Columbigallina

Common ground-dove Columbigallina passerina, copyright Alan Vernon.

Belongs within: Columbidae.

Columbigallina is a Neotropical genus of small ground-doves, currently usually treated as a synonym of Columbina.

<==Columbigallina
    |--C. buckleyi T62
    |--C. cruziana T62
    |--C. minuta T62
    |--C. passerina T62
    |    |--C. p. passerina T62
    |    |--C. p. bahamensis T62
    |    |--C. p. insularis T62
    |    |--C. p. nigrirostris T62
    |    `--C. p. portoricensis T62
    `--C. talpacoti T62
         |--C. t. talpacoti T62
         |--C. t. caucae T62
         |--C. t. eluta T62
         `--C. t. rufipennis T62

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

Furnariidae

Rufous horneros Furnarius rufus, photographed by Dario Sanches.

Belongs within: Furnarioidea.
Contains: Geositta, Dendrocolaptinae, Automolus, Philydor, Cinclodes, Leptasthenura, Phacellodomus, Asthenes, Synallaxeinae.

The Furnariidae are a family of mostly grey to brown insectivorous birds found in Central and South America. They often have short rounded wings, strong legs and feet, and relatively long tails in which the feather shafts may be strengthened (Internet Bird Collection). They are often referred to as 'ovenbirds', in reference to the oven-like mud nests built by the horneros Furnarius, but other furnariid genera build different nest types. The leaftossers of the genus Sclerurus are primarily terrestrial birds that get their vernacular name from their manner of foraging among leaf litter.

Furnariidae [Furnariinae, Philydorinae, Scleruridae, Sclerurinae, Synallaxeidae, Upucerthiidae]
    |--+--Geositta JT12
    |  `--Sclerurus Swainson 1827 JT12, B94
    |       |  i. s.: S. caudacutus JT12
    |       |         S. rufigularis JT12
    |       |--S. mexicanus JT12
    |       `--+--S. guatemalensis JT12
    |          `--+--S. albigularis BKB15
    |             `--S. scansor JT12
    `--+--Dendrocolaptinae JT12
       `--+--Xenops Illiger 1811 JT12, B94 [Xenopinae]
          |    |--X. approximans SS66a
          |    |--X. genibarbis S18
          |    |    |--X. g. genibarbis S18
          |    |    `--X. g. mexicanus S18
          |    |--X. heterurus SS66b
          |    |--X. minutus A61
          |    |--X. rutilans JT12
          |    `--X. tenuirostris JT12
          `--+--+--‘Xenops’ milleri JT12
             |  `--+--Pygarrhichas Burmeister 1837 JT12, B94 [Pygarrhichadinae]
             |     |    `--P. albogularis JT12
             |     `--Ochetorhynchus JT12
             |          |--O. melanurus BKB15
             |          `--+--O. andaecola JT12
             |             `--+--O. phoenicurus JT12
             |                `--O. ruficaudus JT12
             `--+--Berlepschia rikeri BKB15
                `--+--+--+--Anabazenops dorsalis BKB15
                   |  |  `--+--+--‘Philydor’ ruficaudatum JT12
                   |  |     |  `--+--Automolus BKB15
                   |  |     |     `--+--Clibanornis dendrocolaptoides JT12
                   |  |     |        `--+--‘Automolus’ rubiginosus JT12
                   |  |     |           `--Hylocryptus JT12
                   |  |     |                |--H. erythrocephalus JT12
                   |  |     |                `--H. rectirostris JT12
                   |  |     `--+--Ancistrops BKB15
                   |  |        |    |--A. lineaticeps SS66b
                   |  |        |    `--A. strigilatus JT12
                   |  |        `--+--Philydor BKB15
                   |  |           `--+--+--Anabazenops fuscus BKB15
                   |  |              |  `--Megaxenops parnaguae BKB15
                   |  |              `--+--‘Philydor’ lichtensteini BKB15
                   |  |                 `--+--Anabacerthia BKB15
                   |  |                    |    |--A. amaurotis JT12
                   |  |                    |    |--A. striaticollis JT12
                   |  |                    |    `--A. variegaticeps JT12
                   |  |                    `--+--Simoxenops JT12
                   |  |                       |    |--S. striatua JT12
                   |  |                       |    `--S. ucayalae JT12
                   |  |                       `--Syndactyla JT12
                   |  |                            |--S. dimidiata JT12
                   |  |                            |--S. guttulata JT12
                   |  |                            |--S. ruficollis JT12
                   |  |                            |--S. rufosuperciliata JT12
                   |  |                            `--S. subalaris JT12
                   |  `--+--+--Pseudocolaptes Reichenbach 1853 BKB15, B94 [Pseudocolaptinae]
                   |     |  |    |--P. boissonneautii JT12
                   |     |  |    |--P. johnsoni JT12
                   |     |  |    `--P. lawrencii JT12
                   |     |  `--+--Premnornis guttuligera JT12
                   |     |     `--Tarphonomus JT12
                   |     |          |--T. certhioides JT12
                   |     |          `--T. harterti JT12
                   |     `--+--+--Furnarius Vieillot 1816 BKB15, B94
                   |        |  |    |  i. s.: F. cinnamomeus JT12
                   |        |  |    |         F. longirostris JT12
                   |        |  |    |         F. minor SS66a
                   |        |  |    |         F. torridus Sclater & Salvin 1866 SS66a
                   |        |  |    |--F. leucopus BKB15
                   |        |  |    `--+--F. figulus BKB15
                   |        |  |       `--+--F. cristatus BKB15
                   |        |  |          `--F. rufus JT12
                   |        |  `--+--Lochmias nematura BKB15
                   |        |     `--+--Limnornis curvirostris JT12
                   |        |        `--Phleocryptes melanops JT12
                   |        `--+--Geocerthia serrana BKB15 [=Upucerthia serrana JT12]
                   |           `--+--Cinclodes JT12
                   |              `--Upucerthia Geoffroy St.-Hilaire 1832 JT12, B94 [Upucerthiinae]
                   |                   |  i. s.: U. saturatior JT12
                   |                   |--+--U. albigula JT12
                   |                   |  `--U. dumetaria Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire JT12, MW91
                   |                   `--+--U. jelskii JT12
                   |                      `--U. validirostris JT12
                   `--+--+--Premnoplex BKB15
                      |  |    |--P. brunnescens JT12
                      |  |    `--P. tatei JT12
                      |  `--Margarornis Reichenbach 1853 JT12, B94 [Margarornithinae]
                      |       |  i. s.: M. stellatus JT12
                      |       |--M. rubiginosus JT12
                      |       `--+--M. bellulus JT12
                      |          `--M. squamiger JT12
                      `--+--Aphrastura BKB15
                         |    |--A. masafuerae (Philippi & Landbeck 1866) HRS06
                         |    `--A. spinicauda N10
                         `--+--Leptasthenura BKB15
                            `--+--Phacellodomus BKB15
                               `--+--+--Hellmayrea gularis BKB15
                                  |  `--+--Coryphistera alaudina JT12
                                  |     `--Anumbius annumbi JT12
                                  `--+--Asthenes BKB15
                                     `--Synallaxeinae BKB15

Furnariidae incertae sedis:
  Leptoxyura cinnamomea SS66a
  Dendrornis SS66a
    |--D. palliata SS66a
    `--D. rostripallens SS66a
  Cichlocolaptes leucophrus JT12
  Geobamon rufipennis S66
  Geobates Swainson 1838 S66
    |--G. poecilopterus Maximilian 1830 (see below for synonymy) S66
    `--‘Anthus’ fuscus (n. d.) S66
  Schizoeaca JT12
    |--S. coryi JT12
    |--S. fuliginosa JT12
    |--S. griseomurina JT12
    |--S. palpebralis JT12
    |--S. perijana JT12
    `--S. vilcabambae JT12

Geobates poecilopterus Maximilian 1830 [=Anthus poecilopterus; incl. *Geobates brevicauda Swainson 1838, Geositta brevicauda] S66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[HRS06] Hahn, I., U. Römer & R. P. Schlatter. 2006. Population numbers and status of land birds of the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile (Aves: Falconiformes, Columbiformes, Strigiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Passeriformes). Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (1): 109–125.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[MW91] Millener, P. R., & T. H. Worthy. 1991. Contributions to New Zealand’s late Quaternary avifauna. II: Dendroscansor decurvirostris, a new genus and species of wren (Aves: Acanthisittidae). Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 21: 179–200.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[S66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. Notes on the genus Geobates of Swainson. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 204–205.

[SS66a] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866a. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[SS66b] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866b. On some additions to the catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Ucayali. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 566–567.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

Paradisaeidae

Male lesser bird of paradise Paradisaea minor, photographed by Leo Antonius.

Belongs within: Corvoidea.

The Paradisaeidae, birds of paradise, are a group of stout-billed birds found in northern Australasia. Males of this family are often extremely colourful and/or ornately plumed, and may perfom complex mating displays.

<==Paradisaeidae [Paradisaeinae]
    |  i. s.: Paryphephorus duivenbodei (Meyer 1890) [=Craspedophora duivenbodei] F95
    |         Loborhamphus nobilis Rothschild 1901 F95
    |         Janthothorax bensbachi Büttikofer 1894 F95
    |--+--Lycocorax pyrrhopterus JT12
    |  `--Manucodia Boddaert 1783 JF06, B94 (see below for synonymy)
    |       |  i. s.: M. gouldi G66
    |       |--M. keraudrenii JT12 [=Phonygammus keraudrenii JF06]
    |       `--+--M. jobiensis JT12
    |          `--+--M. ater JT12
    |             `--+--M. chalybatus JT12
    |                `--M. comrii JT12
    `--+--+--Pteridophora alberti JT12 [=Drepanornis alberti JF06]
       |  `--Parotia Vieillot 1816 JT12, B94 [Parotiinae]
       |       |--P. carolae JT12
       |       `--+--P. wahnesi JT12
       |          `--+--P. sefilata JT12
       |             `--+--P. helenae JT12
       |                `--P. lawesi JT12, F95
       `--+--+--Semioptera wallacii JT12
          |  `--Ptiloris Swainson 1825 JT12, B94 [Ptilorininae]
          |       |--+--P. paradiseus JT12
          |       |  `--P. victoriae JT12
          |       `--+--Lophorina superba JT12
          |          |    |--L. s. superba F95
          |          |    `--L. s. feminina F95
          |          `--+--P. intercedens JT12
          |             `--P. magnificus JT12 [=Craspedophora magnifica F95]
          `--+--+--Seleucidis JT12
             |  |    |--S. ignotus A61
             |  |    `--S. melanoleuca F95
             |  `--+--‘Epimachus’ albertisi JT12
             |     `--‘Epimachus’ bruijnii JT12
             `--+--+--Epimachus Cuvier 1817 JT12, B94 [incl. Astrapimachus Mayr 1941 (nom. inv.) F95; Epimachinae]
                |  |    |--E. albus T62
                |  |    |--E. ellioti Ward 1873 (see below for synonymy) F95
                |  |    |--E. fastosus [incl. E. magnus] F95
                |  |    |    |--E. f. fastosus F95
                |  |    |    `--E. f. atratus F95
                |  |    `--E. meyeri F95
                |  `--+--Paradigalla Lesson 1835 JT12, B94 [Paradigallinae]
                |     |    |--P. brevicauda JT12
                |     |    `--P. carunculata F95
                |     `--Astrapia Vieillot 1816 JT12, B94 [Astrapiinae]
                |          |--+--A. nigra JT12
                |          |  `--A. splendidissima JT12
                |          `--+--A. rothschildi JT12
                |             `--+--A. mayeri JT12
                |                `--A. stephaniae JT12
                `--+--+--Cicinnurus Vieillot 1816 JT12, B94 [Cicinnurinae]
                   |  |    `--C. regius F95 [=Paradisaea regia A61]
                   |  `--Diphyllodes JF06
                   |       |--D. magnificus F95 [=Cicinnurus magnificus JT12]
                   |       `--D. respublica F95 (see below for synonymy)
                   `--Paradisaea Linnaeus 1758 JT12, B94
                        |--P. rudolphi JF06
                        `--+--P. guilielmi JT12
                           `--+--P. rubra JF06
                              `--+--P. decora JT12
                                 `--+--P. minor JF06
                                    |    |--P. m. minor F95
                                    |    `--P. m. finschi F95
                                    `--+--P. apoda Linnaeus 1758 JT12, A61
                                       |    |--P. a. apoda F95
                                       |    `--P. a. novaeguineae F95
                                       `--P. raggiana JF06
                                            |--P. r. raggiana [=P. apoda raggiana] F95
                                            |--P. r. angustaevictoriae [=P. apoda angustaevictoriae] F95
                                            `--P. r. salvadorii [=P. apoda salvadorii] F95

Hybrids: Astrapia barnesi Iredale 1948 [A. mayeri × A. stephaniae]
         Cicinnurus lyogyrus Currie 1900 [Cicinnurus regius × Diphyllodes magnificus; =C. lyrogyrus (l. c.); incl. C. goodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant 1907]
         Craspedophora mantoui Oustalet 1891 [Seleucidis melanoleuca × Ptiloris magnificus; =Heteroptilorhis mantoui; incl. C. bruijni Büttikofer 1894]
         Diphyllodes gulielmitertii Meyer 1875 [D. magnificus × Cicinnurus regius; =Rhipidornis gulielmitertii, R. guglielmitertii]
         Epimachus astrapioides Rothschild 1898 [E. fastosus × Astrapia nigra; =Falcinellus astrapioides, Astrapimachus astrapioides]
         Lamprothorax wilhelminae Meyer 1894 [Lophorina superba × Diphyllodes magnificus]
         Loborhamphus ptilorhis Sharpe 1908 [Parotia sefilata × Paradigalla carunculata]
         Neoparadisea ruysi van Oort 1906 [Diphyllodes magnificus × Paradisaea minor]
         Paradisaea apoda luptoni Lowe 1923 [P. raggiana × P. apoda]
         Paradisea bloodi Iredale 1948 [P. raggiana × P. rudolphi]
         Paradisea maria Reichenow 1894 [P. raggiana × P. guilielmi; incl. P. duivenbodei Menegaux 1913]
         Paradisea mirabilis Reichenow 1901 [Paradisaea minor × Seleucidis melanoleuca; =Janthothorax mirabilis, Quesoparens mirabilis]
         Paradisaea mixta Rothschild 1921 [Paradisaea minor × P. raggiana]
         Parotia duivenbodei Rothschild 1900 [Lophorina superba × Parotia sefilata]

Diphyllodes respublica F95 [=Paradisaea respublica A61, Cicinnurus respublica JF06; incl. P. wilsoni Cassin 1850 A61]

Epimachus ellioti Ward 1873 [=Astrapimachus ellioti, Falcinellus ellioti, Pseudastrapia ellioti; incl. P. lobata Rothschild 1907] F95

Manucodia Boddaert 1783 JF06, B94 [incl. Chalybaeus Cuvier 1829 B94, Phonygammus Lesson Garnot 1826 B94; Chalybaeinae, Manucodiinae, Phonygamminae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[F95] Fuller, E. 1995. The Lost Birds of Paradise. Swan Hill Press: Shrewsbury (UK).

[G66] Gould, J. 1866. Exhibition of the trachea of Manucodia gouldi. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 201.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149-186.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: Revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7-460.

Macropygia

Ruddy cuckoo dove Macropygia emiliana, photographed by Johannes Pfleiderer.

Belongs within: Columbidae.

Macropygia, the cuckoo doves, is a genus of pigeons found in southern Asia and Australasia. Members of this genus have brown plumage, usually more boldly barred in the females, and long, graduated tails.

<==Macropygia Swainson 1837 [Macropygiinae] B94
    |--M. amboinensis J06
    |    |--M. a. amboinensis J06
    |    |--M. a. albiceps J06
    |    |--M. a. quinkan M03
    |    |--M. a. robinsoni M03
    |    `--M. a. sanghirensis R02
    |--M. emiliana JT12
    |--M. mackinlayi JT12
    |--M. magna JT12
    |--M. nigrirostris JT12
    |--M. phasianella T62 [=M. amboinensis phasianella M03]
    |--M. ruficeps T62
    |    |--M. r. ruficeps T62
    |    `--M. r. assimilis T62
    |--M. rufipennis JT12
    |--M. tenuirostris JT12 [=M. phasianella tenuirostris T62]
    `--M. unchall T62
         |--M. u. unchall T62
         `--M. u. tusalia T62

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[J06] Johnstone, R. E. 2006. The birds of Gag Island, Western Papuan islands, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 115-132.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[R02] Riley, J. 2002. Population sizes and the status of endemic and restricted-range bird species on Sangihe Island, Indonesia. Bird Conservation International 12: 53-78.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: Revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7-460.

Ducula

Purple-tailed imperial pigeon Ducula rufigaster, photographed by Markus Lagerqvist.

Belongs within: Treroninae.

Ducula, the imperial pigeons, is a genus of large fruit-eating pigeons found in south-east Asia, tropical Australasia and Oceania. Most species are brightly but softly coloured in such shades as pink, grey or white, often with iridescent greens or blues in such places as the wings and tail. Some species, such as the Pacific imperial pigeon Ducula pacifica and the red-knobbed imperial pigeon D. rubricera, have prominently swollen ceres forming a knob at the base of the bill.

<==Ducula Hodgson 1836 (see below for synonymy) B94
    |--D. zoeae JT12
    `--+--D. rufigaster JT12
       |    |--D. r. rufigaster T62
       |    |--D. r. obiensis T62
       |    `--D. r. uropygialis T62
       `--+--+--D. melanochroa JT12
          |  `--+--D. bicolor JT12
          |     `--D. pinon JT12 [=Carpophaga pinon T62]
          |          |--D. p. pinon T62
          |          |--D. p. jobiensis T62
          |          |--D. p. rubiensis T62
          |          `--D. p. salvadori T62
          `--+--D. pistrinaria JT12
             |    |--D. p. pistrinaria T62
             |    |--D. p. postrema T62
             |    |--D. p. rhodinolaema T62
             |    `--D. p. vanwyckii T62
             `--+--D. aenea JT12 [=Carpophaga aenea T62]
                |    |--D. a. aenea T62
                |    |--D. a. chalybura T62
                |    |--D. a. consobrina T62
                |    |--D. a. fugaensis T62
                |    |--D. a. mista T62
                |    |--D. a. nicobarica T62
                |    |--D. a. palawanensis T62
                |    |--D. a. paulina T62
                |    |--D. a. pulchella T62
                |    |--D. a. pusilla T62
                |    |--D. a. sulana T62
                |    `--D. a. sylvatica T62
                `--+--D. pacifica JT12
                   |    |--D. p. pacifica T62
                   |    |--D. p. intensitincta T62
                   |    |--D. p. microcera T62 [=Carpophaga microcera B66]
                   |    `--D. p. tarrali T62
                   `--D. rubricera JT12

Ducula incertae sedis:
  D. aurorae JT12
  D. badia [=Carpophaga badia] T62
    |--D. b. badia T62
    |--D. b. capistrata T62
    |--D. b. cuprea T62
    |--D. b. griseicapilla Walden 1875 T62, S89 [=Carpophaga griseicapilla S89]
    |--D. b. insignis T62
    `--D. b. obscurata T62
  D. bakeri JT12
  D. basilica JT12 [=D. rufigaster basilica T62]
  D. brenchleyi JT12
  D. carola JT12
  D. chalconota T62
    |--D. c. chalconota T62
    `--D. c. smaragdina T62
  D. cineracea JT12
  D. concinna T62
    |--D. c. concinna T62
    |--D. c. aru T62
    `--D. c. intermedia T62
  D. finschii JT12
  D. forsteni T62
  D. galeata JT12
  D. goliath T62
  D. lacernulata T62
    |--D. l. lacernulata T62
    |--D. l. sasakensis T62
    `--D. l. williami T62
  D. latrans T62
  D. luctuosa T62
  D. mindorensis FP64
  D. mullerii JT12
  D. myristicivora J06
  D. oceanica T62
    |--D. o. oceanica T62
    |--D. o. monacha T62
    |--D. o. ratakensis T62
    |--D. o. teraokai T62
    `--D. o. townsendi T62
  D. perspicillata [=Carpophaga perspicillata] T62
    |--D. p. perspicillata T62
    `--D. p. neglecta T62
  D. pickeringii T62
    |--D. p. pickeringii T62
    |--D. p. langhornei T62
    `--D. p. palmasensis T62
  D. poliocephala JT12
  D. radiata JT12
  D. rosacea T62
    |--D. r. rosacea T62
    `--D. r. zamydra T62
  D. spilorrhoa (Gray 1858) JT12, WS48 [=Carpophaga spilorrhoa WS48, Myristicivora spilorrhoa WS48]
  D. subflavescens JT12
  D. whartoni M03 [=D. rosacea whartoni L81]

Ducula Hodgson 1836 [incl. Carpophaga Selby 1835, Muscadivores Gray 1855, Myristicivora Reichenbach 1853, Zonoenas Reichenbach 1853; Carpophaginae, Duculinae, Muscadivorinae, Myristicivorinae, Zonoenadinae] B94

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B66] Bartlett, A. D. 1866. Notes on the breeding of several species of birds in the Society's gardens during the year 1865. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 76–79.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[J06] Johnstone, R. E. 2006. The birds of Gag Island, Western Papuan islands, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 115–132.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[S89] Salvadori, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea nella Birmania e nelle regioni vicine. XIX.—Uccelli raccolti nei Monti Carin a nord-est di Tounghoo, nel Pegù presso Rangoon e Tounghoo e nel Tenasserim presso Malewoon. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 369–438.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: Revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Myzomela

Cardinal myzomela Myzomela pulcherrima, photographed by Josep del Hoyo.

Belongs within: Meliphagidae.

Myzomela is a genus of honeyeaters found in Indonesia, Australasia and western Oceania. Members of this genus are characterised by brilliant red and black colouration.

Characters (from Schodde & Mason 1999): Size small; plumage iridescent red and black; tongue with shallow medial furcation; tail short and square-cut; eggs white-based with reddish-brown spotting.

<==Myzomela Vigors & Horsfield 1827 [Myzomelidae] B94
    |--M. rosenbergii JT12
    `--+--+--M. eques JT12
       |  `--+--M. cineracea JT12
       |     `--M. obscura JT12
       |          |--M. o. obscura M03
       |          |--M. o. fumata M03
       |          `--M. o. harterti M03
       `--+--M. erythrocephala Gould 1839 JT12, WS48 [incl. M. erythrocephala derbyi Mathews 1912 WS48]
          |    |--M. e. erythrocephala M03
          |    `--M. e. infuscata M03
          `--+--M. lafargei JT12
             `--+--M. cardinalis JT12
                `--M. sanguinolenta JT12

Myzomela incertae sedis:
  M. adolphinae JT12
  M. albigula JT12
  M. blasii JT12
  M. boiei JT12
  M. caledonica S13
  M. chermesina JT12
  M. chloroptera JT12
  M. cruentata JT12
  M. dammermani JT12
  M. dibapha FP64
  M. eichhorni JT12
  M. erythromelas JT12
  M. jugularis JT12
  M. kuehni JT12
  M. lifuensis S13
  M. malaitae JT12
  M. melanocephala JT12
  M. nigra Gould 1838 [incl. M. nigra westralensis Mathews 1912] WS48
  M. nigrita JT12
  M. pammelaena JT12
  M. pectoralis Gould 1840 WS48
  M. pulchella JT12
  M. pulcherrima S13
  M. rubatra S13
    |--M. r. rubatra S13
    `--M. r. sanctaecrucis Sarasin 1913 S13
  M. sclateri FJO08
  M. tristrami JT12
  M. vulnerata JT12
  M. wakoloensis JT12

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[FJO08] Fleischer, R. C., H. F. James & S. L. Olson. 2008. Convergent evolution of Hawaiian and Australo-Pacific honeyeaters from distant songbird ancestors. Current Biology 18: 1-5.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1, Heft I (F. Sarasin & J. Roux, eds) pp. 1-78, pl. 1-3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

Schodde, R., & I. J. Mason. 1999. The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. CSIRO.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.

Melithreptus

Black-headed honeyeater Melithreptus affinis, photographed by T. Waite.

Belongs within: Meliphagidae.

Melithreptus is a genus of honeyeaters found in Australia whose members feed by gleaning along branches and foliage, and nest communally (Schodde & Mason 1999).

Characters (from Schodde & Mason 1999): Back green; tail square; head dusky with white nuchal bar and spot of bare, coloured postorbital skin. Palatine shelf distinctively constricted; vomerine horns extended, divaricate; temporal fossae diffuse with vestigial postorbital processes and unusually elongate zygomatic processes; triple inter-orbital perforations present; lower mandible with tooth-like process fitting into deep depression in ventral ectethmoid plate, with jugal flanking ectethmoid plate.

<==Melithreptus Vieillot 1816 [Melithreptidae] B94
    |  i. s.: M. cyanotis SJ85
    |         M. laetior Gould 1875 WS48 [=M. gularis laetior M03; incl. M. gularis coongani Mathews 1912 WS48]
    |--M. albogularis Gould 1848 JT12, WS48
    |    |--M. a. albogularis M03 [=M. lunatus albogularis WS48; incl. M. lunatus subalbogularis Mathews 1912 WS48]
    |    `--M. a. inopinatus M03
    `--+--+--M. affinis JT12
       |  `--M. lunatus (Vieillot 1802) JT12, WS48 [=Certhia lunata WS48]
       |       |--M. l. lunatus WS48
       |       |--M. l. chloropsis Gould 1848 WS48
       |       `--M. l. whitlocki Mathews 1909 WS48
       `--+--M. validirostris JT12
          `--+--M. brevirostris (Vigors & Horsfield 1827) JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |--M. b. brevirostris M03
             |    |--M. b. magnirostris M03
             |    |--M. b. pallidiceps M03
             |    `--M. b. wombeyi M03
             `--M. gularis JT12

Melithreptus brevirostris (Vigors & Horsfield 1827) JT12, WS48 [=Meliphaga brevirostris WS48; incl. Melit. leucogenys Milligan 1903 WS48, Melit. brevirostris leucogenys M03, Melit. atricapillus subleucogenys Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

Schodde, R., & I. J. Mason. 1999. The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. CSIRO.

[SJ85] Storr, G. M., & R. E. Johnstone. 1985. Field Guide to the Birds of Western Australia 2nd ed. Western Australian Museum: Perth (Australia).

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.

Phylidonyris

New Holland honeyeater Phylidonyris novaehollandiae, photographed by J. J. Harrison.

Belongs within: Meliphagidae.

Phylidonyris is a genus of slender-bodied and -billed honeyeaters found in Australia and the south-west Pacific. Members of this genus have yellow remige patches, and palatines with broadened incurved pre-palatine stems and raised, attenuately winged transpalatine process (Schodde & Mason 1999).

<==Phylidonyris Lesson 1831 [incl. Glyciphila Swainson 1837; Glyciphilidae, Phylidonyridae] B94
    |  i. s.: ‘Gliciphila’ fasciata Gould 1842 [incl. G. fasciata broomei Mathews 1912] WS48
    |         ‘Glycyphila’ incana (see below for synonymy) S13
    |         ‘Meliphaga’ indistincta Vigors & Horsfield 1827 [=Gliciphila indistincta] WS48
    |           |--M. i. indistincta (see below for synonymy) WS48
    |           `--‘Gliciphila’ i. ocularis Gould 1838 (see below for synonymy) WS48
    |         P. notabilis JT12
    |         P. undulatus JT12 [=Glycyphila undulata S13]
    |--P. pyrrhopterus JF06, JT12
    |    |--P. p. pyrrhopterus M03
    |    `--P. p. halmaturina M03
    `--+--P. niger JF06, JT12
       |    |--P. n. niger M03
       |    `--P. n. gouldi M03
       `--P. novaehollandiae JF06
            |--P. n. novaehollandiae M03
            |--P. n. campbelli M03
            |--P. n. canescens M03
            |--P. n. caudata M03
            `--P. n. longirostris M03

‘Gliciphila’ indistincta ocularis Gould 1838 [=Glyciphila ocularis; incl. Stigmatops indistincta media Mathews 1912] WS48

‘Glycyphila’ incana [incl. G. caledonica, G. chlorophaea, G. flavotincta, G. modesta, G. poliotis, G. satelles] S13

‘Meliphaga’ indistincta indistincta Vigors & Horsfield 1827 [incl. Lichmera indistincta milligani Mathews 1923, Stigmatops indistincta perplexa Mathews 1912, L. indistincta perthi Mathews 1923, L. indistincta yorki Mathews 1923] WS48

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149-186.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1, Heft I (F. Sarasin & J. Roux, eds) pp. 1-78, pl. 1-3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

Schodde, R., & I. J. Mason. 1999. The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. CSIRO.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.

Meliphaga

Yellow-spotted honeyeater Meliphaga notata, photographed by David & Diane Armbrust.

Belongs within: Meliphagidae.

Meliphaga is a genus of honeyeaters found from Indonesia to northern and eastern Australia. Members of this genus have prevailingly uniform olive-green plumage marked only by rounded flavonoid ear plumes and gape stripes (Schodde & Mason 1999).

<==Meliphaga Lewin 1808 [incl. Ptilotis Swainson 1837; Ptilotidae] B94
    |--+--M. aruensis JT12
    |  `--+--M. lewinii JT12
    |     |    |--M. l. lewinii M03
    |     |    |--M. l. amphochlora M03
    |     |    |--M. l. mab M03
    |     |    `--M. l. nea M03
    |     `--M. notata JT12
    |          |--M. n. notata M03
    |          `--M. n. mixta M03
    `--+--+--+--M. albonotata JT12
       |  |  `--M. gracilis (Gould 1866) JT12, G66a [=Ptilotis gracilis G66a]
       |  |       |--M. g. gracilis M03
       |  |       `--M. g. imitatrix M03
       |  `--+--M. analoga JT12
       |     `--M. orientalis JT12
       `--+--+--M. mimikae JT12
          |  `--M. montana JT12
          `--+--M. flavirictus JT12
             `--+--M. albilineata JT12
                |    |--M. a. albilineata M03
                |    `--M. a. fordiana M03
                `--M. reticulata JT12

Meliphaga incertae sedis:
  M. cassidix A61 [=Ptilotis cassidix G66b]
  ‘Ptilotis’ chrysotis G66a
  M. cratitia (Gould 1840) (see below for synonymy) WS48
  M. fasciogularis FJO08
  M. flavescens (Gould 1839) [=Ptilotis flavescens; incl. P. flavescens wyndhami Mathews 1912] WS48
  M. keartlandi (North 1895) (see below for synonymy) WS48
  M. leucotis (Latham 1801) (see below for synonymy) WS48
  M. ornata (Gould 1838) (see below for synonymy) WS48
  M. penicillata Gould 1837 (see below for synonymy) WS48
  M. plumula (Gould 1841) (see below for synonymy) WS48
  ‘Ptilotis’ similis G66a
  M. unicolor SJ85
  M. vicina JT12
  M. virescens (Vieillot 1817) (see below for synonymy) WS48

Meliphaga cratitia (Gould 1840) [=Ptilotis cratitius; incl. Lichenostomus occidentalis Cabanis 1851, P. cratitia stirlingi Mathews 1912] WS48

Meliphaga keartlandi (North 1895) [=Ptilotis keartlandi; incl. Sacramela keartlandi cloatesensis Mathews 1923, P. keartlandi mungi Mathews 1912] WS48

Meliphaga leucotis (Latham 1801) [=Turdus leucotis; incl. Ptilotis novaenorciae Milligan 1904, Nesoptilotis leucotis woolundra Mathews 1922] WS48

Meliphaga ornata (Gould 1838) [=Ptilotis ornatus; incl. P. ornata munna Mathews 1912, P. ornata wesleydalei Mathews 1913] WS48

Meliphaga penicillata Gould 1837 [incl. Ptilotis penicillata calconi Mathews 1912, P. carteri Campbell 1899, P. geraldtonensis Ashby 1921, P. penicillata ladasi Mathews 1912] WS48

Meliphaga plumula (Gould 1841) [=Ptilotis plumulus; incl. P. chrysotis andersoni Mathews 1912, P. planasi Campbell 1910] WS48

Meliphaga virescens (Vieillot 1817) [=Melithreptus virescens; incl. Ptilotis sonora broomei Mathews 1912, Meliphaga virescens glauerti Mathews 1942, Meliphaga virescens hartogi Mathews 1920, P. insularis Milligan 1911, Meliphaga virescens lewisi Mathews 1942, Meliphaga virescens lipferti Mathews 1942, P. sonora murchisoni Mathews 1912, Meliphaga vittata Bonaparte 1854] WS48

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[FJO08] Fleischer, R. C., H. F. James & S. L. Olson. 2008. Convergent evolution of Hawaiian and Australo-Pacific honeyeaters from distant songbird ancestors. Current Biology 18: 1-5.

[G66a] Gould, J. 1866a. Additions to the list of the avifauna of Australia, with descriptions of three new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 217-218.

[G66b] Gould, J. 1866b. Exhibition of Ptilotis cassidix, and other rare Australian species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 558.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

Schodde, R., & I. J. Mason. 1999. The Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines. CSIRO.

[SJ85] Storr, G. M., & R. E. Johnstone. 1985. Field Guide to the Birds of Western Australia 2^nd ed. Western Australian Museum: Perth (Australia).

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.

Meliphagoidea

Dusky grasswren Amytornis purnelli, from Christopher Watson.

Belongs within: Euoscines.
Contains: Acanthizidae, Meliphagidae, Malurus.

The Meliphagoidea is a clade of birds found in the Australasian region, supported by molecular analysis. The clade includes the honeyeaters (Meliphagidae), fairy wrens (Maluridae), pardalotes (Pardalotus), Australasian warblers (Acanthizidae) and bristlebirds (Dasyornis).

<==Meliphagoidea
    |--+--Dasyornis Vigors & Horsfield 1827 JF06, B94 [Dasyornithidae, Dasyornithinae]
    |  |    |--D. brachypterus (Latham 1801) WS48 [=Turdus brachypterus WS48; incl. D. brachypterus monoides M03]
    |  |    `--+--D. broadbenti (McCoy 1867) [=Sphenura broadbenti] WS48
    |  |       |    |--D. b. broadbenti M03
    |  |       |    |--D. b. caryochrous M03
    |  |       |    `--D. b. litoralis (Milligan 1902) [=Sphenura litoralis] WS48
    |  |       `--D. longirostris Gould 1840 JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
    |  `--+--Acanthizidae JF06
    |     `--+--Meliphagidae JF06
    |        `--Pardalotus Vieillot 1816 JF06, B94 [Pardalotidae, Pardalotinae]
    |             |  i. s.: P. melanocephalus Gould 1838 WS48 (see below for synonymy)
    |             |         P. quadragintus M03
    |             |         P. substriatus Mathews 1912 [=P. striatus substriatus] WS48
    |             |           |--P. s. substriatus WS48
    |             |           `--P. s. murchisoni Mathews 1912 (see below for synonymy) WS48
    |             |         P. xanthopygus McCoy 1867 WS48 [=P. punctatus xanthopygus M03]
    |             |--P. rubricatus Gould 1838 JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
    |             |    |--P. r. rubricatus M03
    |             |    `--P. r. yorki M03
    |             `--+--P. punctatus (Shaw 1792) JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
    |                |    |--P. p. punctatus M03
    |                |    `--P. p. militaris M03
    |                `--P. striatus JT12
    |                     |--P. s. striatus M03
    |                     |--P. s. melvillensis M03
    |                     |--P. s. ornatus M03
    |                     `--P. s. uropygialis M03
    `--Maluridae [Malurinae, Waluridae] BB05
         |  i. s.: Sipodotus wallacii JT12
         |         Clytomyias insignis JT12
         |--+--Malurus JF06
         |  `--Stipiturus Lesson 1831 JF06, B94 [Stipituridae]
         |       |--S. ruficeps Campbell 1899 JT12, WS48
         |       `--+--S. malachurus (Shaw 1798) JT12, WS48 [=Muscicapa malachura WS48]
         |          |    |--S. m. malachurus M03
         |          |    |--S. m. halmaturinus M03
         |          |    |--S. m. hartogi Carter 1916 WS48
         |          |    |--S. m. intermedius M03
         |          |    |--S. m. littleri M03
         |          |    |--S. m. medius Mathews 1919 [=S. m. media] WS48
         |          |    |--S. m. parimeda M03
         |          |    |--S. m. polionotum M03
         |          |    `--S. m. westernensis Campbell 1912 [incl. S. malachurus rothschildi Mathews 1912] WS48
         |          `--S. mallee JT12
         `--Amytornis Stejneger 1885 JF06, B94 [Amytornithidae]
              |--A. barbatus JT12
              |    |--A. b. barbatus M03
              |    `--A. b. diamantina M03
              `--+--+--A. merrotsyi JT12 [=A. striatus merrotsyi M03]
                 |  `--+--A. striatus (Gould 1839) JT12, WS48 [=Dasyornis striatus WS48]
                 |     |    |--A. s. striatus M03
                 |     |    `--A. s. whitei Mathews 1910 [incl. A. striatus oweni Mathews 1911] WS48
                 |     `--+--A. dorotheae JT12
                 |        `--A. woodwardi JT12
                 `--+--A. textilis (Dumont 1824) JT12, WS48 [=Malurus textilis WS48]
                    |    |--A. t. textilis (see below for synonymy) WS48
                    |    |--A. t. modesta M03
                    |    `--A. t. myall M03
                    `--+--A. housei (Milligan 1902) JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                       `--+--A. goyderi JT12
                          `--+--A. ballarae JT12 [=A. purnelli ballarae M03]
                             `--A. purnelli JT12

Amytornis housei (Milligan 1902) JT12, WS48 [=Amytis housei WS48; incl. Magnamytis kimberleyi Mathews 1923 WS48]

Amytornis textilis textilis [incl. Diaphorillas textilis carteri Mathews 1917, Amytis gigantura Milligan 1901, Amytis macrourus Gould 1847, Diaphorillas textilis morgani Mathews 1912, Amytis varia Carter 1908] WS48

Dasyornis longirostris Gould 1840 JT12, WS48 [=D. brachypterus longirostris WS48; incl. D. longirostris mastersi Mathews 1923 WS48]

Pardalotus melanocephalus Gould 1838 WS48 [=P. striatus melanocephalus M03; incl. P. melanocephalus inexpectatus Mathews 1912 WS48, P. melanocephalus pilbarra Mathews 1923 WS48, P. melanocephalus tormenti Mathews 1912 WS48]

Pardalotus punctatus (Shaw 1792) JT12, WS48 [=Pipra punctata WS48; incl. Pa. punctatus whitlocki Mathews 1912 WS48]

Pardalotus rubricatus Gould 1838 JT12, WS48 [incl. P. pallida Campbell 1909 WS48, P. rubricatus parryi Mathews 1912 WS48]

Pardalotus substriatus murchisoni Mathews 1912 [=P. striatus murchisoni; incl. P. striatus rogersi Mathews 1912, P. striatus westraliensis Mathews 1912] WS48

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB05] Beresford, P., F. K. Barker, P. G. Ryan & T. M. Crowe. 2005. African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): Molecular systematics of several evolutionary ‘enigmas’. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 272: 849-858.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149-186.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.