H. marginata JK08
    |--H. meisneriana G04b
    |--H. microcarpa C08
    |--H. minyma G04a
    |--H. muelleriana B00
    |--H. multilineata G04b
    |--H. nodosa TW07
    |--H. oleifolia GK00
    |--H. persiehana C16
    |--H. petiolaris A91
    |--H. platysperma GL04
    |--H. preissii KM08
    |--H. prostrata GL04
    |--H. recurva S95
    |--H. rhombale B05
    |--H. ruscifolia JK08
    |--H. salicifolia H06
    |--H. saligna NC91
    |--H. scoparia G04b
    |--H. sericea H06
    |--H. spathulata LK00
    |--H. stenocarpa JK08
    |--H. stenophylla KM08
    |--H. suberea B05
    |--H. subsulcata G04b
    |--H. sulcata GK00
    |--H. teritifolia C96
    |--H. trifurcata GL04
    |--H. undulata GL04
    |--H. varia S35
    |--H. victoria MJH05
    `--H. vittata E65
         |--H. v. var. vittata E65
         `--H. v. var. glabriflora Black ex Willis 1957 E65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A91] Abbott, I. 1991. Annual activity of a population of Catasarcus asphaltinus Thompson (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Perth, Western Australia. Australian Entomological Magazine 18 (1): 21–24.

[B05] Beard, J. S. 2005. Drainage evolution in the Lake Disappointment Catchment, Western Australia—a discussion. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (2): 57–64.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C96] Calder, A. A. 1996. Click beetles: genera of the Australian Elateridae (Coleoptera). CSIRO Australia: Collingwood.

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[C16] Cambage, R. H. 1916. Notes on the native flora of tropical Queensland. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (3): 389–447, pls 57–61.

[CFH05] Cochrane, J. A., J. A. Friend & S. J. E. Hill. 2005. Endozoochory and the Australian bluebell: comsumption of Billardiera fusiformis (Labill.) Payer (Pittosporaceae) seeds by three mammal species at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 191–196.

[E65] Eardley, C. M. 1965. Diagnoses to new taxa. In: Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae pp. 945–946. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[GL04] Groom, P. K., & B. B. Lamont. 2004. Fruit and seed development in two Hakea species (Proteaceae). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (4): 135–138.

[H87] Haviland, E. 1887. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1103–1104.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[JK08] Johnstone, R. E., & T. Kirkby. 2008. Distribution, status, social organisation, movements and conservation of Baudin's cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) in south-west Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 107–118.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK00] Lowrie, A., & K. F. Kenneally. 2000. Three new species of Stylidium (Stylidiaceae) from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 13: 293–302.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MJH05] Mast, A. R., E. H. Jones & S. P. Havery. 2005. An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae). Australian Systematic Botany 18 (1): 75–88.

[M93] Mollemans, F. H. 1993. Drummondita wilsonii, Philotheca langei and P. basistyla (Rutaceae), new species from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 9: 95–109.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[SN08] Schmidt, E. R., & T. R. New. 2008. The Psocoptera (Insecta) of Tasmania, Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 65: 71–152.

[S95] Smith, G. T. 1995. Species richness, habitat and conservation of scorpions in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 55–66.

[S35] Solomon, M. E. 1935. On a new genus and two new species of Western Australian Aleyrodidae. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 21: 75–91.

[TW07] Thongphak, D., & Q. Wang. 2007. Taxonomic revision of the longicorn beetle genus Uracanthus Hope 1833 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Uracanthini) from Australia. Zootaxa 1569: 1–139.

Last updated: 23 March 2021.

Banksia

Banksia montana, copyright E. Holland & E. Hickman.

Belongs within: Grevilleoideae.
Contains: Dryandra.

Banksia is a genus of trees and shrubs found in Australia, with a single species, B. dentata, extending into New Guinea. The highest diversity of species is found in the south-west of Western Australia, with the majority of species found in sandy or gravelly soils. Banksia flowers are often borne in conical inflorescences. Dehiscent fruits embedded in the inflorescence can have a mouth-like appearance, inspiring the 'bad banksia men' of Australian children's author May Gibbs. Species with flat inflorescences have historically been separated as the genus Dryandra but recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have found Banksia excluding Dryandra to be paraphyletic (Mast et al. 2005).

Characteristics (from Foreman 1995): Twigs pubescent or glabrous. Leaves whorled, scattered or spirally arranged, coriaceous, entire, dentate, lobed or pinnatisect. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, cylindrical or spherical. Flowers bisexual, sessile, in pairs subtended by one common bract and two floral bracts. Perianth linear, regular to slightly irregular; limb and upper portions of perianth claws separating at anthesis. Anthers all perfect, sessile in concave like segments; connective slightly prolonged. Hypogynous glands 4, alternate with tepals, small and membranous. Ovary sessile, very small, 1-locular; ovules 2, attached laterally; style straight, bowed to slightly curved below pollen presenter, often hard and wiry; pollen presenter erect, small, conical or turbinate; stigma mostly terminal or oblique. Infructescence woody, consisting of few to many woody follicles; bracts persistent, becoming woody. Seeds often 2, compressed, with terminal membranous wing.

Banksia [Banksiinae]
    |--Phanerostomata MJH05
    |    |--+--B. (ser. Grandes) grandis MJH05
    |    |  `--+--B. tricuspis MJH05
    |    |     `--+--B. (ser. Dryandroideae) dryandroides MJH05
    |    |        `--B. pulchella MJH05
    |    `--+--B. ericifolia MJH05
    |       |--B. (ser. Salicinae) oblongifolia MJH05
    |       `--+--B. (ser. Quercinae) quercifolia MJH05
    |          `--+--B. brownii MJH05
    |             `--B. nutans MJH05
    |                  |--B. n. var. nutans MJH05
    |                  `--B. n. var. cernuella MJH05
    `--Cryptostomata MJH05
         |  i. s.: B. baxteri MJH05
         |         B. coccinea MJH05
         |         B. speciosa MJH05
         |--+--+--*B. serrata MJH05
         |  |  `--B. aemula MJH05
         |  `--+--+--B. (ser. Ochraceae) benthamiana MJH05
         |     |  `--+--B. baueri MJH05
         |     |     `--B. lullfitzii MJH05
         |     `--+--B. (ser. Cyrtostylis) media MJH05
         |        `--+--B. (ser. Tetragonae) elderiana MJH05
         |           `--B. (ser. Prostratae) petiolaris MJH05
         `--+--+--B. attenuata MJH05
            |  |--B. elegans MJH05
            |  `--B. subg. Isostylis MJH05
            |       |--B. cuneata MJH05
            |       |--B. ilicifolia MJH05
            |       `--B. oligantha MJH05
            |--+--B. candolleana MJH05
            |  `--+--B. (ser. Lindleyana) lindleyana MJH05
            |     |--B. menziesii MJH05
            |     `--+--B. ashbyi MJH05
            |        `--B. sceptrum MJH05
            `--Dryandra MJH05

Banksia incertae sedis:
  B. archaeocarpa McNamara & Scott 1983 DK10
  B. audax Gi04
  B. australis TW07
  B. campbelli Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  B. dentata Linnaeus 1781 F95
  B. heliantha GML13
  B. integrifolia NC91
  B. laevigata Gi04
    |--B. l. ssp. laevigata Gi04
    `--B. l. ssp. fuscolutea Gi04
  B. latifolia M87
  B. lawsoni Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  B. littoralis JK08
  B. marginata SN08
  B. meisneri GK00
  B. myricaefolia Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  B. paludosa C70
  B. prionotes Gr04
  B. repens MJH05
  B. saxicola MJH05
  B. sphaerocarpa Gi04
    |--B. s. var. sphaerocarpa Gi04
    `--B. s. var. dolichostyla Gi04
  B. spinulosa WB-P93
    |--B. s. var. spinulosa WB-P93
    `--B. s. var. collina WB-P93
  B. violacea Gi04
  B. ser. Plumosae GML13
    |--B. montana GML13
    |--B. plumosa GML13
    `--B. pseudoplumosa GML13

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[DK10] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2010. Eocene molluscs from the Merlinleigh Sandstone, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 26 (1): 23–41.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[F95] Foreman, D. B. 1995. Proteaceae. In: Conn, B. J. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 3 pp. 221–270. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Australia).

[Gi04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[Gr04] Groom, P. K. 2004. Seedling growth and physiological responses of two sandplain Banksia species differing in flood tolerance. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (3): 115–121.

[GML13] Gullan, P. J., M. L. Moir & M. C. Leng. 2013. A new species of mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from critically endangered Banksia montana in Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 28 (1): 13–20.

[JK08] Johnstone, R. E., & T. Kirkby. 2008. Distribution, status, social organisation, movements and conservation of Baudin's cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) in south-west Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 107–118.

[MJH95] Mast, A. R., E. H. Jones & S. P. Havery. 2005. An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae). Australian Systematic Botany 18 (1): 75–88.

[M87] Mueller, F. von. 1887. Some hitherto undescribed plants of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1105–1110.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[SN08] Schmidt, E. R., & T. R. New. 2008. The Psocoptera (Insecta) of Tasmania, Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 65: 71–152.

[TW07] Thongphak, D., & Q. Wang. 2007. Taxonomic revision of the longicorn beetle genus Uracanthus Hope 1833 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Uracanthini) from Australia. Zootaxa 1569: 1–139.

[WB-P93] Walter, D. E., & V. M. Behan-Pelletier. 1993. Systematics and ecology of Adhaesozetes polyphyllos sp.nov. (Acari: Oribatida: Licneremaeoidea), a leaf-inhabiting mite from Australian rainforests. Canadian Journal of Zoology 71: 1024–1040.

Last updated: 23 March 2021.

Proteaceae

King protea Protea cynaroides, from here.

Belongs within: Proteales.
Contains: Persoonioideae, Grevilleoideae, Conosperminae, Petrophile.

The Proteaceae are a family of flowering plants found primarily in southern Africa, Australia and South America, as well as in Asia and various parts of the Pacific. Many species have red or yellow flowers, generally bird-pollinated. The Proteaceae are divided between a number of subfamilies, of which the largest are the primarily African Proteoideae and the mostly Australian Grevilleoideae. For the most part, Proteoideae are characterised by indehiscent fruits and single flowers whereas Grevilleoideae have dehiscent fruits and flowers borne in pairs sharing a single bract. Bellendena montana, a Tasmanian species that has been placed in its own subfamily, bears flowers in a mostly ebracteate raceme and has dry, indehiscent fruits with two wings. The Symphionematoideae, another small group found in south-eastern Australia, have bracteate inflorescences and dry, indehiscent fruits (Weston & Barker 2006).

Within the Proteoideae, the Conospermeae as listed below are supported as a clade by molecular analysis as well as by coherence of fertile anther loculi to the fertile loculi of adjacent anthers. The Proteeae are characterised by floral zygomorphy with the perianth being split into two lobes, the anterior tepal free or basally connate to the others and the three posterior tepals completely connate or almost so (Weston & Barker 2006).

Characters (from Foreman 1995): Trees or shrubs. Stipules absent. Leaves spiral, rarely verticillate or opposite, simple or variously divided, often dimorphous; margin entire or toothed, sometimes spiny. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, ramiflorous or cauliflorous, with flowers in pairs, arranged in raceme- or cone-like inflorescences or in dense heads; peduncles present or absent. Bracts present, mostly small, often early caducous, sometimes large and woody. Flowers regular to very irregular, mostly bisexual, rarely unisexual. Tepals valvate, with expanded limb, often recurved, at first adhering to each other mostly becoming entirely free. Receptacle flat or oblique. Stamens 4, epipetalous; filaments usually relatively short; anthers erect, basifixed, mostly tetrasporangiate, dehiscing by longitudinal slits; connective prolonged or not. Disc mostly present, flat or oblique, annular or more or less horseshoe-shaped or with 4 free or variously fused hypogynous glands. Ovary superior, 1-locular, sessile or stipitate, often oblique. Style more or less expanded in upper part into pollen-presenter. Stigma mostly small, terminal or lateral. Ovules 1 or more, pendulous or laterally attached. Fruit dehiscent or indehiscent: follicle, drupe or small nut. Seeds winged or not; endosperm mostly absent; cotyledons thin or thick and fleshy.

Proteaceae
    |--+--Persoonioideae WB06
    |  `--Bellendena [Bellendenoideae] WB06
    |       `--B. montana WB06
    `--+--Grevilleoideae WB06
       `--+--Symphionematoideae WB06
          |    |--Agastachys odorata WB06
          |    `--Symphyonema paludosum H87
          `--Proteoideae WB06
               |  i. s.: Dilobeia WB06
               |         Beaupreopsis paniculata WB06
               |--Eidothea [Eidotheoideae] WB06
               |--+--Cenarrhenes nitida WB06
               |  `--Conospermeae WB06
               |       |--Conosperminae WB06
               |       `--Stirlingia [Stirlingiinae] WB06
               |            |--S. anethifolia GK00
               |            |--S. latifolia RL05
               |            |--S. seselifolia GK00
               |            |--S. simplex OS04
               |            `--S. tenuifolia GK00
               `--+--Franklandia fucifolia WB06, GK00
                  `--+--Beauprea WB06
                     |--Petrophileae WB06
                     |    |--Petrophile WB06
                     |    `--Aulax pallasia WB06
                     `--+--Proteeae WB06
                        |    |--Faurea WB06
                        |    `--Protea WB06
                        |         |--P. cynaroides DE06
                        |         `--P. madiensis PB27
                        `--Leucadendreae WB06
                             |--Isopogon [Isopogoninae] WB06
                             |    |--I. anemonifolius F09
                             |    |--I. attenuatus GK00
                             |    |--I. dubius OS04
                             |    |--I. gardneri G04
                             |    |--I. polycephalus GK00
                             |    |--I. scabriusculus G04
                             |    |    |--I. s. ssp. scabriusculus G04
                             |    |    `--I. s. ssp. stenophyllus G04
                             |    `--I. teretifolius OS04
                             `--+--Adenanthos [Adenanthinae] WB06
                                |    |--A. argyreus G04
                                |    |--A. cygnorum OS04
                                |    `--A. obovatus GK00
                                `--Leucadendrinae WB06
                                     |--Leucadendron WB06
                                     `--+--Serruria WB06
                                        `--+--+--Leucospermum WB06
                                           |  `--+--Diastella WB06
                                           |     `--Orothamnus zeyheri WB06
                                           `--+--+--Vexatorella WB06
                                              |  `--Paranomus WB06
                                              `--+--Sorocephalus WB06
                                                 `--Spatalla WB06

Proteaceae incertae sedis:
  Simsia YY22
  Myricophyllum Saporta 1862 CBH93
  Proteaephyllum reniforme Fontaine 1889 CBH93
  Propylipollis dehaani [=Proteacidites dehaani] CBH93
  Proteacidites CBH93
    |--P. magnus Samoilovitch 1961 YB02
    |--P. palisadus V12
    |--P. retusus Anderson 1960 YB02
    |--P. scaboratus V12
    `--P. thalmannii Anderson 1960 YB02
  Lomatites P92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[DE06] Duncan, G. D., & T. J. Edwards. 2006. Three new species of Lachenalia (Hyacinthaceae: Massonieae) from Western and Northern Cape, South Africa. Bothalia 36 (2): 147–155.

[F09] Fletcher, J. J. 1909. Illustrations of polycotyledony in the genus Persoonia, with some reference to Nuytsia. [N.OO. Proteaceae; Loranthaceae]. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 867–882, pls 34–35.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H87] Haviland, E. 1887. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. I—List of plants indigenous in the neighbourhood of Sydney, flowering during July. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1049–1051.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[V12] Vajda, V. 2012. Fungi, a driving force in normalization of the terrestrial carbon cycle following the end-Cretaceous extinction. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 811–817. Springer.

[WB06] Weston, P. H., & N. P. Barker. 2006. A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera. Telopea 11 (3): 314–344.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

[YB02] Yi, S., & D. J. Batten. 2002. Palynology of Upper Cretaceous (uppermost Campanian-Maastrichtian) deposits in the South Yellow Sea Basin, offshore Korea. Cretaceous Research 23: 687–706.

Last updated: 23 March 2021.

Helicia

Helicia glabrifolia, copyright J. Wrigley.

Belongs within: Proteaceae.

Helicia is a genus of about 90 species of trees and shrubs found from southern and south-east Asia to eastern Australia. The genus is most diverse in New Guinea where about fifty species can be found.

Characters (from Foreman 1995): Leaves mostly spirally arranged, rarely subopposite or 3- or 4-verticillate, sessile or petiolate, simple, entire or more or less serrate. Inflorescences not branched, axillary or ramiflorous, occasionally subterminal or terminal. Peduncles present. Flowers bisexual, pedicellate, in pairs, subtended by small caducous or subpersistent bract; floral bracts present, very small, caducous or subpersistent. Perianth straight, slender; limb straight, more or less subglobose or clavate; perianth segments becoming free and revolute at anthesis. Anthers all perfect, oblong, sessile in concave limb segments; connective apiculate. Disc free or more or less connate into cup. Ovary sessile, glabrous or more or less tomentose, 1-locular; ovules 2, anatropous, attached at base of ovary or ventrally; style slender; pollen presenter straight, more or less clavate; stigma terminal, very small, more or less circular. Fruit indehiscent or tardily dehiscent; pericarp coriaceous, sometimes with distinct zone of fibres or fibre-sclereids. Seeds usually one, rarely two, usually subglobose; cotyledons fleshy.

<==Helicia
    |--H. acutifolia Sleum. 1939 F95
    |--H. affinis Sleum. 1939 [incl. H. moluccana Laut. 1913 non (Brown) Bl. 1834] F95
    |--H. albiflora Sleum. 1939 F95
    |--H. amplifolia Sleum. 1939 F95
    |--H. archboldiana Sleum. 1955 F95
    |--H. australasica Muell. 1857 [incl. H. dentellata Sleum. 1939, H. glabrescens White 1944] F95
    |--H. bullata Sleum. 1955 F95
    |--H. calocoma Foreman 1985 F95
    |--H. cameronii Muell. 1889 F95
    |--H. carrii Sleum. 1939 [incl. H. brassii Sleum. 1939, H. divaricata Sleum. 1939] F95
    |--H. coeruleopurpurea Royen 1983 F95
    |--H. commutata Sleum. 1939 F95
    |--H. finisterrae Laut. 1913 F95
    |--H. forbesiana Muell. 1886 F95
    |--H. glabrifolia MM09
    |--H. hypoglauca Diels 1916 F95
    |--H. insculpta Sleum. 1939 [incl. H. biformis Sleum. 1939] F95
    |--H. insularis Foreman 1985 F95
    |--H. laiagamensis Foreman 1985 F95
    |--H. latifolia White 1922 F95
    |--H. lauterbachiana Sleum. 1939 [incl. H. grandifolia Laut. 1910 non Lecomte 1910] F95
    |--H. ledermannii Diels 1916 F95
    |--H. longespicata Sleum. 1939 F95
    |--H. macrostachya Laut. 1913 F95
    |--H. microneura White 1939 [incl. H. arguta Sleum. 1939] F95
    |--H. microphylla Diels 1916 [incl. H. microcarpa Sleum. 1955] F95
    |--H. neglecta Diels ex Sleum. 1939 F95
    |--H. obtusata Sleum. 1939 [incl. H. clemensiae Sleum. 1939] F95
    |--H. odorata Diels 1916 F95
    |--H. olivacea Sleum. 1939 F95
    |--H. oreadum Diels 1916 (see below for synonymy) F95
    |--H. pallescens Diels 1916 F95
    |--H. peekelii Laut. 1911 F95
    |--H. peltata White 1929 F95
    |--H. platyphylla Sleum. 1939 F95
    |--H. polyosmoides Foreman 1985 F95
    |--H. retevenia Sleum. 1939 F95
    |--H. retusa Foreman 1985 F95
    |--H. rostrata Foreman 1985 F95
    |--H. saruwagedica Sleum. 1939 F95
    |--H. saurauioides Sleum. 1955 F95
    |--H. schlechteri Laut. in Sch. & Laut. 1905 F95
    |--H. sellae-montis Sleum. 1939 F95
    |--H. stelechantha Diels 1916 F95
    |--H. subcordata Foreman 1985 F95
    |--H. torricellensis Laut. in Sch. & Laut. 1905 F95
    |--H. uganensis Diels ex Sleum. 1939 F95
    `--H. wollastonii Ridl. 1916 F95

Helicia oreadum Diels 1916 [incl. H. phaeotricha Diels 1916, H. purpurascens Sleum. 1955, H. validinervis White 1922] F95

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F95] Foreman, D. B. 1995. Proteaceae. In: Conn, B. J. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 3 pp. 221–270. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Australia).

[MM09] Mound, L. A., & M. Masumoto. 2009. Australian Thripinae of the Anaphothrips genus-group (Thysanoptera), with three new genera and thirty-three new species. Zootaxa 2042: 1–76.

Last updated: 27 July 2017.

Grevillea

Silky oak Grevillea robusta in flower, photographed by Jan Smith.

Belongs within: Grevilleoideae.

Grevillea is a genus of about 270 species of trees and shrubs found in Australia and New Guinea. Outlying species are also found on Sulawesia and New Caledonia. Of the three species found in New Guinea, G. baileyana and G. glauca are shared with northern Australia whereas G. papuana is endemic to New Guinea (Foreman 1995). Some species are popular garden plants for their bright comb-like flowers. One such species is the largest member of the genus, the silky oak G. robusta, a native of coastal eastern Australia growing to over 30 m in height.

Characters (from Foreman 1995): Leaves spiralled to alternate, simple or pinnate, usually with differentiated upper and lower surfaces. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, panicles or raceme-like, sometimes with flowers borne on one side. Peduncles absent. Indumentum adpressed, hairs 2-branched or appearing to be attached near the middle. Flowers bisexual, pedicellate, in pairs, subtended by small, non-persisting bract; floral bracts absent. Perianth mostly recurved; limb oblique, globular, segments coherent at limb for some time after tube splits open. Anthers all perfect, ovate or oblong, sessile in concave limb segments; connective not usually prolonged. Disc fleshy, semi-annular or annular, mostly entire or sometimes more or less bilobed. Ovary shortly stipitate or sessile, 1-locular; ovules 2, hemitropous, attached laterally; style often elongated, protruding from slit on lower side of tube, retained for some time by coherent limb segments, eventually free; pollen presenter more or less dilated, straight, oblique or lateral and disc-like; stigma usually in centre of pollen presenter. Fruit a follicle, coriaceous to woody. Seeds 1 or 2, flat, orbicular or oblong, winged all around or occasionally wingless.

Grevillea
    |--G. acuaria G04b
    |--G. adenotricha LK14
    |--G. agrifolia LK14
    |    |--G. a. ssp. agrifolia LK14
    |    `--G. a. ssp. microcarpa LK14
    |--G. anethifolia G04b
    |--G. arenaria T08
    |    |--G. a. var. arenaria T08
    |    `--G. a. var. canescens T08
    |--G. aspleniifolia H90
    |--G. baileyana McGillivray 1993 (see below for synonymy) F95
    |--G. banksii A91
    |--G. bipinnatifida S35
    |--G. bracteosa B00
    |--G. brownii GK00
    |--G. cagiana G04b
    |--G. caleyi H90
    |--G. chrysodendron C16
    |--G. cirsiifolia M87
    |--G. cravenii LK14
    |--G. cunninghamii LK14
    |--G. decipiens G04b
    |--G. depauperata GK00
    |--G. dimidiata LK14
    |--G. diversifolia GK00
    |--G. donaldiana LK14
    |--G. dryandri LK14
    |--G. erectiloba G04a
    |--G. eriostachya M93
    |--G. eryngioides H18
    |--G. erythroclada LK14
    |--G. fasciculata GK00
    |--G. georgeana G04a
    |--G. glauca Knight 1809 [incl. G. gibbosa Brown 1810] F95
    |--G. goodii M87
    |--G. heliosperma LK14
    |--G. helmsiana H15
    |--G. huegelii G04b
    |--G. ilicifolia R35
    |--G. insignis G04b
    |    |--G. i. ssp. insignis G04b
    |    `--G. i. ssp. elliotii G04b
    |--G. integrifolia S95
    |--G. juncifolia MLP09
    |--G. juniperina B00
    |--G. lanigera G76
    |--G. latifolia LK14
    |--G. laurifolia M87
    |--G. leptobotrys GK00
    |--G. linearis C08
    |--G. longifolia H90
    |--G. lullfitzii G04b
    |--G. maherae LK14
    |--G. microstyla LK14
    |--G. mimosoides LK14
    |--G. monticola LK00
    |--G. myosodes LK14
    |--G. nematophylla G04b
    |--G. obliquistigma G04a
    |--G. paniculata S95
    |--G. papuana Diels 1916 [incl. G. subargentea White 1922] F95
    |--G. paradoxa G04a
    |--G. parallela LK14
    |--G. petrophiloides S95
    |--G. pilosa G04b
    |--G. pilulifera GK00
    |--G. polystachya C16
    |--G. prasina LK14
    |--G. pritzelii S95
    |--G. pteridifolia LK14
    |--G. pterosperma CC03
    |--G. pulchella GK00
    |--G. punicea NC91
    |--G. pyramidalis LK14
    |    |--G. p. ssp. pyramidalis LK14
    |    `--G. p. ssp. leucadendron LK14
    |--G. quercifolia GK00
    |--G. refracta LK14
    |--G. renwickiana von Mueller 1887 M87
    |--G. repens M87
    |--G. robusta SK02
    |--G. sarissa CC03
    |--G. scabra LK00
    |--G. sericea H87
    |--G. stenobotrya B05
    |--G. striata C16
    |--G. trinervis C08
    |--G. wickhamii LK14
    |    |--G. w. ssp. wickhamii LK14
    |    `--G. w. ssp. pallida LK14
    `--G. wilsonii GL04

Grevillea baileyana McGillivray 1993 [incl. G. edelfeltii Muell. 1885 (n. n.), Kermadecia pinnatifida Bailey 1886, G. pinnatifida (Bailey) Bailey 1886 non Jacques 1843] F95

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A91] Abbott, I. 1991. Annual activity of a population of Catasarcus asphaltinus Thompson (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Perth, Western Australia. Australian Entomological Magazine 18 (1): 21–24.

[B05] Beard, J. S. 2005. Drainage evolution in the Lake Disappointment Catchment, Western Australia—a discussion. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (2): 57–64.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[C16] Cambage, R. H. 1916. Notes on the native flora of tropical Queensland. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (3): 389–447, pls 57–61.

[CC03] Craig, M. D., & A. Chapman. 2003. Effects of short-term drought on the avifauna of Wanjarri Nature Reserve: what do they tell us about drought refugia? Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 86 (4): 133–137.

[F95] Foreman, D. B. 1995. Proteaceae. In: Conn, B. J. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 3 pp. 221–270. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Australia).

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[GL04] Groom, P. K., & B. B. Lamont. 2004. Fruit and seed development in two Hakea species (Proteaceae). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (4): 135–138.

[G76] Gross, G. F. 1976. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part II. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H87] Haviland, E. 1887. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. I—List of plants indigenous in the neighbourhood of Sydney, flowering during July. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1049–1051.

[H15] Hedley, C. 1915. Presidential address. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (1): 1–77, pls 1–7.

[H18] Houston, T. 2018. A Guide to Native Bees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing.

[LK00] Lowrie, A., & K. F. Kenneally. 2000. Three new species of Stylidium (Stylidiaceae) from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 13: 293–302.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MLP09] McKenzie, N. L., S. van Leeuwen & A. M. Pinder. 2009. Introduction to the Pilbara Biodiversity Survey, 2002–2007. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 3–89.

[M93] Mollemans, F. H. 1993. Drummondita wilsonii, Philotheca langei and P. basistyla (Rutaceae), new species from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 9: 95–109.

[M87] Mueller, F. von. 1887. Some hitherto undescribed plants of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1105–1110.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.

[S95] Smith, G. T. 1995. Species richness, habitat and conservation of scorpions in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 55–66.

[S35] Solomon, M. E. 1935. On a new genus and two new species of Western Australian Aleyrodidae. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 21: 75–91.

[SK02] Sumithramma, N., A. R. V. Kumar, K. Chandrashekara & D. Rajagopal. 2002. Plant selection for nesting by Oecophylla smaragdina, Hymenoptera: Formicidae: do physical features affect the choice of the plant? Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 408–412.

[T08] Turner, F. 1908. Notes and exhibits. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 288.

Last updated: 23 March 2021.