Strigidae

Barking owl Ninox connivens, copyright Dash Huang.

Belongs within: Strigiformes.
Contains: Ninox novaeseelandiae, Athene, Glaucidium, Otus, Asio, Strix, Bubo, Megascops.

The Strigidae, typical owls, include all the living owls except the barn and grass owls. Members of this family have a round facial disc and relatively larger eyes than the barn owls, and lack a grooming claw on the middle toe. Historically, the typical owls have been divided between two sufamilies. The Striginae were characterised by a well-defined facial disc, and ear openings at least half the height of the skull, with a marginal dermal flap and a ligamentous or muscular bridge crossing the opening. The Buboninae, in contrast, lacked a strong facial disc and had smaller, simple ear openings. Recent phylogenies, however, have not supported this division, with the 'Striginae' being polyphyletic within the 'Buboninae'. Instead, the hawk-owls of the genus Ninox may diverge basally within the Strigidae; these relatively long-winged and -tailed owls are found in Asia and Australasia. Other genera include the boreal and saw-whet owls of the genus Aegolius, small, short-tailed and broad-winged owls with well-developed facial discs found in cooler regions of the Holarctic. Athene, the little owls, are also small, short-tailed species, but with less marked facial discs, found in Eurasia, north Africa and the Americas.

<==Strigidae [Bubonidae, Bubonina, Buboninae, Striginae]
    |--Ninox Hodgson 1837 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |  i. s.: N. affinis JT12
    |    |         N. burhani JT12
    |    |         N. ios JT12
    |    |         N. jacquinoti JT12
    |    |         N. meeki JT12
    |    |         N. natalis JT12 [=N. squamipila natalis M03]
    |    |         N. ochracea JT12
    |    |         N. odiosa JT12
    |    |         N. punctulata JT12
    |    |         N. sumbaensis JT12
    |    |         N. superciliaris JT12
    |    |         N. theomacha JT12
    |    |         N. variegata JT12
    |    |--N. philippensis BKB15
    |    `--+--N. scutulata BKB15
    |       |    |--N. s. scutulata CC10
    |       |    |--N. s. japonica M03
    |       |    `--N. s. lugubris [incl. *N. nipalensis] CC10
    |       `--+--+--N. rufa BKB15
    |          |  |    |--N. r. rufa CC10
    |          |  |    |--N. r. humeralis [=Athene humeralis, *Rhabdoglaux humeralis] CC10
    |          |  |    |--N. r. meesi M03
    |          |  |    `--N. r. queenslandica M03
    |          |  `--N. strenua JT12 [=Athene strenua CC10, *Berneyornis strenua CC10]
    |          `--+--+--N. boobook (Latham 1802) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |             |  `--N. rudolfi BKB15
    |             `--+--N. connivens (Latham 1801) BKB15, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
    |                |    |--N. c. connivens (see below for synonymy) WS48
    |                |    `--N. c. peninsularis M03
    |                `--+--N. novaeseelandiae BKB15
    |                   `--N. squamipila JT12
    `--+--+--Micrathene whitneyi JT12
       |  `--+--Aegolius Kaup 1829 JT12, M02 [incl. Nyctale Brehm 1831 B94; Nyctalinae]
       |     |    |  i. s.: A. ridgwayi JT12
       |     |    |--A. funereus (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, M02 (see below for synonymy)
       |     |    |    |--A. f. funereus I92
       |     |    |    `--A. f. pallens (Schalow 1908) I92
       |     |    `--+--A. acadicus JT12
       |     |       `--A. harrisii JT12
       |     `--+--Athene JT12
       |        `--+--‘Glaucidium’ capense JT12
       |           `--+--Glaucidium JT12
       |              `--Surnia Duméril 1806 BKB15, M02 [Surniinae]
       |                   |--S. capeki Jánossy 1977 M02
       |                   |--s. doliata (Pall. 1811) [=Strix doliata] M01
       |                   |--S. robusta Jánossy 1977 M02
       |                   `--S. ulula JT12
       `--+--Otus JT12
          `--+--+--Asio JT12
             |  `--Ptilopsis BKB15
             |       |--P. granti JT12
             |       `--P. leucotis BKB15 [=Otus leucotis JT12]
             `--+--Strix BKB15
                `--+--Bubo BKB15
                   `--+--+--Megascops BKB15
                      |  `--+--Psiloscops flammeolus DW16 [=Otus flammeolus JT12]
                      |     `--‘Megascops’ nudipes DW16
                      `--+--Lophostrix cristata JT12
                         `--Pulsatrix BKB15
                              |--P. koeniswaldiana JT12
                              |--P. melanota JT12
                              `--P. perspicillata JT12
                                   |--P. p. perspicillata S55
                                   `--P. p. saturata S55

Strigidae incertae sedis:
  Mioglaux Mlíkovský 1998 M02
    |--*M. debellatrix Mlíkovský 1998 M02
    `--M. poirrieri (Milne-Edwards 1863) [=Bubo poirrieri] M02
  Intulula Mlíkovský 1998 M02
    |--*I. tinnipara Mlíkovský 1998 M02
    `--I. brevis (Ballmann 1969) [=Strix brevis] M02
  Alasio Mlíkovský 1998 M02
    `--*A. collongensis (Ballmann 1972) [=Strix collongensis] M02
  Speotyto cunicularia RN72, A61
  Rhinoptynx clamator S18
  Ciccaba S18
    |--C. albogularis S55
    |--C. huhula S55
    |--C. nigrolineata S55
    |--C. virgata S55
    |    |--C. v. virgata FS55
    |    `--C. v. centralis FS55
    `--C. woodfordi S55
         |--C. w. woodfordi S55
         `--C. w. umbrina S55
  Sceloglaux Kaup 1848 CC10
    `--*S. albifacies (Gray 1844) [=Athene albifacies, Ieraglaux albifacies, A. albifrons Taylor 1870] CC10
         |--S. a. albifacies [incl. Athene ejulans Potts 1871, Strix haasti Buller 1865, Strix haastii] CC10
         `--S. a. rufifacies Buller 1904 CC10
  Margarobyas lawrencii DW16
  Nesasio solomonensis FP64
  Scotopelia JT12
    |--S. bouvieri JT12
    |--S. peli A61
    `--S. ussheri JT12
  Badiostes Ameghino 1894 A94
    `--*B. patagonicus Ameghino 1894 A94
  Uroglaux dimorpha JT12
  Xenoglaux loweryi JT12
  Heteroglaux blewitti JT12
  Jubula lettii JT12
  Gymnoglaux lawrencii JT12

Aegolius funereus (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, M02 [=Strix funerea M02; incl. Athene noctua veta Jánossy 1974 M02]

Ninox Hodgson 1837 JT12, CC10 [incl. Berneyornis Mathews 1916 CC10, Hieracoglaux Kaup 1848 CC10, Ieraglaux Kaup in Jardine 1852 CC10, Rhabdoglaux Bonaparte 1854 CC10, Spiloglaux Kaup 1848 CC10; Ieraglaucinae]

Ninox boobook (Latham 1802) BKB15, CC10 [=Strix boobook CC10, N. novaeseelandiae boobook CC10, *Spiloglaux boobook CC10]

Ninox connivens (Latham 1801) BKB15, WS48 [=Falco connivens CC10, *Hieracoglaux connivens CC10, *Ieraglaux connivens CC10]

Ninox connivens connivens (Latham 1801) [incl. N. connivens addenda Mathews 1912, N. connivens occidentalis Ramsay 1886] WS48

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A94] Ameghino, F. 1894. Sur les oiseaux fossiles de Patagonie et la aune mammalogique des couches a Pyrotherium. Boletín del Instituto Geográfico Argentino 15 (11–12): 501–602.

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[DW16] Dantas, S. M., J. D. Weckstein, J. M. Bates, N. K. Krabbe, C. D. Cadena, M. B. Robbins, E. Valderrama & A. Aleixo. 2016. Molecular systematics of the New World screech-owls (Megascops: Aves, Strigidae): biogeographic and taxonomic implications. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 626–634.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1–2): 9–19.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M01] Madarász, J. 1901. Madarak [Vögel]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 21–39. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[S55] Steinbacher, J. 1955. Über die Schwanzmauser der Eulen (Strigidae) und Nachtschwalben (Caprimulgidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 235–240.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Strix

Brown wood owl Strix leptogrammica, copyright Prateik Kulkarni.

Belongs within: Strigidae.

Strix is a genus of medium-sized to very large owls lacking external ear-tufts, found widely in Eurasia, Africa and the Americas.

<==Strix Linnaeus 1758 M02 (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--+--S. occidentalis JT12
    |  |  `--S. virgata JT12
    |  `--+--S. rufipes JT12
    |     `--S. varia JT12
    `--+--+--S. butleri BKB15
       |  `--S. woodfordii BKB15
       `--+--+--S. leptogrammica JT12
          |  `--S. nebulosa BKB15
          `--+--S. aluco Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |--S. a. aluco RN72
             |    |--S. a. sylvatica RN72
             |    `--S. a. wilkonskii RN72
             `--+--S. davidi JT12
                `--S. uralensis JT12

Strix incertae sedis:
  S. albitarsis JT12
  S. asio Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. atricapilla P89
  S. chacoensis JT12
  S. dakota FP64
  S. edwardsi Ennouchi 1930 [=Tyto edwardsi] M02
  S. fulvescens JT12
  S. huhula JT12
  S. hylophila JT12
  S. ignota Milne-Edwards 1871 [=Tyto ignota, Asio ignotus] M02
  S. nigrolineata JT12
  S. nyctea Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. ocellata JT12
  S. otus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. seloputo JT12
  S. ulula Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. wintershofensis (Ballmann 1969) [=Otus wintershofensis] M02

Strix Linnaeus 1758 M02 [incl. Ptynx Blyth 1840 B94, Syrnium Savigny 1809 B94, Ulula Cuvier 1816 B94; Syrniinae, Ululinae]

Strix aluco Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, CC10 [=Syrnium aluco CC10, Smyrnium (l. c.) aluco CC10; incl. Strix intermedia Jánossy 1972 M02, *Strix stridula Linnaeus 1758 B94]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[P89] Parona, C. 1889. Sopra alcuni elminti di Vertebrati birmani raccolti da Leonardo Fea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 765–780.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

Ninox novaeseelandiae

Morepork Ninox novaeseelandiae, copyright Jake Osborne.

Belongs within: Strigidae.

Ninox novaeseelandiae, the morepork, is a small owl found between eastern Indonesia and New Zealand, named for its two-toned call. Overall coloration is dark brown more or less spotted and barred white and/or rufous; the eyes are surrounded by a dark mask with pale rims.

<==Ninox novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1788) (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |--N. n. novaeseelandiae (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |--N. n. albaria Ramsay 1888 HR96, CC10 [=N. boobook albaria CC10]
    |--N. n. arida Mayr 1943 WS48
    |--N. n. cinnamomina Hartert 1906 CC10
    |--N. n. fusca (Vieillot 1817) CC10
    |--N. n. halmaturina Mathews 1912 CC10
    |--N. n. leucopsis (Gould 1838) CC10
    |--N. n. lurida De Vis 1887 CC10 [=N. boobook var. lurida DV87]
    |--N. n. marmorata (Gould 1846) [=Athene marmorata] WS48
    |--N. n. mixta Mathews 1912 [=N. boobook mixta] WS48
    |--N. n. moae Mayr 1914 CC10
    |--N. n. ocellata (Bonaparte 1850) CC10
    |--N. n. plesseni Stressemann 1929 CC10
    |--N. n. pusilla Mayr & Rand 1935 CC10
    |--N. n. remigialis Stresemann 1930 CC10
    |--N. n. rotiensis Johnstone & Darnell 1997 CC10
    `--N. n. undulata (Latham 1802) (see below for synonymy) CC10

Ninox novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1788) [=Strix novaeseelandiae, Athene novaeseelandiae, A. novazealandiae, Ieraglaux novaezealandiae, Ninox novaezealandiae, Spiloglaux novaeseelandiae, S. novaezealandiae] CC10

Ninox novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1788) [incl. Strix fulva Latham 1790, Strix novaeseelandiae maculata Kerr 1792, Noctua venatica Peale 1848, Spiloglaux novaeseelandiae venatica, Noctua zelandica Quoy & Gaimard in Dumont d’Urville 1830] CC10

Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata (Latham 1802) [=Strix undulata, N. boobook undulata; incl. N. boobook royana Mathews 1912, Spiloglaux novaeseelandiae royana] CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[DV87] De Vis, C. W. 1887. On new or rare vertebrates from the Herbert River, north Queensland. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1129–1137.

[HR96] Heather, B. D., & H. A. Robertson. 1996. The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. Viking: Auckland.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Aquilinae

Javan hawk-eagle Nisaetus bartelsi, copyright Eko Prastyo.

Belongs within: Accipitridae.
Contains: Aquila.

The Aquilinae, booted eagles, are a cosmopolitan group of large eagles characterised by feathered tarsi (Lerner & Mindell 2005).

<==Aquilinae LM05
    |--+--Stephanoaetus coronatus JT12
    |  `--Nisaetus JT12
    |       |  i. s.: N. floris JT12
    |       |--+--N. lanceolatus JT12 [=Spizaetus lanceolatus LM05]
    |       |  `--+--N. cirrhatus JT12 [=Spizaetus cirrhatus LM05]
    |       |     |    |--N. c. cirrhatus LM05
    |       |     |    `--'Spizaetus’ c. lineatus LM05
    |       |     `--N. philippensis JT12
    |       `--+--N. nanus JT12 [=Spizaetus nanus LM05]
    |          `--+--N. nipalensis JT12 [=Spizaetus nipalensis LM05]
    |             |    |--N. n. nipalensis I92
    |             |    `--'Spizaetus’ n. orientalis Temminck & Schlegel 1844 I92
    |             `--+--N. alboniger JT12
    |                `--N. bartelsi JT12
    `--+--+--‘Spizaetus’ tyrannus JT12
       |  `--+--Spizastur melanoleucus LM05 [=Spizaetus melanoleucus JT12]
       |     `--+--Oroaetus isidori LM05 [=Spizaetus isidori JT12]
       |        `--Spizaetus Vieillot 1816 JT12, B94 [Spizaetinae]
       |             |--S. bellicosus FP64
       |             |--S. coronatus WH02
       |             |--S. grinnelli WH02
       |             `--S. ornatus JT12
       `--+--Lophotriorchis kienerii JT12 [=Hieraaetus kienerii LM05]
          `--+--Polemaetus Heine 1890 JT12, M02
             |    `--P. bellicosus JT12
             `--+--+--Lophaetus occipitalis JT12
                |  `--+--Ictinaetus malayensis JT12
                |     `--+--‘Aquila’ hastata JT12 [=A. pomarina hastata LM05]
                |        `--+--‘Aquila’ clanga JT12
                |           `--‘Aquila’ pomarina JT12
                `--+--Aquila JT12
                   `--Hieraaetus Kaup 1844 JT12, CC10 [incl. Harpagornis Haast 1872 CC10]
                        |  i. s.: H. edwardsi (Sharpe 1899) (see below for synonymy) M02
                        |--H. wahlbergi LM05 [=Aquila wahlbergi JT12, Spizaetus wahlbergi LM05]
                        `--+--H. ayresii JT12
                           `--+--H. morphnoides (Gould 1840) LM05, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                              `--+--*H. pennatus (Gmelin 1788) CC10, JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                                 |--H. moorei (Haast 1872) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                                 `--H. weiskei JT12 [=H. morphnoides weiskei LM05]

Hieraaetus edwardsi (Sharpe 1899) [=Eutolmaetus edwardsi, Aquila edwardsi, Nisaetus edwardsi, Aquila minuta Milne-Edwards 1871 non Brehm 1831] M02

Hieraaetus moorei (Haast 1872) CC10 [=*Harpagornis moorei CC10, BKB15, Aquila moorei CC10; incl. Ha. assimilis Haast 1874 CC10]

Hieraaetus morphnoides (Gould 1840) LM05, WS48 [=Aquila morphnoides WS48; incl. A. morphnoides coongani Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmelin 1788) CC10, JT12, CC10 [=Falco pennatus CC10, Aquila pennata CC10; incl. A. minuta Brehm 1831 M02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[LM05] Lerner, H. R. L., & D. P. Mindell. 2005. Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37: 327–346.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Todiramphus

Adult (left) and juvenile sacred kingfishers Todiramphus sanctus, copyright JJ Harrison.

Belongs within: Halcyonidae.

Todiramphus is a genus of medium-sized kingfishers with flattened bills found in southern Asia and Australasia. Species typically have blue or blue-green upperparts, pale underparts, and often a white collar and supercilium.

Todiramphus Lesson 1827 [=Todirhamphus Salvadori 1880; incl. Sauropatis Cabanis & Heine 1860] CC10
    |--T. winchelli JT12
    `--+--T. leucopygius JT12
       `--+--+--T. chloris (Boddaert 1783) JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
          |  |    |--T. c. chloris WS48
          |  |    |--‘Halcyon’ c. chloroptera H03
          |  |    |--‘Halcyon’ c. novaehiberniae D77
          |  |    |--‘Halcyon’ c. nusae D77
          |  |    `--‘Halcyon’ c. sordida Gould 1842 [=H. sordidus] WS48
          |  `--T. sanctus (Vigors & Horsfield 1827) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          |       |--T. s. sanctus CC10
          |       |--T. s. canacorum Brasil 1916 CC10
          |       |--T. s. macmillani Mayr 1940 CC10
          |       |--T. s. norfolkiensis (Tristram 1885) (see below for synonymy) CC10
          |       `--T. s. vagans (Lesson 1828) (see below for synonymy) CC10
          `--+--T. macleayii (Jardine & Selby 1830) JT12, CC10 [=Halcyon macleayii CC10, T. (Lazulena) macleayii CC10]
             |    |--T. m. macleayii M03
             |    `--T. m. incinctus M03
             `--+--T. ruficollaris BKB15
                `--T. tutus JT12 [incl. *T. sacer CC10]

Todiramphus incertae sedis:
  T. albonotatus JT12
  T. australasia JT12
  T. cinnamominus (Swainson 1821) [=Halcyon cinnamominus] CC10
  T. collaris (Scopoli 1786) [=Alcedo collaris, Sauropatis collaris] W66
  T. diops JT12
  T. enigma JT12
  T. farquhari JT12
  T. funebris JT12
  T. gambieri JT12
  T. godeffroyi JT12
  T. lazuli JT12
  T. nigrocyaneus JT12
  T. occipitalis Blyth 1846 W66
  T. pyrrhopygius JT12
  T. recurvirostris JT12
  T. saurophaga JT12
  T. veneratus JT12

Todiramphus chloris (Boddaert 1783) JT12, WS48 [=Alcedo chloris W66, Halcyon chloris WS48, Sauropatis chloris S89; incl. A. chlorocephalus W66]

Todiramphus sanctus (Vigors & Horsfield 1827) JT12, CC10 [=Halcyon sanctus CC10, *Sauropatis sancta CC10; incl. H. sanctus ramsayi Mathews 1912 WS48, H. westralasianus Campbell 1901 WS48]

Todiramphus sanctus norfolkiensis (Tristram 1885) [=Halcyon norfolkiensis, H. norfolciensis, H. sancta norfolkiensis, Sauropatis sancta norfolkiensis] CC10

Todiramphus sanctus vagans (Lesson 1828) [=Alcedo vagans, Dacelo vagans, Halcyon sancta vagans, Sauropatis sanctus vagans; incl. Dacelo albifrons Peale 1848, Alcedo cyanea Forster in Lichtenstein 1844, Sauropatis sanctus forsteri Mathews & Iredale 1913] CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[D77] Diamond, J. M. 1977. Continental and insular speciation in Pacific land birds. Systematic Zoology 26 (3): 263–268.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: Vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX.—Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 369–438.

[W66] Walden, A. 1866. Notes on birds collected in Tennasserim and in the Andaman Islands. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 537–556.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Haliaeetus

Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus, copyright Andy Morffew.

Belongs within: Accipitridae.

Haliaeetus, the sea eagles, is a genus of large eagles found in the Old World and North America that feed predominantly on fish; species commonly have white heads, white tails and/or yellow beaks and feet.

<==Haliaeetus Savigny 1809 [=Haliaetus Vieillot 1818; incl. Blagrus Blyth 1846; Haliaeetinae] CC10
    |  i. s.: H. piscator Milne-Edwards 1871 [=Haliaetus (l. c.) piscator] M02
    |--+--H. leucoryphus LM05
    |  |--H. pelagicus (Pallas 1811) LM05, I92
    |  `--+--H. albicilla (Linnaeus 1758) LM05, M02 (see below for synonymy)
    |     |    |--H. a. albicilla USDI77
    |     |    `--H. a. greenlandicus USDI77
    |     `--H. leucocephalus LM05 [incl. Ichthyophaga australis Harrison & Walker 1973 WH02, H. australis CC10]
    `--+--+--H. leucogaster (Gmelin 1788) LM05, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |  `--H. sanfordi LM05
       `--+--+--H. vocifer LM05
          |  `--H. vociferoides LM05
          `--Ichthyophaga LM05
               |--I. humilis LM05
               `--I. ichthyaetus LM05

Inorganic: Haliaeetus pelagicus minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus 1758) LM05, M02 [=Falco albicilla M02; incl. Haliaetus angustipes Jánossy 1983 M02, Haliaeetus brevipes (l. c.) M02, *Haliaeetus nisus CC10]

Haliaeetus leucogaster (Gmelin 1788) LM05, CC10 [=Falco leucogaster CC10, Haliaetus leucogaster CC10, Ichthyaetus leucogaster CC10; incl. *Blagrus dimidiatus CC10, Haliaeetus leucogaster pallidus Mathews 1912 CC10, Haliaeetus sphenurus Gould 1838 CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[LM05] Lerner, H. R. L., & D. P. Mindell. 2005. Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37: 327–346.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Cyanoramphus

Red-crowned parakeet Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae, copyright Ralph Green.

Belongs within: Platycercini.

Cyanoramphus is a genus of small to medium-sized parakeets found in New Zealand and (at least historically) on other islands of the Pacific; members of the genus are predominantly green, often with contrastingly coloured patches on the front of the head.

<==Cyanoramphus Bonaparte 1854 [=Cyanorhamphus Sclater 1858; incl. Bulleria Iredale & Mathews 1926] CC10
    |  i. s.: *C. zealandicus (Latham 1790) CC10
    |         C. cookii (Gray 1859) (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |         C. hochstetteri (Reischek 1889) (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |         C. ulietanus WH02
    |         C. verticalis (Latham 1802) [=Psittacus verticalis, C. novaezelandiae verticalis] CC10
    |--C. saisseti Verreaux & Des Murs 1860 BKB15, CC10 [=C. novaezelandiae saisseti RN72]
    `--+--C. forbesi Rothschild 1893 JT12, CC10 [=Cyanorhamphus forbesi CC10, Cyanoramphus auriceps forbesi CC10]
       `--+--C. auriceps (Kuhl 1820) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          `--+--C. novaezelandiae (Sparrman 1787) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |--C. n. novaezelandiae (see below for synonymy) CC10
             |    |--C. n. chathamensis Oliver 1930 CC10
             |    |--C. n. cyanurus Salvadori 1891 CC10
             |    |--C. n. erythrotis (Wagler 1832) (see below for synonymy) CC10
             |    `--C. n. subflavescens Salvadori 1891 CC10
             `--+--C. malherbi Souancé 1857 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                `--C. unicolor (Lear 1831) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)

Cyanoramphus auriceps (Kuhl 1820) JT12, CC10 [=Psittacus auriceps CC10, Coriphilus auriceps CC10, Cyanorhamphus auriceps CC10, Euphema auriceps CC10, Platycercus auriceps CC10; incl. Cyanorhamphus auriceps intermedia Reichenow 1881 CC10, Cyanoramphus auriceps macleani Mathews & Iredale 1913 CC10, Cyanoramphus auriceps novana Mathews 1930 CC10]

Cyanoramphus cookii (Gray 1859) [=Platycercus cookii, Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii, Cyanorhamphus cooki, Platycercus cooki; incl. Cyanorhamphus magnirostris Forbes & Robinson 1897, P. rayneri Gray 1862, Cyanorhamphus novaezeelandiae rayneri] CC10

Cyanoramphus hochstetteri (Reischek 1889) [=Platycercus hochstetteri, C. erythrotis hochstetteri, C. novaezelandiae hochstetteri] CC10

Cyanoramphus malherbi Souancé 1857 JT12, CC10 [=Cyanorhamphus auriceps malherbi CC10, Cyanorhamphus malherbei CC10, Platycercus malherbii CC10; incl. P. alpinus Buller 1869 CC10, Cyanorhamphus alpinus CC10]

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Sparrman 1787) JT12, CC10 [=Psittacus novaezelandiae CC10, Coriphilus novaezeelandiae CC10, Cyanorhamphus novaezealandiae CC10, Cyanorhamphus novaezeelandiae CC10, Euphema novaezeelandiae CC10, Pezoporus novaezeelandiae CC10, Platycercus novaeseelandiae CC10, Pl. novaezealandiae CC10, Pl. novaezelandiae CC10]

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae erythrotis (Wagler 1832) [=Platycercus erythrotis, Cyanorhamphus novaezeelandiae erythrotis] CC10

Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae novaezelandiae (Sparrman 1787) [incl. Cyanoramphus aucklandicus Bonaparte 1856, Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae aucklandicus, Cyanorhamphus novaezeelandiae aucklandicus, Platycercus aucklandicus, Pl. forsteri Finsch 1868, Cyanorhamphus novaezeelandiae forsteri, Pl. novaeguineae Gray 1859, Psittacus pacificus Gmelin 1788, Cyanoramphus pacificus, Platycercus pacificus, Pl. rowleyi Buller 1875, Cyanorhamphus novaezeelandiae rowleyi, Cyanorhamphus novaezelandiae rowleyi, Cyanorhampus novaezelandidae sejunctus Mathews 1944, Lathamus sparmanii Lesson 1831] CC10

Cyanoramphus unicolor (Lear 1831) JT12, CC10 [=Platycercus unicolor CC10, *Bulleria unicolor CC10, Cyanorhamphus unicolor CC10; incl. Platycercus fairchildii Hector in Buller 1888 CC10, Pezoporus fairchildii CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Cacatuidae

Sulphur-crested cockatoo Cacatua galerita, copyright Arthur Chapman.

Belongs within: Psittaciformes.

The Cacatuidae, cockatoos, are a group of parrots found in Australasia and the islands of south-east Asia, characterised by the presence of a long, erectile crest (Rutgers & Norris 1972). Most species are large, noisy and gregarious. The cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus is a smaller, slender, long-tailed species that has become widely kept as a cage bird.

<==Cacatuidae [Cacatoinae, Cacatuidae, Cacatuoidea, Kakatoeidae, Kakatoeinae]
    |--‘Calyptorhynchus’ banksii (Latham 1790) BKB15, WS48 [=Psittacus banksii WS48]
    |    |--C. b. banksii WS48
    |    |--C. b. graptogyne M03
    |    |--C. b. macrorhynchus M03 [=C. magnificus macrorhynchus RN72]
    |    |--C. b. naso Gould 1836 WS48 [=C. magnificus naso RN72; incl. C. banksii fitzroyi Mathews 1912 WS48]
    |    `--C. b. samueli M03 [=C. magnificus samueli RN72]
    `--+--+--Nymphicus Wagler 1832 BKB15, JoTo12 (see below for synonymy)
       |  |    |--N. cornutus S13
       |  |    |--N. hollandicus (Kerr 1792) JeTh12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
       |  |    |--‘Calopsittacus’ novaehollaendiae R87
       |  |    `--N. uveaensis S13
       |  `--Calyptorhynchus Desmarest 1826 BKB15, JoTo12 [incl. Zanda JoTo12; Calyptorhynchinae]
       |       |--C. baudinii Lear 1832 JK08 (see below for synonymy)
       |       |--C. funereus JeTh12
       |       |--C. lathami CW03
       |       |    |--C. l. lathami CW03
       |       |    |--C. l. erebus M03
       |       |    `--C. l. halmaturinus CW03
       |       |--C. latirostris Carnaby 1948 JeTh12, JK08 [=C. funereus latirostris SWK87]
       |       `--C. magnificus ZJM03
       `--Cacatuinae JoTo12
            |--Probosciger Kuhl 1820 (see below for synonymy) JoTo12
            |    `--P. aterrimus JeTh12
            |         |--P. a. aterrimus RN72
            |         |--P. a. alecto RN72
            |         |--P. a. goliath RN72
            |         |--P. a. intermedius RN72
            |         `--P. a. stenolophus RN72
            `--Cacatuini JoTo12
                 |--Lophochroa JoTo12
                 |--Callocephalon Lesson 1837 JoTo12, B94 (see below for synonymy)
                 |    `--C. fimbriatum JeTh12
                 `--Cacatua Vieillot 1817 JoTo12 (see below for synonymy)
                      |  i. s.: C. leadbeateri (Vigors 1831) JeTh12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                      |         C. pastinator (Gould 1840) JK08, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                      |           |--C. p. pastinator JK08
                      |           `--C. p. butleri JK08
                      |         C. tenuirostris (Kuhl 1820) JeTh12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                      |--C. roseicapilla (Vieillot 1817) JeTh12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                      |    |--C. r. roseicapilla M03
                      |    `--C. r. albiceps M03
                      `--+--+--C. haematuropygia JeTh12
                         |  `--+--C. goffiniana JeTh12 [=C. sanguinea goffini RN72]
                         |     `--+--C. ducorpsii JeTh12
                         |        `--C. sanguinea Gould 1842 JeTh12, WS48 [=Kakatoe sanguinea WS48]
                         |             |--C. s. sanguinea WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                         |             |--C. s. gymnopis M03 [=C. (Licmetis) gymnopis R87, C. pastinator gymnopis SWK87]
                         |             `--C. s. normantoni M03
                         `--+--C. ophthalmica JeTh12 [=C. galerita ophthalmica]
                            `--+--+--C. alba (Statius Müller 1776) JeTh12, CC10 [incl. *C. cristata Vieillot 1817 CC10]
                               |  `--C. moluccensis JeTh12
                               `--+--C. galerita (Latham 1790) JeTh12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                                  |    |--C. g. galerita RN72 (see below for synonymy)
                                  |    `--C. g. triton RN72
                                  `--C. sulphurea JeTh12
                                       |--C. s. sulphurea RN72
                                       |--C. s. abbotti RN72
                                       |--C. s. citrinocristata RN72
                                       |--C. s. djampeana RN72
                                       |--C. s. occidentalis RN72
                                       `--C. s. parvula RN72

Cacatua Vieillot 1817 JoTo12 [incl. Cacatoes Duméril 1805 B94, Camptolophus Sundevall 1872 B94, Eolophus Bonaparte 1854 CC10, Kakatoe Cuvier 1800 B94, Plissolophus Gloger 1842 B94, Plyctolophus Vieillot 1816 B94; Camptolophinae, Eolophinae, Plissolophinae, Plyctolophinae]

Cacatua galerita (Latham 1790) JeTh12, CC10 [=Psittacus galeritus CC10, Kakatoe galerita CC10]

Cacatua galerita galerita (Latham 1790) CC10 [incl. Cacatoes galerita fitzroyi Mathews 1912 WS48, Cacatua galerita fitzroyi M03]

Cacatua leadbeateri (Vigors 1831) JeTh12, WS48 [=Plyctolophus leadbeateri WS48, Kakatoe leadbeateri WS48; incl. Cacatua leadbeateri aberrans Söderberg 1912 WS48, Cacatoes leadbeateri mollis Mathews 1912 WS48, Cacatua leadbeateri mollis M03, Cacatoes leadbeateri mungi Mathews 1912 WS48]

Cacatua pastinator (Gould 1840) JK08, WS48 [=Licmetis pastinator WS48, C. tenuirostris pastinator RN72]

Cacatua roseicapilla (Vieillot 1817) JeTh12, CC10 [=Eolophus roseicapillus CC10, Kakatoe roseicapilla WS48; incl. Cacatoes roseicapilla assimilis Mathews 1912 WS48, Cacatua roseicapilla assimilis M03, Eolophus roseicapillus assiniclis RN72, Cacatoes roseicapilla derbyana Mathews 1912 WS48, Cacatua rosea CC10, *Eolophus roseus CC10]

Cacatua sanguinea sanguinea Gould 1842 WS48 [incl. Licmetis tenuirostris derbyi Mathews 1916 WS48, Cacatua derbyi M03, Cacatoes sanguinea subdistincta Mathews 1912 WS48, Cacatua sanguinea subdistincta RN72, Ducorpsius sanguineus westralensis Mathews 1917 WS48, Cacatua sanguinea westralensis M03]

Cacatua tenuirostris (Kuhl 1820) JeTh12, WS48 [=Psittacus tenuirostris WS48, Kakatoe tenuirostris WS48]

Callocephalon Lesson 1837 JoTo12, B94 [incl. Callocorydon Mathews 1917 B94; Callocephaloninae, Callocorydontinae]

Calyptorhynchus baudinii Lear 1832 JK08 [=C. funereus baudinii RN72; incl. C. baudinii tenuirostris Mathews 1913 WS48]

Nymphicus Wagler 1832 JoTo12 [incl. Calopsittus Lesson 1835 B94, Leptolophus Swainson 1833 B94; Calopsittinae, Leptolophinae, Nymphicidae, Nymphicinae]

Nymphicus hollandicus (Kerr 1792) JeTh12, WS48 [=Psittacus hollandicus WS48, Leptolophus hollandicus WS48; incl. L. auricomis intermedius Mathews 1912 WS48, L. auricomis pallescens Mathews 1912 WS48]

Probosciger Kuhl 1820 [incl. Microglossus Vieillot 1822; Microglossinae, Microglossini, Proboscigerini] JoTo12

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CW03] Cooper, C. E., P. C. Withers, P. R. Mawson, R. Johnstone, T. Kirkby, J. Prince, S. D. Bradshaw & H. Robertson. 2003. Characteristics of marri (Corymbia calophylla) fruits in relation to the foraging behaviour of the forest red-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii naso). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 86 (4): 139–142.

[JeTh12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JK08] Johnstone, R. E., & T. Kirkby. 2008. Distribution, status, social organisation, movements and conservation of Baudin's cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) in south-west Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 107–118.

[JoTo12] Joseph, L., A. Toon, E. E. Schirtzinger, T. F. Wright & R. Schodde. 2012. A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes). Zootaxa 3205: 26-40.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[R87] Ramsay, E. P. 1887. List of Western Australian birds collected by Mr. Cairn, and Mr. W. H. Boyer-Bower, at Derby and its vicinity, with remarks on the species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1085–1100.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

[ZJM03] Zeffer, A., L. C. Johansson & Å. Marmebro. 2003. Functional correlation between habitat use and leg morphology in birds (Aves). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 461–484.

Loriinae

Scarlet-cheeked fig parrot Psittaculirostris edwardsii, copyright birdphotos.com.

Belongs within: Psittaculidae.
Contains: Domicella, Opopsitta, Charmosyna, Psitteuteles, Chalcopsitta, Eos, Trichoglossus.

The Loriinae is an clade of smaller parrots widespread in Australasia united primarily by molecular phylogenetic analyses, as well as features of the hyoid morphology. Members include the fig parrots of the tribe Cyclopsittini, small short-tailed parrots found in rainforest canopy in New Guinea and north-eastern Australia. Fig parrots share a distinctive morphology of the hypotarsus, with the canals for the deep flexor tendons fused, and the superficial tendons situated in a nearly closed, deep sulcus.

Loriinae [Loriana, Lorianae, Loricoloriinae, Loriinae, Trichoglossidae] JoTo12
    |  i. s.: Domicella RN72
    |         Opopsitta JoTo12
    |--Melopsittacus Gould 1840 JeTh12, JoTo12 [Melopsittacinae, Melopsittacini]
    |    `--M. undulatus (Shaw in Shaw & Nodder 1805) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    `--+--Cyclopsittini [Cyclopsittacidae, Cyclopsittacini, Psittaculirostrini] JoTo12
       |    |--Cyclopsitta Reichenbach 1850 [=Cyclopsittacus Salvadori 1891] JoTo12
       |    |    |--C. diophthalma BKB15
       |    |    |    |--C. d. diophthalma M03
       |    |    |    |--C. d. coxeni M03
       |    |    |    |--C. d. macleayana M03
       |    |    |    `--C. d. marshalli M03
       |    |    `--C. gulielmitertii JeTh12
       |    `--Psittaculirostris Gray & Gray 1859 JeTh12, B94
       |         |--P. desmarestii BKB15
       |         |    |--P. d. desmarestii RN72
       |         |    |--P. d. blythi RN72
       |         |    |--P. d. cervicalis RN72
       |         |    |--P. d. godmani RN72
       |         |    `--P. d. occidentalis RN72
       |         |--P. edwardsii BKB15 [=P. salvadorii edwardeii RN72]
       |         `--P. salvadorii JeTh12
       `--Loriini JoTo12
            |--Charmosyna BKB15
            `--+--Oreopsittacus arfaki BKB15
               |    |--O. a. arfaki RN72
               |    |--O. a. grandis RN72
               |    |--O. a. intermedius RN72
               |    `--O. a. major RN72
               `--+--Neopsittacus pullicauda BKB15
                  |    |--N. p. pullicauda RN72
                  |    |--N. p. alpinus RN72
                  |    `--N. p. socialis RN72
                  `--+--Neopsittacus musschenbroekii BKB15
                     |    |--N. m. musschenbroekii RN72
                     |    `--N. m. major RN72
                     `--+--Lorius Vigors 1825 BKB15, JoTo12
                        |    |  i. s.: L. amabilis KK05
                        |    |         L. chlorocercus JeTh12
                        |    |         L. domicella JeTh12
                        |    |         L. hypoinochrous JeTh12
                        |    |--+--L. garrulus BKB15
                        |    |  `--L. lory BKB15
                        |    `--+--L. albidinucha BKB15
                        |       `--Glossopsitta BKB15
                        |            |--G. porphyrocephala (Dietrichsen 1837) [=Trichoglossus porphyrocephalus] WS48
                        |            |    |--G. p. porphyrocephala WS48
                        |            |    `--G. p. whitlocki Mathews 1912 WS48
                        |            `--G. pusilla JeTh12
                        `--+--Psitteuteles BKB15
                           |--‘Charmosyna’ pulchella BKB15
                           |    |--C. p. pulchella RN72
                           |    |--C. p. bella RN72
                           |    `--C. p. rothschildi RN72
                           `--+--Chalcopsitta BKB15
                              `--+--Pseudeos fuscata BKB15
                                 |    |--P. f. fuscata RN72
                                 |    `--P. f. incondita RN72
                                 `--+--Eos BKB15
                                    `--+--‘Glossopsitta’ concinna BKB15
                                       `--Trichoglossus BKB15

Melopsittacus undulatus (Shaw in Shaw & Nodder 1805) CC10 [=Psittacus undulatus CC10; incl. M. undulatus pallidiceps Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JeTh12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JoTo12] Joseph, L., A. Toon, E. E. Schirtzinger, T. F. Wright & R. Schodde. 2012. A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes). Zootaxa 3205: 26–40.

[KK05] Kloet, R. S. de, & S. R. de Kloet. 2005. The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 706–721.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Acanthiza

Yellow thornbill Acanthiza nana, copyright Patrick K59.

Belongs within: Acanthizidae.

Acanthiza, the thornbills, is an Australasian genus of small birds with a thin, moderately long beak and commonly with olive or grey upperparts and pale underparts.

<==Acanthiza Vigors & Horsfield 1825 CC10
    |  i. s.: A. cinerea OF19
    |--+--A. lineata BKB15
    |  `--+--A. murina BKB15
    |     `--A. nana JT12
    `--+--A. chrysorrhoa (Quoy & Gaimard 1830) BKB15, WS48 [=Saxicola chrysorrhoa WS48]
       |    |--A. c. chrysorrhoa WS48
       |    |--A. c. alexanderi (Mathews 1921) (see below for synonymy) WS48
       |    |--A. c. ferdinandi (Mathews 1916) [=Geobasileus chrysorrhous ferdinandi] WS48
       |    `--A. c. multi Mathews 1912 WS48
       `--+--+--A. apicalis BKB15
          |  `--+--A. ewingii JT12
          |     `--+--A. katherina JT12
          |        `--A. pusilla (Shaw 1790) JT12, WS48 [=Motacilla pusilla WS48]
          |             |--A. p. pusilla WS48
          |             |--A. p. apicalis Gould 1847 [incl. A. pusilla dundasi Mathews 1922] WS48
          |             |--A. p. archbaldi M03
          |             |--A. p. dawsonensis M03
          |             |--A. p. diemenensis M03
          |             |--A. p. leeuwinensis Campbell 1922 [incl. A. pusilla northi Mathews 1922] WS48
          |             |--A. p. whitlocki North 1909 (see below for synonymy) WS48
          |             `--A. p. zietzi M03
          `--+--+--A. iredalei Mathews 1911 BKB15, WS48
             |  |    |--A. i. iredalei (see below for synonymy) WS48
             |  |    |--A. i. hedleyi M03
             |  |    `--A. i. rosinae M03
             |  `--A. robustirostris Milligan 1903 JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
             `--+--A. uropygialis Gould 1838 BKB15, WS48
                |    |--A. u. uropygialis (see below for synonymy) WS48
                |    `--A. u. augusta Mathews 1912 [incl. A. uropygialis murchisoni Mathews 1912] WS48
                `--+--A. inornata Gould 1840 BKB15, WS48
                   |    |--A. i. inornata [incl. A. inornata submastersi Mathews 1912] WS48
                   |    `--A. i. mastersi North 1901 WS48
                   `--A. reguloides JT12
                        |--A. r. reguloides M03
                        `--A. r. squamata M03

Acanthiza chrysorrhoa alexanderi (Mathews 1921) [=Geobasileus chrysorrhous alexanderi, A. pallida Milligan 1903 (preoc.)] WS48

Acanthiza iredalei iredalei Mathews 1911 [incl. A. inornata carnarvoni Mathews 1913, Geobasileus tenuirostris uranie Campbell 1925] WS48

Acanthiza pusilla whitlocki North 1909 [incl. A. pusilla nullarborensis White 1922, A. pusilla peroni Mathews 1918] WS48

Acanthiza robustirostris Milligan 1903 JT12, WS48 [incl. Milligania robustirostris liberia Mathews 1916 WS48]

Acanthiza uropygialis uropygialis Gould 1838 [incl. Geobasilieus uropygialis moora Campbell 1922, A. uropygialis nea Mathews 1912] WS48

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[OF19] Oliveros, C. H., D. J. Field, D. T. Ksepka, F. K. Barker, A. Aleixo, M. J. Andersen, P. Alström, B. W. Benz, E. L. Braun, M. J. Braun, G. A. Bravo, R. T. Brumfield, R. T. Chesser, S. Claramunt, J. Cracraft, A. M. Cuervo, E. P. Derryberry, T. C. Glenn, M. G. Harvey, P. A. Hosner, L. Joseph, R. T. Kimball, A. L. Mack, C. M. Miskelly, A. T. Peterson, M. B. Robbins, F. H. Sheldon, L. F. Silveira, B. T. Smith, N. D. White, R. G. Moyle & B. C. Faircloth. 2019. Earth history and the passerine superradiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (16): 7916–7925.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.