Assamiidae

Dorsum of Erecella flava, from Roewer (1935).

Belongs within: Grassatores.
Contains: Irumuinae, Sidaminae, Assamiinae, Polycoryphinae, Dampetrinae, Selencinae, Trionyxellinae, Hypoxestinae, Metereca, Ereca, Chilon.

The Assamiidae are a family of short-legged harvestmen found in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World.

Characters (from Santos & Prieto 2010): Prosomal shield with five processes on frontal border (central, two internal lateral and two lateral external or marginal); pedipalps not very long, tibia and tarsus dorsoventrally flattened and crossed one on another; penis with distally enlarged trunk (ventral lamina), sometimes bilobed, with variable envelope of membranes; glans cylindrical, subdistal, housing spiny or warty evaginable membrane in the shape of a funnel.

Assamiidae [Assamioidae]
    |--+--Selencinae SG11
    |  `--+--+--Arulla SG11
    |     |  `--Tarnus pulcher SG11
    |     `--+--Trionyxellinae SG11
    |        `--+--Hypoxestinae SG11
    |           `--+--Paktongius SG11
    |              `--Mysoreinae R35
    |                   |--Typestus Roewer 1935 R35
    |                   |    `--*T. sulcatus Roewer 1935 R35
    |                   |--Attakattius Roewer 1929 R35
    |                   |    `--A. spinifrons Roewer 1929 R35
    |                   `--Mysorea Roewer 1935 SG11, R35
    |                        |--*M. brevipus Roewer 1935 R35
    |                        `--M. thaiensis Suzuki 1985 SG11
    `--Erecinae [Tsadseinae] SP10
         |--Metereca SP10
         |--Ereca SP10
         |--Chilon SG11
         |--Valpara Roewer 1929 R35
         |    `--V. albitarsis Roewer 1929 R35
         |--Kukkala Roewer 1929 R35
         |    `--K. trispinifrons Roewer 1929 R35
         |--Mandaria Roewer 1935 SP10
         |    `--*M. caeca Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Merucola Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--*M. granulatus Roewer 1935 [=M. granulata] R35
         |--Dodabetta Roewer 1929 R35
         |    `--D. conigera Roewer 1929 R35
         |--Djemia Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--*D. cooperi Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Wintonia Roewer 1923 SP10
         |    `--*W. scabra Roewer 1923 R35
         |--Sacesphorus Thorell 1889 R35
         |    `--*S. maculatus Thorell 1889 T89
         |--Parapygoplus Roewer 1912 R35
         |    `--P. variatus (Thorell 1889) [=Pygoplus variatus] R35
         |--Irnia Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--*I. scabra Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Bibundina Roewer 1935 SP10
         |    `--*B. pectinata Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Baeorix Thorell 1889 R35 [=Boeorix R23]
         |    `--*B. manducus Thorell 1889 T89 [=Boeorix manducus R23]
         |--Lepchana Roewer 1927 R35
         |    `--L. spinipalpis Roewer 1927 M77
         |--Eubaeorix Roewer 1912 R35 [=Euboeorix (l. c.) R23]
         |    `--E. gravelyi Roewer 1912 R35 [=Euboeorix (l. c.) gravelyi R23]
         |--Sijucavernicus Roewer 1923 R35
         |    `--S. kempi Roewer 1923 R35
         |--Fakoa Roewer 1923 SP10
         |    `--*F. spinulata (Roewer 1915) [=Acanthophrysella spinulata] S92
         |--Buemba Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--*B. filipes Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Tetecus Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--*T. tenuis Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Metapygoplus Roewer 1923 R35
         |    `--*M. intermedius (Loman 1892) [=Pygoplus intermedius] R35
         |--Gapotus Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--*G. frontalis Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Vandarawella Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--*V. bicolor Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Cereoides Roewer 1935 SP10
         |    `--*C. nebulosa (Sørensen 1896) [=Cerea nebulosa] R35
         |--Cereipes Roewer 1935 SP10
         |    `--*C. angusta (Roewer 1912) S92 [=Cerea angusta R35]
         |--Acanthophrysella Strand 1911 R35 [=Acanthophrys Loman 1902 non Milne Edwards 1865 R23]
         |    `--*A. pectinata (Loman 1902) S92 [=Acanthophrys pectinata R35]
         |--Anjolus Goodnight & Goodnight 1948 GG48
         |    `--*A. malkini Goodnight & Goodnight 1948 GG48
         |--Mbinia Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
         |    `--*M. xenophora Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
         |--Cardwella Roewer 1935 SP10
         |    `--*C. atar (Sørensen in Henriksen 1932) [=Wintonia atar, Dampetrus atar ms] R35
         |--Ivocoryphus Lawrence 1965 SP10
         |    `--*I. jezequeli Lawrence 1965 S92
         |--Neocoryphus Lawrence 1965 SP10
         |    `--*N. niger Lawrence 1965 S92
         |--Cereodiscus Roewer 1935 SP10
         |    `--*C. lesserti Roewer 1940 S92
         |--Ereala Roewer 1950 SP10 [incl. Faradjea Roewer 1950 S92]
         |    `--*E. armata Roewer 1950 [incl. Faradjea schoutedeni Roewer 1950] S92
         |--Eregonda Roewer 1950 SP10
         |    `--*E. tenuis Roewer 1950 S92
         |--Termitereca Roewer 1940 SP10
         |    `--*T. singularis Roewer 1940 S92
         |--Angolyppa Lawrence 1957 SP10
         |    `--*A. scabra Lawrence 1957 S92
         |--Angopygoplus Lawrence 1951 SP10
         |    `--*A. dentichelis Lawrence 1951 S92
         |--Montereca Lawrence 1962 L62
         |    `--*M. paucidens Lawrence 1962 S92
         |--Bundukia Lawrence 1962 L62
         |    `--*B. nigra Lawrence 1962 S92
         |--Roewereca Lawrence 1962 L62
         |    `--*R. tenebrosa Lawrence 1962 S92
         |--Neobaeorix Lawrence 1962 L62
         |    `--*N. cornuta Lawrence 1962 S92
         |--Aberdereca Goodnight & Goodnight 1959 L62, S92
         |    `--*A. parva Goodnight & Goodnight 1959 S92
         |--Erebalda Roewer 1940 L62, S92
         |    `--*E. cryptostigma Roewer 1940 S92
         |--Erecops Roewer 1940 L62, S92
         |    `--*E. multispina Roewer 1940 S92
         |--Kakontwea Roewer 1951 L62, S92
         |    `--*K. leleupi Roewer 1951 S92
         |--Lubudia Roewer 1951 L62, S92
         |    `--*L. leleupi Roewer 1951 S92
         |--Kasaina Lawrence 1957 L62, S92
         |    `--*K. scabra Lawrence 1957 S92
         |--Allereca Roewer 1961 L62, S92
         |    `--*A. ruandana Roewer 1961 S92
         |--Comereca Roewer 1961 L62, S92
         |    `--*C. rectipes Roewer 1961 S92
         |--Buniabia Roewer 1961 L62, S92
         |    `--*B. filipes Roewer 1961 S92
         |--Bambereca Kauri 1985 K85
         |    `--*B. spinifrons Kauri 1985 S92
         |--Tubereca Kauri 1985 K85
         |    `--*T. biharaguana Kauri 1985 S92
         |--Neopygoplus Roewer 1923 R35
         |    |--N. jacobsoni Roewer 1923 R35
         |    `--N. siamensis Suzuki 1985 SG11
         |--Tundabia Roewer 1935 R35
         |    |--*T. semicaeca Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--T. ugandensis Goodnight & Goodnight 1959 S92
         |--Bulobana Roewer 1935 R35
         |    |--*B. octopunctata Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--B. infuscata Roewer 1940 S92
         |--Eupygoplus Roewer 1915 R35
         |    |--E. armatus Roewer 1915 R35
         |    `--E. gracilis Roewer 1927 R35
         |--Cerea Sørensen 1896 SP10
         |    |--*C. lugubris Sørensen 1896 S92
         |    `--C. feai Roewer 1927 S92 [=C. feae R35]
         |--Izea Roewer 1927 R35
         |    |--*I. pectinata Roewer 1927 S92
         |    `--I. armata Roewer 1935 R35
         |--Erecongoa Roewer 1950 SP10
         |    |--*E. gracilis Roewer 1950 S92
         |    `--E. granulata Roewer 1952 S92
         |--Lygippus Roewer 1940 SP10
         |    |--*L. abdominalis Roewer 1940 S92
         |    `--L. machadoi Lawrence 1951 S92
         |--Erecabia Roewer 1940 L62, S92
         |    |--*E. hartmanni Roewer 1940 S92
         |    `--E. pluridens Lawrence 1962 S92
         |--Erecomma Roewer 1940 L62, S92
         |    |--*E. montana Roewer 1940 S92
         |    `--E. laurenti Roewer 1961 S92
         |--Cereatta Roewer 1935 R35
         |    |--*C. celeripes (Loman 1910) S92 [=Cerea celeripes R35]
         |    |--C. elegans Roewer 1935 R35
         |    `--C. kivuensis Roewer 1961 S92
         |--Pygoplus Thorell 1889 R35
         |    |--*P. obscurus Thorell 1889 T89
         |    |--P. ferrugineus Thorell 1889 R35
         |    `--P. trifasciatus Thorell 1889 R35
         |--‘Macrobunus’ Roewer 1912 non Tullgren 1901 R35
         |    |--M. aborensis Roewer 1913 R35
         |    |--M. longipes Roewer 1913 R35
         |    `--M. singularis Roewer 1912 R35
         |--Callereca Roewer 1940 SP10
         |    |--*C. gracilis Roewer 1940 S92
         |    |--C. angolensis Lawrence 1949 S92
         |    `--C. teteana Roewer 1954 S92
         |--Cryptopygoplus Lawrence 1931 R35 [incl. Lawrenciola Roewer 1935 L11]
         |    |--*C. africanus Lawrence 1931 S92
         |    |--C. capriviensis Lotz 2011 L11
         |    |--C. coronatus Staręga & Snegovaya 2009 L11
         |    |--C. damaranus Lawrence 1931 [=*Lawrenciola damarana] S92
         |    `--C. rhodesianus Lawrence 1931 [=Lawrenciola rhodesiana] R35
         |--Propygoplus Roewer 1923 R35, M77 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--*P. maculatus (Roewer 1912) [=Parapygoplus maculatus] M77
         |    |--‘*Karsianga’ rugosa Roewer 1940 M77
         |    |--‘*Sikkimula’ scabrisoma Roewer 1940 M77
         |    |--P. siwalik Martens 1977 M77
         |    `--‘*Sikkimella’ tenuipes Roewer 1927 M77
         |--Lygippulus Roewer 1954 L62, S92
         |    |--*L. major Roewer 1954 S92
         |    |--L. nigrescens Roewer 1961 S92
         |    |--L. parvulus Roewer 1954 S92
         |    |--L. scaber Roewer 1954 S92
         |    `--L. setipes Roewer 1961 S92
         |--Erecula Roewer 1935 R35
         |    |--*E. pachypes Roewer 1935 R35
         |    |--E. cincta Roewer 1961 S92
         |    |--E. crassipes Kauri 1985 S92
         |    |--E. leleupi Lawrence 1962 S92
         |    |--E. marmorata Roewer 1940 S92
         |    |--E. novemdentata Roewer 1961 S92
         |    `--E. septemdentata Lawrence 1957 S92
         `--Erecella Roewer 1935 R35
              |--*E. lutea Roewer 1935 S92
              |--E. basilewskyi Lawrence 1962 S92
              |--E. biseriata Roewer 1961 S92
              |--E. brunnea Roewer 1940 S92
              |--E. flava Roewer 1935 R35
              |--E. nigropicta Roewer 1961 S92
              |--E. signata Roewer 1950 S92
              |--E. transversalis Roewer 1961 S92
              `--E. walikaleana Kauri 1985 S92

Assamiidae incertae sedis:
  Sokodea Roewer 1935 R35
    `--*S. caeca Roewer 1935 R35
  Maccabeesa Roewer 1936 S92
    `--*M. lawrencei Roewer 1936 S92
  Aburistella Lawrence 1947 S92
    `--A. flava Lawrence 1947 S92
  Afroassamia Caporiacco 1940 S92
    `--*A. laevipes Caporiacco 1940 S92
  Bancoella Lawrence 1947 S92
    `--*B. bimaculata Lawrence 1947 S92
  Banconyx Lawrence 1947 S92
    `--*B. dentichelis Lawrence 1947 S92
  Cleoxestus Roewer 1954 S92
    `--*C. luteipictus Roewer 1954 S92
  Irumuinae SP10
  Kungwea Roewer 1961 S92
    `--K. scabra Roewer 1961 S92
  Lukandamila Roewer 1961 S92
    `--L. cookei Roewer 1961 S92
  Simienatus Roewer 1956 S92
    `--*S. scotti Roewer 1956 S92
  Typhloburista Lawrence 1947 S92
    `--*T. pusilla Lawrence 1947 S92
  Acacinae SP10
    |--Acaca Roewer 1935 R35 [incl. Pseudoacaca Caporiacco 1949 S92]
    |    |--*A. albatra Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--A. liobuniformis (Caporiacco 1949) [=Pseudoacaca liobuniformis] S92
    `--Acanthacaca Roewer 1952 L62, S92
         |--*A. upembensis Roewer 1952 S92
         `--A. katumbea Roewer 1961 S92
  Pungoica Roewer 1914 R35 [incl. Pungoiella Roewer 1914 S92, Pygoselenca Roewer 1953 S92; Pungoicinae]
    |--*P. simoni Roewer 1914 S92
    `--P. bifurcata (Roewer 1914) (see below for synonymy) S92
  Aburistinae SP10
    |--Aburista Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*A. termitarum Roewer 1935 R35
    `--Typhlobunellus Roewer 1927 R35
         |--*T. formicarum Roewer 1927 S92
         `--T. platypalpis Lawrence 1947 S92
  Opcochinae R35
    |--Drugius Roewer 1929 R35
    |    `--D. parvus Roewer 1929 R35
    |--Trionyxana Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--T. gracilipes Roewer 1927 R35
    `--Opcochina Roewer 1927 R35
         |--O. carli Roewer 1929 R35
         `--O. gravelyi Roewer 1927 R35
  Sidaminae SP10
  Assamiinae SP10
  Polycoryphinae SP10
  Dampetrinae SP10
  Parazalmoxis Roewer 1913 S92
    `--*P. africana Roewer 1913 (see below for synonymy) S92
  Nsorkia dorsicana SG11

Dicoryphus Loman 1902 R35 [incl. Coelobunus Loman 1902 S92, Caelobunus R23, Metarhabdopygus Roewer 1913 R35]

Dicoryphus melanacanthus (Loman 1902) [=Coelobunus melanacanthus, Caelobunus melanacanthus; incl. Co. fuscus Roewer 1912, Ca. fuscus] S92

*Parazalmoxis africana Roewer 1913 [incl. Hypoxestus holmi Goodnight & Goodnight 1959, P. roeweri Caporiacco 1949] S92

Propygoplus Roewer 1923 R35, M77 [incl. Karsianga Roewer 1940 M77, Sikkimella Roewer 1927 M77, Sikkimula Roewer 1940 M77]

Pungoica bifurcata (Roewer 1914) [=Pungoiella bifurcata; incl. Pygoselenca albisignata Roewer 1953, Pungoica decorata Lawrence 1947] S92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GG48] Goodnight, C. J., & M. L. Goodnight. 1948. New phalangids from the Southwest Pacific. American Museum Novitates 1371: 1–14.

[K85] Kauri, H. 1985. Opiliones from central Africa. Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika, Turveren, België, Zoologische Wetenschappen, Annalen 245: 1–167.

[L62] Lawrence, R. F. 1962. Resultats scientifiques des missions zoologiques de l'I.R.S.A.C. en Afrique orientale (P. Basilewsky et N. Leleup, 1957). LXXIV. Opiliones. Annales du Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale: Sciences Zoologiques 110: 9–89.

[L11] Lotz, L. N. 2011. Three new harvestmen species from southern Africa (Arachnida: Opiliones: Caddidae, Neopilionidae, Assamiidae). Journal of Afrotropical Zoology 7: 3–8.

[M77] Martens, J. 1977. Opiliones aus dem Nepal-Himalaya. III. Oncopodidae, Phalangodidae, Assamiidae (Arachnida). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (4–6): 295–340.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[R35] Roewer, C.-F. 1935. Alte und neue Assamiidae. Weitere Weberknechte VIII. (8. Ergänzung der “Weberknechte der Erde” 1923). Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Kolonial- und Uebersee-Museum in Bremen 1: 1–168.

[SP10] Santos, R., & C. E. Prieto. 2010. Los Assamiidae (Opiliones: Assamiidae) de Río Muni (Guinea Ecuatorial), con la descripción de ocho nuevas especies. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58 (1): 203–243.

[SG11] Sharma, P. P., & G. Giribet. 2011. The evolutionary and biogeographic history of the armoured harvestmen—Laniatores phylogeny based on ten molecular markers, with the description of two new families of Opiliones (Arachnida). Invertebrate Systematics 25: 106–142.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271–336.

[T89] Thorell, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXI.—Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885–1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a, 7: 521–729.

Trionyxellinae

Dorsum of Trionyxella granulata, from Roewer (1935).

Belongs within: Assamiidae.

The Trionyxellinae are a group of harvestmen found in southern Africa and Asia, characterised by the presence of a pseudonychium between the true claws.

Characters (from Roewer 1935): Anterior margin of the carapace unarmed medially; spiracles concealed by chitinous projections; femur of pedipalp with short ventral teeth; distitarsus I two-segmented; tarsi III and IV with simple claws, with pseudonychium present over claws.

<==Trionyxellinae [Trionyxellidae]
    |--Triaenopodium Roewer 1915 R35
    |    `--T. tarsalis Roewer 1915 R35
    |--Kandyca Roewer 1915 R35
    |    `--K. minima Roewer 1915 R35
    |--Nuwaria Roewer 1915 R35
    |    `--N. granulata Roewer 1915 R35
    |--Nilgirius Roewer 1915 R35
    |    `--N. scaber Roewer 1915 R35
    |--Calloristus Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*C. granipes Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Balnissa Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*B. parva Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Brysma Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*B. atra Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Trionychiperna Roewer 1929 R35
    |    `--T. carli Roewer 1929 R35
    |--Sampitius Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*S. opacus Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Dulitellus Roewer 1935 R35
    |    |--*D. maculatus Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--D. sarawakensis WP-G10
    |--Namutonia Lawrence 1931 R35 [incl. Gobabisia Roewer 1940 S92]
    |    |--*N. scabra Lawrence 1931 S92
    |    `--N. wuehlischi (Roewer 1940) [=Gobabisia wuehlischi] S92
    |--Trionyxella Roewer 1912 R35
    |    |--T. clavipus Roewer 1912 R35
    |    `--T. granulata Roewer 1935 R35
    `--Randilella Lawrence 1963 L63
         `--*R. transvaalensis Lawrence 1963 S92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L63] Lawrence, R. F. 1963. The Opiliones of the Transvaal. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 24 (4): 275–304.

[R35] Roewer, C.-F. 1935. Alte und neue Assamiidae. Weitere Weberknechte VIII. (8. Ergänzung der “Weberknechte der Erde” 1923). Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Kolonial- und Uebersee-Museum in Bremen 1: 1–168.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271–336.

[WP-G10] Willemart, R. H., A. Pérez-González, J.-P. Farine & P. Gnaspini. 2010. Sexually dimorphic tegumental gland openings in Laniatores (Arachnida, Opiliones), with new data on 23 species. Journal of Morphology 271 (6): 641–653.

Polycoryphinae

Diagnostic features of Pashokia yamadai, from Martens (1977).

Belongs within: Assamiidae.

The Polycoryphinae are a group of assamiid harvestmen found in southern Asia and central and eastern Africa (Santos & Prieto 2010).

Characters (from Santos & Prieto 2010): Anterior margin of carapace bearing frontal spine; spiracles concealed by chitinous projections; femur of pedipalp with short ventral teeth; distitarsus I two-segmented; metatarsus II undivided; tarsi III and IV with smooth claws.

<==Polycoryphinae
    |--Polycoryphus Loman 1902 SP10
    |    `--*P. asper Loman 1902 S92
    |--Pykara Roewer 1929 R35
    |    `--P. coxalis Roewer 1929 R35
    |--Kodaika Roewer 1929 R35
    |    `--K. escheri Roewer 1929 R35
    |--Koyna Roewer 1915 R35
    |    `--K. spinulata Roewer 1915 R35
    |--Oppalnia Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--O. brevipes Roewer 1927 R35
    |--Phalcochina Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--P. albistriata Roewer 1927 R35
    |--Anaimalus Roewer 1929 R35
    |    `--A. gibbulus Roewer 1929 R35
    |--Panchganius Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*P. blatteri Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Mormuga Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--M. uncifrons Roewer 1927 R35
    |--Mudumalus Roewer 1929 R35
    |    `--M. partialis Roewer 1929 R35
    |--Kavalaica Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--K. atroscutata Roewer 1927 R35
    |--Maracandinus Roewer 1912 SP10 [=Maracandus Pavesi 1895 non Simon 1879 K85]
    |    `--*M. rubrofemoratus (Pavesi 1895) [=Maracandus (Assamia) rubrofemoratus] S92
    |--Harpenna Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*H. denticulata Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Gulufia Roewer 1935 SP10
    |    `--*G. frontalis Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Thomecola Roewer 1927 SP10
    |    `--*T. quadrispina (Roewer 1927) [=Santhomea quadrispina] S92
    |--Palmanella Roewer 1927 SP10
    |    `--*P. tigrina Roewer 1927 S92
    |--Henriquea Roewer 1927 SP10
    |    `--*H. spinigera Roewer 1927 S92
    |--Santhomea Roewer 1927 SP10
    |    `--*S. scabra Roewer 1927 S92
    |--Bueana Roewer 1927 SP10
    |    `--*B. ephippiata Roewer 1927 S92
    |--Sonega Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*S. scututa Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Binderella Roewer 1935 SP10 [incl. Tengelinia Roewer 1935 S92]
    |    `--*B. bistriata Roewer 1935 R35 [incl. *Tengelinia paradoxa Roewer 1935 R35, S92]
    |--Parakodaika Goodnight & Goodnight 1944 SP10
    |    `--*P. angolae Goodnight & Goodnight 1944 S92
    |--Ayenea Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
    |    `--*A. trimaculata Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
    |--Montalenia Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
    |    `--*M. forficula Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
    |--Niefanga Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
    |    `--*N. spinosa Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
    |--Pulchrandrus Kauri 1985 K85
    |    `--*P. longimanus Kauri 1985 S92
    |--Uviranus Kauri 1985 SP10
    |    `--*U. echinops Kauri 1985 S92
    |--Maracandellus Roewer 1923 R35
    |    |--*M. rhinoceros (Thorell 1889) [=Maracandus rhinoceros] R35
    |    `--M. bidentatus Suzuki 1985 SP10
    |--Senarba Roewer 1927 R35
    |    |--S. acanthicoxa Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--S. rudicoxa Roewer 1927 R35
    |--Maracandus Simon 1879 R35
    |    |--M. macei Simon 1879 R35
    |    `--M. monhoti Simon 1879 R35
    |--Paramaracandus SP10
    |    |--P. fuscus Suzuki 1976 S82
    |    `--P. sexdentatus Suzuki 1985 SP10
    |--Procoryphus Roewer 1950 SP10
    |    |--*P. multispinatus Roewer 1950 S92
    |    `--P. straeleni Roewer 1952 S92
    |--Pashokia Roewer 1927 R35
    |    |--P. laeviscutum Roewer 1927 R35
    |    |--P. maxima Martens 1977 M77
    |    |--P. mutatrix Martens 1977 M77
    |    |--P. silhavyi Martens 1977 M77
    |    `--P. yamadai Suzuki 1970 M77
    `--Villiersiella coxalis R59

Nomen nudum: Bueana quadridentata Prieto 1999 SP10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K85] Kauri, H. 1985. Opiliones from central Africa. Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika, Turveren, België, Zoologische Wetenschappen, Annalen 245: 1–167.

[M77] Martens, J. 1977. Opiliones aus dem Nepal-Himalaya. III. Oncopodidae, Phalangodidae, Assamiidae (Arachnida). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (4–6): 295–340.

[R35] Roewer, C.-F. 1935. Alte und neue Assamiidae. Weitere Weberknechte VIII. (8. Ergänzung der “Weberknechte der Erde” 1923). Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Kolonial- und Uebersee-Museum in Bremen 1: 1–168.

[R59] Roewer, C. F. 1959. Opiliones der II. Mont Nimba-Collection von Prof. M. Lamotte. Bulletin du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, 2^e série 31 (3): 355–358.

[SP10] Santos, R., & C. E. Prieto. 2010. Los Assamiidae (Opiliones: Assamiidae) de Río Muni (Guinea Ecuatorial), con la descripción de ocho nuevas especies. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58 (1): 203–243.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271–336.

[S82] Suzuki, S. 1982. A small collection of harvestmen from Malaysia (Opiliones, Arachnida). Acta Arachnologica 31 (1): 27–34.

Sidaminae

Marua spinosa, from Roewer (1935).

Belongs within: Assamiidae.

The Sidaminae are a group of assamiid harvestmen found in Africa with large ventral spines on the pedipalp.

Characters (from Santos & Prieto 2010): Femur of pedipalp with large ventral spines; distitarsus I two-segmented; metatarsus II undivided; tarsi III and IV with smooth claws.

<==Sidaminae [Maruinae] SP10
    |--Eusidama Roewer 1913 R35
    |    `--*E. minima Roewer 1913 S92
    |--Edeala Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--*E. palpiplus Roewer 1927 S92
    |--Blantyrea Roewer 1912 R35
    |    `--*B. armata Roewer 1912 S92
    |--Congolla Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*C. hispidipalpus Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Neosidama Roewer 1915 R35
    |    `--*N. longipes Roewer 1915 S92
    |--Congonia Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*C. spinifrons Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Vilhena Lawrence 1949 L49
    |    `--*V. delicata Lawrence 1949 L49
    |--Scabrosidama Lawrence 1962 L62
    |    `--*S. serratichelis Lawrence 1962 S92
    |--Lisposidama Lawrence 1962 L62
    |    `--*L. filipes Lawrence 1962 S92
    |--Abanatus Roewer 1950 L62, S92
    |    `--*A. beloti Roewer 1950 S92
    |--Celimba Roewer 1940 L62, S92
    |    `--*C. parvula Roewer 1940 S92
    |--Fizibius Roewer 1961 L62, S92
    |    `--*F. proprius Roewer 1961 S92
    |--Mwenga Kauri 1985 K85
    |    `--*M. setosa Kauri 1985 S92
    |--Kituvia Kauri 1985 K85
    |    `--*K. spinifera Kauri 1985 S92
    |--Katangania Kauri 1985 K85
    |    `--*K. monticola Kauri 1985 S92
    |--Orsimonia Roewer 1935 R35 [incl. Othmar Roewer 1935 S92]
    |    |--*O. filipes Roewer 1935 S92
    |    `--O. gracillima (Roewer 1935) S92 [=*Othmar gracillimus R35]
    |--Amhara Pavesi 1897 SP10 [incl. Argobba Roewer 1935 S92, Harsadia Roewer 1935 S92; Harsadiinae]
    |    |--*A. grata Pavesi 1897 S92 [incl. *Harsadia spinosa Roewer 1935 R35, S92]
    |    `--A. nigrescens (Roewer 1935) S92 [=*Argobba nigrescens R35]
    |--Metasidama Roewer 1915 R35
    |    |--*M. ephippiata Roewer 1915 S92
    |    `--M. gracilis Lawrence 1962 S92
    |--Sidama Pavesi 1895 R35 [incl. Phezilbus Roewer 1935 S92]
    |    |--*S. moesta Pavesi 1895 S92
    |    `--S. abessinica Roewer 1912 R35 [incl. *Phezilbus spiniger Roewer 1935 R35, S92]
    `--Marua Roewer 1935 R35
         |--*M. spinosa Roewer 1935 S92
         `--M. schenkeli Roewer 1935 R35

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K85] Kauri, H. 1985. Opiliones from central Africa. Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika, Turveren, België, Zoologische Wetenschappen, Annalen 245: 1–167.

[L49] Lawrence, R. F. 1949. A collection of Opiliones and scorpions from north-east Angola made by Dr. A. de Barros Machados in 1948. Diamang Publicações Culturais 1949: 1–20.

[L62] Lawrence, R. F. 1962. Resultats scientifiques des missions zoologiques de l'I.R.S.A.C. en Afrique orientale (P. Basilewsky et N. Leleup, 1957). LXXIV. Opiliones. Annales du Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale: Sciences Zoologiques 110: 9–89.

[R35] Roewer, C.-F. 1935. Alte und neue Assamiidae. Weitere Weberknechte VIII. (8. Ergänzung der “Weberknechte der Erde” 1923). Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Kolonial- und Uebersee-Museum in Bremen 1: 1–168.

[SP10] Santos, R. & C. E. Prieto. 2010. Los Assamiidae (Opiliones: Assamiidae) de Río Muni (Guinea Ecuatorial), con la descripción de ocho nuevas especies. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58 (1): 203–243.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271–336.

Hypoxestinae

Diagnostic features of Hypoxestus glaber, from Kauri (1985).

Belongs within: Assamiidae.

The Hypoxestinae are a group of assamiid harvestmen found in Africa and Asia (Santos & Prieto 2010).

Characters (from Santos & Prieto 2010): Anterior margin of carapace unarmed; spiracles visible, unprotected; femur of pedipalp with short ventral teeth; distitarsus I two-segmented; metatarsus II undivided; tarsi III and IV with smooth claws.

<==Hypoxestinae R35
    |--Scabrobunus Roewer 1912 R35
    |    `--S. filipes Roewer 1912 R35
    |--Passula Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--P. scabricula Roewer 1927 R35
    |--Podaucheniellus Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--*P. bipalaris Roewer 1927 S92
    |--Nkogoa Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--*N. feai Roewer 1927 S92 [=N. feae R35]
    |--Findia Roewer 1915 R35
    |    `--*F. atrolutea Roewer 1915 S92
    |--Congonella Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*C. frontalis Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Randilea Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*R. scabricula Roewer 1935 R35 [=Hypoxestus scabricula S92]
    |--Talaspus Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*T. spinimanus Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Parasesostris Roewer 1915 R35
    |    `--*P. granulatus Roewer 1915 S92
    |--Metasesostris Roewer 1915 R35
    |    `--*M. armatus Roewer 1915 S92
    |--Tusipulla Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*T. coxalis Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Podauchenius Sørensen 1896 R35
    |    `--*P. longipes Sørensen 1896 S92
    |--Musola Roewer 1927 R35
    |    `--*M. longipes Roewer 1927 S92
    |--Adamauna Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--*A. maculatipes Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Rhabdopygata Roewer 1954 SP10, S92
    |    `--*R. mossambica Roewer 1954 S92
    |--Lossida Roewer 1935 L62, R35
    |    `--*L. rugosa Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Lossidacola Roewer 1935 L62, R35
    |    `--*L. pachytarsus Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Bwitonatus Roewer 1950 L62, S92
    |    `--*B. marlieri Roewer 1950 S92
    |--Leleupiolus Roewer 1951 L62, S92
    |    `--*L. marmoratus Roewer 1951 S92
    |--Mecutina Roewer 1935 R35
    |    |--*M. filipes Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--M. moshinia Roewer 1940 S92
    |--Sesostranus Roewer 1935 R35
    |    |--*S. niger Roewer 1935 R35
    |    `--S. longipes Roewer 1950 S92
    |--Bandona Roewer 1927 SG11, R35
    |    |--B. boninensis Suzuki 1974 S78
    |    `--B. palpalis Roewer 1927 R35
    |--Hypoxestinus Roewer 1927 R35
    |    |--*H. nkogoi Roewer 1927 S92
    |    `--H. frontalis Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Rhabdopygella Roewer 1935 R35
    |    |--*R. laevis Roewer 1935 S92
    |    `--R. ferruginea Roewer 1935 R35
    |--Dongila Roewer 1927 R35
    |    |--*D. spinosa Roewer 1927 S92
    |    `--D. silvatica Roewer 1927 R35
    |--Mabwella Roewer 1952 L62, S92
    |    |--*M. wittei Roewer 1952 S92
    |    `--M. trochanteralis Roewer 1954 S92
    |--Sesostrellus Roewer 1935 R35
    |    |--*S. robustus Roewer 1935 R35
    |    |--S. gibbosus Kauri 1985 S92
    |    `--S. umbonatus (Roewer 1935) [=Sesostris umbonatus] S92
    |--Doloressus Roewer 1935 [incl. Ealabius Roewer 1950] K85
    |    |--*D. cippatus Roewer 1935 R35
    |    |--D. filipes Lawrence 1949 S92
    |    |--D. ghesquierei (Roewer 1950) [=Ealabius ghesquierei] S92
    |    `--D. palmgreni Kauri 1985 S92
    |--Dicoryphus Loman 1902 R35 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*D. furvus Loman 1902 S92
    |    |--D. ater (Lawrence 1962) [=Caelobunus ater] S92
    |    |--D. jeanneli (Roewer 1913) [=Metarhabdopygus jeanneli, Caelobunus jeanneli] S92
    |    `--D. melanacanthus (Loman 1902) (see below for synonymy) S92
    |--Sesostris Sørensen 1910 R35
    |    |--*S. gracilis Sørensen 1910 S92
    |    |--S. brevipes Kauri 1985 S92
    |    |--S. insulanus Roewer 1912 R35
    |    |--S. maculatus Roewer 1915 R35
    |    `--S. maculifer Kauri 1985 [=S. maculiferus] S92
    |--Viglua Roewer 1940 SP10
    |    |--*V. brunnipes Roewer 1940 S92
    |    `--V. machadoi Lawrence 1949 S92
    |         |--V. m. machadoi S92
    |         |--V. m. granulosa Lawrence 1957 S92
    |         `--V. m. major Lawrence 1949 [=V. majora] S92
    |--Spinixestus Roewer 1952 L62, S92
    |    |--*S. armatus Roewer 1952 S92
    |    |--S. benderanus Kauri 1985 S92
    |    |--S. leleupi Kauri 1985 S92
    |    |--S. polycuspidatus Kauri 1985 S92
    |    |--S. rufus Roewer 1952 S92
    |    `--S. siteteus Roewer 1961 S92
    |--Rhabdopygus Roewer 1912 R35
    |    |--*R. fuscus Roewer 1912 S92
    |    |--R. benoiti Kauri 1985 S92
    |    |--R. funilignorum Santos & Prieto 2010 SP10
    |    |--R. maculatus Roewer 1935 R35
    |    |--R. puylaerti Bauer & Prieto 2009 SP10
    |    |--R. robustus Lawrence 1957 S92
    |    |--R. rugipalpis Roewer 1952 S92
    |    `--R. termitarum Roewer 1951 S92
    `--Hypoxestus Loman 1902 S92 [=Amasilla Strand 1911 R23, Amasis Sørensen 1910 R23]
         |  i. s.: H. bituberculatus Lawrence 1962 S92
         |         H. coxicornis Roewer 1940 S92
         |         H. patellaris (Sørensen 1910) [=Amasis patellaris] S92
         |         H. planus Goodnight & Goodnight 1959 S92
         |         H. roeweri Staręga 1992 [=Randilea obscura Roewer 1952 non H. obscurus Roewer 1912] S92
         |         H. trituberculatus Lawrence 1962 S92
         |--*H. (Hypoxestus) levis Loman 1902 (see below for synonymy) S92
         `--H. (Lomanus Kauri 1985) K85
              |--H. (*L.) glaber Kauri 1985 K85
              |--H. (L.) ealanus Kauri 1985 K85
              `--H. (L.) scaphoides Kauri 1985 K85

*Hypoxestus (Hypoxestus) levis Loman 1902 [incl. Amasis accentuatus Sørensen 1910, H. accentuatus, A. mesoleucus Sørensen 1910, H. mesoleucus, H. obscurus Roewer 1912, Amasis quadricornis Sørensen 1910, H. quadricornis] S92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K85] Kauri, H. 1985. Opiliones from central Africa. Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika, Turveren, België, Zoologische Wetenschappen, Annalen 245: 1–167.

[L62] Lawrence, R. F. 1962. Resultats scientifiques des missions zoologiques de l'I.R.S.A.C. en Afrique orientale (P. Basilewsky et N. Leleup, 1957). LXXIV. Opiliones. Annales du Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale: Sciences Zoologiques 110: 9–89.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[R35] Roewer, C.-F. 1935. Alte und neue Assamiidae. Weitere Weberknechte VIII. (8. Ergänzung der “Weberknechte der Erde” 1923). Veröffentlichungen aus dem Deutschen Kolonial- und Uebersee-Museum in Bremen 1: 1–168.

[SP10] Santos, R., & C. E. Prieto. 2010. Los Assamiidae (Opiliones: Assamiidae) de Río Muni (Guinea Ecuatorial), con la descripción de ocho nuevas especies. Revista de Biologia Tropical 58 (1): 203–243.

[SG11] Sharma, P. P., & G. Giribet. 2011. The evolutionary and biogeographic history of the armoured harvestmen—Laniatores phylogeny based on ten molecular markers, with the description of two new families of Opiliones (Arachnida). Invertebrate Systematics 25: 106–142.

[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271–336.

[S78] Suzuki, S. 1978. Three harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones) from the Bonin Islands. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses 51 (3): 179–185.