Latrodectus

Western black widow Latrodectus hesperus, copyright Marshal Hedin.

Belongs within: Theridiidae.

Latrodectus, the widow spiders, is a cosmopolitan genus of cob web spiders including a number of species of medical interest due to their toxic bites. Members of the genus are characterised by widely separated lateral eyes, a large colulus, and the absence of cheliceral teeth (Garb et al. 2004).

<==Latrodectus Walckenaer 1805 [Latrodectinae] PVD10
    |--+--L. geometricus Koch 1841 GGG04
    |  `--L. rhodesiensis Mackay 1972 GGG04
    `--+--L. renivulvatus Dahl 1902 GGG04
       |--L. tredecimguttatus (Rossi 1790) GGG04 [incl. L. tredecimguttatus var. lugubris C01, L. schuchii GGG04]
       `--+--+--L. hasselti Thorell 1870 GGG04 [inl. L. scelio Thorell 1870 S99]
          |  |    |--L. h. hasselti T72
          |  |    `--L. h. indicus Simon 1897 T72
          |  `--L. katipo Powell 1870 GGG04 (see below for synonymy)
          `--+--L. menavodi (Vinson 1863) GGG04
             `--+--+--L. pallidus Cambridge 1872 GGG04
                |  `--L. revivensis Shulov 1948 GGG04
                `--+--+--+--L. bishopi (Kaston 1938) GGG04
                   |  |  `--L. variolus (Walckenaer 1837) GGG04
                   |  `--+--L. hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie 1935 GGG04
                   |     `--L. mactans (Fabricius 1775) GGG04
                   `--+--L. mirabilis (Holmberg 1876) GGG04
                      |--L. variegatus Nicolet 1849 GGG04
                      `--+--L. corallinus Abalos 1980 GGG04
                         `--L. diaguita Carcavallo 1960 GGG04

Latrodectus incertae sedis:
  L. antheratus (Badcock 1932) GGG04
  L. apicalis (Butler 1877) GGG04
  L. atritus Urquhart 1890 GGG04, NS00 [=L. katipo var. atritus NS00]
  L. cinctus (Blackwall 1865) GGG04
  L. curacaviensis (Müller 1776) GGG04
  L. dahli (Levi 1959) GGG04
  L. erythromelas (Schmidt & Klaas 1991) GGG04
  L. hystrix (Simon 1890) GGG04
  L. indistinctus (Cambridge 1904) GGG04
  L. karrooensis (Smithers 1944) GGG04
  L. lilianae Melic 2000 GGG04
  L. obscurior (Dahl 1902) GGG04
  L. ornatus Lucas 1846 E12
  L. quartus Abalos 1980 GGG04
  L. spinipes Lucas 1846 E12

Latrodectus katipo Powell 1870 GGG04 [incl. Theridium melanozantha Urquhart 1887 NS00, T. zebrinia Urquhart 1890 NS00]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Utivázlat [Reiseskizze]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. xii–xli. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[GGG04] Garb, J. E., A. González & R. G. Gillespie. 2004. The black widow spider genus Latrodectus (Araneae: Theridiidae): phylogeny, biogeography, and invasion history. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 1127–1142.

[NS00] Nicholls, D. C., P. J. Sirvid, S. D. Pollard & M. Walker. 2000. A list of arachnid primary types held in Canterbury Museum. Records of the Canterbury Museum 14: 37–48.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[S99] Simon, E. 1899. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896–1897. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie un Biologie der Thiere 12 (4): 411–437.

[T72] Tikader, B. K. 1972. Spider fauna of India: catalogue and bibliography. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (1): 91–101.

Haplinis

Haplinis exigua, copyright Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Linyphiidae.

Haplinis is an Australian genus of small spiders in which the male palp bears a long filiform or spiniform embolus that forms a loop lying in part outside the cymbium.

<==Haplinis Simon 1894 PVD10
    |--*H. subclathrata Simon 1894 PVD10
    |--H. abbreviata (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. alticola Blest & Vink 2002 PVD10
    |--H. anomala Blest & Vink 2003 PVD10
    |--H. antipodiana Blest & Vink 2002 PVD10
    |--H. attenuata Blest & Vink 2002 PVD10
    |--H. australis Blest & Vink 2003 PVD10
    |--H. banksi (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. brevipes (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. chiltoni (Hogg 1911) PVD10
    |--H. contorta (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. diloris (Urquhart 1886) PVD10
    |--H. dunstani (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. exigua Blest & Vink 2002 PVD10
    |--H. fluviatilis (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. fucatinia (Urquhart 1894) PVD10
    |--H. fulvolineata Blest & Vink 2002 PVD10
    |--H. horningi (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. inexacta (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. innotabilis (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. insignis (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. major (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. marplesi Blest & Vink 2003 PVD10
    |--H. minutissima (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. morainicola Blest & Vink 2002 PVD10
    |--H. mundenia (Urquhart 1894) PVD10
    |--H. paradoxa (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. redacta (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. rufocephala (Urquhart 1888) PVD10
    |--H. rupicola Blest 1979 PVD10
    |--H. silvicola (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. similis (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. subdola (Pickard-Cambridge 1879) PVD10
    |--H. subtilis Blest & Vink 2002 PVD10
    |--H. taranakii (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. tegulata (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. titan (Blest 1979) PVD10
    |--H. tokaanuae Blest & Vink 2002 PVD10
    `--H. wairarapa Blest & Vink 2002 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Linyphia

Linyphia triangularis, copyright Gail Hampshire.

Belongs within: Linyphiidae.

Linyphia is a Palaearctic genus of small spiders in which the male palp has an inconspicuous embolus when unextended and a spirally coiled terminal apophysis.

<==Linyphia Latreille 1804 [Linyphieae] W76
    |--*L. triangularis (Clerck 1757) SC97 [=Araneus triangularis C01, Epeira (Linyphia) triangularis G20]
    |--L. albiapiata Urquhart 1891 (n. d.) PVD10
    |--L. aucklandensis Forster 1964 [=L. campbellensis (l. c.)] F64
    |--L. cruentum Urquhart 1891 (n. d.) PVD10
    |--L. fastuosa Lucas 1846 E12
    |--L. gibbosa Lucas 1846 E12
    |--L. javensis Doleschall 1859 D59
    |--L. litigiosa E95
    |--L. marginata K01
    |--L. montana [=Aranea montana] C01
    |--L. multicolor Urquhart 1891 (n. d.) PVD10
    |--L. oblonga Koch & Berendt 1854 S93
    |--L. pallipes Lucas 1846 E12
    |--L. pellos Urquhart 1891 (n. d.) PVD10
    `--L. setosa Forster 1964 F64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C01] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[D59] Doleschall, C. L. 1859. Tweede Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie [Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae] 5 (5): 1–60, pls 1–18.

[E95] Elgar, M. A. 1995. The duration of copulation in spiders: comparative patterns. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 1–11.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F64] Forster, R. R. 1964. The Araneae and Opiliones of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Pacific Insects Monograph 7: 58–115.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[SC97] Scharff, N., & J. A. Coddington. 1997. A phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 355–434.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[W76] Wunderlich, J. 1976. Spinnen aus Australien. 2. Linyphiidae (Arachnida: Araneida). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (1-3): 125–142.

Parafroneta

Parafroneta marrineri female, photographed by S. E. Thorpe.

Belongs within: Linyphiidae.

Parafroneta is a genus of linyphiid spiders endemic to New Zealand in which the male palp is typically long and slender, without significant dilation apically.

<==Parafroneta Blest 1979 PVD10
    |--*P. marrineri (Hogg 1909) PVD10
    |--P. ambigua Blest 1979 PVD10
    |--P. confusa Blest 1979 PVD10
    |--P. demota Blest & Vink 2002 PVD10
    |--P. haurokoae Blest & Vink 2002 PVD10
    |--P. hirsuta Blest & Vink 2003 PVD10
    |--P. insula Blest 1979 PVD10
    |--P. minuta Blest 1979 PVD10
    |--P. monticola Blest 1979 PVD10
    |--P. persimilis Blest 1979 PVD10
    |--P. pilosa Blest & Vink 2003 PVD10
    |--P. subalpina Blest & Vink 2002 PVD10
    |--P. subantarctica Blest 1979 PVD10
    `--P. westlandica Blest & Vink 2002 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Laetesia

Laetesia olvidada, copyright Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Linyphiidae.

Laetesia is a genus of linyphiid spiders, found in south-east Asia and Australasia, with eyes arranged in two procurved lines.

<==Laetesia Simon 1908 PVD10
    |--L. amoena Millidge 1988 PVD10
    |--L. aucklandensis (Forster 1964) PVD10
    |--L. bellissima Millidge 1988 PVD10
    |--L. chathami Millidge 1988 PVD10
    |--L. distincta Millidge 1988 PVD10
    |--L. forsteri Wunderlich 1976 W76
    |--L. germana Millidge 1988 PVD10
    |--L. intermedia Blest & Vink 2003 PVD10
    |--L. minor Millidge 1988 PVD10
    |--L. mollita Simon 1908 W76
    |--L. nornalupiensis Wunderlich 1976 W76
    |--L. olvidada Blest & Vink 2003 PVD10
    |--L. paragermana Blest & Vink 2003 PVD10
    |--L. peramoena (Pickard-Cambridge 1879) PVD10
    |--L. prominens Millidge 1988 PVD10
    |--L. pseudamoena Blest & Vink 2003 PVD10
    |--L. pulcherrima Blest & Vink 2003 PVD10
    |--L. trispathulata (Urquhart 1886) PVD10 [=Linyphia trispathulata NS00]
    `--L. woomerensis Wunderlich 1976 W76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[NS00] Nicholls, D. C., P. J. Sirvid, S. D. Pollard & M. Walker. 2000. A list of arachnid primary types held in Canterbury Museum. Records of the Canterbury Museum 14: 37–48.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[W76] Wunderlich, J. 1976. Spinnen aus Australien. 2. Linyphiidae (Arachnida: Araneida). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (1–3): 125–142.

Nicodamidae

Nicodamus mainae, copyright Ron 'n' Beth's Pics.

Belongs within: Neocribellatae.

The Nicodamidae are an Australasian group of spiders that construct small sheet webs close to ground level.

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small to large araneomorph spiders; three tarsal claws; cribellate or ecribellate; entelegyne; eight eyes; male palpal tibia with large dorsal apophysis; tarsi and metatarsi IV lacking trichobothria; chelicerae with one distal tooth on promargin only.

<==Nicodamidae BS09
    |  i. s.: Ambicodamus Harvey 1995 JD-S07
    |           `--A. marae BS09
    |         Dimidamus Harvey 1995 JD-S07
    |         Durodamus Harvey 1995 JD-S07
    |         Litodamus Harvey 1995 JD-S07
    |         Oncodamus Harvey 1995 JD-S07
    |--Megadictyninae [Megadictynidae] PVD10
    |    |--Megadictyna Dahl 1906 BS09, PVD10
    |    |    `--*M. thilenii Dahl 1906 PVD10 [incl. Ihurakius forsteri Marples 1959 NS00]
    |    `--Forstertyna Harvey 1995 PVD10
    |         `--*F. marplesi (Forster 1970) PVD10
    `--+--Novodamus Harvey 1995 BS09, JD-S07
       `--Nicodamus Simon 1887 BS09, JD-S07 [Nicodaminae]
            |--N. bicolor FF99
            `--N. mainae JD-S07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS09] Blackledge, T. A., N. Scharff, J. A. Coddington, T. Szüts, J. W. Wenzel, C. Y. Hayashi & I. Agnarsson. 2009. Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (13): 5229–5234.

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[NS00] Nicholls, D. C., P. J. Sirvid, S. D. Pollard & M. Walker. 2000. A list of arachnid primary types held in Canterbury Museum. Records of the Canterbury Museum 14: 37–48.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Araneoidea

Pirate spider Ero furcata, copyright Tone Killick.

Belongs within: Neocribellatae.
Contains: Nesticidae, Theridiidae, Synotaxidae, Cyatholipidae, Nephilidae, Araneidae, Theridiosomatidae, Symphytognathidae, Mysmenidae, Anapidae, Linyphiidae, Tetragnathidae.

The Araneoidea are a clade of spiders that commonly construct elaborate webs for capturing prey such as orb or cob webs. Members include the Mimetidae, pirate spiders, which are small spiders with peg teeth on the chelicerae and prolateral rows of interspersed large and small spines on the first two tibiae and metatarsi; members of this family are typically araneophagous and do not construct a web (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Synapomorphies (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Cribellum absent; posterior lateral spinnerets with two aciniform gland spigots flanking flagelliform gland spigot; setae serrate; labium short; lateral eyes juxtaposed at least in males.

<==Araneoidea [Extentae]
    |--+--+--Theridioidea JD-S07
    |  |  |    |--Nesticidae JD-S07
    |  |  |    `--Theridiidae BS09
    |  |  `--Cyatholipoidea JD-S07
    |  |       |--Synotaxidae JD-S07
    |  |       `--Cyatholipidae PVD10
    |  `--+--Nephilidae BS09
    |     `--+--Araneidae BS09
    |        `--+--Theridiosomatidae S03
    |           `--+--+--Symphytognathidae S03
    |              |  `--Mysmenidae S03
    |              `--+--Anapidae BS09
    |                 `--Synaphridae S03
    |                      |--Crassignatha Wunderlich 1994 S03
    |                      |--Iardinus Simon 1899 S03
    |                      |--Synaphris Simon 1894 S03
    |                      `--Cepheia Simon 1894 S03
    |                           `--C. longiseta Simon 1881 S03
    `--+--Linyphioidea JD-S07
       |    |--Linyphiidae BS09
       |    `--Pimoidae JD-S07
       |         |--Weintrauboa Hormiga 2003 JD-S07
       |         |--Nanoa Hormiga, Buckle & Scharff 2005 JD-S07
       |         `--Pimoa Chamberin & Ivie 1943 JD-S07
       |              |--P. altioculata Chamberlin & Ivie 1943 SC97
       |              `--P. laurae JD-S07
       `--+--Tetragnathidae BS09
          `--+--Malkaridae JD-S07
             |    |--Malkara Davies 1980 [Malkarinae] RRH09
             |    |    `--M. loricata FF99
             |    `--Sternoidinae [Sternodidae, Sternoidini] RRH09
             |         |--Carathea Moran 1986 RRH09
             |         |--Chilenodes Platnick & Forster 1987 RRH09
             |         `--Perissopmeros Butler 1932 (see below for synonymy) RRH09
             |              |--*P. castaneous Butler 1932 RRH09
             |              |--P. darwini Rix, Roberts & Harvey 2009 RRH09
             |              |--‘*Sternodes’ foraminatus Butler 1929 [=*Sternoides foraminatus] RRH09
             |              `--‘Sternodes’ mullawerringi JD-S07
             `--Mimetidae BS09
                  |--Mimetarchaea gintaras Eskov 1992 SHR08
                  |--Gnolus [Gnoleae, Oarciinae] SC97
                  |--Mimetus Hentz 1832 JD-S07
                  |    |--M. biturberculatus P92
                  |    |--M. hesperus R14
                  |    `--M. notius R14
                  |--Australomimetus Heimer 1989 PVD10
                  |    |--A. mendicus (Pickard-Cambridge 1879) PVD10
                  |    `--A. sennio (Urquhart 1891) PVD10
                  `--Ero FF99
                       |--E. aberrans Petrunckevitch 1958 S93
                       |--E. cambridgei Kulczynski 1911 BBM02
                       |--E. carboneana Petrunkevitch 1942 S93
                       |--E. furcata (Villers 1789) BBM02
                       `--E. permunda Petrunkevitch 1942 S93

Araneoidea incertae sedis:
  Hypopthalma E90
  Juraraneus [Juraraneidae] SHR08
    `--J. rasnitsyni Eskov 1984 SHR08
  Cretaraneus vilaltae Selden 1990 S93
  Acrometidae S93
    |--Pseudoacrometa Wunderlich 1986 P92
    |    `--P. gracilipes Wunderlich 1986 S93
    |--Cornuanandrus Wunderlich 1986 P92
    |    `--C. maior Wunderlich 1986 S93
    |--Anandrus S93
    |    |--A. inermis (Petrunkevitch 1942) S93
    |    |--A. quaesitus (Petrunkevitch 1958) S93
    |    `--A. redemptus (Petrunkevitch 1958) S93
    `--Acrometa S93
         |--A. cristata Petrunkevitch 1942 S93
         |--A. minutum (Petrunkevitch 1942) S93
         |--A. robustum (Petrunkevitch 1942) S93
         |--A. samlandica (Petrunkevitch 1942) S93
         |--A. setosus (Petrunkevitch 1942) S93
         `--A. succini Petrunkevitch 1942 S93
  Adjutoridae S93
    |--Ajunctor similis Petrunkevitch 1942 S93
    |--Admissor aculeatus Petrunkevitch 1942 S93
    `--Adjutor S93
         |--A. deformis Petrunkevitch 1958 S93
         `--A. mirabilis Petrunkevitch 1942 S93
  Ephalmator [Ephalmatoridae] S93
    |--E. eximius Petrunkevitch 1958 S93
    `--E. fossilis Petrunkevitch 1958 S93
  Zarqaraneidae W19
  Cretamysmenidae W19

Perissopmeros Butler 1932 [incl. Sternodes Butler 1929 (preoc.), Sternoides Platnick 1998] RRH09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS09] Blackledge, T. A., N. Scharff, J. A. Coddington, T. Szüts, J. W. Wenzel, C. Y. Hayashi & I. Agnarsson. 2009. Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (13): 5229–5234.

[BBM02] Bonte, D., L. Baert & J.-P. Maelfait. 2002. Spider assemblage structure and stability in a heterogeneous coastal dune system (Belgium). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 331–343.

[E90] Eberhard, W. G. 1990. Early stages of orb construction by Philoponella vicinia, Leucauge mariana, and Nephila clavipes (Araneae, Uloboridae and Tetragnathidae), and their phylogenetic implications. Journal of Arachnology 18: 205–234.

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R. & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

[RRH09] Rix, M. G., J. D. Roberts & M. S. Harvey. 2009. The spider families Synotaxidae and Malkaridae (Arachnida: Araneae: Araneoidea) in Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (3): 295–304.

[SC97] Scharff, N., & J. A. Coddington. 1997. A phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 355–434.

[S03] Schütt, K. 2003. Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae s.l. (Araneae, Araneoidea). Zoologica Scripta 32 (2): 129–151.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SHR08] Selden, P. A., Huang D. & Ren D. 2008. Palpimanoid spiders from the Jurassic of China. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 306–321.

[W19] Wunderlich, J. 2019. What is a spider? Cretaceous fossils modify strongly phylogenetics as well as diagnoses of families, superfamilies and even suborders of spiders (Araneida) and other arthropods. Beiträge zur Araneologie 12: 1–32.

Last updated: 17 January 2022.

Synotaxidae

Nomaua repanga, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Araneoidea.

The Synotaxidae are a group of small spiders found in Australasia and South America. They construct webs that vary from irregular sheets to an inverted bowl or lattice-like structure (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Very small to small; three tarsal claws; ecribellate; entelegyne; eight eyes; paracymbium small, basal, dorsally excavate; cymbium with longitudinal incision on retrolateral margin; male palp with thickened macrosetae dorsally on femur and sometimes patella and tibia; femora basally thickened.

<==Synotaxidae
    |  i. s.: Calcarsynotaxus Wunderlich 1994 RRH09
    |           |--*C. longipes Wunderlich 1994 RRH09
    |           `--C. benrobertsi Rix, Roberts & Harvey 2009 RRH09
    |         Microsynotaxus RRH09
    |           |--M. calliope Wunderlich 2008 RRH09
    |           `--M. insolens Wunderlich 2008 RRH09
    |         Chileotaxus RRH09
    |--Synotaxus Simon 1894 [Synotaxinae] JD-S07
    |    `--S. monoceros JD-S07
    |--Physogleninae RRH09
    |    |--Physoglenes FF99
    |    |--Tupua RRH09
    |    |--Paratupua RRH09
    |    |--Zeatupua Fitzgerald & Sirvid 2009 PVD10
    |    |    `--*Z. forsteri Fitzgerald & Sirvid 2009 PVD10
    |    |--Meringa Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |    |    |--*M. otago Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |    |    |--M. australis Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |    |    |--M. borealis Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |    |    |--M. centralis Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |    |    |--M. conway Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |    |    |--M. hinaka Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |    |    |--M. leith Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |    |    |--M. nelson Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |    |    `--M. tetragyna Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |    `--Mangua Forster in Forster et al. 1990 FF99, PVD10
    |         |--*M. gunni Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |         |--M. caswell Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |         |--M. convoluta Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |         |--M. flora Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |         |--M. forsteri (Brignoli 1983) PVD10
    |         |--M. hughsoni Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |         |--M. kapiti Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |         |--M. makarora Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |         |--M. medialis Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |         |--M. oparara Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |         |--M. otira Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |         |--M. paringa Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |         |--M. sana Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    |         `--M. secunda Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
    `--Pahorinae RRH09
         |--Pahoroides Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    |--*P. whangarei Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    `--P. courti Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |--Runga Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    |--*R. nina Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    |--R. akaroa Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    |--R. flora Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    |--R. moana Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    `--R. raroa Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |--Pahora Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    |--*P. murihiku Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    |--P. cantuaria Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    |--P. graminicola Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    |--P. kaituna Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    |--P. media Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    |--P. montana Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    |--P. rakiura Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    |--P. taranaki Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         |    `--P. wiltoni Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
         `--Nomaua Forster in Forster et al. 1990 [incl. Wairua] PVD10
              |--*N. crinifrons (Urquhart 1891) PVD10
              |--N. arborea Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
              |--N. cauda Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
              |--N. nelson Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10
              |--N. perdita Forster in Forster et al. 1990 [incl. Nomaua reinga (Forster in Forster et al. 1990)] PVD10
              |--N. rakiura Fitzgerald & Sirvid 2009 PVD10
              |--N. repanga Fitzgerald & Sirvid 2009 PVD10
              |--N. rimutaka Fitzgerald & Sirvid 2009 PVD10
              |--N. taranga Fitzgerald & Sirvid 2009 PVD10
              |--N. urquharti Fitzgerald & Sirvid 2009 PVD10
              |--N. waikanae (Forster in Forster et al. 1990) PVD10
              `--N. waikaremoana Forster in Forster et al. 1990 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R. & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[RRH09] Rix, M. G., J. D. Roberts & M. S. Harvey. 2009. The spider families Synotaxidae and Malkaridae (Arachnida: Araneae: Araneoidea) in Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (3): 295–304.

Last updated: 14 January 2022.

Nesticidae

Nesticus cellulanus, copyright Gernot Kunz.

Belongs within: Araneoidea.

The Nesticidae, cave cobweb spiders, are a group of small spiders that primarily build their highly elastic cobwebs in dark locations. They are distinguished from the closely related Theridiidae by morphology of the male palp, in which the paracymbium is large and proximal, and the cymbium is rebordered (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Very small to small; eight eyes present in two rows; cheliceral fang furrow with two or three strong teeth and irregular group of numerous small denticles; labium rebordered; legs with three tarsal claws, tarsi IV with row of serrated bristles; ecribellate; entelegyne.

<==Nesticidae
    |--Aituaria Esyunin & Efimik 1998 JD-S07
    |--Canarionesticus Wunderlich 1992 JD-S07
    |--Carpathonesticus Lehtinen & Saaristo 1980 JD-S07
    |--Cyclocarcina Komatsu 1942 JD-S07
    |--Gaucelmus Keyserling 1884 JD-S07
    |--Typhlonesticus Kulczynski 1914 JD-S07
    |--Baltonesticus flexuosus Wunderlich 1986 S93
    |--Heteronesticus magnoparacymbialis Wunderlich 1986 S93
    |--Howaia Lehtinen & Saaristo 1980 MG03
    |    `--*H. mogera (Yaginuma 1972) [=Nesticella mogera, Nesticus mogera] MG03
    |--Eidmannella Roewer 1935 JD-S07
    |    `--E. rostrata JD-S07
    |--Nesticella Lehtinen & Saaristo 1980 MG03
    |    |--*N. nepalensis (Hubert 1973) MG03
    |    |--N. robinsoni Lehtinen & Saaristo 1980 MG03
    |    `--N. taurama Lehtinen & Saaristo 1980 MG03
    |--Eopopino S93
    |    |--E. inopinatus Wunderlich 1986 S93
    |    |--E. longipes Petrunkevitch 1942 S93
    |    `--E. rarus Wunderlich 1986 S93
    `--Nesticus Thorell 1869 [Nesticeae] JD-S07
         |--N. akiensis T07
         |--N. akiyoshiensis T07
         |--N. cellulanus (Clerck 1757) GE02
         |--N. henderickxi JD-S07
         |--N. nasicus TH08
         |--N. noroensis T07
         `--N. silvestrii GE02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GE02] Giribet, G., G. D. Edgecombe, W. C. Wheeler & C. Babbitt. 2002. Phylogeny and systematic position of Opiliones: a combined analysis of chelicerate relationships using morphological and molecular data. Cladistics 18: 5–70.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[MG03] Marusik, Yu. M., & E. F. Guseinov. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 1. New family and genus records. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 29–46.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TH08] Thomas, S. M., & M. Hedin. 2008. Multigenic phylogeographic divergence in the paleoendemic southern Appalachian opilionid Fumontana deprehendor Shear (Opiliones, Laniatores, Triaenonychidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46 (2): 645–658.

[T07] Tsurusaki, N. 2007. The Chugoku Mountains—a hotspot of geographical differentiation of species. Taxa 22: 3–14.

Last updated: 22 September 2019.

Araneidae

Basilica spider Mecynogea lemniscata, copyright Volcano.

Belongs within: Araneoidea.
Contains: Nephilinae, Micratheninae, Cyclosini, Gasteracanthinae, Mangora, Argiope, Cyrtophora, Cyrtarachninae, Neoscona, Araneus.

The Araneidae are the largest family of orb-weaving spiders, members of which construct an orb web with a sticky spiral, or a modification thereof (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007). Members of the family are morphologically and behaviourally diverse and their classification has long been confused. As recognised below, araneids are united by the presence of modified setae (the sustentaculum) on the tip of the fourth tarsi and the presence of a radix in the embolic division of the male palp (Scharff et al. 2020) and may be divided between three major clades. The Zygiellinae are characterised by spinnerets with aggregate spigots apart from flagelliform spigots, and construct webs using doubled radial threads and incorporating a silken tube retreat. A second clade unites the Nephilinae with the southern Australian Paraplectanoides crassipes.

The remaining araneids are united by molecular data into a clade informally dubbed the 'ARA clade' by Scharff et al. (2020). Historical subfamilial divisions within this clade remain of uncertain validity. In particular, the subfamily Araneinae, as historically defined by the presence of tubercles on the femur of the male pedipalp and an epigynal scape in the female, appears to be highly polyphyletic. Members of the Cyrtophorinae have the piriform spinning field on the anterior lateral spinnerets reduced to a narrow ribbon, and construct their web as a horizontal, tightly woven mesh with an extremely tight, permanent non-sticky spiral (Framenau & Scharff 2009). The Argiopeae have a procurved posterior eye row with a reduced canoe-shaped tapetum in the lateral eyes, and the male palp possesses a thread-like spur on the median apophysis (Scharff & Coddington 1997).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small to large; eight eyes present in two rows with lateral eyes widely separated from median eyes; labium rebordered; legs with three tarsal claws, usually with numerous spines and sustentaculum on tarsus IV; abdomen globose, overhanging the carapace; ecribellate; male palp with mesal cymbium, median apophysis and radix in embolic division; entelegyne.

<==Araneidae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Zygiellinae [Phonognatheae, Phonognathidae, Zygielleae] SC20
    |    |  i. s.: Leviellus SC20
    |    |--Zygiella Pickard-Cambridge 1902 SC20, PVD10 [=Zygia Koch 1834 non Fabricius 1775 G76]
    |    |    |--*Z. atrica (Koch 1845) (see below for synonymy) G76
    |    |    |--Z. kochi (Thorell 1870) [=Zilla kochi] G76
    |    |    |--Z. montana (Koch 1839) [=Zilla montana] G76
    |    |    |--Z. stroemi (Thorell 1870) G76 [=Zilla stroemi G76, Stroemiellus stroemi AM11]
    |    |    |--Z. thorelli (Ausserer 1871) [=Zilla thorelli] G76
    |    |    `--Z. x-notata (Clerck 1758) PVD10 [=Zilla x-notata G76]
    |    `--+--Phonognatha Simon 1894 SC20, K02 [incl. Singotypa HAA07]
    |       |    |--P. graeffei (Rainbow 1896) B96
    |       |    |--P. melania B96
    |       |    `--P. sylvicola B96
    |       `--Deliochus Simon 1894 SC20, K02
    `--+--+--Nephilinae SC20
       |  `--Paraplectanoides Keyserling 1886 SC20
       |       `--*P. crassipes Keyserling 1886 KK90, SC20
       `--+--Caerostrinae SC20
          |    |--Gnolus Simon 1879 [Gnoleae, Oarciinae] SC20
          |    |    `--G. cordiformis SC20
          |    |--Caerostris Thorell 1868 SC20, GA11 [Caerostreae]
          |    |    |--C. darwini Kuntner & Agnarsson 2010 GA11
          |    |    |--C. ‘paradoxa’ (Doleschall 1859) K92, D59 [=Epeira paradoxa non Lucas 1846 K92]
          |    |    |--C. sexcuspidata SC97
          |    |    |--C. sumatrana Strand 1915 GA11
          |    |    `--C. vinsoni Thorell 1868 SC97
          |    `--Testudinaria Taczanowski 1879 non Salisbury ex Burchell 1824 (ICBN) [Testudinareae] SC20
          `--+--‘Araneus’ necopinus SC20
             `--+--+--*Encyosaccus sexmaculatus Simon 1895 SC97
                |  `--Micratheninae SC20
                `--+--Spilasma Simon 1897 SC20
                   |    `--S. duodecimguttata SC20
                   `--+--Chorizopeae SC97
                      |    |--Artonis SC97
                      |    `--Chorizopes Pickard-Cambridge 1871 [Chorizopinae] SC20
                      |         |--*C. frontalis K02
                      |         `--C. nipponicus SC20
                      `--+--Telaprocera SC20
                         |    |--T. joanae SC20
                         |    `--T. maudae SC20
                         `--+--+--Hingstepeira Levi 1995 SC20, K02
                            |  |    `--H. folisecens (Hingston 1932) K02
                            |  `--+--+--+--+--Lariniophora Framenau 2011 F11
                            |     |  |  |  |    `--*L. ragnhildae (Strand 1917) (see below for synonymy) F11
                            |     |  |  |  `--Eriophora Simon 1864 SC20, F11
                            |     |  |  |       |--*E. ravilla (Koch 1844) F11
                            |     |  |  |       |--E. biapicata (Koch 1871) F11
                            |     |  |  |       |--E. bistriata D95
                            |     |  |  |       |--E. edax (Blackwall 1863) SC97
                            |     |  |  |       |--E. fuliginea (Koch 1838) B11
                            |     |  |  |       |--E. heroine (Koch 1871) PVD10 [incl. Epeira brounii Urquhart 1884 FF99]
                            |     |  |  |       `--E. pustulosa (Walckenaer 1842) F11 (see below for synonymy)
                            |     |  |  `--Acanthepeira Marx 1883 SC20, AM11
                            |     |  |       |--*A. stellata (Walckenaer 1805) SC97
                            |     |  |       `--A. venusta (Banks 1896) SC97
                            |     |  `--+--Parawixia Pickard-Cambridge 1904 SC20, AM11
                            |     |     |    |--*P. destricta Pickard-Cambridge 1889 SC20
                            |     |     |    |--P. kochi (Taczanowski 1873) AM11
                            |     |     |    `--P. velutina (Taczanowski 1878) AM11
                            |     |     `--+--Wagneriana Pickard-Cambridge 1904 SC20, AM11
                            |     |        |    |--W. tauricornis SC20
                            |     |        |    `--W. tayos SC97
                            |     |        `--Alpaida Pickard-Cambridge 1889 SC20, AM11
                            |     |             |--A. bicornuta (Taczanowski 1878) SC97
                            |     |             |--A. championi (P.-Cambridge 1889) SC97
                            |     |             |--A. delicata SC20
                            |     |             |--A. grayi [=Aranea grayi] F09
                            |     |             |--A. leucogramma (White 1841) AM11
                            |     |             |--A. truncata (Keyserling 1865) AM11
                            |     |             `--A. veniliae (Keyserling 1865) AM11
                            |     `--+--+--Hypognatha Guérin 1839 [Eurycorminae, Hypognatheae] SC20
                            |        |  |    `--*H. scutata (Perty 1833) SC97
                            |        |  `--+--Eustala Simon 1895 SC20, AM11
                            |        |     |    |--*E. anastera (Walckenaer 1841) SC97
                            |        |     |    `--E. sagana (Keyserling 1893) [=Araneus saganus] AM11
                            |        |     `--Metazygia SC20
                            |        |          |--*M. wittfeldae P.-Cambridge 1903 SC97
                            |        |          |--M. gregalis (Pickard-Cambridge 1889) P-GGJ08
                            |        |          `--M. rogenhoferi (Keyserling 1878) P-GGJ08
                            |        `--+--+--+--‘Parawixia’ dehaani SC20
                            |           |  |  `--Backobourkia Framenau, Dupérré et al. 2010 SC20, F11
                            |           |  |       |--B. brounii (Koch 1871) PVD10
                            |           |  |       |--B. collina (Keyserling 1886) T13
                            |           |  |       `--B. heroine SC20
                            |           |  `--+--Novakiella Court & Forster 1993 SC20, F11
                            |           |     |    `--*N. trituberculosa (Roewer 1942) PVD10
                            |           |     `--+--+--‘Eriophora’ transmarina (Keyserling 1865) SC20, F11 (see below for synonymy)
                            |           |        |  `--+--Carepalxis Koch 1872 SC20, KK90
                            |           |        |     |    |--C. bilobata Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
                            |           |        |     |    |--C. furcula Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
                            |           |        |     |    `--C. tuberculata Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
                            |           |        |     `--Singa Koch 1836 SC20, G76
                            |           |        |          |--*S. hamata (Clerck 1757) G76 (see below for synonymy)
                            |           |        |          `--S. nitidula Koch 1845 G76 [=Epeira (Singa) nitidula K01]
                            |           |        `--+--Plebs Joseph & Framenau 2012 SC20
                            |           |           |    |--P. bradleyi SC20
                            |           |           |    |--P. cyphoxis SC20
                            |           |           |    `--P. eburnus (Keyserling 1886) SC20
                            |           |           `--+--‘Aranea’ recherchensis Main 1954 M54 [=Araneus recherchensis SC20]
                            |           |              `--+--Acroaspis Karsch 1878 SC20, PVD10 (see below for synonymy)
                            |           |                 |    |--*A. olorina SC20
                            |           |                 |    |--A. decorosa (Urquhart 1894) PVD10 (see below for synonymy)
                            |           |                 |    `--‘*Heurodes’ turrita Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
                            |           |                 `--‘Araneus’ senicaudatus SC20
                            |           `--+--+--+--‘Araneus’ dimidiatus SC20
                            |              |  |  `--‘Araneus’ mulierarius SC20
                            |              |  `--+--Dolophoneae SC20
                            |              |     |    |--Dolophones Walckenaer 1837 SC20
                            |              |     |    |    `--D. maximus B96
                            |              |     |    `--Pitharatus SC20
                            |              |     `--Cyclosini SC20
                            |              `--+--Anepsion Strand 1929 SC20, F11
                            |                 |    |--A. depressum (Thorell 1877) SC97
                            |                 |    |--A. peltoides (Thorell 1878) SC97
                            |                 |    `--A. roeweri Chrysanthus 1961 SC97
                            |                 `--Gasteracanthinae SC20
                            `--+--Mangora SC20
                               `--+--+--+--Acusilas Simon 1895 SC20, K02
                                  |  |  |    |--A. coccineus Simon 1895 K02
                                  |  |  |    `--A. malaccensis JD-S07
                                  |  |  `--+--Witica SC97 [incl. Physiola SC20, Salassina SC97; Physioleae]
                                  |  |     |    `--*W. crassicauda (Keyserling 1865) SC97
                                  |  |     `--Arachnura Vinson 1863 SC20, PVD10 [Arachnureae]
                                  |  |          |--A. feredayi (Koch 1872) PVD10 (see below for synonymy)
                                  |  |          `--A. higginsii (Koch 1873) [=Epeira higginsii] M54
                                  |  `--+--Argiopeae SC97
                                  |     |    |--*Neogea egregia (Kulczynski 1911) SC97
                                  |     |    `--+--Argiope BS09
                                  |     |       `--+--Gea Koch 1843 SC97, FS09
                                  |     |          |    |--*G. spinipes Koch 1843 SC97
                                  |     |          |    |--G. eff E95
                                  |     |          |    `--G. heptagon (Hentz 1850) SC97
                                  |     |          `--+--‘Argiope’ aurantia Lucas 1833 SC20, B11
                                  |     |             `--Lariniaria Grasshoff 1970 SC20
                                  |     |                  `--*L. argiopiformis (Bösenberg & Strand 1906) SC20, AM11
                                  |     `--Cyrtophorinae [Cyrtophoreae] FS09
                                  |          |--Cyrtophora SC20
                                  |          |--Kapogea Levi 1997 FS09
                                  |          |--Manogea Levi 1997 FS09
                                  |          |--Cyrtobill Framenau & Scharff 2009 FS09
                                  |          |    `--*C. darwini Framenau & Scharff 2009 FS09
                                  |          `--Mecynogea Simon 1903 [incl. Hentzia McCook 1894] FS09
                                  |               |--M. lemniscata (Walckenaer 1841) B11
                                  |               `--‘Hentzia’ mitrata (Marx 1883) TF98
                                  `--+--+--Poltys Koch 1843 SC20, K92 [incl. Pleuromma Doleschall 1859 K92]
                                     |  |    |--*P. illepidus Koch 1843 SC20, T94 (see below for synonymy)
                                     |  |    |--P. bimaculatus Koch in Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
                                     |  |    |--P. columnaris Thor. 1889-1890 K92
                                     |  |    |--P. coronatus Koch in Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
                                     |  |    |--P. keyserlingi Koch in Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
                                     |  |    |--P. laciniosus Koch in Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
                                     |  |    `--P. mammeatus Koch in Koch & Keyserling 1886 KK90
                                     |  `--+--Perilla Thorell 1895 SC20, K02
                                     |     |    `--*P. teres Thorell 1895 [incl. P. cylindrogaster Simon 1909] K02
                                     |     `--+--+--‘Araneus’ mitificus (Simon 1886) SC20, AM11 (see below for synonymy)
                                     |        |  `--‘Araneus’ praesignis SC20
                                     |        `--+--‘Araneus’ rotundulus SC20
                                     |           `--Eriovixia SC20
                                     |                |--E. excelsa (Simon 1889) HU08
                                     |                `--E. laglaizei (Simon 1877) GA11
                                     `--+--+--Metepeira F.O.P.-Cambridge 1903 SC20, B11
                                        |  |    |--M. arizonica Chamberlin & Ivie 1942 SC97
                                        |  |    |--M. foxi SC97
                                        |  |    |--M. incrassata Pickard-Cambridge 1903 B11
                                        |  |    |--M. labyrinthea (Hentz 1847) B11
                                        |  |    `--M. spinipes Pickard-Cambridge 1903 B11
                                        |  `--+--Kaira Pickard-Cambridge 1889 SC20
                                        |     |    `--*K. alba (Hentz 1850) SC97
                                        |     `--Aculepeira Chamberlain & Ivie 1942 SC20, G76
                                        |          |--*A. packardi (Thorell 1875) SC97
                                        |          |--A. aculeata (Emerton 1877) [=Epeira aculeata] G76
                                        |          |--A. carbonaria (Koch 1869) [=Araneus carbonarius] G76
                                        |          `--A. ceropegia (Walckenaer 1802) G76 (see below for synonymy)
                                        `--+--Cyrtarachninae SC20
                                           `--+--+--‘Araneus’ bicentenarius SC20
                                              |  `--+--Araniella Chamberlain & Ivie 1942 SC20, G76
                                              |     |    |--*A. displicata (Hentz 1847) (see below for synonymy) G76
                                              |     |    |--A. alpica (Koch 1869) [=Araneus alpicus] G76
                                              |     |    |--A. crispula Tullgren 1952 G76
                                              |     |    |--A. cucurbitina (Clerck 1757) SC20, TB81 (see below for synonymy)
                                              |     |    |--A. inconspicua (Simon 1874) [=Araneus inconspicuus] G76
                                              |     |    |--A. opistographa (Kulczynski 1905) (see below for synonymy) G76
                                              |     |    `--A. silesiaca (Fickert 1876) G76
                                              |     `--+--Larinia Simon 1874 SC20, F11
                                              |        |    |--*L. lineata Lucas 1846 SC20
                                              |        |    |--L. acuticauda Simon 1906 (see below for synonymy) J98
                                              |        |    |--L. bonneti SC20
                                              |        |    |--L. borealis (Hentz 1847) SC97
                                              |        |    |--L. directa (Hentz 1847) AM11
                                              |        |    |--L. montagui Hogg 1914 T13
                                              |        |    `--L. phthisica (Koch 1871) F11
                                              |        `--Pycnacantha Blackwall 1865 SC20
                                              |             `--P. fuscosa SC20
                                              `--+--+--Hyposinga Ausserer 1871 SC20, G76
                                                 |  |    |--*H. sanguinea (Koch 1845) [=Singa sanguinea] G76
                                                 |  |    |--H. albovittata (Westring 1851) [=Singa albovittata] G76
                                                 |  |    |--H. heri (Hahn 1836) [=Singa heri] G76
                                                 |  |    |--H. pygmaea (Sundevall 1831) G76 (see below for synonymy)
                                                 |  |    `--H. rubens (Hentz 1847) SC97
                                                 |  `--+--‘Larinia’ jeskovi SC20
                                                 |     `--+--Nuctenea Simon 1864 SC20, G76 (see below for synonymy)
                                                 |        |    |  i. s.: ‘Cyphepeira’ gracilis G76
                                                 |        |    |--*N. umbratica (Clerck 1757) G76 (see below for synonymy)
                                                 |        |    |--N. silvicultrix (Koch 1835) (see below for synonymy) G76
                                                 |        |    `--+--N. folium (Schrank 1803) G76 (see below for synonymy)
                                                 |        |       |--N. ixobola (Thorell 1873) G76 (see below for synonymy)
                                                 |        |       |--N. patagiata (Clerck 1757) G76 (see below for synonymy)
                                                 |        |       `--N. sclopetaria (Clerck 1757) (see below for synonymy) G76
                                                 |        `--Larinioides Caporiacco 1934 SC20, AM11
                                                 |             |--L. cornutus (Clerck 1757) SC20, G76 (see below for synonymy)
                                                 |             |--L. patagiatus (Clerck 1757) AM11
                                                 |             `--L. sclopetarius (Clerck 1757) [=Epeira sclopetaria] AM11
                                                 `--+--+--Agalenatea redii (Scopoli 1763) SC20, G76 (see below for synonymy)
                                                    |  `--+--‘Araneus’ eburneiventris SC20
                                                    |     `--Neoscona SC20
                                                    `--+--Gibbaranea Archer 1951 SC20, G76
                                                       |    `--*G. bituberculata (Walckenaer 1802) G76, TB81 (see below for synonymy)
                                                       `--+--+--Araneus SC20
                                                          |  `--+--*Pronous tuberculifer Keyserling 1880 SC97
                                                          |     `--Cercidia Thorell 1869 SC20
                                                          |          `--*C. prominens (Westring 1851) SC97 (see below for synonymy)
                                                          `--+--+--‘Araneus’ talipedatus SC20
                                                             |  `--Paralarinia Grasshoff 1970 SC20
                                                             `--+--‘Araneus’ albotriangulus SC20
                                                                `--+--Cryptaranea Court & Forster 1988 SC20, PVD10 (see below for synonymy)
                                                                   |    |--*C. invisibilis (Urquhart 1892) PVD10 (see below for synonymy)
                                                                   |    |--C. albolineata (Urquhart 1893) PVD10 (see below for synonymy)
                                                                   |    |--C. atrihastula (Urquhart 1891) PVD10
                                                                   |    |--C. stewartensis Court & Forster 1988 PVD10
                                                                   |    |--C. subalpina Court & Forster 1988 PVD10
                                                                   |    |--C. subcompta (Urquhart 1887) PVD10 (see below for synonymy)
                                                                   |    `--C. venustula (Urquhart 1891) PVD10 (see below for synonymy)
                                                                   `--+--Colaranea Court & Forster 1988 SC20, PVD10
                                                                      |    |--*C. viriditas (Urquhart 1887) PVD10 (see below for synonymy)
                                                                      |    |--C. brunnea Court & Forster 1988 PVD10
                                                                      |    |--C. melanoviridis Court & Forster 1988 PVD10
                                                                      |    `--C. verutum (Urquhart 1887) PVD10 (see below for synonymy)
                                                                      `--Zealaranea Court & Forster 1988 SC20, PVD10
                                                                           |--*Z. crassa (Walckenaer 1841) PVD10 (see below for synonymy)
                                                                           |--Z. prina Court & Forster 1988 PVD10
                                                                           |--Z. saxitalis (Urquhart 1887) PVD10 (see below for synonymy)
                                                                           `--Z. trinotata (Urquhart 1890) PVD10 (see below for synonymy)

Araneidae incertae sedis:
  Milonia Thorell 1890 K02
    `--M. trifasciata Thorell 1890 K02
  Novaranea Court & Forster 1988 PVD10
    `--*N. queribunda (Keyserling 1887) [incl. N. laevigata (Urquhart 1891)] PVD10
  Cyphalonotus HU08
  Megaraneus Lawrence 1968 FS09
    `--M. gabonensis (Lucas 1858) [=Cyrtophora gabonensis] FS09
  Alenatea fuscocolorata (Bösenberg & Strand 1906) [=Araneus fuscocoloratus] AM11
  Edricus Pickard-Cambridge 1890 AM11
  Prasonica Simon 1895 PVD10
    `--P. plagiata (de Dalmas 1917) PVD10
  Dicrostichus furcatus N91
  Xylethrus [Xylethreae] SC97
    |--*X. superbus Simon 1895 SC97
    `--X. scupeus Simon 1895 SC97
  Ursa [Urseae] SC97
  Alcimosphenus licinus C01
  Cyclosoma P92
  Elucus P92
  Eustaloides P92
  Siga P92
  Theridiometa P92
  Mirometa P92
  Araneometa P92
  Fossilaraneus P92
  Pycnosinga P92
  Singafrotypa Benoit 1962 K02
    |--S. acanthopus (Simon 1907) K02
    `--S. okavango K02
  Zilla Koch 1834 G76
    |--Z. diodia (Walckenaer 1802) [=Aranea diodia; incl. *Z. albimacula Koch 1834] G76
    `--Z. decolorata Keyserling 1893 (n. d.) [=Araneus decoloratus, Zygiella decolorata] L05
  Atea Koch 1837 G76
    |--*A. sturmi (Hahn 1831) [=Epeira sturmi] G76
    `--A. triguttata (Fabricius 1775) G76 [=Araneus triguttatus G76, Epeira triguttata V09]
  Mesozygiella dunlopi SC20
  *Colphepeira catawba (Banks 1911) SC97
  Bertraneae SC97
    |--Bertrana Keyserling 1884 SC97, AM11
    |    |--*B. striolata Keyserling 1884 SC97
    |    `--B. laselva Levi 1989 SC97
    `--Spintharidius SC97
  Aspidolasius SC97
    |--*A. branickii (Taczanowski 1879) SC97
    `--A. bifurcatus Simon 1897 SC97
  Psyllo SC20

Acroaspis Karsch 1878 SC20, PVD10 [incl. Heurodes Koch & Keyserling 1886 SC20, KK90]

Acroaspis decorosa (Urquhart 1894) PVD10 [=Epeira decorosa NS00, Eriophora decorosa PVD10]

Aculepeira ceropegia (Walckenaer 1802) G76 [=Araneus ceropegius G76, Ar. (Epeira) ceropegia S95]

Agalenatea redii (Scopoli 1763) SC20, G76 [=Aranea redii G76, Araneus redii G76]

Arachnura feredayi (Koch 1872) PVD10 [incl. A. longicauda Urquhart 1885 NS00, A. longicauda var. nigritia Urquhart 1885 NS00, A. obtusa Urquhart 1885 NS00]

Araneidae [Anepsieae, Araneinae, Araneini, Argiopidae, Argiopinae, Epeiridae, Epeirides, Mangoreae, Mangorini, Poltyeae, Poltyinae]

‘Araneus’ mitificus (Simon 1886) SC20, AM11 [=Epeira mitifica TB81; incl. Zilla nawazi Dyal 1935 TB81]

Araniella cucurbitina (Clerck 1757) SC20, TB81 [=Aranea cucurbitina L58, Araneus cucurbitinus G76, Epeira cucurbitina V09]

*Araniella displicata (Hentz 1847) [=Epeira displicata, Araneus diplicatus] G76

Araniella opistographa (Kulczynski 1905) [=Araneus cucurbitinus opisthographus] G76

*Cercidia prominens (Westring 1851) SC97 [=Epeira prominens G76]

Colaranea verutum (Urquhart 1887) PVD10 [=Epeira verutum NS00; incl. E. verutum var. hastatum Urquhart 1887 NS00, E. verutum var. lineola Urquhart 1887 NS00]

*Colaranea viriditas (Urquhart 1887) PVD10 [incl. Epeira flavomaculata Urquhart 1890 NS00]

Cryptaranea Court & Forster 1988 SC20, PVD10 [incl. Holaranea Court & Forster 1988 (n. n.) NS00]

Cryptaranea albolineata (Urquhart 1893) PVD10 [=Epeira albolineata NS00, Holaranea albolineata NS00]

*Cryptaranea invisibilis (Urquhart 1892) PVD10 [=Epeira invisibilis NS00]

Cryptaranea subcompta (Urquhart 1887) PVD10 [=Epeira subcompta NS00; incl. E. peronginia Urquhart 1894 NS00]

Cryptaranea venustula (Urquhart 1891) PVD10 [=Holaranea venustula NS00; incl. Epeira munda var. inversa Urquhart 1893 NS00, E. munda Urquhart 1893 NS00]

Eriophora pustulosa (Walckenaer 1842) F11 [=Araneus pustulosus FF99, Aranea pustulosa M54; incl. Epeira blattea Urquhart 1893 NS00, Ep. helveoguttata Urquhart 1888 NS00, Ep. ostribrunnea Urquhart 1890 NS00]

‘Eriophora’ transmarina (Keyserling 1865) SC20, F11 [=Aranea transmarina FF99]

*Gibbaranea bituberculata (Walckenaer 1802) G76, TB81 [=Aranea bituberculata TB81, Araneus bituberculatus G76; incl. Aranea alboarcuata Panzer 1804 TB81, Epeira bicornis Menge 1866 TB81, E. dromedaria Koch 1845 TB81, Araneus dromedarius TB81]

Hyposinga pygmaea (Sundevall 1831) G76 [=Araneus (Singa) pygmaeus S95, Epeira (Singa) pygmaea K01, G76]

Larinia acuticauda Simon 1906 [=Drexelia acuticauda; incl. D. camerunica Strand 1908, Larinia camerunica] J98

Larinioides cornutus (Clerck 1757) SC20, G76 [=Araneus cornutus G76, Cyphepeira cornuta G76, Epeira cornuta K01, Nuctenea cornuta G76; incl. Aranea leuwenhoeki Scopoli 1763 K01, Aranea umbratica Olivier non Araneus umbraticus Clerck 1757 K01, Epeira vicaria Kulczyński 1885 K01, Araneus (Epeira) vicarius S95]

*Lariniophora ragnhildae (Strand 1917) [=Araneus ragnhildae; incl. Epeira gracilis Hogg 1896 nec Walckenaer 1805 nec Keyserling 1865 nec Menge 1879, A. gracilis] F11

Nuctenea Simon 1864 SC20, G76 [incl. Cyphepeira Archer 1951 G76]

Nuctenea folium (Schrank 1803) G76 [=Araneus folium G76, Aranea folium K01, Epeira folium K01; incl. Aranea dumetorum K01, Aranea foliata K01]

Nuctenea ixobola (Thorell 1873) G76 [=Araneus ixobolus G76, Cyphepeira ixobola G76, A. (Epeira) ixobola S95]

Nuctenea patagiata (Clerck 1757) G76 [=Araneus patagiatus G76, Cyphepeira patagiata G76, Epeira patagiata K01; incl. Aranea apoclisa K01, Epeira apoclisa S69]

Nuctenea sclopetaria (Clerck 1757) [=Araneus sclopetarius, Cyphepeira sclopetaria] G76

Nuctenea silvicultrix (Koch 1835) [=Araneus silvicultrix, *Cyphepeira silvicultrix, Epeira silvicultrix] G76

*Nuctenea umbratica (Clerck 1757) G76 [=Araneus umbraticus G76, Chinestela umbratica G76, Epeira umbratica V09]

*Poltys illepidus Koch 1843 SC20, T94 [incl. *Pleuromma moluccum Doleschall 1859 D59, T94, Po. moluccum T94]

*Singa hamata (Clerck 1757) G76 [=Araneus hamatus G76, Epeira (Singa) hamata K01]

*Zealaranea crassa (Walckenaer 1841) PVD10 [incl. Epeira albiscutum Urquhart 1890 NS00, E. albostricta Urquhart 1890 NS00, E. angusticlava Urquhart 1893 NS00, E. bialbimaculata Urquhart 1887 NS00, E. dubitabilis Urquhart 1890 NS00, E. dumicola Urquhart 1889 NS00, E. lineaacuta Urquhart 1887 NS00, E. purpura Urquhart 1887 NS00]

Zealaranea saxitalis (Urquhart 1887) PVD10 [=Epeira saxitalis NS00]

Zealaranea trinotata (Urquhart 1890) PVD10 [=Epeira trinotata NS00; incl. E. aestiva Urquhart 1890 NS00, E. trinotata var. olivinia Urquhart 1890 NS00]

*Zygiella atrica (Koch 1845) [=Eucharia atrica, Zilla atrica, Zygia calophylla non Aranea calophylla Walckenaer 1802] G76

*Type species of generic name indicated

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Last updated: 3 June 2022.