Plecotus

Brown long-eared bat Plecotus auritus, copyright Dragiša Savić.

Belongs within: Vespertilioninae.

Plecotus, the long-eared bats, is a Holarctic genus of bats with a narrow rostrum and ears much longer than wide (Miller 1907).

Characters (from Miller 1907): Dental formula i2/3, c1/1, pm2/3, m3/3, total 36. Upper incisors well devoloped, each with a distinct secondary cusp, the inner tooth much smaller than the outer, and separated from canine by a space about equal to its diameter; lower incisors subequal, trifid, the crowns increasing in size from first to third, and forming a continuous, strongly convex row between canines. Upper canines rather small and weak, but not peouliar in form; lower canine with cingulum produced into a distinct though small anterior basal cusp. Cheek teeth normal, though rather small; anterior upper premolar (pm²) in contact with canine, but separated from large premolar (pm⁴) by a narrow space; posterior premolar with distinct though small inner cusp; upper molars short on inner side, the spaces between the crowns unusually large; m¹ and m² with no trace of hypocone; m³ with crown area about half that of m², its metacone and third commissure small but distinct; lower molars with all the cusps present and well developed, the protoconid noticeably higher than the hypoconid. Skull with large, elongate and rounded braincase, but with rostrum slender and reduced, its upper surface convex in lateral view; lachrymal ridges well developed (subgenus Plecotus) or lachrymal region smoothly rounded (Corynorhinus); audital bullae large, rounded, their greatest diameter equal to about three times the distance between them. Ears very large, much longer than head, joined across forehead; nostrils opening upward, their orifice continued backward by a slit-like prolongation.

<==Plecotus Geoffroy 1813 [incl. Macrotus Leach 1816 (n. n.) non Gray 1843] M07
    |  i. s.: P. austriacus IT07
    |         P. mexicanus (Allen 1916) MB86
    |         P. rafinesquei Lesson 1827 [=Corynorhinus rafinesquei] K92
    |         P. taivanus IT07
    |         P. teneriffae IT07
    |--*P. (Plecotus) auritus (Linnaeus 1758) M07, K92 [=Vespertilio auritus M07]
    `--P. (Corynorhinus Allen 1865) G69, M07 (see below for synonymy)
         |--P. (*C.) macrotis M07
         `--P. (C.) townsendii Cooper 1837 G69, K92
              |--P. t. townsendii MB86
              |--P. t. australis (Handley 1955) MB86
              |--P. t. ingens BP87
              `--P. t. virginianus BP87

Nomen nudum: Macrotus europaeus Leach 1816 M07

Plecotus (Corynorhinus Allen 1865) G69, M07 [=Corynorhynchus Peters 1865 M07; incl. Synotus Allen 1864 non Keyserling & Blasius 1839 M07]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i–xvii, 1–282, pl. I–XIV.

Mormoopidae

Parnell's moustached bat Pteronotus parnellii, copyright Brock Fenton.

Belongs within: Noctilionoidea.

The Mormoopidae, moustached bats and ghost-faced bats, are family of bats found in tropical and subtropical parts of the New World, characterised by complex outgrowths of the lower lip that take the place of the nose leaf found in other bat groups.

Characters (from Miller 1907): Teeth normal; humerus without secondary articulation with scapula, the tubercles short, rising scarcely above level of head, epitrochlea small, hardly more than base to large spinous process; muzzle without nose leaf; lower lip with plate-like outgrowths.

<==Mormoopidae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Mormoops Leach 1821 [incl. Aello Leach 1821] M07
    |    |--*M. blainvillii M07
    |    |--‘*Aello’ cuvieri M07
    |    |--M. magna Silva Taboada 1974 AC98
    |    `--M. megalophylla Peters 1864 MB86
    `--Pteronotus Gray 1838 K92, C57 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*P. davyi Gray 1838 [=Chilonycteris davyi, Dermonotus davyi] C57
         |    |--P. d. davyi MB86
         |    `--P. d. fulvus (Thomas 1892) MB86 [incl. P. suapurensis calvus Goodwin 1958 G69]
         |--P. gymnonotus (Wagner 1843) K06, C57 (see below for synonymy)
         |--P. macleayii (Gray 1839) K92 [=*Chilonycteris macleayii C57; incl. Lobostoma cinnamomeum G66]
         |--P. parnellii MB86 [=*Phyllodia parnellii M07]
         |    |--P. p. parnellii MB86
         |    `--P. p. mexicanus (Miller 1902) MB86 [=P. rubiginosa mexicana G69]
         |--P. personata (Wagner 1843) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris personata C57, Chylonycteris personatus C57]
         |    |--P. p. personatus G69
         |    `--P. p. psilotis (Dobson 1878) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris psilotis C57]
         |--P. pristinus Silva Taboada 1974 AC98
         |--P. quadridens IT07
         `--P. rubiginosa (Wagner 1843) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris rubiginosus C57, C. rubiginosa G69]
              |--P. r. rubiginosa G69
              `--P. r. fusca (Allen 1911) G69, C57 [=Chilonycteris rubiginosa fusca C57]

Mormoopidae [Chilonycteriinae, Chilonycterinae, Lobostomidae, Lobostominae, Mormopes, Mormophidae, Mormopida, Mormopidae, Mormopinae, Mormopini, Mormopsina, Phyllodiana] ST01

Pteronotus Gray 1838 K92, C57 [incl. Chilonycteris Gray 1839 G69, C57, Dermonotus Gill 1901 C57, Lobostoma Gundlach 1840 C57, Phyllodia Gray 1843 C57]

Pteronotus gymnonotus (Wagner 1843) K06, C57 [=Chilonycteris gymnonotus C57; incl. Dermonotus suapurensis Allen 1904 C57, Pteronotus suapurensis K06]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1–29.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[G66] Gray, J. E. 1866. Notice of the examination of the type specimen of Aëllo cuvieri of Leach. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 147–148.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[K06] Kwiecinski, G. G. 2006. Phyllostomus discolor. Mammalian Species 801: 1–11.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i–xvii, 1–282, pl. I–XIV.

Suinamorpha

Collared peccary Dicotyles tajacu, photographed by Colin Burnett.

Belongs within: Artiodactyla.
Contains: Listriodontinae, Suinae, Sanitheriinae, Hyotherium.

The Suinamorpha unites the pigs (Suidae) and the peccaries (Tayassuidae). Members of this clade have an elongate, mobile, cartilaginous snout with a flattened terminal area around the nostrils (Cooke & Wilkinson 1978). In the modern fauna, the Suidae are native to the Old World while the Tayassuidae are restricted to the New World, but the fossil record indicates that Tayassuidae were previously present in the Old World from the Oligocene to Pliocene. Modern peccaries are generally sociable animals, though the chacoan peccary Catagonus wagneri forms only small groups of up to ten individuals. The white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari, in contrast, can form herds of over 100 individuals.

Suinamorpha [Doliochoerinae, Suina, Suoidea]
    |  i. s.: Kenyasus namaquensis P02
    |         Eocenchoerus MJ11
    |--Suidae CW78
    |    |  i. s.: Nguruwe kijivium MJ11, P02
    |    |--Xenohyus venitor BLB05
    |    `--+--+--Listriodontinae CW78
    |       |  `--Suinae CW78
    |       `--+--Sanitheriinae CW78
    |          |--Hyotheriinae CW78
    |          |    |--Hyotherium CW78
    |          |    |--Chleuastochoerus stehlini CW78, DW04
    |          |    |--Propalaeochoerus Stehlin 1899 CW78
    |          |    |    `--*P. leptodon Stehlin 1899 CW78
    |          |    `--Palaeochoerus Pomel 1846 BLB05, CW78
    |          `--Tetraconodontinae CW78
    |               |--Tetraconodon Falconer 1868 CW78
    |               |--Conohyus Pilgrim 1926 CW78
    |               |--Sivachoerus Pilgrim 1926 CW78
    |               `--Nyanzachoerus Leakey 1958 CW78
    |                    |  i. s.: ‘Sivachoerus’ giganteus Tobien 1936 CW78
    |                    |--N. devauxi (Arambourg 1968) [=Propotamochoerus devauxi] CW78
    |                    `--+--+--N. syrticus (Leonardi 1952) (n. d.) [=Sivachoerus syrticus] CW78
    |                       |  `--N. tulotos Cooke & Ewer 1972 CW78
    |                       `--+--+--*N. kanamensis Leakey 1958 CW78
    |                          |  `--N. pattersoni Cooke & Ewer 1972 CW78
    |                          `--+--N. jaegeri Coppens 1971 [incl. N. plicatus Cooke & Ewer 1972] CW78
    |                             `--Notochoerus Broom 1925 [incl. Gerontochoerus Leakey 1943] CW78
    |                                  |--N. euilus (Hopwood 1926) [=Hylochoerus euilus, Gerontochoerus euilus] CW78
    |                                  `--+--*N. capensis Broom 1925 CW78
    |                                     `--N. scotti (Leakey 1943) [=*Gerontochoerus scotti] CW78
    `--Tayassuidae [Dicotylidae] JJ84
         |  i. s.: Platygonus condoni W69
         |         Desmathyus W69
         |         Hesperhys W69
         |         Prosthennops niobrarensis W69
         |         Mylohyus W69
         |           |--M. fossilis [=Dicotyles fossilis; incl. D. lenis] W69
         |           `--M. pennsylvanicus GD61
         |         Pecarichoerus CW78
         |           |--P. africanus Hendey 1976 CW78
         |           `--P. orientalis CW78
         |         Dyseohyus Stock 1937 W69
         |           |--*D. fricki Stock 1937 W69
         |           `--D. stirtoni Woodburne 1969 W69
         |--Cynorca Cope 1867 MJ11, W69
         |    |--*C. proterva Cope 1867 [=Squalodon protervus] W69
         |    |--C. hesperia (Marsh 1871) [=Dicotyles hesperius, Chaenohyus hesperius, Tayassu hesperius] W69
         |    |--C. occidentale Woodburne 1969 W69
         |    `--C. sociale (Marsh 1875) (see below for synonymy) W69
         |--Doliochoerus quercyi BLB05
         `--+--Catagonus Ameghino 1904 BLB05, N10
            |    `--C. wagneri (Rusconi 1930) [=Platygonus carlesi wagneri] N10
            `--+--Tayassu Fischer 1814 N10
               |    `--T. pecari Link 1795 W69
               |        |--T. p. pecari G69
               |        `--T. p. ringens G69
               `--Dicotyles Cuvier 1817 N10 [=Pecari Reichenbach 1835 BLB05, N10]
                    |--D. labiatus C77
                    |--D. tajacu (Linnaeus 1758) W69 (see below for synonymy)
                    |    |--D. t. tajacu MB86
                    |    |--‘Tayassu tajacu’ angulatus MB86
                    |    |--‘Tayassu tajacu’ crassus G69
                    |    |--‘Tayassu tajacu’ humeralis G69
                    |    |--‘Tayassu tajacu’ nelsoni G69
                    |    `--‘Tayassu tajacu’ sonoriensis (Mearns 1897) MB86
                    `--D. traunmulleri W69

Inorganic: Tayassu albirostris minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87
           Tayassu tayacu minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

Cynorca sociale (Marsh 1875) [=Thinohyus socialis, T. (Bothrolabis) socialis, Palaeochoerus socialis, Perchoerus socialis] W69

Dicotyles tajacu (Linnaeus 1758) W69 [=Sus tajacu W69, Pecari tajacu N10, Tayassu tajacu N10; incl. D. torquatus Cuvier 1817 W69]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BLB05] Boisserie, J.-R., F. Lihoreau & M. Brunet. 2005. The position of Hippopotamidae within Cetartiodactyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 102 (5): 1537–1541.

[CW78] Cooke, H. B. S., & A. F. Wilkinson. 1978. Suidae and Tayassuidae. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 435–482. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8–14.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[GD61] Guilday, J. E. & J. K. Doutt. 1961. The collared lemming (Dicrostonyx) from the Pennsylvania Pleistocene. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 249–250.

[JJ84] Janis, C., & P. J. Jarman. 1984. The hoofed mammals. In: Macdonald, D., (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Hoofed Mammals pp. 28–39. Torstar Books: New York.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[P02] Pickford, M. 2002. Early Miocene grassland ecosystem at Bukwa, Mount Elgon, Uganda. Comptes Rendus Palevol 1: 213–219.

[W69] Woodburne, M. O. 1969. Systematics, biogeography, and evolution of Cynorca and Dyseohyus (Tayassuidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (2): 271–356.

Felis

European wild cat Felis silvestris, photographed by Aconcagua.

Belongs within: Felidae.

The genus Felis has been used in the past to refer to the majority of the small cats (if not all cats), but recent authors have tended to restrict it to a smaller group of species closely related to, and similar in appearance to, the domestic cat F. catus.

<==Felis
    |  i. s.: F. attica JE06
    |         F. euptilura Elliot 1871 I92
    |         F. iriomotensis K84
    |         F. jubata T66
    |         F. leopardus T66
    |         F. lunensis ME05
    |         F. rexroadensis V91
    |         F. teilhardi DW04
    |         F. vorohuensis V91
    |--F. (Felis) S78
    |    |  i. s.: F. ornata N10
    |    |--F. (F.) chaus JE06
    |    `--+--F. (Microfelis) nigripes S78, JE06
    |       `--+--F. (F.) margarita JE06
    |          |    |--F. m. margarita BP87
    |          |    `--F. m. scheffeli BP87
    |          `--+--+--F. bieti JE06
    |             |  `--F. (F.) libyca JE06 [=F. silvestris lybica K84]
    |             `--+--F. catus JE06 [=F. silvestris catus K84]
    |                `--F. silvestris (Schreber 1775) JE06, HRS06
    `--F. (Sivafelis) obscura S78

Inorganic: Felis chaus protominilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8-14.

[HRS06] Hahn, I., U. Römer & R. P. Schlatter. 2006. Population numbers and status of land birds of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile (Aves: Falconiformes, Columbiformes, Strigiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Passeriformes). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 109-125.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JE06] Johnson, W. E., E. Eizirik, J. Pecon-Slattery, W. J. Murphy, A. Antunes, E. Teeling & S. J. O’Brien. 2006. The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science 311: 73-77.

[K84] Kerby, G. 1984. Small cats. In All the World’s Animals: Carnivores (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 42-45. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[ME05] Moullé, P.-E., A. Echassoux, F. Lacombat, E. Desclaux & S. Bailon. 2005. L’environnement animal des premiers habitants de l’Europe méditerranéenne: les grands mammifères contemporains de l’homme du Vallonnet, données taxonomiques et biostratigraphiques pour la deuxième moitie du Pléistocène inférieur. BAR International Series 1364: 105-113.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347-573.

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 249-267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84-93.

[V91] Valkenburgh, B. van. 1991. Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology 17 (4): 340-362.

Cetacea

Skeletal reconstruction of Rodhocetus kasrani, from Gingerich et al. (2001).

Belongs within: Cetartiodactyla.
Contains: Basilosauridae, Mysticeti, Odontoceti.

The Cetacea includes the whales and dolphins. Modern cetaceans are strictly aquatic, with the external hindlimbs lost and the forelimbs modified into flippers. Fossil cetaceans of the stem-group, however, include amphibious forms with all limbs well developed. The most basal cetaceans, such as Pakicetus, were primarily terrestrial (Thewissen et al. 2001).

<==Cetacea [Archaeoceti, Pakicetidae, Pakicetinae]
    |  i. s.: Himalayacetus Bajpai & Gingerich 1998 G03
    |         Ichthyolestes Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg 1958 G03
    |           `--I. pinfoldi TW01
    |         Prionodelphis rovereti Frenguelli 1922 BDR85
    |--Nalacetus Thewissen & Hussain 1998 GO01, G03
    |    `--N. ratimitus O98
    `--+--Pakicetus Gingerich & Russell 1981 GO01, G03
       |    |--P. attocki (West 1980) [=Protocetus attocki] N10
       |    `--P. inachus Gingerich & Russell 1981 N10
       `--+--Ambulocetidae G03
          |    |--Gandakasia Dehm & Oettingen-Spielberg 1958 G03
          |    |    `--G. potens N10
          |    `--Ambulocetus Thewissen et al. 1994 GO01, G03
          |         `--A. natans GH01
          `--+--Remingtonocetidae GO01
             |    |  i. s.: ‘Protocetus’ harudiensis Sahni & Mishra 1972 N10
             |    |         ‘Protocetus’ sloani Sahni & Mishra 1972 N10
             |    |--Andrewsiphius Sahni & Mishra 1975 G03
             |    |    |--A. kutchensis Sahni & Mishra 1972 N10
             |    |    `--A. minor Sahni & Mishra 1972 N10
             |    |--Remingtonocetus Kumar & Sahni 1986 G03
             |    |--Dalanistes Gingerich et al. 1995 G03
             |    |--Attockicetus Thewissen & Hussain 2000 G03
             |    `--Kutchicetus minimus TW01, N10
             `--+--+--Basilosauridae GO01
                |  `--Autoceta GS03
                |       |--Mysticeti GS03
                |       `--Odontoceti GS03
                `--Protocetidae GO01
                     |--Babiacetus Trivedy & Satsangi 1984 G03
                     |--Gaviacetus Gingerich et al. 1995 G03
                     |--Takracetus Gingerich et al. 1995 G03
                     |--Natchitochia Uhen 1998 G03
                     |--Qaisracetus Gingerich et al. 2001 G03
                     |--Artiocetus Gingerich, ul Haq et al. 2001 GH01
                     |    `--*A. clavis Gingerich, ul Haq et al. 2001 GH01
                     |--Protocetus Fraas 1904 BM78
                     |    `--*P. atavus Fraas 1904 BM78, G92
                     |--Eocetus Fraas 1904 [incl. Mesocetus Fraas 1904 nec van Beneden 1880 nec Moreno 1892] BM78
                     |    `--*E. schweinfurthi (Fraas 1904) BM78, G92 [=Mesocetus schweinfurthi G92]
                     |--Pappocetus Andrews 1920 BM78
                     |    `--*P. lugardi Andrews 1920 BM78
                     |--Indocetus Sahni & Mishra 1975 G03
                     |    `--I. ramani Sahni & Mishra 1975 BM78
                     |--Georgiacetus Hulbert et al. 1998 G03
                     |    `--G. vogtlensis GS03
                     `--Rodhocetus Gingerich, Raza et al. 1994 GH01
                          |--*R. kasranii GH01
                          `--R. balochistanensis Gingerich, ul Haq et al. 2001 GH01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BDR85] Barnes, L. G., D. P. Domning & C. E. Ray. 1985. Status of studies on fossil marine mammals. Marine Mammal Science 1 (1): 15-53.

[BM78] Barnes, L. G., & E. Mitchell. 1978. Cetacea. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 582-602. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[GO01] Gatesy, J., & M. A. O’Leary. 2001. Deciphering whale origins with molecules and fossils. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16 (10): 562-570.

[GS03] Geisler, J. H., & A. E. Sanders. 2003. Morphological evidence for the phylogeny of Cetacea. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 10 (1-2): 23-129.

[G92] Gingerich, P. D. 1992. Marine mammals (Cetacea and Sirenia) from the Eocene of Gebel Mokattam and Fayum, Egypt: Stratigraphy, age, and paleoenvironments. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 30: i-ix, 1-84.

[G03] Gingerich, P. D. 2003. Land-to-sea transition in early whales: Evolution of Eocene Archaeoceti (Cetacea) in relation to skeletal proportions and locomotion of living semiaquatic mammals. Paleobiology 29 (3): 429-454.

[GH01] Gingerich, P. D., M. ul Haq, I. S. Zalmout, I. H. Khan & M. S. Malkani. 2001. Origin of whales from early artiodactyls: Hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan. Science 293: 2239-2242.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[O98] O’Leary, M. A. 1998. Phylogenetic and morphometric reassessment of the dental evidence for a mesonychian and cetacean clade. In The Emergence of Whales (J. G. M. Thewissen, ed.) pp. 133-161. Plenum Press: New York.

[TW01] Thewissen, J. G. M., E. M. Williams, L. J. Roe & S. T. Hussain. 2001. Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls. Nature 413: 277-281.

Pipistrellus

Japanese house bat Pipistrellus abramus, photographed by Yushi Osawa.

Belongs within: Vespertilioninae.

Pipistrellus, the pipistrelles, is a genus of small bats found in most of the Old World (including northern Australia) and North America. Most species of the genus have a distinctive weak, fluttery manner of flight that has been described as butterfly-like.

Characters (from Miller 1907): Dental formula I 2/3, C 1/1, Pm 2/2, M 3/3; teeth unspecialised. Outer upper incisor not as large as inner, but extending considerably beyond its cingulum. Inner upper incisor simple, or more often with a well-developed secondary cusp. Canines usually rather stout, posterior cutting edge of upper canine often, though not invariably, with incipient secondary cusp. Anterior upper premolar barely or not in toothrow. Skull similar to Myotis, though with tendency to greater breadth. External characters also similar to Myotis, except ear usually shorter and broader, tragus less acutely pointed, in some species bent forward at tip.

<==Pipistrellus Kaup 1829 (see below for synonymy) M07
    |--*P. pipistrellus (Schreber 1774) M07, K92 [=Vespertilio pipistrellus M07, Nannugo pipistrellus M07]
    |--P. abramus I92
    |--P. adamsi MF05
    |--P. aegyptius IT07
    |--P. aero IT07
    |--P. affinis IT07
    |--P. anchietai IT07
    |--P. angulatus MP78
    |--P. anthonyi IT07
    |--P. arabicus IT07
    |--P. ariel M07
    |--P. babu IT07
    |--P. bodenheimeri IT07
    |--P. cadornae IT07
    |--P. ceylonicus M07
    |--P. chrysothrix M07
    |--P. circumdatus IT07
    |--P. collinus MP78 [=P. angulatus collinus M72]
    |--P. coromandra IT07
    |--P. crassulus M07
    |--P. cuprosus IT07
    |--P. deserti M07
    |--P. dormeri IT07
    |--P. eisentrauti IT07
    |--P. endoi Imaizumi 1959 I92
    |--P. hesperus (Allen 1864) MB86
    |--P. imbricatus M07 [=Vespertilio imbricatus M89]
    |--P. inexspectatus IT07
    |--P. javanicus (Gray 1838) K92
    |--P. joffrei IT07
    |--P. kitcheneri IT07
    |--‘Hypsugo’ krascheninikowii M07
    |--P. kuhli (Kuhl 1819) KK54 [=Nannugo kuhlii M07, Vesperugo kuhlii T66; incl. *Romicia calcarata M07]
    |--‘Vesperugo’ leisleri P66
    |--P. lophurus IT07
    |--P. macrotis IT07 [=Vesperugo macrotis M89]
    |--P. maderensis IT07
    |--‘Hypsugo’ maurus M07
    |--P. mimus IT07
    |--P. minahassae IT07
    |--P. mordax IT07
    |--P. murrayi M07
    |--P. musciculus IT07
    |--P. nanulus M07
    |--P. nanus (Peters 1852) K92 [=Glischropus nanus M07]
    |--P. nathusii IT07 [=Nannugo nathusii M07]
    |--P. paterculus IT07
    |--P. peguensis IT07
    |--P. permixtus IT07
    |--P. petersi IT07
    |--P. ponceleti MP78 [=P. angulatus ponceleti M72]
    |--P. pulveratus IT07
    |--P. pygmaeus JE06
    |--P. raptor M07
    |--P. ridleyi M07
    |--P. rueppelli B78 [=Scotozous rueppelli B78; incl. *Alobus temminckii M07]
    |--P. rusticus IT07
    |--P. savii (Bonaparte 1837) K92
    |    |--P. s. savii I92
    |    `--P. s. velox (Ognev 1927) I92
    |--P. societatis IT07
    |--P. stenopterus IT07
    |--P. sturdeei Thomas 1915 I92
    |--P. subflavus (Cuvier 1832) [=Vespertilio subflavus] B75
    |    |--P. s. subflavus G69
    |    `--P. s. veraecrucis G69
    |--P. tasmaniensis IT07
    |--P. tenuis [=Vesperugo tenuis] MP78
    |    |--P. t. tenuis MP78
    |    `--P. t. papuanus (Peters & Doria 1881) MP78, R64 [=Vesperugo papuanus R64]
    |--P. vordermanni BP87
    `--P. westralis MF05

Pipistrellus Kaup 1829 [incl. Alobus Peters 1867 non Le Conte 1856, Hypsugo Kolenati 1856, Nannugo Kolenati 1856, Romicia Gray 1838, Romicius Blyth 1840, Vesperugo Keyserling & Blasius 1839] M07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[B78] Butler, P. M. 1978. Insectivora and Chiroptera. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 56–68. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JE06] Jacobs, D. S., G. N. Eick, M. C. Schoeman & C. A. Matthee. 2006. Cryptic species in an insectivorous bat, Scotophilus dinganii. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 161–170.

[KK54] Klemmer, K., & H. E. Krampitz. 1954. Zur Kenntnis der Säugetierfauna Siziliens. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3–4): 121–135.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[M72] McKean, J. L. 1972. Notes on some collections of bats (order Chiroptera) from Papua-New Guinea and Bougainville Island. CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research Technical Paper 26: 1–35.

[MP78] McKean, J. L., & W. J. Price. 1978. Pipistrellus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in northern Australia with some remarks on its systematics. Mammalia 42 (3): 343–347.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i–xvii, 1–282, pl. I–XIV.

[MF05] Milne, D. J., A. Fisher, I. Rainey & C. R. Pavey. 2005. Temporal patterns of bats in the Top End of the Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 909–920.

[M89] Modigliani, E. 1889. Appunti intorno ai mammiferi dell’isola Nias. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 238–245.

[P66] Peters, W. 1866. Note on a bat from the Azores. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 558.

[R64] Ride, W. D. L. 1964. A list of mammals described from Australia between the years 1933 and 1963 (comprising newly proposed names and additions to the Australian faunal list). Australian Mammal Society Bulletin 7 (Suppl.): 1–15.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84–93.

Canis

Coyote Canis latrans, photographed by Dawn Beattie.

Belongs within: Canidae.

The genus Canis includes the true dogs, wolves and jackals; they are relatively large and often highly social canids. Members of this genus are found in Eurasia, Africa and North America, with the dingo Canis dingo also prehistorically introduced to Australia. The domestic dog Canis familiaris and dingo C. dingo are both derivatives of the grey wolf C. lupus modified by association with humans, and are often treated as subspecies of the latter.

See also: Wolf and wolf and wolf and wolf and cub; The wolf in time.

<==Canis
    |--C. adustus Mo84
    |--C. africanus S78
    |--C. antiquus S78
    |--C. armbrusteri V91
    |--C. atrox S78
    |--C. aureus Mo84 [incl. C. syriacus T66]
    |--C. brevirostris S78
    |--C. davisi V91
    |--C. dingo [incl. C. hallstromi] Ma84
    |--C. dingoides Matschie 1915 R64
    |--C. dirus C77
    |--C. etruscus ME05
    |--C. familiaris R64
    |    |--C. f. familiaris R64
    |    `--C. f. novaehollandiae Voigt 1831 R64
    |--C. gallaensis S78
    |--C. gezi V91
    |--C. gregarius C77
    |--C. hartshornianus C77
    |--C. haydenii C77
    |--C. hodophilax Temminck 1839 I92
    |--C. lamperti S78
    |--C. latrans M06
    |    |--C. l. latrans MB86
    |    |--C. l. cagottis G69
    |    |--C. l. frustror GSD74
    |    |--C. l. goldmani G69
    |    |--C. l. impavidus Allen 1903 MB86
    |    |--C. l. mearnsi Merriam 1897 MB86
    |    `--C. l. thamnos Jackson 1949 B75
    |--C. lepophagus V91
    |--C. lippincottianus C77
    |--C. lupus Linnaeus 1758 K92 [incl. C. saevus Leidy 1869 C77]
    |    |--C. l. lupus H84
    |    |--C. l. albus H84
    |    |--C. l. baileyi Nelson & Goldman 1929 MB86
    |    |--C. l. campestris H84
    |    |--C. l. hattai Kishida 1931 I92
    |    |--C. l. irremotus USDI77
    |    |--C. l. monstrabilis USDI77
    |    |--C. l. mosbachensis ME05
    |    |--C. l. nubilus Say in James 1823 B75
    |    |--C. l. pallipes Ma84
    |    `--C. l. tundarum H84
    |--C. lycaon M06 [=C. lupus lycaon H84]
    |--C. macdonnellensis Matschie 1915 R64
    |--C. mesomelas Mo84
    |--C. nehringi V91
    |--C. niger B75
    |    |--C. n. niger B75
    |    `--C. n. gregoryi Goldman 1937 B75
    |--C. osorum C77
    |--C. priscolatrans V91
    |--C. rufus H84
    |--C. simensis Mo84
    |    |--C. s. simensis BP87
    |    `--C. s. citernii BP87
    |--C. temerarius C77
    |--C. terblanchei S78
    |--C. ursinus Cope 1875 C77
    |--C. vafer C77
    `--C. wheelerianus Cope 1876 C77

Inorganic: Canis familiaris protominilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87
           Canis lupus protominilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Nomen rejiciendum: Canis antarcticus Kerr 1792 R64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.

[GSD74] Gipson, P. S., J. A. Sealander & J. E. Dunn. 1974. The taxonomic status of wild Canis in Arkansas. Systematic Zoology 23 (1): 1–11.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[H84] Harrington, F. H. 1984. Wolves. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 50–51. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[Ma84] Macdonald, D. W. 1984. Other dogs. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 76–77. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[M06] Mech, L. D. 2006. Age-related body mass and reproductive measurements of gray wolves in Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 80–84.

[Mo84] Moehlman, P. D. 1984. Jackals. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 56–59. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[ME05] Moullé, P.-E., A. Echassoux, F. Lacombat, E. Desclaux & S. Bailon. 2005. L’environnement animal des premiers habitants de l’Europe méditerranéenne: les grands mammifères contemporains de l’homme du Vallonnet, données taxonomiques et biostratigraphiques pour la deuxième moitie du Pléistocène inférieur. BAR International Series 1364: 105–113.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[R64] Ride, W. D. L. 1964. A list of mammals described from Australia between the years 1933 and 1963 (comprising newly proposed names and additions to the Australian faunal list). Australian Mammal Society Bulletin 7 (Suppl.): 1–15.

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 249–267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84–93.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

[V91] Valkenburgh, B. van. 1991. Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology 17 (4): 340–362.

Martes

Pine marten Martes martes, from here.

Belongs within: Mustelidae.

Martes, the martens, is a group of semiarboreal mustelids found in Eurasia and North America. Members of the genus have moderately elongate bodies, wedge-shaped faces with relatively large rounded ears, and bushy tails (Powell 1984).

<==Martes
    |--M. americana (Turton 1806) B75
    |--M. flavigula P84
    |    |--M. f. flavigula BP87
    |    |--M. f. chrysospila BP87
    |    `--M. f. robinsoni BP87
    |--M. foina P84
    |--M. gwatkinsi P84
    |--M. martes P84
    |--M. melampus Wagner 1840 M76
    |    |--M. m. melampus I92
    |    `--M. m. tsuensis (Thomas 1897) I92
    |--M. pennanti (Erxleben 1777) [=Mustela pennanti] B75
    `--M. zibellina P84

Inorganic: Martes zibellina minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1-184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347-573.

[P84] Powell, R. A. 1984. Martens. In All the World’s Animals: Carnivores (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 110-111. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

Odocoileini

White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus goudotii, photographed by Petruss.

Belongs within: Cervidae.

The Odocoileini includes the endemic New World genera of deer, together with the reindeer Rangifer tarandus. Monophyly of the group is supported by molecular data, and by the presence of a vomerine septum dividing the choana into two chambers (Gilbert et al. 2006). The brockets Mazama and pudus Pudu are small deer with the antlers as simple spikes only; the remaining genera have the antlers branched. The reindeer or caribou Rangifer tarandus is found in boreal regions of both Eurasia and North America; it is the only deer species in which both males and females grow antlers. The genus Odocoileus, found over a large part of both North and South America, includes the mule deer O. hemionus and the white-tailed deer O. virginianus. Mature male mule deer have dichotomously branching antlers whereas white-tailed deer have tines branching vertically from a curved main beam.

<==Odocoileini [Mazaminae]
    |  i. s.: Pavlodaria GRH06
    |         Bretzia GRH06
    |         Eocoileus GRH06
    |         Epieuryceros GRH06
    |         ‘Cervus’ mangivorus Schrank 1819 (n. d.) H48
    |--+--Rangifer Smith in Griffith, Smith & Pidgeon 1827 GRH06 (see below for synonymy)
    |  |    `--*R. tarandus (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |--R. group Cylindricornis Jacobi 1931 B61
    |  |         |    |--+--R. t. eogroenlandicus Degerbøl 1957 B61
    |  |         |    |  `--R. t. pearyi Allen 1902 B61
    |  |         |    |--+--R. t. guettardi (Desmarest 1822) (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |    |  `--+--R. t. tarandus (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |    |     `--R. t. platyrhynchus (Vrolik 1829) (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |    `--+--R. t. granti Allen 1902 (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |       |--R. t. groenlandicus (Linnaeus 1767) (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |       `--R. t. muscatinensis Leidy 1879 B61
    |  |         `--R. group Compressicornis Jacobi 1931 B61
    |  |              |--+--R. t. constantini Flerov 1934 B61
    |  |              |  `--R. t. fennicus Lonnberg 1909 (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |              `--+--R. t. caribou (Gmelin 1788) (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |                 |--R. t. dawsoni Seton-Thompson 1900 [=R. arcticus dawsoni, Tarandus rangifer dawsoni] B61
    |  |                 `--R. t. fricki Schultz & Howard 1935 B61
    |  `--+--Agalmoceros blicki FS15
    |     `--Morenelaphus FS15
    |          |--M. brachyceros FS15
    |          `--M. lujanensis FS15
    `--+--+--Pudu Gray 1852 FS15, GRH06
       |  |    |--P. mephistophiles IT07
       |  |    `--P. puda GRH06
       |  `--+--+--‘Mazama’ gouazoubira FS15
       |     |  `--‘Mazama’ nemorivaga FS15
       |     `--+--Blastocerus Gray 1850 FS15, GRH06
       |        |    `--B. dichotomus GRH06
       |        `--+--Ozotoceros Ameghino 1891 FS15, GRH06
       |           |    `--O. bezoarticus H48
       |           |         |--O. b. bezoarticus H48
       |           |         |--O. b. celer BP87
       |           |         `--O. b. leucogaster H48
       |           `--Hippocamelus Leuckart 1816 FS15, GRH06
       |                |--H. antisensis GRH06
       |                `--H. bisulcus IT07
       `--+--+--Sangamona fugitiva FS15
          |  `--+--Antifer Ameghino 1899 FS15, B61
          |     |    `--A. ultra FS15
          |     `--Mazama Rafinesque 1817 GRH06
          |          |  i. s.: M. permira N10
          |          |--+--M. chunyi Hershkovitz 1959 FS15, N10
          |          |  `--M. rufina FS15
          |          `--+--+--M. bororo FS15
          |             |  `--M. nana FS15
          |             `--+--M. bricenii FS15
          |                `--+--M. temama FS15 [=M. americana temama G69]
          |                   `--+--M. americana FS15
          |                      `--M. pandora FS15
          `--+--Paraceros fragilis FS15
             `--+--Navahoceros fricki FS15
                `--Odocoileus Rafinesque 1832 GRH06 (see below for synonymy)
                     |--*O. spelaeus H48
                     |--O. hemionus (Rafinesque 1817) [=Cervus hemionus] B75
                     |    |--O. h. hemionus MB86
                     |    |--O. h. cerrosensis BP87
                     |    |--O. h. columbianus GD93
                     |    |--O. h. crooki (Mearns 1897) MB86
                     |    `--O. h. sitkensis GD93
                     `--O. virginianus (Zimmerman 1780) [=*Dama virginiana] H48
                          |--O. v. virginianus H48
                          |--O. v. acapulcensis G69
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ cariacou (Boddaert 1784-1785) (see below for synonymy) H48
                          |--O. v. clavium BP87
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ consul Lönnberg 1922 H48
                          |--O. v. couesi (Coues & Yarrow 1875) MB86
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ curassavicus Hummelinck 1940 H48
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ goudotii Gay & Gervais 1846 [incl. D. columbicus] H48
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ gymnotis (see below for synonymy) H48
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ lasiotis Osgood 1914 H48
                          |--O. v. leucurus BP87
                          |--O. v. macrourus (Rafinesque 1817) [=Corvus (l. c. for Cervus) macrourus] B75
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ margaritae Osgood 1910 H48
                          |--O. v. miquihuananensis MB86
                          |--O. v. oaxacensis G69
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ peruviana Gray 1874 [incl. D. brachyceros, D. philippii] H48
                          |--O. v. thomasi G69
                          |--O. v. toltecus G69
                          `--‘Dama virginiana’ tropicalis Cabrera 1918 H48

Inorganic: Mazama americana minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

‘Dama virginiana’ cariacou (Boddaert 1784-1785) [=Capreolus cariacou, Cervus cariacou Kerr 1792; incl. Ce. campestris Cuvier 1817, Ce. spinosus Gay & Gervais 1846, Ce. sylvaticus Kerr 1792] H48

‘Dama virginiana’ gymnotis [incl. Cervus savannarum Cabanis in Schomburgk 1848, Mazama tumatumari, Dama wiegmanni] H48

Odocoileus Rafinesque 1832 GRH06 [=Odocoelus H48, Odontocoelus H48; incl. Dama Zimmermann 1780 non Frisch 1775 H48]

Rangifer Smith in Griffith, Smith & Pidgeon 1827 GRH06 [incl. Achlis Reichenbach 1845 B61, Procervus Blainville 1840 B61, Tarandus Billberg 1827 B61; Rangerinae, Rangiferinae, Rangiferini, Rangiferinidae]

*Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Cervus tarandus; incl. Tarandus borealis Ruppell 1842, T. lapponum Billberg 1827] B61

Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin 1788) [=Cervus tarandus caribou; incl. R. arcticus caboti Allen 1914, R. tarandus caboti, R. arcticus fortidens Hollister 1912, R. tarandus fortidens, Cervus hastalis Agassiz 1847, Tarandus rangifer keewatinensis Millais 1915, T. rangifer labradorensis Millais 1915, Rangifer mcguirei Figgins 1919, R. arcticus montanus Seton-Thompson 1899, R. tarandus montanus, Tarandus rangifer ogilvyensis Millais 1915, R. arcticus osborni Allen 1902, R. tarandus osborni, R. montanus selousi Barclay 1935, R. arcticus stonei Allen 1901, R. tarandus stonei, R. tarandus var. sylvestris Richardson 1829, R. caribou sylvestris, R. caribou terraenovae Bangs 1896, R. tarandus terraenovae] B61

Rangifer tarandus fennicus Lonnberg 1909 [incl. R. tarandus angustirostris Flerov 1932, Tarandus rangifer buskensis Millais 1915, T. rangifer chukchensis Millais 1915, Rangifer tarandus dichotomus Hilzheimer 1936, R. tarandus phylarchus Hollister 1912, R. tarandus setoni Flerov 1933, R. tarandus silvicola Hilzheimer 1936, R. tarandus transuralensis Hilzheimer 1936, R. tarandus valentinae Flerov 1933, Tarandus rangifer yakutskensis Millais 1915] B61

Rangifer tarandus granti Allen 1902 [=R. arcticus granti, Tarandus rangifer granti; incl. R. excelsifrons Hollister 1912] B61

Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus (Linnaeus 1767) [=Capra groenlandica, Cervus tarandus groenlandicus, Ce. gronlandicus; incl. Rangifer tarandus var. arctica Richardson 1829, R. tarandus arcticus] B61

Rangifer tarandus guettardi (Desmarest 1822) [=Cervus guettardi; incl. C. bucklandi Owen 1846, C. destrenii Serres 1835, C. tarandus diluvii Rutten 1909, Rangifer tarandus hibernicus Scharff 1918, C. leptocerus Eichwald 1835, C. leufroyi Serres 1835, C. martialis Gervais 1852, Tarandus priscus Sternberg 1828, C. priscus, C. rebulii Serres 1835, Tarandus schottini Sternberg 1828, C. tournalii Serres 1835] B61

Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus (Vrolik 1829) [=Cervus (Tarandus) platyrhynchus; incl. C. tarandus f. spetsbergensis Andersén 1863, Rangifer arcticus var. spitzbergensis, R. tarandus spetsbergensis] B61

*Rangifer tarandus tarandus (Linnaeus 1758) [=R. tarandus typicus Lydekker 1898; incl. Tarandus rangifer asiaticus Millais 1915, R. arcticus asiaticus, R. tarandus var. cilindricornis Camerano 1902, Tarandus rangifer lenensis Millais 1915, R. tarandus pearsoni Lydekker 1903, Cervus tarandus rangifer Gmelin 1788, Tarandus rangifer, C. sibiricus Schreber 1784, T. rangifer sibiricus] B61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B61] Banfield, A. W. F. 1961. A revision of the reindeer and caribou, genus Rangifer. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 177: i–vi, 1–137.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[GD93] Garland, T., Jr, A. W. Dickerman, C. M. Janis & J. A. Jones. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of covariance by computer simulation. Systematic Biology 42 (3): 265–292.

[GRH06] Gilbert, C., A. Ropiquet & A. Hassanin. 2006. Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): systematics, morphology, and biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 101–117.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[H48] Hershkovitz, P. 1948. The technical name of the Virginia deer with a list of the South American forms. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 61: 41–45.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

Cervus

Corsican red deer Cervus elaphus corsicanus, photographed by Iosto Doneddu.

Belongs within: Cervini.

The genus Cervus includes the red deer C. elaphus and related species. Males of this genus have well-developed branching, often rugose antlers associated with a harem breeding strategy. Phylogenetically, this group also includes the Père David's deer Elaphurus davidiensis, a species native to China though now extinct in the wild, which has distinctive backward-pointing tines on its antlers.

Cervus Linnaeus 1758 [incl. Elaphurus Milne-Edwards 1866] GRH06
    |--+--‘Elaphurus’ davidiensis HH06
    |  `--C. eldi HH06
    |       |--C. e. eldi BP87
    |       |--C. e. siamensis BP87
    |       `--C. e. thamin BP87
    `--+--C. elaphus Linnaeus 1758 HH06, H78
       |    |--C. e. elaphus H78
       |    |--C. e. bactrianus BP87
       |    |--C. e. barbarus H78
       |    |--C. e. corsicanus C84
       |    |--C. e. hanglu C84
       |    |--C. e. hippelaphus C84
       |    |--C. e. macneilli USDI77
       |    |--C. e. scoticus C84
       |    |--C. e. wallichi USDI77
       |    `--C. e. yarkandensis BP87
       `--+--+--C. porcinus HH06 [=Axis porcinus GRH06, Hyelaphus porcinus USDI77]
          |  |    |--C. p. porcinus USDI77
          |  |    `--‘Axis’ p. annamiticus [=Hyelaphus porcinus annamiticus] USDI77
          |  |--C. timorensis HH06
          |  |    |--C. t. timorensis BP87
          |  |    `--C. t. russa BP87
          |  `--C. unicolor GRH06
          |       |--C. u. unicolor TB01
          |       `--C. u. equinus TB01
          `--+--C. albirostris HH06
             `--+--C. canadensis Erxleben 1777 HH06, B75 [=C. elaphus canadensis B75]
                `--C. nippon Temminck 1838 HH06, M76
                     |--C. n. nippon LE05
                     |--C. n. grassianus BP87
                     |--C. n. keramae (Kuroda 1924) I92
                     |--C. n. kopschi BP87
                     |--C. n. mandarinus BP87
                     |--C. n. pseudaxis B91
                     |--C. n. taiouanus BP87
                     |--C. n. yakushimae Kuroda & Okada 1950 I92
                     `--C. n. yesoensis LE05

Cervus incertae sedis:
  C. alfredi BP87
  C. astylodon (Matsumoto 1924) AC98
  C. bezoarticus [incl. C. cuguapara Kerr 1792, Odocoeleus suacuapara (l. c.)] H48
  ‘Elaphurus’ bifurcatus DW04
  C. calamianensis BP87
  C. capreolus T66
  C. columbianus C66
  C. dorothensis Capasso Barbato 1992 [=C. (Leptocervus) dorothensis] AC98
  C. elegans [=Rusa elegans] DW04
  C. kuhli BP87 [=Hyelaphus kuhli USDI77]
  C. mariannus Desmarest 1820 F66
  C. philippinus F66
  C. pudu S66b
  C. pulchellus Imaizumi 1970 I92
  C. taevanus S66a

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1-29.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1-184.

[B91] Bukva, V. 1991. Structural reduction and topological retrieval: problems in taxonomy of Demodicidae. In: Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 293-300. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C66] Canfield, C. A. 1866. On the habits of the prongbuck (Antilocapra americana), and the periodical shedding of its horns. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 105-110.

[C84] Cockerill, R. A. 1984. Deer. In All the World’s Animals: Hoofed Mammals (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 80-89. Torstar Books: New York.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8-14.

[F66] Fraser, L. 1866. Exhibition of a pair of horns of Cervus mariannus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 367-368.

[GRH06] Gilbert, C., A. Ropiquet & A. Hassanin. 2006. Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 101-117.

[H78] Hamilton, W. R. 1978. Cervidae and Palaeomerycidae. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 496-508. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[H48] Hershkovitz, P. 1948. The technical name of the Virginia deer with a list of the South American forms. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 61: 41-45.

[HH06] Hughes, S., T. J. Hayden, C. J. Douady, C. Tougard, M. Germonpré, A. Stuart, L. Lbova, R. F. Carden, C. Hänni & L. Say. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of the extinct giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 285-291.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[LE05] Lister, A. M., C. J. Edwards, D. A. W. Nock, M. Bunce, I. A. van Pijlen, D. G. Bradley, M. G. Thomas & I. Barnes. 2005. The phylogenetic position of the ‘giant deer’ Megaloceros giganteus. Nature 438: 850-853.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[S66a] Sclater, P. L. 1866a. Notice of some recent additions to the Society’s menagerie. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 80.

[S66b] Sclater, P. L. 1866b. Notice of a pudu deer recently added to the Society’s menagerie. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 104-105.

[TB01] Timm, R. M., & J. H. Brandt. 2001. Pseudonovibos spiralis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae): New information on this enigmatic south-east Asian ox. Journal of Zoology 253: 157-166.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84-93.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420-36431.