Buchia

Buchia crassicollis, copyright Erica Clites.

Belongs within: Bivalvia.

Buchia is a genus of mussel-like bivalves known from the Middle Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous (Cox et al. 1969).

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Strongly prosocline, height well exceeding length; highly inequivalve, left valve strongly convex with more or less prominently projecting umbo and prosogyrous beak, right valve flat to feebly convex with its umbo scarcely projecting; right anterior auricle concave tonguelike process which is not in alignment with hinge margin but extends toward left valve and rests in socket in its cardinal area in front of beak; cardinal area an inequilateral triangle of moderate breadth in each valve, with shallow ligamental pit directed backward from beak, pit of left valve with raised margins; ornament of concentric ridges or ribs, occasionally with subordinate radial threads.

<==Buchia Rouillier 1845 SY85
    |--B. bulloides K79
    |--B. crassicollis K79
    |--B. donganensis Sha & Yuan 1985 SY85
    |--B. fischeriana (d’Orbigny 1888) [=Aucella fischeriana, A. fischeri] SY85
    |--B. inflata K79
    |    |--B. i. inflata K79
    |    `--B. i. crassa K79
    |--B. keyserlingi K79
    |--B. lahuseni [=Aucella lahuseni] SY85
    |--B. mosquensis H79
    |--B. obliqua SY85
    |--B. okensis (see below for synonymy) SY85
    |--B. orbicularis SY85
    |--B. pacifica K79
    |--B. poichii SY85
    |--B. subinflata SY85
    |--B. subokensis [=Aucella subokensis, B. okensis var. subokensis] SY85
    |--B. subunchensis Sha & Yuan 1985 SY85
    |--B. talmatschowi K79
    |--B. terebratuloides SY85
    |--B. trigonoides (Lahusen 1888) [=Aucella trigonoides] SY85
    |--B. uncitoides SY85
    |--B. unschensis SY85
    `--B. volgensis (Lahusen 1888) (see below for synonymy) SY85

Buchia okensis [=Aucella okensis; incl. A. canadiana Crickmay 1930, Buchia okensis var. canadiana, A. cascadensis Crickmay 1930] SY85

Buchia volgensis (Lahusen 1888) [=Aucella volgensis; incl. A. occidentalis Anderson 1945, Buchia occidentalis, A. volgensis var. radiolata Pavlow 1896] SY85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 1. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[H79] Hölder, H. 1979. Jurassic. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A390–A417. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[K79] Kauffman, E. G. 1979. Cretaceous. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A418–A487. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[SY85] Sha J.-G. & Yuan F.-S. 1985. Buchia fauna from Dong’anzhen Formation near Dong’an of Raohe County, Heilongjiang. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 24 (6): 651–662.

Camarotoechiidae

Various views of Leiorhynchus specimen, from the Peabody Museum of Natural History.

Belongs within: Rhynchonellida.

The Camarotoechiidae are a group of medium-sized to large brachiopods known from the Silurian to the Permian (Ager et al. 1965).

Characters (from Ager et al. 1965): Medium-sized to large, round or elliptical in outline, sides and front never truncated; costae generally rounded. Brachial valve with high median septum or ridge; hinge plate entire, or divided only in its most anterior portion, or divided by small shallow open septalium; cardinal process usually absent.

<==Camarotoechiidae AG65
    |--Septalariinae [Pseudopugnaxinae, Septalariidae] AG65
    |    |--Septalaria Leidhold 1928 AG65
    |    |    `--S. subtetragona (Schnur 1851) (see below for synonymy) AG65
    |    |--Amissopecten Havlíček 1960 AG65
    |    |    `--*A. velox (Barrande 1847) [=Terebratula velox] AG65
    |    |--Pseudocamarophoria Wedekind 1925 AG65
    |    |    `--*P. microrhyncha (Roemer 1844) [=Terebratula microrhyncha] AG65
    |    `--Pseudopugnax Likharev 1956 AG65
    |         `--*P. planissimus Likharev 1956 AG65
    `--Camarotoechiinae [Leiorhynchinae, Nudirostrinae] MM02
         |--Astutorhyncha Havlíček 1961 AG65
         |    `--*A. proserpina (Barrande 1847) [=Rhynchonella proserpina] AG65
         |--Calvinaria Stainbrook 1945 AG65
         |    `--*C. ambigua (Calvin 1878) [=Rhynchonella ambigua] AG65
         |--Felinotoechia Havlíček 1961 AG65
         |    `--*F. felina (Barrande 1879) [=Atrypa astuta var. felina] AG65
         |--Fenestrirostra Cooper 1955 AG65
         |    `--*F. glacialis (Billings 1862) [=Rhynchonella glacialis] AG65
         |--Hyborhynchella Cooper 1955 AG65
         |    `--*H. bransoni Cooper 1955 AG65
         |--Paranorella Cloud 1944 AG65
         |    `--*P. imperialis Cloud 1944 AG65
         |--Sanjuania Amos 1958 AG65
         |    `--*S. dorsisulcata Amos 1958 AG65
         |--Rhynchotretina Khalfin 1939 AG65
         |    `--*R. aequivalvis Khalfin 1939 AG65
         |--Rugaltarostrum Sartenaer 1961 AG65
         |    `--*R. madisonense (Haynes 1916) [=Leiorhynchus madisonense] AG65
         |--Camarotoechia Hall & Clarke 1893 AG65
         |    |--*C. congregata (Conrad 1841) [=Atrypa congregata] AG65
         |    `--C. allegania N79
         |--Caryorhynchus Crickmay 1952 AG65
         |    |--*C. carya (Crickmay 1952) [=Leiorhynchus carya] N79
         |    `--C. globiliforme N79
         |--Leiorhynchoidea Cloud 1944 AG65
         |    |--*L. schucherti Cloud 1944 AG65
         |    `--L. carboniferum (Girty 1911) [=Leiorhynchus carboniferum] AG65
         |--Paurorhyncha Cooper 1942 AG65
         |    |--*P. endlichi (Meek 1875) [=Rhynchonella endlichi] AG65
         |    `--P. cooperi AG65
         |--Plagiorhyncha McLearn 1918 MM02
         |    |--P. depressa (Sowerby 1839) (see below for synonymy) MM02
         |    |--P. niobe (Barrande 1847) MM02
         |    `--P. thisbe (Barrande 1847) MM02
         |--Hircinisca Havlíček 1960 AG65
         |    |--*H. sapho (Barrande 1879) [=Atrypa hircina var. sapho] AG65
         |    |--H. hebes AG65
         |    `--H. hircina AG65
         `--Leiorhynchus Hall 1860 (see below for synonymy) AG65
              |--*L. quadracostatus (Vanuxem 1842) [=Orthis quadracostata, *Nudirostra quadracostata] AG65
              |--L. castanea N79
              |--L. hippocastanea N79
              |--L. mesacostale N79
              |--L. miram N79
              |    |--L. m. miram N79
              |    `--L. m. alpha N79
              |--L. sinuatum N79
              `--L. (Zigania) ursus H79

Leiorhynchus Hall 1860 [=Liorhynchus Oehlert 1887 non Rudolphi 1801, Nudirostra Cooper & Muir-Wood 1951] AG65

Plagiorhyncha depressa (Sowerby 1839) [=Atrypa depressa; incl. A. analoga Wenjukow 1899, Plagiorhyncha analoga, Spirigerina cordata Lindström 1861, P. cordata, Rhynchonella glassii Davidson 1883, *P. glassii, Septatrypa subanaloga Rybnikova 1967, P. subanaloga] MM02

Septalaria subtetragona (Schnur 1851) [=Terebratula subtetragona; incl. T. ascendens Steininger 1853, *Septalaria ascendens] AG65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AG65] Ager, D. V., R. E. Grant, D. J. McLaren & H. Schmidt. 1965. Rhynchonellida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda vol. 2 pp. H552–H632. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas Press: Lawrence (Kansas).

[H79] House, M. R. 1979. Devonian in the Eastern Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A183–A217. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[MM02] Musteikis, P., & T. L. Modzalevskaya. 2002. Some Silurian brachiopods from Lithuania and their palaeobiogeographical significance. Palaeontology 45 (3): 595–626.

[N79] Norris, A. W. 1979. Devonian in the Western Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A218–A253. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Delthyrididae

Howellella elegans, from Primitive Worlds.

Belongs within: Spiriferida.

The Delthyrididae are a group of spiriferid brachiopods known from the Lower Silurian to the Middle Devonian (Boucot et al. 1965).

Characters (from Boucot et al. 1965): Biconvex, weakly to strongly transverse; lateral slopes plicate or costate; fold and sulcus smooth or with median rib in sulcus and median groove on fold; micro-ornament typically consisting of distinct growth lamellae upon which are superposed capillae that become fimbriate at anterior margin of each growth lamella, more rarely consisting of capillae only or of teardrop-shaped granules; interior of pedicle valve generally with well-developed dental plates, some with distinct median septum but none with delthyrial plate; brachial-valve interior with area of diductor attachment deeply striate longitudinally, resulting in comblike cardinal process; crural plates absent or short; shell substance impunctate.

<==Delthyrididae [Delthyridae] M03
    |  i. s.: Eohowellella Lopushinskaya 1976 M03
    |           |--E. minimus Lopushinskaya 1976 M03
    |           `--E. yadrenkinae Lopushinskaya 1976 M03
    |--Cyrtinopsis Scupin 1896 [Cyrtinopsidae, Cyrtinopsinae] BJ65
    |    `--*C. undosa (Schnur 1853) [=Spirifer undosus] BJ65
    |         |--C. u. undosa TC71
    |         `--C. u. maiderensis TC71
    |--Kozlowskiellininae [Kozlowskiellinae] BJ65
    |    |--Hedeina Boucot 1957 BJ65
    |    |    `--*H. crispa (Linnaeus 1758) [=Anomia crispa, Delthyris crispa] BJ65
    |    `--Kozlowskiellina Boucot 1958 (see below for synonymy) BJ65
    |         |--*K. strawi (Boucot 1957) [=*Kozlowskiella strawi] BJ65
    |         |--‘Spirifer’ perlamellosus Hall 1857 [=*Megakozlowskiella perlamellosa] BJ65
    |         `--K. raricosta BJ65
    |--Delthyridinae BJ65
    |    |--Howittia Talent 1956 BJ65
    |    |    `--*H. howitti (Chapman 1905) [=Spirifer howitti] BJ65
    |    |--Ivanothyris Havlíček 1957 BJ65
    |    |    `--*I. gibbosa (Barrande 1879) [=Spirifer gibbosus] BJ65
    |    |--Neodelthyris Hou 1963 BJ65
    |    |    `--*N. sinensis Hou 1963 BJ65
    |    |--Uralospirifer Havlíček 1959 BJ65
    |    |    `--*U. mansy (Khodalevich 1951) [=Spirifer (Delthyris) mansy] BJ65
    |    `--Delthyris Dalman 1828 [incl. Quadrifarius Fuchs 1929] BJ65
    |         |--*D. elevata Dalman 1828 BJ65
    |         |--D. dumontianus H79
    |         `--D. loculata Fuchs 1923 [=*Quadrifarius loculatus] BJ65
    `--Acrospiriferinae BJ65
         |--Antispirifer Williams 1916 BJ65
         |    `--*A. harroldi Williams 1916 BJ65
         |--Australospirifer Caster 1939 BJ65
         |    `--*A. kayserianus (Clarke 1913) [=Spirifer kayserianus] BJ65
         |--Eospiriferina Grabau 1931 BJ65
         |    `--*E. lachrymosa (Grabau 1931) [=Spiriferina (*Eospiriferina) lachrymosa] BJ65
         |--Mauispirifer Allan 1947 BJ65
         |    `--*M. hectori Allan 1947 BJ65
         |--Pinguispirifer Havlíček 1957 BJ65
         |    `--*P. infirmus (Barrande 1879) [=Spirifer infirmus] BJ65
         |--Spinella Talent 1956 BJ65
         |    |--*S. buchanensis Talent 1956 BJ65
         |    `--S. yassensis [=Spirifer yassensis] TC71
         |--Acrospirifer Helmbrecht & Wedekind 1923 XY86
         |    |--*A. primaevus (Steininger 1853) [=Spirifer primaeva] BJ65
         |    |--A. coxi C68
         |    |--A. hercyniae H79
         |    |--A. kobehana N79
         |    |--A. lilydalensis H79
         |    |--A. macrothyris N79
         |    |--A. murchisoni N79
         |    |--A. peltica H79
         |    `--A. tonkinensis (Mansuy 1908) WL04
         `--Howellella Kozlowski 1843 BJ65, XY86 [=Crispella Kozlowski 1929 non Gray 1870 BJ65]
              |--*H. elegans (Muir-Wood 1925) (see below for synonymy) BJ65
              |--H. angustiplicata (Kozlowski 1829) [=Spirifer (Crispella) angustiplicatus] XY86
              |--H. cycloptera XY86
              |--H. fecunda Chen 1983 XY86
              |--H. minora XY86
              |--H. pauciplicata Waite 1956 M03
              |--H. prima Alekseeva 1967 M03
              |--H. subbragensis (Kulkov 1963) XY86
              |--H. vanuxemi N79
              `--H. yukiangensis XY86

*Howellella elegans (Muir-Wood 1925) [=Delthyris elegans; incl. Terebratula crispus Hisinger 1826, D. crispa non Anomia crispa Linné 1758] BJ65

Kozlowskiellina Boucot 1958 [=Kozlowskiella Boucot 1957 non Přibyl 1953; incl. Megakozlowskiella Boucot 1957, Megakozlowskiellina Amsden & Ventress 1963] BJ65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BJ65] Boucot, A. J., J. G. Johnson, C. W. Pitrat & R. D. Staton. 1965. Spiriferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda vol. 2 pp. H632–H728. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas Press: Lawrence (Kansas).

[C68] Cooper, R. A. 1968. Lower and Middle Paleozoic fossil localities of north-west Nelson. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Geology 6 (7): 75–89.

[H79] House, M. R. 1979. Devonian in the Eastern Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A183–A217. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[M03] Modzalevskaya, T. L. 2003. Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 73–107.

[N79] Norris, A. W. 1979. Devonian in the Western Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A218–A253. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[TC71] Thomson, K. S., & K. S. W. Campbell. 1971. The structure and relationships of the primitive Devonian lungfish—Dipnorhynchus sussmilchi (Etheridge). Yale University Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin 38: 1–109.

[WL04] Wang S.-Q. & R. F. Lundin. 2004. Sinoleperditiini (Ostracoda) from the Lower Emsian Shanglun Formation at the Shanglun village, central Guangxi, China. Journal of Paleontology 78 (2): 349–358.

[XY86] Xu H.-K. & Yao Z.-G. 1986. The Lower Devonian and its brachiopods from Lingshan, Guangxi. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 25 (2): 169–179.

Cyrtospiriferoidea

Partial brachial valve of Cyrtiopsis animasensis, from here.

Belongs within: Spiriferida.
Contains: Cyrtospirifer.

The Cyrtospiriferoidea are a group of Devonian spiriferids characterised by the presence of a delthyrial plate.

<==Cyrtospiriferoidea RG04
    |--Spinocyrtiidae [Guerichellinae, Spinocyrtiinae] RG04
    |    |--Acutatheca Stainbrook 1945 BJ65
    |    |    `--*A. propria Stainbrook 1945 BJ65
    |    |--Alatiformia Struve 1963 M65
    |    |    `--*A. alatiformis (Drevermann 1907) [=Spirifer alatiformis] M65
    |    |--Allanella Crickmay 1953 [=Allanaria Crickmay 1953] BJ65
    |    |    `--*A. allani (Warren 1944) [=Spirifer allani, *Allanaria allani] BJ65
    |    |--Chimaerothyris Paulus, Struve & Wolfart 1963 M65
    |    |    `--*C. hotzi Paulus, Struve & Wolfart 1963 M65
    |    |--Eosyringothyris Stainbrook 1943 BJ65
    |    |    `--*E. aspera (Hall 1858) [=Spirifera aspera] BJ65
    |    |--Subcuspidella Mittmeyer 1965 [incl. Tenuicostella] RG04
    |    |    |--*S. subcuspidata (Schnur 1851) [=Spirifer subcuspidatus] RG04
    |    |    `--S. incerta (Fuchs 1909) RG04
    |    |--Mediospirifer Bublichenko 1956 BJ65
    |    |    |--M. audacula (Conrad 1842) (see below for synonymy) BJ65
    |    |    `--M. mediotextus H79
    |    |--Spinocyrtia Frederiks 1916 [incl. Platyrachella Fenton & Fenton 1924] BJ65
    |    |    |--*S. granulosa (Conrad 1839) [=Delthyris granulosa] BJ65
    |    |    |--S. macbridei (Calvin 1883) [=Spirifera macbridei, *Platyrachella macbridei] BJ65
    |    |    |--S. marcyi N79
    |    |    `--‘Platyrachella’ mesastralis N79
    |    `--Adolfia Gürich 1909 (see below for synonymy) BJ65
    |         |--*A. deflexa (Roemer 1843) [=Spirifer deflexus, *Guerichella deflexa] BJ65
    |         |--‘Guerichella’ angustistellata BJ65
    |         |--A. bifida BJ65
    |         |--‘Spirifer (*Plectospirifer)’ heimi Grabau 1931 BJ65
    |         `--A. talasica H79
    `--Cyrtospiriferidae [Cyrtospiriferinae] BJ65
         |--Cyrtospirifer RG04
         |--Platyspirifer Grabau 1931 BJ65
         |    `--*P. paronai (Martelli 1902) [=Schizophoria paronai, Theodossia (*Platyspirifer) paronai] BJ65
         |--Tenticospirifer Tien 1938 BJ65
         |    `--*T. tenticulum (de Verneuil 1845) [=Spirifer tenticulum] BJ65
         |--Arctospirifer Stainbrook 1950 BJ65
         |    `--*A. constrictus Stainbrook 1950 BJ65
         |--Austrospirifer Glenister 1955 BJ65
         |    `--*A. variabilis Glenister 1955 BJ65
         |--Dmitria Sidyachenko 1961 BJ65
         |    `--*D. romanowskii (Nalivkin 1930) [=Spirifer (Cyrtospirifer) romanowskii] BJ65
         |--Prospira Maxwell 1954 BJ65
         |    `--*P. typa Maxwell 1954 BJ65
         |--Schizospirifer Grabau 1931 BJ65
         |    `--*S. latistriatus (Frech 1911) [=Spirifer aperturatus var. latistriatus] BJ65
         |--Sphenospira Cooper 1954 BJ65
         |    `--*S. alta (Hall 1866) [=Spirifera alta] BJ65
         |--Sulcatospirifer Maxwell 1954 BJ65
         |    `--*S. primus Maxwell 1954 BJ65
         |--Syringospira Kindle 1909 BJ65
         |    `--*S. prima Kindle 1909 BJ65
         |--Indospirifer Grabau 1931 BJ65
         |    `--*I. padaukpinensis (Reed 1908) [=Spirifer padaukpinensis] BJ65
         |         |--I. p. padaukpinensis BJ65
         |         `--I. p. maoerhchuanensis BJ65
         `--Cyrtiopsis Grabau 1923 (see below for synonymy) BJ65
              |--*C. davidsoni Grabau 1923 BJ65
              |--C. animasensis N79
              |--C. graciosa Grabau 1923 [=C. (*Grabauicyrtiopsis) graciosa] BJ65
              |--C. intermedia BJ65
              |--‘Uchtospirifer’ murchisonianus H79
              |--‘*Uchtospirifer’ nalivkini Lyashenko 1957 BJ65
              `--C. transversa Grabau 1931 [=C. (*Sinocyrtiopsis) transversa] BJ65

Adolfia Gürich 1909 [=Guerichella Paeckelmann 1931, Guerichia (l. c.); incl. Plectospirifer Grabau 1931] BJ65

Cyrtiopsis Grabau 1923 [incl. Alphacyrtiopsis Gatinaud 1949 (nom. vet.), Betacyrtiopsis Gatinaud 1949 (nom. vet.), Grabauicyrtiopsis Gatinaud 1949, Paracyrtiopsis Gatinaud 1949 (nom. vet.), Sinocyrtiopsis Gatinaud 1949, Uchtospirifer Lyashenko 1957] BJ65

Mediospirifer audacula (Conrad 1842) [=Delthyris audacula; incl. D. medialis Hall 1843, *Mediospirifer medialis] BJ65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BJ65] Boucot, A. J., J. G. Johnson, C. W. Pitrat & R. D. Staton. 1965. Spiriferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda vol. 2 pp. H632–H728. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas Press: Lawrence (Kansas).

[H79] House, M. R. 1979. Devonian in the Eastern Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A183–A217. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[M65] Moore, R. C. (ed.) 1965. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda vol. 2. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas Press: Lawrence (Kansas).

[N79] Norris, A. W. 1979. Devonian in the Western Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A218–A253. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[RG04] Racheboeuf, P. R., R. Gourvennec, M. Deynoux & D. Brice. 2004. The Devonian of the Hodh area (Islamic Republic of Mauritania): paleontology and stratigraphy. Journal of Paleontology 78 (1): 98–110.

Reclinata

Phyllograptus angustifolius elongatus, from here.

Belongs within: Eugraptoloida.
Contains: Tetragraptinae, Isograptus, Bireclinata.

The Reclinata are a clade of graptoloids defined by Maletz et al. (2009) as the smallest clade including Tetragraptus serra and Exigraptus uniformis. Synapomorphies of the clade include the presence of a rutellum on the ventral side of the sicular aperture, serially homologous ventral projections on the proximal thecae (thecal rutellae), and a longer sicula than in outgroup taxa (Maletz et al. 2009).

<==Reclinata MCM09
    |--Tetragrapta [Pan-Tetragrapta] MCM09
    |    |  i. s.: Corymbograptus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1964 MCM09, B70
    |    |           `--*C. v-fractus (Salter 1863) [=Didymograptus v-fractus] B70
    |    |         Pseudotrigonograptus Mu & Lee 1958 MCM09, B70 [Pseudotrigonograptidae, Pseudotrigonograptinae]
    |    |           `--*P. uniformis Mu & Lee 1958 [=Tristichograptus uniformis] B70
    |    |--Tetragraptinae MCM09
    |    `--+--+--Perissograptus pygmaeus (Ruedemann 1904) MCM09
    |       |  `--Phyllograptus Hall 1858 MCM09, B70
    |       |       |--*P. typus Hall 1858 B70
    |       |       |--P. angustifolius B70
    |       |       |    |--P. a. angustifolius J79
    |       |       |    `--P. a. elongatus J79
    |       |       |--P. densus J79
    |       |       `--P. loringi White 1874 W77
    |       `--+--Bryograptus Lapworth 1880 FC86, B70
    |          |    |--*B. kjerulfi Lapworth 1880 B70
    |          |    `--B. patens B70
    |          `--+--Pseudobryograptus Mu 1957 FC86, B70
    |             |    `--*P. parallelus Mu 1957 B70
    |             `--Pendeograptus Bouček & Přibyl 1951 MCM09, B70
    |                  |--*P. pendens (Elles 1898) [=Tetragraptus pendens] B70
    |                  `--P. fruticosus (Hall 1858) MCM09 [=Tetragraptus fruticosus FC86]
    `--Pan-Bireclinata [Glossograptacea] MCM09
         |--Isograptus MCM09
         `--+--Parisograptus caduceus MCM09
            `--Bireclinata MCM09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V1–V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[FC86] Fortey, R. A., & R. A. Cooper. 1986. A phylogenetic classification of the graptoloids. Palaeontology 29: 631–654.

[J79] Jaanusson, V. 1979. Ordovician. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A136–A166. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[MCM09] Maletz, J., J. Carlucci & C. E. Mitchell. 2009. Graptoloid cladistics, taxonomy and phylogeny. Bulletin of Geosciences 84 (1): 7–19.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.

Monograptina

Specimen of Pristiograptus, copyright P. Skupien.

Belongs within: Bireclinata.
Contains: Cyrtograptinae, Linograptinae, Monograptus, Saetograptus.

The Monograptina are a group of graptolites known from the Lower Silurian to the Lower Devonian, characterised by the production of a uniserial rhabdosome with thecae along one side only of the central stipe (Bulman 1970).

Characters (from Bulman 1970): Scandent, uniserial; development monograptid, with sinus method of pore formation and initially upward direction of growth of th1.

Monograptina
    |--Cyrtograptidae BR70
    |    |--Cyrtograptinae BR70
    |    `--Linograptinae BR70
    `--Monograptidae BR70
         |  i. s.: Falcatograptus Hundt 1965 (n. d.) BR70
         |         Mystiograptus Hundt 1965 (n. d.) BR70
         |         Nodosograptus Hundt 1951 (n. d.) BR70
         |         Paragraptus Hundt 1965 (n. d.) BR70
         |--Monograptus BR70
         |--Pseudomonoclimacis Mikhailova 1975 ZL97
         |    `--P. dalejensis (Bouček 1936) [=Monograptus dalejensis; incl. M. haupti Kühne 1955] ZL97
         |--Cucullograptus Urbanek 1954 BR70
         |    |  i. s.: C. aversus (Eisenack 1942) [=Monograptus aversus] ZL97
         |    |           |--C. a. aversus B70
         |    |           `--C. a. rostratus B70
         |    |--*C. (Cucullograptus) pazdroi Urbanek 1954 BR70
         |    `--C. (Lobograptus Urbanek 1958) BR70
         |         |--C. (*L.) scanicus (Tullberg 1883) BR70, ZL97 [=Monograptus scanicus BR70]
         |         |    |--C. s. scanicus B70
         |         |    `--C. s. amphirostris B70
         |         |--‘Lobograptus’ expectatus ZL97
         |         |--C. (L.) parascanicus B70, ZL97 [=Cucullograptus scanicus parascanicus B70]
         |         |--C. (L.) progenitor (Urbanek 1966) [=Lobograptus progenitor] ZL97
         |         `--C. (L.) simplex [=Cucullograptus (Lobograptus) simplex] B70
         |--Monoclimacis Frech 1897 BR70
         |    |--*M. vomerina (Nicholson 1872) [=Graptolithus vomerinus] BR70
         |    |--M. crenulata B70
         |    |--M. griestoniensis B70
         |    `--M. micropoma BR70
         |--Rastrites Barrande 1850 BR70 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--*R. peregrinus Barrande 1850 BR70 [=*Rastrograptus peregrinus B70]
         |    |--R. longispinus B70
         |    |--R. maximus B70
         |    |--‘*Stavrites’ rossicus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1968 BR70
         |    `--‘*Corymbites’ sigmoidalis Obut & Sobolevskaya 1967 BR70
         |--Pristiograptus Jaekel 1889 [incl. Bohemograptus Příbyl 1967] BR70
         |    |--*P. frequens Jaekel 1889 BR70
         |    |--P. bohemicus (Barrande 1850) BR70, B70 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |    |--P. b. bohemicus ZL97
         |    |    |--‘Bohemograptus’ b. garratti ZL97
         |    |    `--‘Bohemograptus’ b. tenuis (Bouček 1936) [=Monograptus bohemicus tenuis] ZL97
         |    |--P. dubius ZL97
         |    |--P. fecundus B70
         |    |--P. nudus M79
         |    |--‘Bohemograptus’ praecornutus ZL97
         |    |--P. regularis ZL97
         |    |--P. transgrediens B70
         |    |--P. tumescens ZL97
         |    `--P. ultimus B70
         |--Neomonograptus Mu & Ni 1975 NJ83
         |    |  i. s.: N. shidianensis Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
         |    |--N. falcarius NJ83
         |    |--N. hercynicus NJ83
         |    `--+--N. fanicus NJ83
         |       `--+--N. atopus NJ83
         |          |    |--N. a. atopus NJ83
         |          |    `--N. a. rigidus NJ83
         |          `--N. himalayensis NJ83
         |--Saetograptus BR70
         |--Metamonograptus Wang 1977 NJ83
         |    |  i. s.: M. arcuatus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
         |    |         M. craigensis [=Monograptus craigensis] NJ83
         |    |         M. facetus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
         |    |         M. giganteus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
         |    |--M. birchensis [=Monograptus birchensis] NJ83
         |    `--+--M. praehercynicus NJ83
         |       `--+--M. hemiodon NJ83
         |          `--+--M. qinzhouensis [=Monograptus qinzhouensis] NJ83
         |             `--M. telleri NJ83
         `--Pernerograptus Přibyl 1941 NJ83
              |  i. s.: P. neotericus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
              |         P. supernus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
              |--*P. argenteus (Nicholson 1867) BR70 [=Graptolithus argenteus BR70, Monograptus argenteus NJ83, BR70]
              `--+--‘Monograptus’ ramstalensis NJ83
                 `--P. urbanus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83

Pristiograptus bohemicus (Barrande 1850) BR70, B70 [=Graptolithus bohemicus ZL97, *Bohemograptus bohemicus B70, Monograptus bohemicus ZL97]

Rastrites Barrande 1850 BR70 [=Rastrograptus Hopkinson & Lapworth 1875 B70; incl. Corymbites Obut & Sobolevskaya 1967 BR70, Stavrites Obut & Sobolevskaya 1968 BR70]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V1–V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[BR70] Bulman, O. M. B., & R. B. Rickards. 1970. Classification of the graptolite family Monograptidae Lapworth, 1873. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V149–V157. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[M79] Müller, A. H. 1979. Fossilization (taphonomy). In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A2–A78. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[NJ83] Ni Y.-N. & Jiao S.-D. 1983. Lower Devonian graptolites from Yunnan. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 22 (3): 295–307.

[ZL97] Zhang Y. & A. C. Lenz. 1997. Uppermost Wenlock and Ludlow graptolites from southern Yunnan, China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34: 1220–1238.

Cyrtograptinae

Specimen of Cyrtograptus, from here.

Belongs within: Monograptidae.

The Cyrtograptinae are a group of uniserial graptolites known from the Middle Silurian, characterised by the regular production of thecal cladia (Bulman 1970).

Characters (from Bulman 1970): Main stipe (procladium) generally spirally coiled, helicoidally at proximal end, with one or more thecal cladia, sometimes bearing second- or higher-order cladia; production of cladia typically regular.

Cyrtograptinae
    |--Averianowograptus Obut 1949 B70
    |    `--*A. magnificus (Averianow 1931) [=Cyrtograptus magnificus] B70
    |--Barrandeograptus Bouček 1933 B70
    |    `--*B. pulchellus (Tullberg 1883) [=Cyrtograptus pulchellus] B70
    `--Cyrtograptus Carruthers 1867 (see below for synonymy) B70
         |--*C. murchisoni Carruthers 1867 [=Cyrtograpsus murchisoni] B70
         |--C. centrifugus B70
         |--C. ellesae B70
         |--C. grayi Lapworth 1876 [=*Lapworthograptus grayi] B70
         |--C. insectus K-D04
         |--‘*Uralograptus’ insuetus Koregn 1962 B70
         |--C. lapworthi K-D04
         |--C. linnarssoni B70
         |--C. lundgreni B70
         |--C. perneri B79
         |--C. radians B79
         |--C. rigidus B70
         `--C. spiralis Averianow 1931 [=*Damosiograptus spiralis] B70

Cyrtograptus Carruthers 1867 [=Cyrtograpsus; incl. Damosiograptus Obut 1950, Lapworthograptus Bouček & Přibyl 1952, Uralograptus Koregn 1962] B70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B79] Boucot, A. J. 1979. Silurian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A167–182. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V1–V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[K-D04] Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 2004. Evolution of retiolitid graptolites—a synopsis. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (4): 505–518.

Gasterocomidae

Gasterocoma sp., from Steinkern.de.

Belongs within: Cyathocrinida.

The Gasterocomidae are a group of crinoids known from the Lower and Middle Devonian (Moore et al. 1978).

Characters (from Moore et al. 1978): Theca conical bowl shaped to globose; infrabasals five, three, or one; radial articular facets narrow horseshoe shaped; axial canal present; radianal absent, anal X present or absent, anal opening generally through side of cup below posterior radials. Anal sac absent. Moderately thick uniserial arms spread sideward, branching isotomously. Transversely round to quadrangular stem with axial and three or four peripheral canals.

Gasterocomidae [Gastrocomidae, Schultzicrinidae]
    |--Scoliocrinus Jaekel 1895 ML78
    |    `--*S. eremita Jaekel 1895 ML78
    |--Nanocrinus Müller 1856 ML78
    |    `--*N. paradoxus Müller 1856 ML78
    |--Schultzicrinus Springer 1911 ML78
    |    `--*S. typus Springer 1911 ML78
    |--Kopficrinus Goldring 1954 ML78
    |    `--*K. pustuliferus Goldring 1954 ML78
    |--Mictocrinus Goldring 1923 ML78
    |    `--*M. robustus Goldring 1923 ML78
    |--Gasterocoma Goldfuss 1839 (see below for synonymy) ML78
    |    |--*G. antiqua Goldfuss 1839 [=*Gastrocoma antiqua] ML78
    |    `--G. bicaula N79
    `--Myrtillocrinus Sandberger & Sandberger 1856 [incl. Tripleurocrinus Wood 1904] ML78
         |--*M. elongatus Sandberger & Sandberger 1856 ML78
         |--M. americanus ML78
         `--‘*Tripleurocrinus’ levis Wood 1904 ML78

Gasterocoma Goldfuss 1839 [=Gastrocoma Beyrich 1871; incl. Ceramocrinus Müller 1855, Epactocrinus Müller 1855] ML78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ML78] Moore, R. C., N. G. Lane, H. L. Strimple, J. Sprinkle & R. O. Fay. 1978. Inadunata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T520–T759. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[N79] Norris, A. W. 1979. Devonian in the Western Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A218–A253. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Scyphozoa

Helmet jelly Periphylla periphylla, copyright Erling Svensen.

Belongs within: Medusozoa.
Contains: Ulmaridae.

The Scyphozoa are a group of cnidarians including the typical jellyfish and related taxa, united by the presence of polydisc strobilation in metamorphosing polyps (further modified in some rhizostomes), rhopalia and ephyrae. Most scyphozoans have a life-cycle alternating between a sexually reproducing planktonic medusa and an asexually reproducing benthic polyp (Daly et al. 2007).

Scyphozoa
    |  i. s.: Stylocoronella Salvini-Plawen 1966 CS-P86
    |           |--S. riedli Salvini-Plawen 1966 CS-P86
    |           `--S. variabilis Salvini-Plawen 1984 CS-P86
    |         Phacellophora ornata B26
    |         Dactylometra quinquecirrha B26
    |         Brachina Wade 1972 G79
    |           `--*B. delicata Wade 1972 G79
    |--Coronatae [Cannostomae] W79
    |    |  i. s.: Palephyra primigenia H04
    |    |         Zonephyra zonaria H04
    |    |         Strobila Sars 1829 H04, BR05
    |    |           `--S. monodisca H04
    |    |         Nauphanta challengeri H04
    |    |--Linuchidae W79
    |    |    |--Linuche unguiculata (Schwartz 1788) [incl. Stephanoscyphus komaii Leloup 1937] W79
    |    |    `--Linantha lunulata DB07, H04
    |    |--Nausithoidae W79
    |    |    |--Nausithoe W79
    |    |    |    |--N. punctata Kölliker 1853 [incl. Stephanoscyphus mirabilis Allman 1874] W79
    |    |    |    `--N. sorbei Jarms, Tiemann & Prados 2003 F05
    |    |    `--Stephanoscyphus Allman 1874 W79
    |    |         |--S. allmani Kirkpatrick 1890 W79
    |    |         |--S. corniformis Komai 1936 W79
    |    |         |--S. racemosus Komai 1936 W79
    |    |         `--S. simplex Kirkpatrick 1890 [incl. S. bianconis, S. sibogae, S. striatus] W79
    |    |--Atolla H04 [Atollidae DB07]
    |    |    |--A. vanhoeffeni DM01
    |    |    `--A. wyvillei DM01
    |    |--Atorellidae DB07
    |    |--Paraphyllinidae DB07
    |    `--Periphylla DM01 [Periphyllidae DB07, Peromedusae]
    |         |--*P. periphylla DM01
    |         |--P. hyacinthina [=Charybdea hyacinthina] B26
    |         |--P. mirabilis H04
    |         `--P. peronii H04
    `--Discomedusae DB07
         |--Rhizostomeae W79
         |    |  i. s.: Pilema giltschii H04
         |    |         Brachiolophus collaris H04
         |    |         Cannorrhiza connexa H04
         |    |         Rhopilema H04
         |    |           |--R. frida H04
         |    |           `--R. hispidum BK77
         |    |         Toreuma H04
         |    |           |--T. bellagemma H04
         |    |           `--T. thamnostoma H04
         |    |--Kolpophorae DB07
         |    |    |--Cassiopea W79 [Cassiopeidae DB07]
         |    |    |    |--C. andromeda W79
         |    |    |    `--C. cyclobalia H04
         |    |    |--Mastigias MH96 [Mastigiidae DB07]
         |    |    |    `--M. quinquecirrha MH96
         |    |    |--Thysanostomatidae DB07
         |    |    `--Versurigidae DB07
         |    `--Daktyliophorae DB07
         |         |--Lychnorhizidae DB07
         |         |--Catostylus G75 [Catostylidae DB07]
         |         |    `--C. mosaicus G75
         |         |--Lobonematidae DB07
         |         |--Rhizostomatidae DB07
         |         `--Stomolophus DM01 [Stomolophidae DB07]
         |              `--S. meleagris DM01
         `--Semaeostomeae RM04
              |  i. s.: Desmonema annasethe H04
              |         Floscula promethea H04
              |         Chrysaora H04
              |           |--C. mediterranea H04
              |           `--C. quinquecirrha CH97
              |         Floresca parthenia H04
              |         Drymonema victoria H04
              |         Procyanea protosema H04
              |--Ulmaridae RM04
              |--Cyanea DM01 [Cyaneidae DB07]
              |    `--C. capillata DM01 (see below for synonymy)
              `--Pelagia H04 [Pelagiidae DB07]
                   |--P. cyanella B26
                   |--P. noctiluca (Forsskål 1775) P79
                   `--P. perla H04

Cyanea capillata DM01 [incl. C. capillata var. arctica B26, C. capillata var. fulva B26, C. versicolor B26]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.

[B26] Bigelow, H. B. 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 40 (2): 1–509.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[CH97] Castro, P., & M. E. Huber. 1997. Marine Biology 2^nd ed. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

[CS-P86] Clausen, C., & L. v. Salvini-Plawen. 1986. Cnidaria. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 33–42. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[DB07] Daly, M., M. R. Brugler, P. Cartwright, A. G. Collins, M. N. Dawson, D. G. Fautin, S. C. France, C. S. McFadden, D. M. Opresko, E. Rodriguez, S. L. Romano & J. L. Stake. 2007. The phylum Cnidaria: a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. Zootaxa 1668: 127–182.

[DM01] Dawson, M. N., & L. E. Martin. 2001. Geographic variation and ecological adaptation in Aurelia (Scyphozoa, Semaeostomeae): some implications from molecular phylogenetics. Hydrobiologia 451: 259–273.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[G79] Glaessner, M. F. 1979. Precambrian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A79–A118. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[G75] Grant, E. M. 1975. Guide to Fishes. The Co-ordinator-General's Department: Brisbane (Australia).

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[MH96] Miller, S. A., & J. P. Harley. 1996. Zoology (3rd ed.) Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[P79] Petersen, K. W. 1979. Development of coloniality in Hydrozoa. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 105–139. Academic Press: London.

[RM04] Raskoff, K. A., & G. I. Matsumoto. 2004. Stellamedusa ventana, a new mesopelagic scyphomedusa from the eastern Pacific representing a new subfamily, the Stellamedusinae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84: 37–42.

[W79] Werner, B. 1979. Coloniality in the Scyphozoa: Cnidaria. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 81–103. Academic Press: London.

Capitata

Branching fire coral Millepora alcicornis, copyright Nick Hobgood.

Belongs within: Hydrozoa.
Contains: Tubulariida.

The Capitata are a group of hydrozoans united by the possession of stenotele nematocysts and capitate tentacles (ending in knobs) on the polyps or filiform tentacles in separated whorls (Daly et al. 2007).

<==Capitata
    |  i. s.: Boeromedusidae DB07
    |         Halimedusidae DB07
    |         Pennariidae DB07
    |         Polyorchidae DB07
    |         Zancleopsidae DB07
    |         Scrippsia pacifica LS09
    |         Staurocladia wellingtoni LS09
    |--Moerisiida [Moerisioidea] P79
    |    |--Sphaerocorynidae P79
    |    |    |--Linvillea agassizi (McCrady 1857) P79
    |    |    `--Sphaerocoryne Pictet 1893 P79
    |    |         |--S. bedoti Pictet 1893 P79
    |    |         `--S. multitentaculata (Warren 1908) P79
    |    `--Moerisiidae P79
    |         |--Halmomises von Kennel 1891 P79
    |         |--Tiaricodon Browne 1902 P79
    |         |--Odessia Paspaleff 1937 P79
    |         |    `--*O. maeotica (Ostroumoff 1896) P79
    |         `--Moerisia Boulenger 1908 [incl. Ostroumovia Hadzi 1928] P79
    |              |--M. hori (Uchida & Uchida 1929) P79
    |              |--M. inkermanica Paltschikowa-Ostoumova 1925 P79
    |              |--M. lyonsi Boulenger 1908 P79
    |              `--M. pallasi (Derzhavin 1912) P79
    `--+--Tubulariida P79
       `--Zancleida P79
            |--Porpitoidea [Chondrophora, Chondrophorae, Chondrophorina, Disconantha, Disconectae, Velelloidea] FS04
            |    |  i. s.: Archaeonectris G79
            |    |         Discophyllum Hall 1847 G79, FS04
            |    |           `--D. peltatum FS04
            |    |         Palaeonectris G79
            |    |         Plectodiscus discoideus FS04
            |    |         Paropsonema G79
            |    |           |--P. cryptophya Clarke 1902 FS04
            |    |           `--P. mirabile FS04
            |    |         Pseudodiscophyllum Fryer & Stanley 2004 FS04
            |    |           `--*P. windermerensis Fryer & Stanley 2004 FS04
            |    |         Discalia medusina H04
            |    |         Disconalia gastroblasta H04
            |    |--Velella G79 [Velellidae P79]
            |    |    `--V. velella (Linnaeus 1758) [=Medusa velella] DB07
            |    |--Chondroplidae G79
            |    |    |--Chondroplon Wade 1971 G79
            |    |    |    `--*C. bilobatum Wade 1971 G79
            |    |    `--Ovatoscutum Glaessner & Wade 1966 G79
            |    |         `--*O. concentricum Glaessner & Wade 1966 G79
            |    `--Porpitidae G79
            |         |--Porpita porpita (Linnaeus 1758) [=Medusa porpita] DB07
            |         |--Porpema medusa H04
            |         |--Porpalia prunella H04
            |         `--Eoporpita Wade 1972 G79
            |              `--*E. medusa Wade 1972 G79
            `--Zancleoidea P79
                 |--Cladocorynidae P79
                 |    |--Lobocoryne travancorensis Mammen 1963 P79
                 |    |--Asyncoryne Warren 1908 [Asyncorynidae] P79
                 |    |    `--A. ryniensis Warren 1908 P79
                 |    `--Cladocoryne P79
                 |         |--C. floccosa Rotch 1871 P79
                 |         `--C. littoralis (Mammen 1963) P79
                 `--+--Zancleidae P79
                    |    |--Zanclea Gegenbaur 1856 P79
                    |    `--Pteroclava Weill 1931 P79
                    `--+--Teissieridae P79
                       |    |--Rosalinda Totton 1949 P79
                       |    |    |--R. incrustans (Kramp 1947) P79
                       |    |    `--R. williami Totton 1949 P79
                       |    `--Teissiera Bouillon 1974 P79
                       |         |--T. australe Bouillon 1978 P79
                       |         |--T. medusifera Bouillon 1978 P79
                       |         `--T. milleporoides Bouillon 1974 P79
                       `--Millepora Linnaeus 1758 [Milleporidae] P79
                            |--M. alcicornis Linnaeus 1758 L58
                            |--M. boschmai CG99
                            |--M. cellulosa Linnaeus 1758 L58
                            |--M. complanata W01
                            |--M. compressa Linnaeus 1758 L58
                            |--M. crustacea Linnaeus 1758 L58
                            |--M. eschara Linnaeus 1758 L58
                            |--M. intricata (Milne Edwards 1857) Z03
                            |--M. lichenoides Linnaeus 1758 L58
                            |--M. lineata Linnaeus 1758 L58
                            |--M. muricata Linnaeus 1758 L58
                            `--M. reticulata Linnaeus 1758 L58

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CS99] Carlton, J. T., J. B. Geller, M. L. Reaka-Kudla & E. A. Norse. 1999. Historical extinctions in the sea. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 315–338.

[DB07] Daly, M., M. R. Brugler, P. Cartwright, A. G. Collins, M. N. Dawson, D. G. Fautin, S. C. France, C. S. McFadden, D. M. Opresko, E. Rodriguez, S. L. Romano & J. L. Stake. 2007. The phylum Cnidaria: a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. Zootaxa 1668: 127–182.

[FS04] Fryer, G., & G. D. Stanley Jr. 2004. A Silurian porpitoid hydrozoan from Cumbria, England, and a note on porpitoid relationships. Palaeontology 47 (5): 1109–1119.

[G79] Glaessner, M. F. 1979. Precambrian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A79–A118. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[LS09] Leclère, L., P. Schuchert, C. Cruaud, A. Couloux & M. Manuel. 2009. Molecular phylogenetics of Thecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) reveals long-term maintenance of life history traits despite high frequency of recent character changes. Systematic Biology 58 (5): 509–526.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[P79] Petersen, K. W. 1979. Development of coloniality in Hydrozoa. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 105–139. Academic Press: London.

[W01] Williams, J. D. 2001. Polydora and related genera associated with hermit crabs from the Indo-West Pacific (Polychaeta: Spionidae), with descriptions of two new species and a second polydorid egg predator of hermit crabs. Pacific Science 55 (4): 429–465.

[Z03] Zhukova, N. V. 2003. A biochemical approach for assessment of the diversity of symbiotic dinoflagellates. Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29 (5): 328–332.