Aporrhaidae

Gymnarus auriculatus, from Stromboidea.de.

Belongs within: Stromboidea.

The Aporrhaidae, pelican's feet, are a group of marine gastropods characterised by a shell with a large, laterally extended outer lip.

<==Aporrhaidae
    |--Harpagodes Gill 1870 [Harpagodesidae, Harpagodidae, Harpagodinae] BR05
    |    `--*H. pelagi (Brongniart 1821) [=Strombus pelagi] BR17
    |--Spiniloma Gründel, Nutzel & Schulbert 2009 BR17 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--*S. longispina (Eudes-Deslongchamps 1843) [=Ranella longispina, *Spiniloma longispina] BR17
    |--Dimorphosoma Gardner 1875 [Dimorphosominae] BR17
    |    `--*D. calcarata (Sowerby 1822) [=Rostellaria calcarata] BR17
    |--Pterocerella Meek 1864 [Pterocerellidae, Pterocerellinae] BR17
    |    `--*P. tippana (Conrad 1858) [=Harpago tippana] BR17
    |--Struthioptera Finlay & Marwick 1937 BR05 [Struthiopterinae BR17]
    |    |--*S. haastiana (Wilckens 1922) [=Arrhoges haastianus] S98
    |    `--S. novoseelandica (Wilckens 1922) [=Perissoptera novoseelandica] S98
    |--Anchura Conrad 1860 W77 [Anchurinae BR17]
    |    |--*A. abrupta Conrad 1860 BR17
    |    `--A. fusiformis Meek in White 1877 W77
    |--Arrhoginae [Perissopteridae, Perissopterinae] BR17
    |    |--Cerycium Philippi 1841 [incl. Arrhoges Gabb 1868] BR17
    |    |    |--‘Drepanocheilus (Arrhoges)’ speciosus (Schlotheim 1820) [incl. *Cerycium paradoxum Philippi 1841] BR17
    |    |    `--‘Rostellaria’ occidentalis Beck 1836 [=*Arrhoges occidentalis] BR17
    |    `--Perissoptera Tate 1865 BR05
    |         |--*P. parkinsoni (Mantell 1822) [=Rostellaria parkinsoni] BR17
    |         `--P. thomsoni [=Hemichenopus thomsoni] A27
    |--Aporrhainae BR17
    |    |--‘Alaria’ Morris & Lycett 1851 nec Schrank 1788 nec Duncan 1841 BR17, BR05 [Alariidae]
    |    |    `--*A. armata Morris & Lycett 1851 BR17
    |    |--Aporrhais de Costa 1778 [=Chenopus Philippi 1836; Chenopidae] BR05
    |    |    |--*A. pespelecani (Linnaeus 1758) [=Strombus pespelecani, *Chenopus pespelecani] BR17
    |    |    |--A. occidentalis Beck 1836 S11
    |    |    `--A. serresianus (Michaud 1828) (see below for synonymy) N79
    |    `--Dicroloma Gabb 1868 BR17, BR05 [Dicrolomatidae, Dicrolomidae]
    |         |--*D. lorierei (d’Orbigny 1860) [=Pterocera lorierei] BR17
    |         |--‘Rostellaria’ bispinosa Phillips 1829 [=Alaria bispinosa] G01
    |         |--D. cochleata (Quenstedt 1858) GK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |         `--‘Rostellaria’ trifida Eudes-Deslongchamps 1842 G01
    `--Pugnellinae [Pugnellidae] BR17
         |  i. s.: Lispodesthes White 1877 KB99, W77
         |           |--L. lingulifera White 1877 W77
         |           |--L. nuptialis (White 1874) [=Anchura nuptialis] W77
         |           |--L. panda Stephenson 1953 KB99
         |           `--L. patula Stephenson 1953 KB99
         |         Tundora Stephenson 1941 KB99, BR17 [Tundorinae]
         |           `--*T. tuberculata Stephenson 1941 BR17
         |         Tessarolax KB99
         |         Ceratosiphon KB99
         |--Torgnellus peruvianus Ollson 1944 KB99
         |--Bizarrus Kiel & Bandel 1999 KB99
         |    |--*B. dietrichi (Riedel 1932) [=Pugnellus dietrichi, P. dietrichei] KB99
         |    |--B. abnormalis (Wade 1926) [=Pugnellus abnormalis] KB99
         |    |--B. incertus (Riedel 1932) [=Pugnellus incertus] KB99
         |    `--‘Pugnellus’ nitidus Delpey 1948 KB99
         |--Pyktes Popenoe 1983 KB99
         |    |--*P. aspris Popenoe 1983 KB99
         |    |--P. bilobatus (Brebion 1956) [=Pugnellus bilobatus] KB99
         |    |--P. daiphron Popenoe 1983 KB99
         |    |--P. hamulus Popenoe 1983 KB99
         |    `--P. popenoei Kiel & Bandel 1999 KB99
         |--+--Tephlon Popenoe 1983 KB99
         |  |    `--*T. tumidus (Gabb 1860) [=Pugnellus tumidus] KB99
         |  `--+--Antarctodarwinella KB99
         |     `--Conchothyra Hutton 1877 KB99, SH12
         |          |--C. australis (Marshall 1916) SH12
         |          |--C. marshalli Trechmann 1917 SH12
         |          `--C. parasitica Hutton 1877 KB99
         |--Gymnarus Gabb 1868 KB99
         |    |--*G. manubriatus (Gabb 1864) [=Pugnellus manubriatus] KB99
         |    |--G. auriculatus (Woods 1906) [=Pugnellus auriculatus] KB99
         |    |--G. calcaris (Wade 1926) KB99
         |    |--G. congolensis (Brebion 1956) [=Pugnellus densatus var. congolensis] KB99
         |    |--G. contortus (Stoliczka 1868) KB99
         |    |--G. fraasi (Riedel 1932) [=Pugnellus fraasi] KB99
         |    |--G. granuliferus (Stoliczka 1868) KB99
         |    |--G. hauthali Wilckens 1910 KB99
         |    `--G. yabei Nagao 1939 KB99
         `--+--Perustrombus Ollson 1944 KB99
            |    |--*P. wheeleri Ollson 1944 KB99
            |    |--P. africanus Kiel & Bandel 1999 KB99
            |    |--‘Strombus’ dallianus White 1887 KB99
            |    `--P. indicus Kiel & Bandel 1999 KB99
            `--Pugnellus Conrad 1858 KB99
                 |--*P. densatus (Conrad 1858) [=Strombus densatus; incl. P. typicus Gabb 1877] BR17
                 |--P. bartheli Kiel & Bandel 1999 KB99
                 |--P. goldmani KB99
                 |--P. hauthali Wilckens 1905 KB99
                 |--P. klitzschi Kiel & Bandel 1999 KB99
                 `--P. uncatus Stoliczka 1868 KB99

Aporrhaidae incertae sedis:
  Mesochilotoma Seeley 1861 P66
    `--*M. striata Seeley 1861 P66
  Helicaulax W77
  Bicorempterus Gründel 2001 G01
    `--*B. elegans (Hudleston 1884) (see below for synonymy) G01
  Pietteia Cossmann 1904 G01
    |--*P. hamus (Eudes-Deslongchamps 1842) [=Rostellaria hamus, Alaria hamus] G01
    |--P. anglica Cox & Arkell 1950 G01
    |--P. callamus Gründel 2001 G01
    |--P. hudlestoni (Wilson 1887) [=Anchura (Pietteia) hudlestoni] TTE93
    `--P. russiensis G01
  Cuphotifer Piette 1876 G01
  Ueckeritzella Gründel 1998 G01
    `--U. mothsi Gründel 1998 G01
  Canepina Conti & Fischer 1981 G01

Aporrhais serresianus (Michaud 1828) [=Rostellaria serresiana, Chenopus serresiana; incl. Aporrhais mcandreae, A. pescarbonis] N79

*Bicorempterus elegans (Hudleston 1884) [=Alaria bispinosa var. elegans, Dicroloma elegans; incl. A. bicornis Blake 1905-1907] G01

Dicroloma cochleata (Quenstedt 1858) GK02 [=Rostellaria cochleata G01, Alaria cochleata G01, Anchura (Dicroloma) cochleata G01, Dicroloma cochleatum G01]

Spiniloma Gründel, Nutzel & Schulbert 2009 BR17 [=Spinigera d’Orbigny 1850 non Lesson 1842 BR17; Spinigeridae, Spinigerinae, Spinilomatinae BR05]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[G01] Gründel, J. 2001. Neritimorpha und weitere Caenogastropoda (Gastropoda) aus dem Dogger Norddeutschlands und des nordwestlichen Polens. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe E 36: 45–99.

[GK02] Gründel, J., & T. Kowalke. 2002. Palaeorissoinidae, a new family of marine and brackish water Rissooidea (Gastropoda, Littorinimorpha). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 226 (1): 43–57.

[KB99] Kiel, S., & K. Bandel. 1999. The Pugnellidae, a new stromboidean family (Gastropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 73 (1–2): 47–58.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[P66] Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pls 1–23.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

[SH12] Stilwell, J. D., & E. Håkansson. 2012. Survival, but…! New tales of ‘dead clade walking’ from Austral and Boreal post-K–T assemblages. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 795–810. Springer.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.

Stromboidea

Ostrich feet Struthiolaria papulosa, copyright Naturalis Biodiversity Center.

Belongs within: Hypsogastropoda.
Contains: Aporrhaidae, Xenophoridae, Strombidae.

The Stromboidea are a group of often large marine gastropods that exhibit determinate growth with the shell often becoming elaborated around the aperture. In life, stromboids have a characteristic 'hopping' mode of locomotion is which the animal is raised on the muscular column of the foot, using the claw-like operculum as an anchor.

Characters (from Simone 2011): Shell fusiform with determinated growth. Incurrent shell canal. Enlargmement of distance between head base and furrow of pedal gland. Septum separating haemocoel from visceral cavity muscular constituted. Terminal nucleus of operculum. Pallial tentacle in front of anus. Reversion to a thick hypobranchial glans. Loss of pair of longitudinal folds in middle esophagus. Bursa copulatrix of females situated in anterior region of pallial oviduct, originating from genital pore. Females with furrow running in the right side of the head-foot, originating from genital pore.

<==Stromboidea [Leptopoda, Strombacea, Xenophoracea]
    |--+--Cuphosolenus serresianus (Michaud 1828) S11
    |  `--+--Aporrhaidae S11
    |     `--+--Xenophoroidea BR17
    |        |    |--Xenophoridae S11
    |        |    `--Lamelliphorus Cossmann 1916 BR05 [Lamelliphoridae BR17]
    |        |         |--*L. ornatissimus (d’Orbigny 1850) [=Trochus ornatissimus] BR17
    |        |         |--L. supraliasinus (Vacek 1886) TTE93
    |        |         `--L. tortilis (Peron 1900) TTE93
    |        `--+--Strombidae S11
    |           `--Seraphsidae BR17
    |                |--Terebellum Lamarck 1798 S11, BR05 [Terebellinae BR05]
    |                |    |--*T. terebellum (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Bulla terebellum BR17, Conus terebellum H09]
    |                |    `--T. subulatum G20
    |                `--Seraphs Montfort 1810 [=Seraphys (l. c.); Seraphina, Seraphsinae, Seraphyinae] BR05
    |                     |--*S. convolutum (Lamarck 1802) [=Terebellum convolutum] BR17
    |                     `--S. sopitus (Solander in Brander 1766) TTE93
    `--Struthiolariidae [Struthiolariinae, Struthiolarinae] S11
         |--Tylospira scutulata (Gmelin 1791) S11
         |--Perissodonta KB99
         |--Struthiolarella Steinman & Wilckens 1908 [Struthiolarellinae] BR05
         |    `--*S. ameghinoi (Ihering 1899) [=Struthiolaria ameghinoi] BR17
         |--Monalaria Marwick 1926 F27a
         |    `--*M. concinna [=Struthiolaria tuberculata concinna] F27a
         `--Struthiolaria Lamarck 1816 BR17
              |  i. s.: S. acuminata W27
              |         S. calcar H86
              |         S. cincta H86
              |         S. cingulata H86
              |         S. frazeri P61
              |         S. nana Marwick 1926 F27a
              |         S. obesa H86
              |         S. praenuntia Marwick 1926 F27a
              |         S. prior Finlay 1926 F27a
              |         S. scutulata C60
              |         S. spinifera A27
              |         S. sulcata H86
              |         S. tuberculata H86
              |--S. (Struthiolaria) BR17
              |    |--*S. (S.) nodulosa Lamarck 1816 BR17
              |    `--S. (S.) papulosa (Martyn 1784) S11 [=S. (Callusaria) papulosa F27a]
              |         |--S. p. papulosa P61
              |         `--S. p. gigas Sowerby 1842 P61
              |--S. (Callusaria Finlay 1927) F27a
              |    |--S. (C.) callosa F27a
              |    |--S. (C.) spinosa M49
              |    `--S. (C.) subspinosa F27a
              `--S. (Pelicaria Gray 1857) P61
                   |--S. (*P.) vermis Martyn 1784 P61 [=Buccinum vermis P61, S. vernis (l. c.) F27a]
                   |--S. (P.) convexa Marwick 1926 F27a
                   `--S. (P.) tricarinata (Lesson 1830) P61

Stromboidea incertae sedis:
  Thersitea Coquand 1862 [Thersiteidae] BR05
    |--*T. gracilis Coquand 1862 BR17
    `--T. ponderosa (Coquand 1862) TTE93
  Oncoma Mayer 1876 [=Dilatilabrum Cossmann 1904; Dilatilabridae] BR17
    `--*O. meneguzzoi (Mayer 1876) [=Strombus meneguzzoi, *Dilatilabrum meneguzzoi] BR17
  Hippochrenidae BR17
    |--Hippochrenes Montfort 1810 [Hippochreninae] BR17
    |    `--*H. macropterus (Lamarck 1803) [=Rostellaria macroptera] BR17
    `--Wateletia Cossmann 1889 [Wateletiinae, Wateletinae] BR17
         `--*W. geoffroyi (Watelet 1855) [=Rostellaria geoffroyi] BR17
  Rostellariidae BR17
    |--Calyptraphorus Conrad 1857 [Calyptraphorinae] BR17
    |    |--*C. velatus (Conrad 1857) [=Rostellaria velata] BR17
    |    `--C. palliatus (Forbes 1848) TTE93
    |--Tibia Röding 1798 [=Rostellaria Lamarck 1799; Rostellariinae, Rostellarinae, Tibiidae] BR05
    |    |--*T. fusus (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) BR17
    |    |--‘Rostellaria’ crebricostata Zekeli 1852 (see below for synonymy) F27b
    |    |--‘Rostellaria’ fissurella C64
    |    `--T. insulaechorab Röding 1798 S11
    `--Rimella Agassiz 1841 non Raf. 1819 (ICBN) BR05 [Rimellidae, Rimellinae BR17]
         |--*R. fissurella (Linnaeus 1767) [=Strombus fissurella] BR17
         |--R. cancellata Lamarck 1816 WG71
         `--R. javana Martin 1879 [incl. Cancellaria neavolutella Noetling 1901] PH90
  Pereiraea Crosse 1867 [Pereiraeidae] BR17
    `--*P. gervaisii (Vézian 1856) [=Pleurotoma gervaisii] BR17
  Cassianozyga Bandel 1991 B91
    `--*C. seelandica Bandel 1991 B91
  Hemizyga Girty 1915 B91, HS80 [incl. Strianematina Chronic 1952 KC60]
    |--*H. elegans Girty 1915 KC60
    |--H. decussata Yoo 1988 B91
    |--H. dubia HS80
    `--H. grandicostata HS80

‘Rostellaria’ crebricostata Zekeli 1852 [incl. Mitra cancellata Sow. 1832 nec Bolten 1798 nec Swainson 1821, Voluta cristata Zekeli 1852] F27b

*Tibia fusus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Murex fusus, *Rostellaria fusus, Strombus fusus; incl. Tibia indiarum Röding 1798] BR17

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, R. S. 1927. The geology and palaeontology of the Lower Waihao Basin, south Canterbury, New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 265–309.

[B91] Bandel, K. 1991. Über triassische "Loxonematoidea" und ihre Beziehungen zu rezenten und paläozoischen Schnecken. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 65 (3–4): 239–268.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C60] Cox, L. R. 1960. Gastropoda: general characteristics of Gastropoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I84–I169. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[F27a] Finlay, H. J. 1927a. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27b] Finlay, H. J. 1927b. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[HS80] Hoare, R. D., & M. T. Sturgeon. 1980. The Pennsylvanian pseudozygopleurid gastropod genus Gamizyga n. gen. from Ohio and West Virginia. Journal of Paleontology 54 (1): 159–187.

[H86] Hutton, F. W. 1886. The Mollusca of the Pareora and Oamaru systems of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 205–237.

[KB99] Kiel, S., & K. Bandel. 1999. The Pugnellidae, a new stromboidean family (Gastropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 73 (1–2): 47–58.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169–I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[M49] Mason, B. 1949. The geology of Mandamus-Pahau district, north Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 403–428.

[PH90] Petit, R. E., & M. G. Harasewych. 1990. Catalogue of the superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes and Hanley, 1851 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Nautilus 103 (Suppl. 1): 1–69.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[W27] Waghorn, R. J. 1927. The geology of the Ruakokopatuna Valley, southern Wairarapa. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 226–234.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Last updated: 3 October 2021.

Strombidae

Elegant conch Canarium erythrinum, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Stromboidea.
Contains: Lambis, Strombus.

The Strombidae are a group of marine herbivorous gastropods characterised by a flared or thickened outer lip on the adult shell, and a sickle-shaped operculum that is used as a lever by the animal when moving (Wilson & Gillett 1971).

Characters (from Wilson & Gillett 1971): Shell bearing a flaring or thickened outer lip when mature, with deep U-shaped notch near anterior end. Columella smooth. Eyes large, located on short branches near end of usually long eye stalks; right eye extended through anterior notch on lip. Operculum long, sharp, sickle-shaped, usually serrated on one side; located on posterior protuberance of foot.

<==Strombidae [Alatidae, Strombeae, Strombia, Strombina, Strombusidae]
    |  i. s.: Pyramis Röding 1798 BR05
    |         Laevistrombus Kira 1955 WG71
    |           |--L. canarium (Linnaeus 1758) [=Strombus canarium] WG71
    |           `--L. guidoi (Man in’t Veld & De Turck 1998) PK11
    |         Pterocera Lamarck 1799 [Pteroceridae] BR17
    |           |--*P. lambis (Linnaeus 1758) [=Strombus lambis] BR17
    |           `--P. bryonia (Gmelin 1791) [=Strombus bryonius] H09
    |         Dientomochilus stueri Cossmann 1904 TTE93
    |--Canarium Schumacher 1817 S11, WG71 [Canariini]
    |    |--*C. ustulatum Schumacher 1817 BR17 [=Strombus ustulatus H09]
    |    |--C. erythrinum (Dillwyn 1817) [=Strombus (Canarium) erythrinus] WG71
    |    |--C. labiatum (Röding 1798) [=Strombus (Canarium) labiatus] WG71
    |    |--C. mutabile (Swainson 1821) WG71 [=Strombus (Canarium) mutabilis BC01]
    |    |    |--C. m. mutabile BC01
    |    |    `--C. m. ochroglottis (Abbott 1960) [=Strombus (Canarium) mutabilis ochroglottis] BC01
    |    `--C. urceus (Linnaeus 1758) S11 [=Strombus urceus BC01]
    |         |--C. u. urceus BC01
    |         `--C. u. orrae (Abbott 1960) [=Strombus (Canarium) urceus orrae] BC01
    `--+--Conomurex Fischer 1884 S11, WG71
       |    `--C. luhuanus (Linnaeus 1758) S11 [=Strombus luhuanus WG71]
       `--+--Tricornis Jousseaume 1886 S11, WG71
          |    |--T. oldi (Emerson 1965) [=Strombus (Tricornis) oldi] BC01
          |    |--T. raninus (Gmelin 1791) S11
          |    `--T. sinuatus (Humphrey 1786) [=Strombus (Tricornis) sinuatus] WG71
          `--+--Lambis S11
             `--+--Strombus S11
                `--+--Aliger S11
                   |    |--A. costatus (Gmelin 1791) S11
                   |    `--A. gallus (Linné 1758) S11
                   `--Eustrombus S11
                        |--E. gigas (Schröter 1805) S11
                        |--E. goliath (Schroter 1805) S11
                        `--E. mayacensis (Tucker & Wilson 1933) [=Strombus (Eustrombus) macayensis] P89

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[P89] Petuch, E. J. 1989. New species of Malea (Gastropoda: Tonnidae) from the Pleistocene of southern Florida. Nautilus 103 (3): 92–95.

[PK11] Puillandre, N., Y. I. Kantor, A. Sysoev, A. Couloux, C. Meyer, T. Rawlings, J. A. Todd & P. Bouchet. 2011. The dragon tamed? A molecular phylogeny of the Conoidea (Gastropoda). Journal of Molluscan Studies 77: 259–272.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Strombus

Fighting conch Strombus pugilis, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Strombidae.

Strombus, the conches, is a pantropical genus of large marine gastropods characterised by a shell with a large, flaring outer lip bearing a U-shaped notch near the anterior end.

<==Strombus Linnaeus 1758 [Strombinae, Strombini] BR05
    |--*S. (Strombus) pugilis Linnaeus 1758 BR17
    |--S. (Dolomena Iredale 1931) WG71
    |    |--S. (D.) dilatatus Swainson 1821 WG71
    |    |    |--S. d. dilatatus WG71
    |    |    `--S. d. swainsoni Reeve 1850 WG71
    |    |--S. (D.) plicatus (Röding 1798) WG71 [=Lambis plicata H09, S. columba (nom. inv.) H08]
    |    |    |--S. p. plicatus WG71
    |    |    `--S. p. pulchellus Reeve 1851 WG71
    |    `--S. (D.) variabilis Swainson 1820 WG71
    |--S. (Doxander Iredale 1931) WG71
    |    |--S. (D.) campbelli Griffith & Pidgeon 1834 WG71 [incl. Alaba sulcata H08]
    |    `--S. (D.) vittatus Linnaeus 1758 WG71
    |--S. (Euprotomus Gill 1870) WG71
    |    |--S. (E.) aurisdianae Linnaeus 1758 WG71
    |    |    |--S. a. aurisdianae WG71
    |    |    `--S. a. aratrum Röding 1798 WG71
    |    `--S. (E.) vomer Röding 1798 WG71
    |         |--S. v. vomer WG71
    |         `--S. v. iredalei Abbott 1960 WG71
    |--S. (Gibberulus Jousseaume 1888) WG71
    |    `--S. (G.) gibberulus Linnaeus 1758 WG71
    |         |--S. g. gibberulus WG71
    |         `--S. g. gibbosus Röding 1798 WG71
    |--S. (Labiostrombus Oostingh 1925) WG71
    |    `--S. (L.) epidromis Linnaeus 1758 WG71
    `--S. (Lentigo Jousseaume 1866) WG71
         |--S. (L.) lentiginosus Linnaeus 1758 WG71
         `--S. (L.) pipus Röding 1798 WG71

Strombus incertae sedis:
  S. alatus Gmelin 1790 S11
  S. australis Gray 1827 H09
  S. belutschiensis M01
  S. bituberculatus [incl. S. peruvianus] C64
  S. bubonius P75
  S. canalis Coquebert & Brongniart 1793 CB93
  S. cancellatus Valenciennes 1833 C64
  S. chiragra Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. decorus (Roeding 1798) BD86
    |--S. d. decorus BD86
    |--S. d. persicus Swainson 1821 BD86
    `--S. d. raybaudi Nicolay & Manoja 1983 BD86
  S. dentatus Linnaeus 1758 H09
  S. elegans Sowerby 1842 H09
  S. fissura Coquebert & Brongniart 1793 CB93
  S. fragilis (Röding 1798) BW09
  S. galeatus C64
  S. gallus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. gigas Linnaeus 1758 L58 [incl. S. goliath G79]
  S. gracilior Sowerby 1825 S11
  S. granulatus C64
  S. laciniatus Dillwyn 1817 H09
  S. latissimus Linnaeus 1758 BW09
  S. lucifer Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. marginatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. melanostomus Swainson 1822 H09
  S. microurceus Kira 1959 BW09
  S. millepeda Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. papilio Dillwyn 1817 H09
  S. preoccupatus Finlay 1927 [=S. spinosus Martin 1899 non Linnaeus 1767] F27
  S. raninus KB99
  S. scorpius Linnaeus 1758 L58
  S. sibbaldii Sowerby 1842 H09
  S. spinosus Linnaeus 1767 F27
  S. tricornis P75
  S. wilsoni Abbott 1967 WG71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BD86] Barash, A., & Z. Danin. 1986. Further additions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrants). Spixiana 9 (2): 117–141.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[CB93] Coquebert, R., & A. Brongniart. 1793. Extrait d'un mémoire sur la formation de la coquille du Strombus fissurella, et sur deux espèces analogues à celle-ci. Bulletin de la Société Philomatique, a ses Correspondans 25: 1–2.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H08] Hedley, C. 1908. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part X. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 456–489, pls 7–10.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[KB99] Kiel, S., & K. Bandel. 1999. The Pugnellidae, a new stromboidean family (Gastropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 73 (1-2): 47–58.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M01] Melville, J. C. 1901. A few further remarks upon the Erythrean molluscan fauna, with descriptions of seven species from Aden, in the collection of Commander E. R. Shopland, R.I.M. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 550–556.

[P75] Por, F. D. 1975. Pleistocene pulsation and preadaptation of biotas in Mediterranean seas: consequences for Lessepsian migration. Systematic Zoology 24 (1): 72–78.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.

Xenophoridae

Xenophora pallidula, copyright C. R. McClain.

Belongs within: Stromboidea.

The Xenophoridae, carrier shells, are a group of more or less conical shells that commonly cement foreign bodies such as stones or discarded shells to their own shell to provide defence and/or camouflage. They are sediment feeders, consuming forams and other detritus. The shell has a ventrally porcellanous peripheral flange in species of Onustus but a non-porcellanous flange in Xenophora.

Characters (from Wikipedia): Shells small to rather large (diameter of base without attachments 19–160 mm; height of shell 21–100 mm), depressed to conical, with narrow to wide, simple to spinose peripheral edge or flange separating spire from base. Aperture large, base broad, rather flattened, often umbilicate. Periostracum very thin or wanting. Protoconch depressed-conical, multispiral (rarely paucispiral). Teleoconch usually with foreign objects attached in spiral series to peripheral flange and, sometimes, remainder of dorsum, at least on early whorls. Operculum horny, yellowish to brown, nucleus lateral, with simple growth lamellae, sometimes with conspicuous radial striae or hollow radial ribs.

<==Xenophoridae
    |--Onustus Swainson 1840 [Onustidae] BR05
    |    |--*O. indicus (Gmelin 1971) [=Trochus indicus] BR17
    |    |--O. caribaeus (Petit 1856) S11
    |    `--O. prognatus Finlay 1926 F27
    `--Xenophora Fischer von Waldheim 1807 BR17 [incl. Phorus Montfort 1810 BR05]
         |--X. conchyliophora (Born 1780) S11 (see below for synonymy)
         |--‘Trochus’ agglutinans Lamarck 1804 [=*Phorus agglutinans] BR17
         |--X. cerea (Reeve 1845) MG-H11 [=Phorus cereus H09]
         |--X. corrugata (Reeve 1842) F27
         |--X. exuta (Reeve 1842) MG-H11 [=Phorus exutus H09]
         |--X. gigantea Schepman 1909 MG-H11
         |--X. grasi Roman & Mazeran 1920 TTE93
         |--X. helvacea Philippi 1851 H09
         |--X. indica (Gmelin 1791) MG-H11
         |--X. japonica (Kuroda & Habe 1971) K07
         |--X. lindae Petuch & Drolshagen 2009 P12
         |--X. mediterranea PP64
         |--X. neozelanica Suter 1908 P61 [=Onustus neozelanicus F27]
         |--X. pallidula (Reeve 1842) MG-H11 [=Phorus pallidulus H09]
         |--X. rhytida Cossmann 1899 [=Peasiella rhytida] R89
         |--X. simpsoni Stanton 1893 TTE93
         |--X. solarioides (Reeve 1845) [=Phorus solarioides] H09
         |--X. tatei Harris 1897 [=X. (Tugurium) tatei] DK08
         `--X. tulearensis Stewart & Kosuge 1993 BC01

Xenophora conchyliophora (Born 1780) S11 [=Trochus conchyliophorus BR17, *X. laevigata Fischer von Waldheim 1807 BR17]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[K07] Kamenev, G. M. 2007. The taxonomic position of Bentharca xenophoricola (Kuroda, 1929) and Bentharca rubrotincta Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1958 (Bivalvia: Arcidae). Malacologia 49 (2): 351–365.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P12] Petuch, E. J. 2012. Miocene asteroid impacts: proposed effects on the biogeography and extinction patterns of eastern North American gastropods. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 967–981. Springer.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[R89] Reid, D. G. 1989. Systematic revision of the Recent species of Peasiella Nevill, 1885 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae), with notes on the fossil species. Nautilus 103 (2): 43–69.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 3 October 2021.