Polyporales

Hyphoderma setigerum, copyright Heino Lepp.

Belongs within: Homobasidiomycetes.
Contains: Ganodermataceae, Polyporus, Phlebia.

The Polyporales are a diverse clade of fungi supported by molecular data, commonly associated with rotting wood, some species of which cause economic damage to timber and/or living hardwoods. Many familiar members of this clade produce perennial, bracket-shaped fruiting bodies but others produce more ephemeral fruiting bodies or grow as crust-like forms without discrete fruiting bodies.

See also: The colours of rot.

Polyporales [Polyporaceae] AHR03
    |  i. s.: Coriolopsis rigida AS12, AHR03
    |         Donkioporia expansa AS12, BH05
    |--+--+--+--Tyromyces BH05
    |  |  |  |    |--T. albogilvus AHR03
    |  |  |  |    `--T. chioneus BH05
    |  |  |  `--Skeletocutis BH05
    |  |  |       |--S. amorpha BH05
    |  |  |       `--S. subincarnata BH05
    |  |  `--+--+--‘Trametes’ versicolor BH05
    |  |     |  `--Sparassis BH05
    |  |     |       |--S. brevipes BH05
    |  |     |       |--S. crispa LK04
    |  |     |       `--S. spathulata BH05
    |  |     `--+--+--Diplomitoporus BH05
    |  |        |  |    |--D. crustulinus BH05
    |  |        |  |    `--D. lindbladii BH05
    |  |        |  `--+--‘Dendrocorticium’ sulphurellum BH05
    |  |        |     `--Dendrodontia BH05
    |  |        `--+--+--Lenzites BH05
    |  |           |  |    |--L. betulina BH05
    |  |           |  |    `--L. salpiara J87
    |  |           |  `--+--Pycnoporus BH05
    |  |           |     |    |--P. cinnabarinus BH05
    |  |           |     |    `--P. sanguineus AHR03
    |  |           |     `--+--+--Ganodermataceae BH05
    |  |           |        |  `--+--Grammothele fuligo BH05
    |  |           |        |     `--+--‘Polyporus’ arcularius BH05
    |  |           |        |        `--Lentinus BH05
    |  |           |        |             |--L. crinitus AHR03
    |  |           |        |             `--L. tigrinus BH05
    |  |           |        `--+--Polyporus BH05
    |  |           |           `--+--Daedaleopsis confragosa BH05
    |  |           |              `--+--+--Cryptoporus volvatus BH05
    |  |           |                 |  `--Perenniporia [Perenniporiaceae] BH05
    |  |           |                 |       |--P. inflexibilis AHR03
    |  |           |                 |       |--P. martius AHR03
    |  |           |                 |       `--P. medulla-panis BH05
    |  |           |                 `--Fomes BH05
    |  |           |                      |--F. fasciatus AHR03
    |  |           |                      |--F. fomentarius BH05
    |  |           |                      |--F. fraxineus PHK96
    |  |           |                      |--F. grenadensis J87
    |  |           |                      |--F. pinicola D90
    |  |           |                      |--F. robiniae D90
    |  |           |                      `--F. subroseus J87
    |  |           `--+--Junghuhnia subundata BH05
    |  |              `--+--Trametes BH05
    |  |                 |    |--T. elegans AHR03
    |  |                 |    |--T. gibbosa B30
    |  |                 |    |--T. hirsuta LK04
    |  |                 |    |--T. lactinea AHR03
    |  |                 |    |--T. membranacea AHR03
    |  |                 |    |--T. menziezii AHR03
    |  |                 |    |--T. modesta AHR03
    |  |                 |    |--T. pavonia AHR03
    |  |                 |    |--T. suaveolens BH05
    |  |                 |    `--T. villosa AHR03
    |  |                 `--+--Wolfiporia cocos BH05
    |  |                    `--‘Physalacria’ inflata BH05
    |  `--+--+--Neolentiporus maculatissimus BH05
    |     |  `--+--Daedalea BH05
    |     |     |    |--D. quercina BH05
    |     |     |    `--D. sprucei AHR03
    |     |     `--+--‘Antrodia’ serialis BH05
    |     |        `--+--Piptoporus betulinus BH05
    |     |           `--Fomitopsis JK06
    |     |                |--F. nivosa AHR03
    |     |                `--F. pinicola JK06
    |     `--+--+--Parmastomyces transmutans BH05
    |        |  `--+--+--Laetiporus sulphureus BH05
    |        |     |  `--Phaeolus schweinitzii BH05
    |        |     `--+--Pycnoporellus BH05
    |        |        |    |--P. alboluteus B14
    |        |        |    `--P. fulgens BH05
    |        |        `--Grifola JK06
    |        |             |--G. frondosa JK06
    |        |             `--G. sordulenta JK06
    |        `--+--+--Cyphella [Cyphellaceae] BH05
    |           |  |    `--*C. digitalis BH05
    |           |  `--Antrodia BH05
    |           |       |--A. xantha BH05
    |           |       `--+--A. carbonica BH05
    |           |          `--+--‘Phlebia’ griseoflavescens BH05
    |           |             `--‘Oligoporus’ placentus BH05
    |           `--+--+--Auriporia aurea BH05
    |              |  `--Amylocystis lapponica BH05
    |              `--+--+--Ischnoderma benzoinum BH05
    |                 |  `--Dacryobolus Fries 1849 BH05, C59
    |                 |       |--D. karstenii BH05
    |                 |       `--D. sudans BH05
    |                 `--Oligoporus BH05
    |                      |  i. s.: O. leucospongia B14
    |                      |--O. caesius BH05
    |                      `--+--O. rennyi BH05
    |                         `--+--+--O. balsameus BH05 [=Postia balsamea HB02]
    |                            |  `--Climacocystis BH05
    |                            `--+--O. lacteus BH05
    |                               `--O. leucomallelus BH05 [=Postia leucomallela HB02]
    `--+--+--‘Candelabrochaete’ africana BH05
       |  `--+--+--Gelatoporia pannocincta BH05
       |     |  `--+--‘Mycoacia’ fuscoatra BH05
       |     |     `--+--‘Phanerochaete’ chrysorhiza BH05
       |     |        `--+--Scopuloides hydnoides BH05
       |     |           `--Phlebia BH05
       |     `--+--+--Bjerkandera BH05
       |        |  |    |--B. adusta BH05
       |        |  |    `--B. fumosa LJ03
       |        |  `--+--+--‘Sistotrema’ musicola BH05
       |        |     |  `--Phanerochaete [Phanerochaetales] BH05
       |        |     |       |--P. chrysosporium JK06
       |        |     |       `--P. sordida BH05
       |        |     `--+--+--Pulcherricium caeruleum BH05
       |        |        |  `--‘Phlebia’ deflectens BH05
       |        |        `--+--Phlebiopsis gigantea BH05
       |        |           `--Hapalopilus nidulans BH05
       |        `--+--+--+--‘Phlebia’ lilascens BH05
       |           |  |  `--Ceraceomyces BH05
       |           |  |       |--C. eludens BH05
       |           |  |       |--C. microsporus BH05
       |           |  |       `--C. tessulatus BH05
       |           |  `--+--‘Ceraceomyces’ serpens BH05
       |           |     `--+--+--‘Phlebia’ albomellea BH05
       |           |        |  `--‘Phlebia’ nitidula BH05
       |           |        `--+--Cystidiodontia isabellina BH05
       |           |           `--Ceriporiopsis subvermispora BH05
       |           `--+--+--‘Ceriporia’ viridans BH05
       |              |  `--+--Byssomerulis corium BH05
       |              |     `--Gloeoporus BH05
       |              |          |--G. taxicola BH05
       |              |          `--G. thelephoroides AHR03
       |              `--+--‘Ceriporia’ purpurea BH05
       |                 `--+--Leptoporus mollis BH05
       |                    `--+--‘Phlebia’ centrifuga BH05
       |                       `--+--Lindtneria trachyspora BH05
       |                          `--Cristinia BH05
       `--+--+--+--Junghuhnia nitida BH05
          |  |  `--‘Antrodiella’ semisupina BH05
          |  `--+--+--+--‘Albatrellus’ syringae BH05
          |     |  |  `--‘Phlebia’ queletii BH05
          |     |  `--+--Ceriporiopsis gilvescens BH05
          |     |     `--+--Steccherinum fimbriatum BH05
          |     |        `--‘Phanerochaete’ sanguinea BH05
          |     `--+--Antrodiella BH05
          |        |    |--A. americana BH05
          |        |    |--A. hydrophila AHR03
          |        |    |--A. liebmannii AHR03
          |        |    `--A. romellii BH05
          |        `--+--Panus rudis BH05
          |           `--Spongipellis BH05
          |                |--S. pachyodon BH05
          |                `--S. unicolor SSW01
          `--+--+--‘Hypochnicium’ polonense BH05
             |  `--+--Abortiporus biennis BH05
             |     `--Podoscyphaceae BH05
             |          |--Podoscypha petalodes BH05
             |          |--Cymatoderma caperatum BH05
             |          `--Caripia [incl. Hypolyssus Persoon 1825] RS99
             |               `--‘*Hypolyssus’ undulatus Persoon 1825 RS99
             `--+--+--‘Phlebia’ bresadolae BH05
                |  `--Hypochnicium BH05
                |       |--H. cystidiatum BH05
                |       |--H. eichleri BH05
                |       `--H. geogenium BH05
                `--+--+--Meripilus giganteus BH05
                   |  `--Physisporinus sanguinolentus BH05
                   `--Hyphoderma BH05
                        |  i. s.: H. guttuliferum BH05
                        |         H. incrustatum BH05
                        |         H. nemorale BH05
                        |         H. obtusum BH05
                        |         H. occidentale BH05
                        |         H. roseocremeum BH05
                        |--H. definitum BH05
                        `--+--H. nudicephalum BH05
                           `--H. setigerum BH05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[AHR03] Aime, M. C., T. W. Henkel & L. Ryvarden. 2003. Studies in neotropical polypores 15: new and interesting species from Guyana. Mycologia 95 (4): 614–619.

[BH05] Binder, M., D. S. Hibbett, K.-H. Larsson, E. Larsson, E. Langer & G. Langer. 2005. The phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms across the major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes). Systematics and Biodiversity 3 (2): 113–157.

[B30] Bose, S. R. 1930. The biology of wood-rotting fungi. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 33.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C59] Cunningham, G. H. 1959. Hydnaceae of New Zealand. Part II.—The genus Odontia. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 65–103, pl. 10.

[D90] Dybas, H. S. 1990. Insecta: Coleoptera Ptiliidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1093–1112. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[HB02] Hibbett, D. S., & M. Binder. 2002. Evolution of complex fruiting-body morphologies in homobasidiomycetes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 269: 1963–1969.

[JK06] James, T. Y., F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter, C. J. Cox, G. Celio, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, J. Miadlikowska, H. T. Lumbsch, A. Rauhut, V. Reeb, A. E. Arnold, A. Amtoft, J. E. Stajich, K. Hosaka, G.-H. Sung, D. Johnson, B. O'Rourke, M. Crockett, M. Binder, J. M. Curtis, J. C. Slot, Z. Wang, A. W. Wilson, A. Schüßler, J. E. Longcore, K. O'Donnell, S. Mozley-Standridge, D. Porter, P. M. Letcher, M. J. Powell, J. W. Taylor, M. M. White, G. W. Griffith, D. R. Davies, R. A. Humber, J. B. Morton, J. Sugiyama, A. Y. Rossman, J. D. Rogers, D. H. Pfister, D. Hewitt, K. Hansen, S. Hambleton, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, R. A. Spotts, M. Serdani, P. W. Crous, K. W. Hughes, K. Matsuura, E. Langer, G. Langer, W. A. Untereiner, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, D. M. Geiser, A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, I. Schmitt, M. Schultz, R. Yahr, D. S. Hibbett, F. Lutzoni, D. J. McLaughlin, J. W. Spatafora & R. Vilgalys. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818–822.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LJ03] Lim, Y. W., & H. S. Jung. 2003. Irpex hydnoides, sp. nov. is new to science, based on morphological, cultural and molecular characters. Mycologia 95 (4): 694–699.

[LK04] Lutzoni, F., F. Kauff, C. J. Cox, D. McLaughlin, G. Celio, B. Dentinger, M. Padamsee, D. Hibbett, T. Y. James, E. Baloch, M. Grube, V. Reeb, V. Hofstetter, C. Schoch, A. E. Arnold, J. Miadlikowska, J. Spatafora, D. Johnson, S. Hambleton, M. Crockett, R. Shoemaker, G.-H. Sung, R. Lücking, T. Lumbsch, K. O'Donnell, M. Binder, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, C. Gueidan, K. Hansen, R. C. Harris, K. Hosaka, Y.-W. Lim, B. Matheny, H. Nishida, D. Pfister, J. Rogers, A. Rossman, I. Schmitt, H. Sipman, J. Stone, J. Sugiyama, R. Yahr & R. Vilgalys. 2004. Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1446–1480.

[PHK96] Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.

[SSW01] Schüßler, A., D. Schwarzott & C. Walker. 2001. A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycological Research 105 (12): 1413–1421.

Phlebia

Phlebia radiata, copyright Jacy.

Belongs within: Polyporales.

Phlebia is a genus of corticioid (crust-like) fungi with basidia forming a dense palisade on the hymenium, and associated with a white rot (Binder et al. 2005).

<==Phlebia
    |  i. s.: P. albida RS99
    |         P. merismoides B14
    |         P. subochracea BH05
    |--+--+--P. chrysocreas BH05
    |  |  `--P. uda BH05
    |  `--+--P. subserialis BH05
    |     `--+--P. livida BH05
    |        `--+--‘Mycoacia’ aurea BH05
    |           `--Phlebiella HB02
    |                |--P. griseofulva HB02
    |                `--P. pseudotsugae BH05
    `--+--+--Climacodon septentrionalis BH05
       |  `--‘Candelabrochaete’ septocystidia HB02
       `--+--P. tremellosa BH05
          `--+--P. radiata BH05
             `--+--+--P. acerina BH05
                |  `--P. rufa BH05
                `--+--P. lindtneri BH05
                   `--P. rufa BH05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BH05] Binder, M., D. S. Hibbett, K.-H. Larsson, E. Larsson, E. Langer & G. Langer. 2005. The phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms across the major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes). Systematics and Biodiversity 3 (2): 113–157.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[HB02] Hibbett, D. S., & M. Binder. 2002. Evolution of complex fruiting-body morphologies in homobasidiomycetes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 269: 1963–1969.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.

Georgefischeriales

Jamesdicksonia brunkii on Dichanthium sericeum, from Roger Shivas. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Belongs within: Ustilaginomycotina.

The Georgefischeriales are a clade of smut fungi, most species of which occur on grasses.

Characters (from Bauer et al. 2001): Local interaction zones present; septa poreless. Haustoria or other intracellular fungal organs absent. Mostly on grasses; generally sporulating in vegetative part of host. Teliospore masses usually not powdery; sori usually not exposed by rupture of host tissues.

Georgefischeriales
    |  i. s.: ‘Tilletiopsis’ minor BB01
    |         ‘Entyloma’ majus BB01
    |         ‘Entyloma’ parvum BB01
    |--Eballistra Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 [Eballistraceae] BB01
    |    |--*E. oryzae (Sydow & Sydow) Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 [=Entyloma oryzae Sydow & Sydow 1914] BB01
    |    |--E. brachiariae (Viégas) Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 [=Melanotaenium brachiariae Viégas 1944] BB01
    |    `--E. lineata (Cooke) Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 [=Ustilago lineata Cooke 1882, Entyloma lineatum] BB01
    |--Tilletiariaceae BB01
    |    |--Tilletiaria anomala BB01
    |    |--Tolyposporella chrysopogonis BB01
    |    |--Phragmotaenium Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 BB01
    |    |    `--*P. indicum (Vánky, Patil & Sharma) Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) BB01
    |    `--Tilletiopsis BB01
    |         |--T. flava BB01
    |         `--T. fulvescens BB01
    `--Georgefischeriaceae BB01
         |--Georgefischeria riveae BB01
         `--Jamesdicksonia Thirum., Pavgi & Payak 1960 BB01
              |--*J. obesa (Sydow & Sydow) Thirum., Pavgi & Payak 1960 BB01
              |--J. brunkii (Ellis & Galloway) Walker & Shivas 1998 BB01
              |--J. dactylidis (Pass.) Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) BB01
              |--J. eleochartis (Sawada) Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) BB01
              |--J. irregularis (Johanson) Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 [=Entyloma irregulare Johanson 1884] BB01
              |--J. ischaemiana (Thirum. & Pavgi) Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) BB01
              `--J. scirpicola (Thirum. & Dicks) Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) BB01

Jamesdicksonia dactylidis (Pass.) Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 [=Thecaphora dactylidis Pass. 1876, Entyloma dactylidis] BB01

Jamesdicksonia eleochartis (Sawada) Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 [=Ustilago eleocharidis Sawada 1943, Entyloma eleochartis, E. eleocharidis (l. c.)] BB01

Jamesdicksonia ischaemiana (Thirum. & Pavgi) Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 [=Melanotaenium ischaemianum Thirum. & Pavgi 1967] BB01

Jamesdicksonia scirpicola (Thirum. & Dicks) Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 [=Entyloma scirpicola Thirum. & Dicks 1949] BB01

*Phragmotaenium indicum (Vánky, Patil & Sharma) Bauer, Begerow et al. 2001 [=Melanotaenium indicum Vánky, Patil & Sharma 1997] BB01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB01] Bauer, R., D. Begerow, A. Nagler & F. Oberwinkler. 2001. The Georgefischeriales: A phylogenetic hypothesis. Mycological Research 105 (4): 416-424.

Tremella

Tremella fuciformis, photographed by Eduardo A. Esquivel Rios.

Belongs within: Tremellales.

Tremella is a genus of fungi parasitic on other fungi. Fruiting bodies, when present, are gelatinous; many species also have an anamorphic yeast form.

Characters (from R. J. Bandoni): Sporocarps conidial or basidial; conidia not arising as conjugating pairs; basidia typically single, terminal, rarely catenate and virtually always producing epibasidia and ballistospores; basidiospores mostly abstricted forcibly.

Tremella
    |--T. caloceraticola KS01
    |--T. encephala KS01
    |--T. exigua KS01
    |--T. foliacea KS01
    |--T. fuciformis KS01
    |--T. giraffa KS01
    |--T. globispora KS01
    |--T. mesenterica KS01
    |--T. microspora KS01
    |--T. moriformis KS01
    |--T. mycophaga KS01
    |    |--T. m. var. mycophaga KS01
    |    `--T. m. var. obscura KS01
    |--T. neofoliacea KS01
    |--T. nivalis KS01
    |--T. occultiferoidea KS01
    |--T. penetrans KS01
    |--T. simplex KS01
    `--T. taiwanensis KS01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[KS01] Kirschner, R., J. P. Sampaio, M. Gadanho, M. Weiß & F. Oberwinkler. 2001. Cuniculitrema polymorpha (Tremellales, gen. nov. and sp. nov.), a heterobasidiomycete vectored by bark beetles, which is the teleomorph of Sterigmatosporidium polymorphum. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 80: 149-161.

Lactarius

Lactarius scrobiculatus var. pubescens, from here.

Belongs within: Russulales.

Lactarius is a genus of fungi producing mushroom-like fruiting bodies with an abundant latex. Molecular analysis indicates that the gasteroid genera Arcangeliella and Zelleromyces are nested within Lactarius (Miller et al. 2001).

Characters (from Miller et al. 2001): Basidiome with an abundant latex, radially arranged lamellae, a pileus, a well developed stipe, heteromerous tissue composed of sphaerocytes and filamentous hyphae, relatively few sphaerocytes (especially in lamellae), amyloid ornamentation on basidiospores.

Lactarius Gray 1821 MM01
    |  i. s.: L. chrysorrheus NU03
    |         L. corrugis HB02
    |         L. volemus HB02
    |--+--L. (sect. Lactifluus, subsect. Albati) deceptivus MM01
    |  `--L. sect. Panuoidei [=Pleurogala Redhead & Norvell 1993] MM02
    |       `--L. panuoides MM02
    `--+--L. (sect. Lactifluus subsect. Allardii) peckii MM01
       |--L. (sect. Piperites subsect. Scrobiculati) scrobiculatus MM01
       |    |--L. s. var. scrobiculatus MM01
       |    `--L. s. var. pubescens MM01
       |--L. sect. Plinthogalus MM01
       |    |--L. (subsect. Fumosi) fumosus MM01
       |    `--L. (subsect. Plinthogalus) lignyotellus MM01
       `--+--‘Zelleromyces’ sculptisporus MM01
          |--L. (sect. Lactarius subsect. Lactarius) subpurpureus MM01
          |--Arcangeliella MM01
          |    |--A. parva MM01
          |    `--A. variegata MM01
          `--+--L. (sect. Piperites subsect. Aspideinii) speciosus MM01
             `--+--L. (sect. Russularia subsect. Russularia) subdulcis MM01
                `--Zelleromyces MM01
                     |--Z. daucinus MM01
                     |--Z. stephensii BB02
                     `--Z. striatus MM01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB02] Binder, M., & A. Bresinsky. 2002. Derivation of a polymorphic lineage of Gasteromycetes from boletoid ancestors. Mycologia 94 (1): 85-98.

[HB02] Hibbett, D. S., & M. Binder. 2002. Evolution of complex fruiting-body morphologies in homobasidiomycetes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 269: 1963-1969.

[MM01] Miller, S. L., T. M. McClean, J. F. Walker & B. Buyck. 2001. A molecular phylogeny of the Russulales including agaricoid, gasteroid and pleurotoid taxa. Mycologia 93 (2): 344-354.

[NU03] Nagao, H., S. Udagawa, N. L. Bougher, A. Suzuki & I. C. Tommerup. 2003. The genus Thecotheus (Pezizales) in Australia: T. urinamans sp. nov. from urea-treated jarrah (Eucalyptus marginatus) forest. Mycologia 95 (4): 688-693.

Coprinellus

Fairy ink cap Coprinellus disseminatus, from here.

Belongs within: Psathyrellaceae.

Coprinellus is a genus of lignicolous, terrestrial or coprophilous species of coprinoid mushrooms.

Characters (from Redhead et al. 2001): Veil (usually of globular cells) present and/or bearing superficial lageniform to bulbous-based filament-bearing cells (setulae) converted into secretory round-tipped pileocystidia; lamellae and pileus fully, partially, or non-deliquescent during sporulation, if non-deliquescent some have geotropic lamellae, otherwise lamellae ageotropic; pleurocystidia present or absent, sometimes concentrated towards margins; pileus membranous or fleshy or very fragile; basidia di-, tri-, or tetramorphic. Ozonium present or absent.

Coprinellus Karsten 1879 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--*C. deliquescens (Bulliard: Fries) Karsten 1879 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. amphithallus (Lange & Smith) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. angulatus (Peck) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. aokii (Hongo) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus aokii Hongo 1966] RV01
    |--C. aureogranulatus (Uljé & Aptroot) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. bisporiger (Orton) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 1976 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. bisporus (Lange) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. brevisetulosus (Arnolds) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. callinus (Lange & Smith) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. congregatus (Bulliard: Fries) Karsten 1879 RV01
    |--C. curtus (Kalchbrenner) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. digitalis (Batsch) Karsten 1879 RV01
    |--C. dilectus (Fries) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. disseminatus (Persoon: Fries) Lange 1938 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. domesticus (Bolton: Fries) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. ellisii (Orton) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. ephemerus (Bulliard: Fries) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. eurysporus (Lange & Smith) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. fallax (Lange & Smith) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. fimbriatus (Berkeley & Broome) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. flocculosus (De Candolle) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. furfurellus (Berkeley & Broome) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. hemerobius (Fries) Karsten 1879 RV01
    |--C. heptemerus (Lange & Smith) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. heterosetulosus (Watling) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. heterothrix (Kühner) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. hiascens (Fries: Fries) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. impatiens (Fries: Fries) Lange 1938 RV01
    |--C. marculentus (Britzelmayr) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. micaceus (Bulliard: Fries) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. pellucidus (Karsten) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. phyllophilus (Karsten) Karsten 1879 RV01
    |--C. plagioporus (Romagnesi) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. proximellus (Karsten) Karsten 1879 RV01
    |--C. pyrrhanthes (Romagnesi) Redhead,  Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. radians (Desmazières) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. rapidus (Fries) Karsten 1879 RV01
    |--C. sassii (Lange & Smith) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. sceptrum (Jungh.) Karsten 1879 RV01
    |--C. schroeteri (Karsten) Karsten 1879 RV01
    |--C. sclerocystidiosus (Lange & Smith) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. singularis (Uljé) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. sororius Karsten 1881 RV01
    |--C. subdisseminatus (Lange) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. subimpatiens (Lange & Smith) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. subpurpureus (Smith) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. tardus (Karsten) Karsten 1879 RV01
    |--‘Coprinus’ tomentosus [=C. lagopus var. tomentosus, *Lentispora tomentosa] RV01
    |--C. truncorum (Scopoli: Fries) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--C. velaris (Fries) Karsten 1879 RV01
    |--C. velatopruinatus (Bender) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    |--‘Pseudocoprinus’ venustus McKnight & Allison 1969 RV01
    |--C. verrucispermus (Josserand & Enderle) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01
    `--C. xanthothrix (Romagnesi) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 (see below for synonymy) RV01

Coprinellus Karsten 1879 [incl. Coprinusella (Peck) Zerov 1979 (nom. inv.), Ephemerocybe Fayod 1889, Lentispora Fayod 1889, Pseudocoprinus Kühner 1928] RV01

Coprinellus amphithallus (Lange & Smith) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus amphithallus Lange & Smith 1953] RV01

Coprinellus angulatus (Peck) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus angulatus Peck 1873] RV01

Coprinellus aureogranulatus (Uljé & Aptroot) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus aureogranulatus Uljé & Aptroot in Uljé, Aptroot & van Iperen 1998] RV01

Coprinellus bisporiger (Orton) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 1976 [=Coprinus bisporiger Orton 1976] RV01

Coprinellus bisporus (Lange) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus bisporus Lange 1915] RV01

Coprinellus brevisetulosus (Arnolds) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus brevisetulosus Arnolds 1982] RV01

Coprinellus callinus (Lange & Smith) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus callinus Lange & Smith 1953] RV01

Coprinellus curtus (Kalchbrenner) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus curtus Kalchbrenner in Thümen 1876] RV01

*Coprinellus deliquescens (Bulliard: Fries) Karsten 1879 [=Agaricus deliquescens; incl. Coprinus silvaticus, Coprinusella silvatica (Peck) Zerov 1979 (nom. inv.)] RV01

Coprinellus dilectus (Fries) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus dilectus Fries 1838] RV01

Coprinellus disseminatus (Persoon: Fries) Lange 1938 [=Coprinarius disseminarus (Persoon: Fries) Quélet 1886, Coprinellus disseminata, Coprinus disseminatus, Psathyrella disseminatus, *Pseudocoprinus disseminatus (Persoon: Fries) Kühner 1928] RV01

Coprinellus domesticus (Bolton: Fries) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Agaricus domesticus Bolton 1788] RV01

Coprinellus ellisii (Orton) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus ellisii Orton 1960] RV01

Coprinellus ephemerus (Bulliard: Fries) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Agaricus ephemerus Bulliard 1792, Coprinus ephemerus, *Ephemerocybe ephemera] RV01

Coprinellus fallax (Lange & Smith) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus fallax Lange & Smith 1953] RV01

Coprinellus fimbriatus (Berkeley & Broome) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus fimbriatus Berkeley & Broome 1871] RV01

Coprinellus flocculosus (De Candolle) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Agaricus flocculosus De Candolle 1815] RV01

Coprinellus furfurellus (Berkeley & Broome) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Agaricus furfurellus Berkeley & Broome 1871] RV01

Coprinellus heptemerus (Lange & Smith) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus heptemerus Lange & Smith 1953] RV01

Coprinellus heterosetulosus (Watling) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus heterosetulosus Watling in Orton 1976] RV01

Coprinellus heterothrix (Kühner) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus heterothrix Kühner 1957] RV01

Coprinellus hiascens (Fries: Fries) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Agaricus hiascens Fries 1821] RV01

Coprinellus marculentus (Britzelmayr) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus marculentus Britzelmayr 1893] RV01

Coprinellus micaceus (Bulliard: Fries) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Agaricus micaceus Bulliard 1786, Coprinus micaceus] RV01

Coprinellus pellucidus (Karsten) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus pellucidus Karsten 1882] RV01

Coprinellus plagioporus (Romagnesi) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus plagioporus Romagnesi 1941] RV01

Coprinellus pyrrhanthes (Romagnesi) Redhead,  Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus pyrrhanthes Romagnesi 1951] RV01

Coprinellus radians (Desmazières) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Agaricus radians Desmazières 1828] RV01

Coprinellus sassii (Lange & Smith) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus sassii Lange & Smith 1953] RV01

Coprinellus sclerocystidiosus (Lange & Smith) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus sclerocystidiosus Lange & Smith 1953] RV01

Coprinellus singularis (Uljé) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus singularis Uljé 1988] RV01

Coprinellus subdisseminatus (Lange) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus subdisseminatus Lange in Lange & Smith 1953] RV01

Coprinellus subimpatiens (Lange & Smith) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus subimpatiens Lange & Smith 1953] RV01

Coprinellus subpurpureus (Smith) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus subpurpureus Smith 1948] RV01

Coprinellus truncorum (Scopoli: Fries) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Agaricus truncorum Scopoli 1772] RV01

Coprinellus velatopruinatus (Bender) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus velatopruinatus Bender 1989] RV01

Coprinellus verrucispermus (Josserand & Enderle) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus verrucispermus Josserand & Enderle in Bender & Enderle 1988] RV01

Coprinellus xanthothrix (Romagnesi) Vilgalys, Hopple & Johnson in Redhead, Vilgalys et al. 2001 [=Coprinus xanthothrix Romagnesi 1941] RV01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[RV01] Redhead, S. A., R. Vilgalys, J.-M. Moncalvo, J. Johnson & J. S Hopple Jr. 2001. Coprinus Pers. and the disposition of Coprinus species sensu lato. Taxon 50: 203-241.

Bensingtonia

Vegetative cells of Bensingtonia sorbi, from Wang et al. (2003). Scale bar = 10 µm.

Belongs within: Uredomycetidae.

Bensingtonia is a genus of yeasts characterised by the production of ballistoconidia and the presence of the Q-9 ubiquinone.

Characters (from Boekhout & Nakase 1998): Cells ellipsoidal, ovoidal or elongate. Budding mostly polar, with buds sessile or on short denticles, enteroblastic, with percurrent or sympodial proliferation. Ballistoconidia bilaterally symmetrical, straight or curved, apiculate, ellipsoidal, ovoidal, amygdaliform, falcate, allantoid or reniform. Colonies whitish, cream, pale pink, brownish-yellow (ochre), brownish or grayish-red. True mycelia and/or pseudomycelia may be present. Septal pores simple. Clamp connections absent. Fermentation absent. D-Glucuronate and nitrate may be assimilated; myo-inositol not assimilated. Diazonium blue B and urease reactions positive. Xylose absent from whole-cell hydrolyzates. Major ubiquinone is Q-9.

anam. Bensingtonia
    |--+--anam. *Bensingtonia ciliata WB03
    |  `--anam. Bensingtonia naganoensis WB03
    `--+--Kondoa WB03
       |    |--+--K. myxariophylla WB03
       |    |  |--anam. Bensingtonia phyllada WB03
       |    |  `--anam. Bensingtonia thailandica WB03
       |    `--+--+--anam. Bensingtonia changbaiensis Wang, Bai et al. 2003 WB03
       |       |  `--anam. Bensingtonia yuccicola WB03
       |       `--+--+--K. aeria WB03
       |          |  `--K. malvinella WB03
       |          `--+--anam. Bensingtonia subrosea WB03
       |             `--+--anam. Bensingtonia miscanthi WB03
       |                `--anam. Bensingtonia sorbi Wang, Bai et al. 2003 WB03
       `--+--+--+--Chionosphaera apobasidialis WB03
          |  |  `--Kurtzmanomyces nectairei WB03
          |  `--+--anam. ‘Sporobolomyces’ lactophilus WB03
          |     `--+--anam. ‘Sporobolomyces’ sasicola WB03
          |        `--+--anam. ‘Sporobolomyces’ taupoensis WB03
          |           `--anam. ‘Sporobolomyces’ xanthus WB03
          `--+--+--anam. ‘Sporobolomyces’ dracophylli WB03
             |  `--anam. ‘Sporobolomyces’ ruber WB03
             `--+--anam. Bensingtonia sakaguchii WB03
                `--+--+--anam. Bensingtonia ingoldii WB03
                   |  `--anam. Bensingtonia musae WB03
                   `--+--Sterigmatomyces halophilus WB03
                      `--Agaricostilbum [Agaricostilbomycetidae] WB03
                           `--A. hyphaenes WB03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Boekhout, T., & T. Nakase. Bensingtonia Ingold emend. Nakase & Boekhout. In: Kurtzmann, C. P., & J. W. Fell (eds) The Yeasts: A Taxonomic Study, 4th ed, pp. 723-730. Elsevier.

[WB03] Wang, Q.-M., F.-Y. Bai, J.-H. Zhao & J.-H. Jia. 2003. Bensingtonia changbaiensis sp. nov. and Bensingtonia sorbi sp. nov., novel ballistoconidium-forming yeast species from plant leaves. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2085-2089.

Microbotryomycetidae

Budding cells of Leucosporidium antarcticum, photographed by Linda barnett.

Belongs within: Uredomycetidae.
Contains: Sporidiobolus, Microbotryales.

The Microbotryomycetidae is a diverse clade of fungi, often yeasts, including phytoparasitic, mycoparasitic and probable saprobic species. The clade is primarily supported by molecular data.

Characters (from Swann et al. 1999): Spindle pole body a layered subgloboid at interphase and metaphase; nucleolus discarded at metaphase.

Microbotryomycetidae
    |--+--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ auriculariae SG03
    |  `--+--+--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ buffonii SG03
    |     |  `--+--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ bogoriensis SG03
    |     |     `--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ pustula SG03
    |     `--+--anam. ‘Bensingtonia’ yamatoana SG03
    |        `--+--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ ferulica SG03
    |           `--+--+--‘Rhodotorula’ hylophila SG03
    |              |  `--Heterogastridium pycnodioideum SG03
    |              `--+--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ cresolica Middelhoven & Spaaij 1997 SG03
    |                 |--+--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ javanica SG03
    |                 |  `--+--Colacogloea peniophorae SG03
    |                 |     `--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ philyla SG03
    |                 `--+--anam. ‘Sporobolomyces’ falcatus SG03
    |                    `--+--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ diffluens SG03
    |                       `--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ foliorum SG03
    `--+--anam. ‘Sporobolomyces’ inositophilus SG03
       `--+--+--+--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ pilati SG03
          |  |  `--anam. ‘Sporobolomyces’ tsugae SG03
          |  `--+--‘Rhodotorula’ lignophila SG03
          |     `--anam. ‘Sporobolomyces’ singularis SG03
          `--+--+--anam. ‘Sporobolomyces’ griseoflavus SG03
             |  `--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ yarrowii (Fonseca & van Uden) Boekhout, Fell et al. 2000 SG03
             `--+--+--Kriegeria eriophori SG03
                |  `--+--Camptobasidium hydrophilum SG03
                |     `--‘Leucosporidium’ antarcticum SG03
                `--+--+--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ sonckii SG03
                   |  `--Sporidiobolus SG03
                   `--+--+--+--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ ingeniosa SG03
                      |  |  `--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ vanillica Sampaio 1994 SG03
                      |  `--+--‘Leucosporidium’ fasciculatum SG03
                      |     `--+--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ fujisanensis SG03
                      |        |--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ futronensis SG03
                      |        `--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ nothofagi SG03
                      `--+--Microbotryales SG03
                         `--Leucosporidiales SG03
                              |--+--‘Leucosporidium’ fellii SG03
                              |  `--Mastigobasidium intermedium [anam. Bensingtonia intermedia] SG03
                              `--Leucosporidium [anam. Leucosporidiella Sampaio in Sampaio, Gadanho et al. 2003] SG03
                                   |--+--anam. Leucosporidiella yakutica (Golubev) Sampaio in Sampaio, Gadanho et al. 2003 (see below for synonymy) SG03
                                   |  `--+--*L. scottii SG03
                                   |     `--anam. Leucosporidiella creatinivora (Golubev) Sampaio in Sampaio, Gadanho et al. 2003 (see below for synonymy) SG03
                                   `--+--anam. *Leucosporidiella muscorum (di Menna) Sampaio in Sampaio, Gadanho et al. 2003 (see below for synonymy) SG03
                                      `--+--anam. Leucosporidiella fragaria (Barnett & Buhagiar) Sampaio in Sampaio, Gadanho et al. 2003 (see below for synonymy) SG03
                                         `--L. golubevii Gadanho, Sampaio & Bauer in Sampaio, Gadanho et al. 2003 SG03

anam. Leucosporidiella creatinivora (Golubev) Sampaio in Sampaio, Gadanho et al. 2003 [=Rhodotorula creatinivora Golubev 1998] SG03

anam. Leucosporidiella fragaria (Barnett & Buhagiar) Sampaio in Sampaio, Gadanho et al. 2003 [=Torulopsis fragaria Barnett & Buhagiar 1971, Candida fragariorum, Rhodotorula fragaria] SG03

anam. *Leucosporidiella muscorum (di Menna) Sampaio in Sampaio, Gadanho et al. 2003 [=Candida muscorum di Menna 1957, Azymocandida muscorum, Rhodotorula muscorum] SG03

anam. Leucosporidiella yakutica (Golubev) Sampaio in Sampaio, Gadanho et al. 2003 [=Rhodotorula yakutica Golubev 1998] SG03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[SG03] Sampaio, J. P., M. Gadanho, R. Bauer & M. Weiss. 2003. Taxonomic studies in the Microbotryomycetidae: Leucosporidium golubevii sp. nov., Leucosporidiella gen. nov. and the new orders Leucosporidiales and Sporidiobolales. Mycological Progress 2 (1): 53-68.

Swann, E. C., E. M. Frieders & D. J. McLaughlin. 1999. Microbotryum, Kriegeria and the changing paradigm in basidiomycete classification. Mycologia 91 (1): 51-66.

Sporidiobolus

Teliospores, basidia and basidiospores of Sporidiobolus salmonicolor; scale bar = 5 µm; photographed by J. P. Sampaio.

Belongs within: Microbotryomycetidae.
Contains: Rhodosporidium.

The Sporidiobolus clade includes red teliosporic yeasts.

Characters (from Statzell-Tallman & Fell 1998): Colony colour on solid media includes shades of pink and red due to the presence of carotenoid pigments. Vegetative reproduction by budding, formation of pseudomycelium and true mycelium, and by ballistoconidia. Ballistoconidia developing on simple and branched sterigmata that arise from yeast and mycelial cells. Septal structure consisting of a single pore. Sexual mechanisms homothallic and heterothallic. Heterothallic system with a dikaryotic mycelium resulting from conjugation of a compatible mating pair, clamp connection usually present at each cross wall, intercalary and terminal teliospores developing, karyogamy taking place in the teliospore (probasidium) which develops to form a metabasidium (promycelium), meiosis taking place during germination with formation of haploid basidiospores. Homothallism consisting of development of hyphae with teliospores from a single yeast cell in the absence of mating; yeast phase diploid, reduction division taking place with formation of a dikaryotic hypha with clamp connections; karyogamy occurring in teliospore; germination of teliospore resulting in a metabasidium with diploid basidiospores. Strains of some species forming teliospores on uninucleate hyphae lacking clamp connections (self-sporulation), nucleus ploidy unknown. Metabasidia one-celled (holometabasidia) or septate with two or more cells (phragmometabasidia); basidiospores terminal on holometabasidium, lateral and terminal on phragmometabasidium; metabasidium sometimes connected to teliospore by aseptate stalk ranging in length from 3 to 26 µm. Sugars not fermented, starch formation negative, Diazonium blue B and urease positive, xylose absent from cell hydrolysates, D-glucuronate and myo-inositol not assimilated. Coenzyme Q-10 present.

<==Sporidiobolus [anam. Sporobolomyces; Sporidiobolales]
    |--+--Rhodosporidium ZB03
    |  `--+--‘Rhodosporidium’ lusitaniae ZB03
    |     `--+--anam. Sporobolomyces poonsookiae ZB03
    |        `--+--‘Rhodosporidium’ azoricum SG03
    |           `--+--+--‘Rhodosporidium’ fluviale SG03
    |              |  `--S. microsporus ZB03
    |              `--+--S. ruineniae ZB03
    |                 `--+--anam. Sporobolomyces nylandii ZB03
    |                    `--anam. Sporobolomyces odoratus ZB03
    `--+--+--S. johnsonii ZB03
       |  `--S. salmonicolor ZB03
       `--+--+--anam. Sporobolomyces bannaensis Zhao, Bai et al. 2003 ZB03
          |  `--anam. Sporobolomyces blumae ZB03
          `--+--anam. *Sporobolomyces roseus ZB03
             `--+--anam. Sporobolomyces japonicus ZB03
                `--+--+--anam. Sporobolomyces phaffii ZB03
                   |  `--anam. Sporobolomyces ruberrimus ZB03
                   `--+--anam. Sporobolomyces carnicolor ZB03
                      `--+--S. pararoseus ZB03
                         `--+--anam. Sporobolomyces marcillae ZB03
                            `--anam. Sporobolomyces salmoneus ZB03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[SG03] Sampaio, J. P., M. Gadanho, R. Bauer & M. Weiss. 2003. Taxonomic studies in the Microbotryomycetidae: Leucosporidium golubevii sp. nov., Leucosporidiella gen. nov. and the new orders Leucosporidiales and Sporidiobolales. Mycological Progress 2 (1): 53-68.

Statzell-Tallman, A., & J. W. Fell. 1998. Sporidiobolus Nyland. In: Kurtzmann, C. P., & J. W. Fell (eds) The Yeasts: A Taxonomic Study, 4th ed, pp. 693-699. Elsevier.

[ZB03] Zhao, J.-H., F.-Y. Bai, Q.-M. Wang & J.-H. Jia. 2003. Sporobolomyces bannaensis, a novel ballistoconidium-forming yeast species in the Sporidiobolus lineage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2091-2093.

Microbotryales

Flower infected by campion anther smut Microbotryum violaceum, photographed by David Fenwick.

Belongs within: Microbotryomycetidae.

The Microbotryales are a group of smut fungi, previously classified with the other smuts in the Ustilaginomycetes but now recognised as a convergent subgroup of the Urediniomycetes.

Characters (from Bauer et al. 2001): Intercellular parasitic hyphae or haustoria only; cellular interactions without primary interactive vesicles; type A 5S rRNA secondary structure; mannose as the major cell wall carbohydrate. Yeast cells ellipsoidal, showing yeast growth only.

<==Microbotryales [Ustilentylomataceae]
    |  i. s.: Bauerago V02
    |--Fulvisporium restifaciens SG03
    `--+--Aurantiosporium subnitens SG03
       `--+--+--Ustilentyloma fluitans SG03
          |  `--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ hordea SG03
          `--Microbotryaceae V02
               |  i. s.: Zundeliomyces V02
               |--Liroa emodensis SG03
               `--+--Sphacelotheca polygoni-persicariae SG03
                  `--Microbotryum SG03
                       |--+--M. cordae SG03
                       |  `--M. reticulatum SG03
                       `--+--M. violaceum SG03
                          `--+--M. silenes-inflatae SG03
                             `--M. violaceo-irregulare SG03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Bauer, R., D. Begerow, F. Oberwinkler, M. Piepenbring & M. L. Berbee. 2001. Ustilaginomycetes. In: McLaughlin, D. J., E. G. McLaughlin & P. A. Lemke (eds) The Mycota vol. 7. Systematics and Evolution. Part B pp. 57-84. Springer.

[SG03] Sampaio, J. P., M. Gadanho, R. Bauer & M. Weiss. 2003. Taxonomic studies in the Microbotryomycetidae: Leucosporidium golubevii sp. nov., Leucosporidiella gen. nov. and the new orders Leucosporidiales and Sporidiobolales. Mycological Progress 2 (1): 53-68.

[V02] Vánky, K. 2002. The smut fungi of the world. A survey. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica 49 (2-3): 163-175.