Merothripidae

Apterous female of Merothrips brunneus, from CSIRO.

Belongs within: Thysanoptera.

The Merothripidae are a family of minute, pale thrips that are found in leaf litter or on dead twigs, apparently feeding on fungal hyphae (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Antennae with eight or nine clearly separate segments, moniliform with long lateral setae, segments III and IV each with single greatly inflated sensorium or with a transverse sensory area around apex; tergite X usually with well-developed trichobothria.

<==Merothripidae
    |--Jezzinothrips [Jezzinothripidae] Z02
    |--Erotidothrips MM96
    |--Damerothrips Hood 1954 MM96
    |    `--*D. gemmatus MM96
    `--Merothrips Hood 1912 [incl. Amerothrips Bhatti 1989, Sakimurathrips Bhatti 1989, Tardothrips Bhatti 1989] MM96
         |--*M. morgani Hood 1912 MM96
         |--M. brevisetis Hood 1954 MM96
         |--M. brunneus Ward 1969 MM96
         |--M. floridensis Watson 1927 MM96
         |--M. fusciceps Hood & Williams 1915 [=*Amerothrips fusciceps; incl. M. cognatus Hood 1925] MM96
         |--M. laevis Hood 1938 MM96
         |--M. mirus Crawford 1942 [=*Tardothrips mirus] MM96
         |--M. nigricornis Hood 1937 MM96
         |--M. productus Hood 1938 MM96
         |--M. tympanis Hood 1954 MM96
         `--M. williamsi Priesner 1921 MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Order Thripida Fallen, 1914. (=Thysanoptera Haliday, 1836) The thrips. In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 133-143. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Actinothrips

Head and pronotum of Actinothrips fraterculus, from CSIRO.

Belongs within: Idolothripini.

Actinothrips is a genus of Neotropical thrips fungus-feeding commonly found on dead leaves.

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Head with one pair of long, dark dorsal setae; preocellar setae short; pronotal anteromarginal and posteromarginal setae usually small; prosternal basantra absent; anapleural sutures short and incomplete; metathoracic sternopleural sutures absent; male with or without a fore tarsal tooth; abdominal segment I with lateral setae arising on lateral sclerites not associated with pelta; abdominal segment X (tube) long with numerous long lateral setae.

<==Actinothrips Bagnall 1909 [incl. Dasythrips Hood 1937] MM96
    |--*A. longicornis Bagnall 1909 MM96
    |--A. apithanus Mound 1991 MM96
    |--A. bondari Hood 1928 MM96
    |--A. chiapensis (Johansen & Garcia 1976) [=Dasythrips chiapensis] MM96
    |--A. femoralis Hood 1950 MM96
    |--A. fraterculus (Hood 1941) [=Dasythrips fraterculus] MM96
    |--A. gargantua De Santis 1960 MM96
    |--A. monochaetus Hood 1935 MM96
    |--A. pedalis Hood 1949 MM96
    |--A. polychaetus Hood 1941 MM96
    |--A. regalis (Hood 1937) [=*Dasythrips regalis] MM96
    |--A. retanae Mound 1991 MM96
    `--A. trichaetus Hood 1935 MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Adraneothrips

Female Adraneothrips ephippium, from Thrips of California.

Belongs within: Phlaeothripini.

Adraneothrips is a genus of small, weakly sclerotised fungus-feeding thrips.

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Antennae eight-segmented, median segments often bicoloured, segment III with two or three sense cones, segment IV with three or four; pronotum usually with five pairs of capitate setae, epimeral sutures complete; basantra absent, mesopraesternum eroded to two lateral triangles; fore tarsus of female without a tooth; forewings narrow with few duplicated cilia, rarely micropterous; metathoracic sternopleural sutures not developed; pelta usually longer than wide; tergites II to VI commonly with both lateral sutures visible in dorsal view; B1 setae on IX usually blunt.

<==Adraneothrips Hood 1925 MM96
    |--*A. tibialis (Hood 1914) [=Haplothrips tibialis] MM96
    |--A. abdominalis Hood 1925 MM96
    |--A. acutulus Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--A. acutus Hood 1950 MM96
    |--A. alajuela Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--A. albicollis Hood 1935 MM96
    |--A. alternatus Hood 1925 MM96
    |--A. andrei Medina Gaud 1961 MM96
    |--A. apalus Stannard 1965 MM96
    |--A. aztecus Johansen 1983 JR-SM-G05
    |--A. bellus (Hood & Williams 1915) [=Haplothrips bellus] MM96
    |--A. biadenes Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--A. bilineatus Hood 1935 MM96
    |--A. brasiliensis Hood 1950 MM96
    |--A. cautus Johansen 1981 MM96
    |--A. cinctiventris Hood 1942 MM96
    |--A. decorus Hood 1938 JR-SM-G05
    |--A. desocellatus (Priesner 1933) [=Hypothrips desocellatus] MM96
    |--A. diligens Hood 1935 MM96
    |--A. ephippium Cott 1956 MM96
    |--A. exiguus (Hood 1912) [=Cryptothrips exiguus] MM96
    |--A. falsus Johansen 1974 MM96
    |--A. faustus Cott 1956 MM96
    |--A. fuscicollis Hood 1925 MM96
    |--A. hoffi Cott 1956 MM96
    |--A. huachucae Hood 1927 MM96
    |--A. imbecillus Hood 1938 MM96
    |--A. inca Hood 1938 MM96
    |--A. lepidus Hood 1950 MM96
    |--A. microsetis Hood 1942 MM96
    |--A. obliquus Hood 1950 MM96
    |--A. oculatus Hood 1942 MM96
    |--A. pallidus (Watson 1924) [=Gastrothrips pallidus] MM96
    |--A. peruviensis Hood 1942 MM96
    |--A. pinicola Hood 1938 MM96
    |--A. poecilonotus Hood 1939 MM96
    |--A. pulchellus Hood 1950 MM96
    |--A. rostratus Hood 1938 MM96
    |--A. saturatus Cott 1956 MM96
    |--A. septimanus Hood 1950 MM96
    |--A. silvaticus Hood 1950 MM96
    |--A. simulator Hood 1925 MM96
    |--A. spadix Hood 1950 MM96
    |--A. stenocephalus Hood 1938 MM96
    |--A. strasseni Johansen 1979 MM96
    |--A. transversus Hood 1950 MM96
    |--A. tupi Hood 1950 MM96
    |--A. uniformis Hood 1925 MM96
    |--A. vacuus Cott 1956 MM96
    |--A. vespicola De Santis 1981 MM96
    `--A. xanthosoma Hood 1938 MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[JR-SM-G05] Johansen, R. M., A. P. Retana-Salazar & A. Mojica-Guzmán. 2005. A review of the New World bryophyte-feeding genus Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 61-83.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Hoplandrothrips

Female Hoplandrothrips armiger, from Thrips of California.

Belongs within: Phlaeothripini.

Hoplandrothrips is a diverse genus of thrips that are mostly fungus-feeders on dead plant branches, though members of one species group induce leaf roll galls (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Antennae eight-segmented, segment III with three (rarely two) sense cones, segment IV with four sense cones; mouth cone long and pointed, extending across prosternum; maxillary stylets usually retracted to eyes, close together medially; prosternal basantra usually not present, probasisternal plates large; male fore femora with an apical tubercle, fore tarsal tooth present in both sexes; metathoracic sterno-pleural sutures usually absent; forewing with small median constriction, or pocket; pelta bell-shaped; sternal glandular area of males differing in size and shape between species.

<==Hoplandrothrips Hood 1912 [incl. Pathothrips Hood 1937, Phloeobiothrips Hood 1925] MM96
    |--H. jennei (Jones 1912) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--H. affinis Hood 1915 MM96
    |--H. albipes Hood 1952 MM96
    |--H. angustatus Hood 1927 MM96
    |--H. armiger (Jones 1912) [=Phlaeothrips armiger; incl. H. sycamorensis Mason 1926] MM96
    |--H. bellicosus Johansen 1979 MM96
    |--H. brasiliensis Hood 1954 MM96
    |--H. brunneicornis Bagnall 1917 MM96
    |--H. caudatus Hood 1938 MM96
    |--H. chapmani (Hood 1927) [=Phloeothrips chapmani] MM96
    |--H. costano Hood 1942 MM96
    |--H. cubicola Hood 1942 MM96
    |--H. erythrinae (Priesner 1925) [=Phloeothrips erythrinae] MM96
    |--H. flavipes Bagnall 1923 MM96
    |--H. forbesi (Hood 1940) [=Phlaeothrips forbesi] MM96
    |--H. fusciflavus Hood 1952 MM96
    |--H. gynandrus Hood 1927 MM96
    |--H. huastecus Johansen 1981 MM96
    |--H. insolens (Hood 1912) [=Phloeothrips insolens. Phloeobiothrips insolens] MM96
    |--H. irretius Kono 1964 MM96
    |--H. juniperinus (Hood 1912) [=Phloeothrips juniperinus; incl. H. proximus Hood 1927] MM96
    |--H. lepidus Johansen 1979 MM96
    |--H. lissonotus Hood 1942 MM96
    |--H. longirostris Hood 1954 MM96
    |--H. mcateei Hood 1915 MM96
    |--H. microps (Hood 1912) [=Phloeothrips microps] MM96
    |--H. nasutus Hood 1957 MM96
    |--H. neovulcaniensis Johansen 1983 MM96
    |--H. nigricestus Hood 1933 MM96
    |--H. olmecanus Johansen 1976 MM96
    |--H. ommatus Hood 1952 MM96
    |--H. pallens Hood 1942 MM96
    |--H. pergandei (Hinds 1902) [=Phloeothrips pergandei; incl. P. funebris Hood 1912] MM96
    |--H. picticornis (Crawford 1939) [=Phlaeothrips picticornis] MM96
    |--H. proteus Hood 1937 [=H. (*Pathothrips) proteus] MM96
    |--H. quercuspumilae Watson 1920 MM96
    |--H. raptor (Crawford 1910) [=Phloeothrips raptor] MM96
    |--H. russelli Hood 1915 MM96
    |--H. rusticus Johansen 1979 MM96
    |--H. salicacearum Hood 1942 MM96
    |--H. scutellaris Hood 1942 MM96
    |--H. sides (Moulton 1933) [=Phloeothrips sides] MM96
    |--H. symmetricus Hood 1942 MM96
    |--H. tarascus Johansen 1981 MM96
    |--H. tumiceps (Hood 1925) [=*Phloeobiothrips tumiceps] MM96
    |--H. uzeli (Hinds 1902) [=Phloeothrips uzeli] MM96
    |--H. variegatus Hood 1952 MM96
    |--H. vazquezae Johansen 1986 MM96
    |--H. virago Hood 1931 MM96
    `--H. xanthopoides Bagnall 1917 [incl. Phloeothrips reynei Priesner 1923] MM96

Hoplandrothrips jennei (Jones 1912) [=Phloeothrips jennei; incl. P. floridensis Watson 1913, Hoplandrothrips lateralis Stannard 1963, P. (*Hoplandrothrips) xanthopus Hood 1912] MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Sophiothrips

Head and pronotum of Sophiothrips sp., from Mound & Marullo (1996).

Belongs within: Williamsiellina.

Sophiothrips are minute thrips found on dead twigs or leaf litter.

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Antennae with eight segments, segment III usually with two sense cones (occasionally one or sense cones absent); maxillary stylets exceptionally short, restricted to mouth cone; epimeral sutures completes, prosternal basantra small; fore tarsal claw large in male but smaller (rarely absent) in female; species strongly sexually dimorphic.

<==Sophiothrips Hood 1933 [incl. Bagnalliola, Nanimothrips, Nanothrips, Zaxenothrips] MM96
    |--*S. squamosus Hood 1933 MM96
    |--S. bicolor Watson & Preer 1939 MM96
    |--S. comptus Hood 1956 MM96
    |--S. panamensis Hood 1933 MM96
    |--S. peculiaris (Crawford 1943) [=Zaxenothrips peculiaris] MM96
    |--S. politus Hood 1956 MM96
    |--S. spadix Hood 1954 MM96
    |--S. unicolor Hood 1939 MM96
    |--S. verrucosus Hood 1956 MM96
    `--S. vorticosus Hood 1954 MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Malacothrips

Head and metanotum of Malacothrips curepe, from Mound & Marullo (1996).

Belongs within: Phlaeothripini.

Malacothrips is a genus of thrips found in leaf litter, characterised by having the head constricted behind the eyes (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Head constricted behind eyes; postocular setae well developed; maxillary stylets usually retracted to level of postocular setae; epimera divided into two sclerites, bearing one pair of epimeral setae.

<==Malacothrips Hinds 1902 [incl. Udeothrips Hood 1957] MM96
    |--*M. zonatus Hinds 1902 MM96
    |--M. adranes Hood 1938 MM96
    |--M. curepe Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--M. fasciatus Hood 1952 MM96
    |--M. mediater Hood 1952 MM96
    |--M. praeclarus Johansen 1974 MM96
    |--M. riverai Medina Gaud 1961 MM96
    |--M. roycei Hood 1941 MM96
    |--M. tunapuna Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    `--M. vigilatus (Hood 1957) [=*Udeothrips vigilatus] MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Tylothrips

Head of Tylothrips brasiliensis, from Mound (1977).

Belongs within: Glyptothripini.

Tylothrips is a genus of thrips found primarily in the New World, characterised by the present of a pair of long expanded ventrolateral setae on each of the meso- and metathorax (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Head smooth to weakly reticulate; maxillary stylets wide apart in head; meso- and metathorax each with one pair of long and apically expanded setae that are longer than the apical width of the tibiae.

<==Tylothrips Hood 1937 [incl. Copiothrips, Phragmothrips] MM96
    |--*T. concolor Hood 1937 MM96
    |--T. achaetus (Hood 1957) [=Phragmothrips achaetus] MM96
    |--T. brasiliensis (Hood 1957) [=Copiothrips brasiliensis] MM96
    |--T. caelatoris (Hood 1954) [=Porcothrips caelatoris] MM96
    |--T. clavivestis (Hood 1935) [=Terthrothrips clavivestis] MM96
    |--T. cochlearius (Hood 1954) [=Terthrothrips cochlearius] MM96
    |--T. consobrinus (Hood 1954) [=Terthrothrips consobrinus] MM96
    |--T. crassus (Hood 1954) [=Terthrothrips crassus] MM96
    |--T. flaviventris (Hood 1957) [=Copiothrips flaviventris] MM96
    |--T. forticauda (Hood 1954) [=Porcothrips forticauda] MM96
    |--T. fulvescens (Hood 1957) [=Copiothrips fulvescens] MM96
    |--T. fuscifrons (Hood 1957) [=Copiothrips fuscifrons] MM96
    |--T. gracilis (Hood 1954) [=Terthrothrips gracilis] MM96
    |--T. inuncatus (Hood 1957) [=Phragmothrips inuncatus] MM96
    |--T. longulus (Hood 1954) [=Terthrothrips longulus] MM96
    |--T. majusculus (Hood 1957) [=Phragmothrips majusculus] MM96
    |--T. minor (Hood 1954) [=Terthrothrips minor] MM96
    |--T. osborni (Hinds 1902) [=Eurythrips osborni; incl. E. macrops Hood 1925, E. setiger Stannard 1958] MM96
    |--T. paulus (Hood 1957) [=Phragmothrips paulus] MM96
    |--T. striaticeps (Hood 19540 [=Terthrothrips striaticeps] MM96
    |--T. subglaber (Hood 1957) [=Copiothrips subglaber] MM96
    `--T. ustulatus (Hood 1957) [=Copiothrips ustulatus] MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Mound, L. A. 1977. Species diversity and the systematics of some New World leaf litter Thysanoptera (Phlaeothripinae; Glyptothripini). Systematic Entomology 2: 225-244.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Apterygothrips

Apterygothrips collyerae, from here.

Belongs within: Phlaeothripidae.

Apterygothrips is a poorly defined genus of thrips of doubtful status; it may be synonymous with the closely related Karnyothrips (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Antennal segments VII and VIII distinct, segment IV with two or three sense cones; maxillary stylets one-third to one-quarter of head width apart; prosternal basantra well developed; anal setae often 1.5 times as long as tube or longer.

<==Apterygothrips Priesner 1933 MM96
    |--*A. haloxyli Priesner 1933 MM96
    |--A. bicolor Johansen 1982 MM96
    |--A. floridensis Johansen & Mojica 1993 MM96
    |--A. grassoi (De Santis 1959) [=Adraneothrips grassoi] MM96
    |--A. nakaharai Johansen & Oca 1989 MM96
    |--A. neovulcaniensis Johansen 1982 MM96
    |--A. okajimai Johansen & Oca 1989 MM96
    |--A. perplexus Johansen 1982 MM96
    |--A. pitkini Johansen 1983 MM96
    |--A. politus Johansen 1982 MM96
    `--A. zempoalensis Johansen & Oca 1989 MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Karnyothrips

Karnyothrips flavipes, from CSIRO.

Belongs within: Phlaeothripidae.

Karnyothrips is a genus of thrips (poorly distinguished from the closely related Apterygothrips) commonly found on dead twigs (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Antennal segments VII and VIII distinct, segment IV with two to four sense cones; maxillary stylets one third to one quarter of head width apart; prosternal basantra well developed; anal setae often 1.5 times as long as tube or longer; often micropterous or apterous, forewings if present weakly constricted medially with few or no duplicated cilia.

<==Karnyothrips Watson 1924 [=Karnyia Watson 1922 (preoc.), Karynia (l. c.)] MM96
    |--K. flavipes (Jones 1912) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--K. americanus (Hood 1912) [=Zygothrips americanus; incl. Cephalothrips elegans Moulton 1929] MM96
    |--K. analis (De Santis 1959) [=Adraneothrips analis, Apterygothrips analis] MM96
    |--K. antennatus Hood 1938 MM96
    |--K. anthracinus (Hood 1939) [=Watsoniella anthracina] MM96
    |--K. arizona Hood 1939 MM96
    |--K. brimleyi Hood 1938 MM96
    |--K. bromelianus Johansen 1982 [=Apterygothrips bromelianus] MM96
    |--K. caliginosus Hood 1938 MM96
    |--K. caxamarca Hood 1938 MM96
    |--K. dodgei (Hood 1925) [=Hindsiana dodgei] MM96
    |--K. festivus (Hood 1939) [=Watsoniella festiva] MM96
    |--K. franciscanus (Hood 1949) [=Watsoniella franciscana] MM96
    |--K. harti (Hood 1913) [=Zygothrips harti; incl. Z. femoralis Morgan 1913, Haplothrips gracilis Watson 1920] MM96
    |--K. longiceps (Hood 1908) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--K. medialis Hood 1957 MM96
    |--K. melaleucus (Bagnall 1911) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--K. merrilli (Watson 1920) [=Haplothrips merrilli; incl. H. panamaensis Watson 1931, K. tenuis Moulton 1938] MM96
    |--K. minimus Johansen 1974 MM96
    |--K. noveboracensis (Hood 1940) [=Watsoniella noveboracensis] MM96
    |--K. ochropezus Hood 1934 MM96
    |--K. piceus Hood 1957 MM96
    |--K. politus Johansen 1983 MM96
    |--K. prolatus Hood 1957 MM96
    |--K. rhopalocerus (Hood 1925) [=Hindsiana rhopalocera] MM96
    |--K. sonorensis Stannard 1956 [=Haplothrips (Xylaplothrips) sonorensis] MM96
    |--K. sympathicus Johansen 1982 MM96
    |--K. tepoztlanensis Johansen & Mojica 1993 MM96
    |--K. texensis (Hood 1940) [=Watsoniella texensis] MM96
    `--K. venustus (Moulton 1941) [=Cryptothrips venustus] MM96

Karnyothrips flavipes (Jones 1912) [=Anthothrips flavipes; incl. Hindsiana catchingsi Watson 1924, Cryptothrips citri Watson 1918, Haplothrips cubensis Watson 1924, Ha. funki Watson 1920, Ha. harnedi Watson 1922, Watsoniella jonesiana Cott 1950, Ha. longisetis Bagnall 1913, Ha. oneco Watson 1924, Zygothrips pullus Hood & Williams 1915, Cryptothrips salicis Jones 1912, *Karynia (l. c.) weigeli Watson 1922] MM96

Karnyothrips longiceps (Hood 1908) [=Zygothrips longiceps, Apterygothrips longiceps; incl. Cephalothrips errans Moulton 1911] MM96

Karnyothrips melaleucus (Bagnall 1911) [=Hindsiana melaleuca; incl. Zygothrips bicolor Hood & Williams 1915, H. cocois Watson 1922, Cephalothrips elongatus Watson 1919, H. pini Watson 1922] MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Urothripini

Female specimen of Trachythrips astutus, from Thrips of California.

Belongs within: Phlaeothripidae.

The Urothripini are a distinctive group of often wingless thrips found in leaf litter, probably feeding on fungal hyphae. They are characterised by their particularly long anal tubes bearing long terminal setae. The species Habrothips curiosus and Octurothrips pulcher have two-segmented mid- and hind-tarsi and well-developed compound eyes with more than thirty facets, but in all other genera the tarsi are one-segmented and the eyes are simplified with fifteen or fewer facets (Mound 1972).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Tergite IX more than 2.0 times as long as tergite VIII medially; anal tube often longer than head, with long terminal setae; hind coxae more widely separated than mid coxae; usually apterous, and with antennal segments III to V closely joined.

<==Urothripini [Urothripinae] MM96
    |--Amphibolothrips Buffa 1909 M72
    |    |--*A. grassii Buffa 1909 M72
    |    |--A. knechteli [=Bebelothrips knechteli] M72
    |    `--A. marginatus [=Bebelothrips marginatus, Trachythrips marginatus] M72
    |--Bebelothrips Buffa 1909 M72
    |    |--*B. latus Buffa 1909 M72
    |    `--B. flavicinctus M72
    |--Conocephalothrips Bianchi 1946 M72
    |    `--*C. tricolor Bianchi 1946 M72
    |--Octurothrips Priesner 1931 M72
    |    `--*O. pulcher Priesner 1931 M72
    |--Urothrips Bagnall 1909 M72
    |    |--*U. paradoxus Bagnall 1909 M72
    |    |--U. bagnalli M72
    |    `--U. minor M72
    |--Bradythrips Hood & Williams in Hood 1925 MM96
    |    `--*B. hesperus Hood & Williams in Hood 1925 MM96
    |--Baenothrips Crawford 1948 MM96 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*B. guatemalensis Crawford 1948 MM96
    |    |--B. asper (Bournier 1963) [=*Transithrips asper] M72
    |    |--B. caenosus (Stannard 1952) [=Amphibolothrips (*Verrucothrips) caenosa] M72
    |    |--B. chiliensis Stannard 1970 MM96
    |    |--B. erythrinus (Pelikan 1964) [=Stephanothrips erythrinus] MM96
    |    |--B. indicus (Ananthakrishnan 1966) [=*Bournieria indica] M72
    |    |--B. minutus (Ananthakrishnan 1964) [=*Ramachandraiella minuta] M72
    |    |--B. moundi (Stannard 1970) [=Transithrips moundi] M72
    |    `--B. murphyi M72
    |--Stephanothrips Trybom 1912 MM96
    |    |--*S. buffai Trybom 1912 [incl. S. graminis] M72
    |    |--S. barretti Mound 1972 M72
    |    |--S. bradleyi Hood 1927 MM96
    |    |--S. carolina Hood 1938 MM96
    |    |--S. corticinus Watts 1935 MM96
    |    |--S. ferrari Mound 1972 M72
    |    |--S. fusiantennatus Watts 1935 MM96
    |    |--S. occidentalis Hood & Williams 1925 MM96
    |    |--S. uvarovi M72
    |    `--S. whitcombi Watson 1942 MM96
    |--Trachythrips Hood 1930 MM96
    |    |--*T. watsoni Hood 1929 M72
    |    |--T. albipes Hood 1933 MM96
    |    |--T. astutus M72
    |    |--T. brevis M72
    |    |--T. brevitubus Stannard 1957 MM96
    |    |--T. deleoni Hood 1933 MM96
    |    |--T. epimeralis Hood 1941 MM96
    |    |--T. frontalis Hood 1933 MM96
    |    |--T. gracilis M72
    |    |--T. seminole Hood 1939 MM96
    |    |--T. watsoni M72
    |    `--T. wirshinghi Medina Gaud 1961 MM96
    |--Biconothrips Stannard 1970 M72
    |    `--*B. reedi Stannard 1970 M72
    |--Habrothrips Ananthakrishnan 1967 M72
    |    `--*H. curiosus Ananthakrishnan 1967 M72
    |--Coxothrips Bournier 1963 M72
    |    `--*C. reticulatus Bournier 1963 M72
    `--Ananthakrishnaniella Stannard 1970 M72
         `--*A. tarai Stannard 1970 M72

Baenothrips Crawford 1948 MM96 [incl. Bournieria Ananthakrishnan 1966 M72, Ramachandraiella Ananthakrishnan 1964 M72, Transithrips Bournier 1963 M72, Verrucothrips Stannard 1952 M72]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[M72] Mound, L. A. 1972. Species complexes and the generic classification of leaf-litter thrips of the tribe Urothripini (Phlaeothripidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 20: 83-103.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Plectrothripini

Male specimen of Plectrothrips crocatus, from Thrips of California.

Belongs within: Phlaeothripidae.

The Plectrothripini is a group of thrips distinguished by having the sensorium on the second antennal segment in the basal rather than the distal section of the segment. The species Lonchothrips linearis is distinctive in having the body sclerotisation much reduced, with the pronotum in particular being largely membranous; in other genera, the pronotal sclerite is well developed, though it is anteriorly eroded in Chirothripoides (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Priesner 1960): Whole body strongly flattened. Mouth cone very short, broadly rounded. Antennal segment II with sensorium located between base and center; segments (III or)IV to VII stalked, segment VIII fusiform. Forelegs strongly thickened, flat. Body bristles long, pointed. Pronotal sclerite partially replaced by punctate membrane. Hind tibiae often with spur.

<==Plectrothripini MM96
    |--Chiridothrips P60
    |--Dunatothrips P60
    |--Eurytrichothrips P60
    |--Hammatothrips P60
    |--Mastigothrips P60
    |--Priesnerothrips Hood 1954 [=Myopothrips Hood 1954 (preoc.)] MM96
    |    `--*P. amazonicus (Hood 1954) [=*Myopothrips amazonicus] MM96
    |--Lonchothrips Hood 1957 MM96
    |    `--*L. linearis Hood 1957 MM96
    |--Chirothripoides Bagnall 1915 MM96
    |    |--*C. typicus Bagnall 1915 MM96
    |    `--C. dendropogonus Watts 1934 MM96
    |--Menothrips Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--*M. ebriosus Hood 1957 MM96
    |    `--M. asiaticus Okajima 1990 MM96
    |--Streptothrips Priesner 1932 MM96
    |    |--*S. mirabilis MM96
    |    |--S. impatiens (Hood 1925) [=Plectrothrips impatiens] MM96
    |    `--S. rostratus Bournier 1992 MM96
    `--Plectrothrips Hood 1908 MM96
         |--*P. antennatus Hood 1908 MM96
         |--P. biscuspis Hood 1957 MM96
         |--P. crocatus Cott 1956 MM96
         |--P. debilis Hood 1954 MM96
         |--P. glaber Hood 1954 MM96
         |--P. hoodi Okajima 1981 MM96
         |--P. latus Hood 1941 MM96
         |--P. longisetis Hood 1941 MM96
         |--P. nigricornis Okajima 1981 MM96
         |--P. pallipes Hood 1916 MM96
         |--P. rotundus Okajima 1981 MM96
         `--P. thoracicus Hood 1954 MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

[P60] Priesner, H. 1960. Das System der Tubulifera (Thysanoptera). Anzeiger der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 13: 283-296.

Acanthothrips

Acanthothrips nodicornis, photographed by Walter Pfliegler.

Belongs within: Phlaeothripini.

Acanthothrips is a group of thrips (questionably distinct from Phlaeothrips) found as fungus-feeders on dead twigs, with the highest diversity in the New World (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Antennal segments III and IV each with a distinct apical neck and three long sense cones, segments VII and VIII distinct; maxillary stylets very close medially in head; pronotum usually with complex, delicately reticulate sculpture; fore tibia without distinct tubercles on inner margin; abdominal tergites each with more than two pairs of wing-retaining setae.

<==Acanthothrips Uzel 1895 [incl. Notothrips Hood 1933] MM96
    |--*A. nodicornis (Reuter 1885) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--A. albivittatus Hood 1908 MM96
    |--A. ‘albovittatus’ (Schille 1912) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--A. amoenus Hood 1949 MM96
    |--A. argentifer Cott 1956 MM96
    |--A. candidus Hood 1938 MM96
    |--A. folsomi (Hood 1933) [=Notothrips folsomi] MM96
    |--A. grandis (Karny 1912) [=Hoplothrips grandis] MM96
    |--A. itzanus Stannard 1957 MM96
    |--A. palmi Hood 1958 MM96
    |--A. perileucus Hood 1957 MM96
    |--A. priesneri Johansen 1979 MM96
    `--A. vittatus (Hood 1912) [=Phloeothrips vittatus, *Notothrips vittatus] MM96

Acanthothrips ‘albovittatus’ (Schille 1912) non A. albivittatus Hood 1908 [=Phloeothrips albovittatus, Notothrips albovittatus] MM96

*Acanthothrips nodicornis (Reuter 1885) [=Phloeothrips nodicornis; incl. A. americanus Bagnall 1933, A. doanei Moulton 1907, Machatothrips isshikii Ishida 1932] MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Wegenerithrips

Right forewing of Wegenerithrips admirabilis, from Johansen et al. (2005).

Belongs within: Thripidae.

Wegenerithrips is a New World genus of thrips with sabre-shaped forewings, the upper vein of which bears sparse and interrupted setae.

Characters (from Johansen et al. 2005): Very small thrips known only from females (0.738–1.16 mm in length). Body predominantly clear yellow, or bicolored: yellow with brownish abdomen, or head and thorax brown with yellow abdomen. Subhypodermal pigment yellow to orange. Antennal segments I–II yello, III–VIII dark brown. Fore wings dark greyish-brown; hind wings whitish with a dark brown median longitudinal vitta. Ocellar crescents orange to red. Body setae dark brown. Head in dorsal view broader than long, slightly produced in front (including bases of antennae) or only between bases of antennae; cheeks slightly convex to almost straight and subparallel; occiput sculptured with transverse and confluent striae. Chaetotaxy of head with anteocellars (pair I) commonly present (rarely absent); lateral setae (pair II) present; interocellars (pair III) commonly very long, between hind ocelli, sometimes posterior displaced to near basal margin of ocellar triangle; postoculars i–ii present. Compound eyes ellipsoidal, protruding, regularly faceted and pilose; ocellar triangle at centre between both eyes, anterior ocellus inclined or directed forwards. Antennae 8-segmented; II with two setae surrounding dorsoapical chordotonal sensilla; segment III with subbasal hyaline and membranose ring, pedicel cylindric to slightly fungiform, segments III–VI globose and pedicellate, each with annulae and microtrichia; segments III–IV each with a bifurcate trichome (dorsal and ventral respectively). Mouth-cone commonly long (nearly to completely reaching posterior margin of prosternum), narrow to broadly round, longer or shorter than head's dorsal length. Maxillary palps three-segmented; labial palpi two-segmented. Pronotum broader than long, smooth or with some faint transverse striae in anterior margin that become stronger in posterior margin. Chaetotaxy of pronotum with two major anteroangulars commonly short, two major anteromarginals commonly long but sometimes reduced; four minor posteromarginals; two posteroangulars, the inner one very long, the outer reduced; basantra membranous, ferna entire but constricted at middle. Mesonotum transverse, oblong, pentagonal to hexagonal, with transverse parallel to confluent striae; with two pairs of posteromarginal setae, and one lateral on each side. Metanotum scutum transverse, smooth at centre, concentrically striated, or with polygonal reticulation; pair of median setae on anterior margin or posterior displaced. Pterosternum: mesosternal furca with spinula, absent in metasternal furca. Legs slender and moderately long; all tarsi two-segmented. Fore wings sabre-like, commonly with apex curved forwards, upper vein with sparse and interrupted chaetotaxy, second vein with regularly placed setae; posterior fringe cilia wavy. Abdomen with suture separating laterotergites and pleurites. Tergite I with two setae at middle (also present on tergites II–VIII). Tergite VIII with ctenidium anterolateral to spiracle; with craspedum (sometimes not apparent) in posterior margin. Tergite X with short to long longitudinal suture. Sternites II–VII each with accessory transverse setae row plus posteromarginals.

<==Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 JR-SM-G05
    |  i. s.: W. trinidadensis (Hood 1956) JR-SM-G05
    |         W. virginianus (Johansen & Mojica 1986) [=Plesiopsothrips virginianus] JR-SM-G05
    |--W. exiguamirabilis Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
    `--+--*W. admirabilis Johansen 1983 JR-SM-G05
       `--+--W. teoceloensis Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
          `--+--+--W. longistilus Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
             |  `--+--W. centraliamericanus Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
             |     `--W. grandemirabilis Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
             `--+--W. godmansalvinorum Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
                `--+--W. bicolor Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
                   `--W. minor Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[JR-SM-G05] Johansen, R. M., A. P. Retana-Salazar & A. Mojica-Guzmán. 2005. A review of the New World bryophyte-feeding genus Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 61-83.

Thrips

Onion thrips Thrips tabaci, photographed by Nigel Cattlin.

Belongs within: Thripidae.

Thrips is a large genus of thrips, most diverse in the Holarctic and Old World tropics, though some species have become cosmopolitan pest species. These include the onion thrips Thrips tabaci and the melon thrips T. palmi, both of which feed on a wide range of crops and can transmit viruses between them. Members of Thrips are characterised by the absence of ocellar setae I, and the presence of paired tergal ctenidia posteromesad of the spiracles on tergite VIII (Mound & Marullo 1996). Phylogenetic analysis by Buckman et al. (2013) indicated that Thrips is paraphyletic to Microcephalothrips abdominalis, which has a particularly small head relative to the pronotum and seven-segmented antennae, and the genus Stenchaetothrips which has elongate ocellar setae pair II (Mound & Marullo 1996).

<==Thrips Linnaeus 1758 JR-SM-G05
    |--+--T. knoxi BMW13
    |  `--T. setipennis BMW13
    `--+--+--T. vulgatissimus BMW13
       |  `--Microcephalothrips Bagnall 1926 BMW13, MM96
       |       `--*M. abdominalis (Crawford 1910) [=Thrips abdominalis] MM96
       `--+--+--T. australis (Bagnall 1915) BMW13, MM96 (see below for synonymy)
          |  `--T. imaginis Bagnall 1926 BMW13, GM79
          `--+--T. simplex (Morison 1930) BMW13, MM96 [=Physothrips simplex MM96]
             `--+--T. nigropilosus BMW13
                `--Stenchaetothrips Bagnall 1926 BMW13, MM96 [incl. Anaphidothrips Hood 1954 MM96]
                     |--*S. melanurus Bagnall 1926 MM96
                     |--S. biformis (Bagnall 1913) [=Bagnallia biformis; incl. Chloethrips oryzae] MM96
                     |--S. brasiliensis (Hood 1954) [=*Anaphidothrips brasiliensis] MM96
                     `--S. minutus (Deventer 1906) (see below for synonymy) MM96

Thrips incertae sedis:
  *T. physapus Linnaeus 1758 MM96
  T. addendus (Priesner 1933) [=Taeniothrips addendus] MM96
  T. albopilosum KU07
  T. aligherini Girault 1927 G27b
  T. coprosmae Mound 1978 MM04
  T. darci Girault 1930 G30
  T. exilicornis MM96
  T. fasciata Linnaeus 1758 L58
  T. flavus M04
  T. florum Schmutz 1913 MM96
  T. formosanus Priesner 1934 S76
  T. hawaiiensis (Morgan 1913) [=Euthrips hawaiiensis] MM96
  T. helianthi C38
  T. indigenus Girault 1929 G29
  T. japonicus Bagnall 1914 GM79 [=T. partirufus Girault 1927 G27c]
  T. juniperina Linnaeus 1758 L58
  T. lacteicorpus Girault 1927 GM79
  T. major M04
  T. minutissima Linnaeus 1758 L58
  T. obscuratus (Crawford 1941) MM04
  T. orientalis (Bagnall 1915) [=Isoneurothrips orientalis] MM96
  T. pallicornis C38
  T. pallidulus Bagnall 1924 S76
  T. palmi Karny 1925 MM96
  T. parvispinus MC13
  T. safrus MC13
  T. seminiveus Girault 1926 G26
  T. shakespearei Girault 1927 G27a
  T. tabaci Lindeman 1889 MM96
  T. trehernei B08
  T. unispinus M04
  T. walteri Crawford 1938 C38

Stenchaetothrips minutus (Deventer 1906) [=Thrips minutus; incl. T. minutus var. puttemansi Costa Lima 1926, Stenchaetothrips saccharoni] MM96

Thrips australis (Bagnall 1915) BMW13, MM96 [=Isoneurothrips australis MM96; incl. I. marisabellae Ortiz 1973 MM96]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B08] Bartos, M. 2008. Alternative predatory tactics in a juvenile jumping spider. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 300–305.

[BMW13] Buckman, R. S., L. A. Mound & M. F. Whiting. 2013. Phylogeny of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) based on five molecular loci. Systematic Entomology 38: 123–133.

[C38] Crawford, J. C. 1938. Some new or little known Thysanoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (2): 35–43.

[G26] Girault, A. A. 1926. New pests from Australia. IV. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 205).

[G27a] Girault, A. A. 1927a. Some new wild animals. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 208–210).

[G27b] Girault, A. A. 1927b. New Australian animals so far overlooked by outsiders. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 211–212).

[G27c] Girault, A. A. 1927c. A discourse on wild animals. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 216–217).

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. North American Hymenoptera Mymaridae. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 233–261).

[G30] Girault, A. A. 1930. New pests from Australia. VIII. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 273–277).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[JR-SM-G05] Johansen, R. M., A. P. Retana-Salazar & A. Mojica-Guzmán. 2005. A review of the New World bryophyte-feeding genus Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 61–83.

[KU07] Khanjani, M., & E. A. Ueckermann. 2007. Natural enemies of the walnut pest Aceria tristriatus (Nal.) (Acari: Eriophyidae) in western Iran. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 451–453. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[MM04] Martin, N. A., & L. A. Mound. 2004. Host plants for some New Zealand thrips (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia). New Zealand Entomologist 27: 119–123.

[M04] Mound, L. A. 2004. Australian Thysanoptera—biological diversity and a diversity of studies. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 248–257.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[S76] Strassen, R. zur. 1976. Hochmontane Arisaema-Arten (Araceae) in Nepal als Wirtspflanzen floricoler Fransenflügler (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (1–3): 55–59.

Last updated: 30 January 2019.

Neohydatothrips

Marigold thrips Neohydatothrips samyunkur, from CSIRO.

Belongs within: Thripidae.

Neohydatothrips is a genus of thrips found worldwide, distinguished from the closely related Hydatothrips by the absence of a deeply excavated anterior margin to the metasternum (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Sense cones on antennal segments III–IV forked. Metasternum anterior border rounded. First vein of forewing with continuous row of setae, second vein with two distal setae. Lateral thirds of abdominal tergites covered with regular rows of fine microtrichia.

<==Neohydatothrips John 1929 MM96
    |--N. portoricensis (Morgan 1925) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--N. basilaris (Hood 1941) [=Sericothrips basilaris] MM96
    |--N. flavicollis (Hood 1954) [=Sericothrips flavicollis] MM96
    |--N. gracilipes (Hood 1924) [=Sericothrips gracilipes] MM96
    |--N. hadrosetae Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--N. humberto Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--N. inversus (Hood 1928) [=Sericothrips inversus; incl. S. geminus Hood 1935] MM96
    |--N. luculentus (Moulton 1938) MM96
    |--N. mirandai (Johansen 1981) [=Sericothrips mirandai] MM96
    |--N. pseudoannulipes Johansen 1983 MM96
    |--N. rapoporti Johansen 1983 MM96
    |--N. samyunkur M04
    |--N. signifer (Priesner 1932) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--N. tibialis (Priesner 1924) [=Sericothrips tibialis] MM96
    `--N. williamsi (Hood 1928) [=Sericothrips williamsi] MM96

Neohydatothrips portoricensis (Morgan 1925) [=Sericothrips portoricensis; incl. Scirtothrips batatae Bondar 1930, Se. portoricensis extremus Moulton 1941, *Neohydatothrips latereostriatus John 1929] MM96

Neohydatothrips signifer (Priesner 1932) [=Sericothrips signifer; incl. N. aztecus Johansen 1983, S. burungae Hood 1935, S. mimosae Hood 1955] MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Mound, L. A. 2004. Australian Thysanoptera—biological diversity and a diversity of studies. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 248-257.

Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Scirtothrips

Citrus thrips Scirtothrips citri, photographed by Joseph Morse.

Belongs within: Thripidae.

Scirtothrips is a genus of leaf-feeding thrips, several of which are important economic pests causing scarring on fruit. These include the citrus thrips S. citri and S. aurantii, the latter of which is also a pest on crops such as bananas and mangoes. Some species occupy cryptic habitats on the leaves; the oak-dwelling S. abditus lives beneath marginal hairs on the leaf veins and within domatia formed by these hairs (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Antennae 8-segmented, sense cones forked; head transversely striate; ocellar setae I present, III varying in position between species; usually two pairs of postocular setae behind ocellae; pronotum transversely striate, with four pairs of posteromarginal setae which vary in spize (pm I is median pair, pm II frequently elongate); median pair of mesonotal setae arising well in front of posterior margin; forewing first vein usually with irregular series of setae, two to four (rarely up to ten) setae on second vein; fringe cilia wavy or straight, particularly distally; abdominal tergites with regular microtrichial field on lateral thirds, median pair of setae varying in size and position; VIII with well-developed posteromarginal comb; male sometimes with paired long processes (drepanae) laterally on tergite IX, sternal glandular areas not developed.

<==Scirtothrips Shull 1909 R-SN07
    |--*S. ruthveni Shull 1909 MM96
    |--S. abditus Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--S. albomaculatus MM09
    |--S. astrictus Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--S. aurantii M04
    |--S. bisbravoae Johansen 1983 MM96
    |--S. bondari Moulton 1933 MM96
    |--S. bounites Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--S. citri MM96
    |--S. dobroskyi M04
    |--S. euthyntus Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--S. gladiiseta Girault 1933 G33
    |--S. ikelus Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--S. longipennis (Bagnall 1909) [=Euthrips longipennis] MM96
    |--S. lumarius Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--S. manihoti (Bondar 1924) [=Euthrips manihoti] MM96
    |--S. multistriatus Hood 1954 MM96
    |--S. oligochaetus (Karny 1927) [=Anaphothrips oligochaetus] MM96
    |--S. panamensis Hood 1935 MM96
    |--S. perseae FYP07
    `--S. pteridis Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FYP07] Faber, B. A., W. L. Yee & P. A. Phillips. 2007. Effect of abamectin treatments for avocado thrips (Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara [Thysanoptera: Thripidae]) on persea mite (Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker and Abbatiello [Acari: Tetranychidae]) and avocado bud mite (Tegolophus myresi Keifer [Acari: Eriophyidae]) populations and on their associated damage to leaves and fruit of avocado (Persea americana). In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 521–527. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[G33] Girault, A. A. 1933. Some beauties inhabitant not of commercial boudoirs but of Nature’s bosom, notably new insects. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 299–303).

[M04] Mound, L. A. 2004. Australian Thysanoptera—biological diversity and a diversity of studies. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 248–257.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[MM09] Mound, L. A., & M. Masumoto. 2009. Australian Thripinae of the Anaphothrips genus-group (Thysanoptera), with three new genera and thirty-three new species. Zootaxa 2042: 1–76.

[R-SN07] Retana-Salazar, A. P., & K. Nishida. 2007. First gall-inducing thrips on Elaphoglossum ferns: a new genus and species of thrips, Jersonithrips galligenus from Costa Rica (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 87 (2): 143–148.

Last updated: 30 January 2019.