Arvicolinae

Jaw of Mimomys pliocaenicus, copyright Ghedoghedo.

Belongs within: Cricetidae.
Contains: Clethrionomys, Dicrostonyx, Myodes, Eothenomys, Microtus.

The Arvicolinae, voles and lemmings, are a Holarctic group of small rodents with a tail less than half the length of the head and body, an angular skull, and a short rostrum. The lemmings (e.g. Dicrostonyx and Lemmus) are cold-climate specialists, found in Arctic and tundra regions, whereas the voles (Microtus, etc.) are also found in more temperate regions. The lemmings have broader and more massive skulls than the voles, with the genera of lemmings being distinguished by characters of the teeth. The muskrat Ondatra zibethicus is a larger semi-aquatic, omnivorous species that is native to North America but also introduced to parts of Eurasia and South America.

<==Arvicolinae [Arvicolidae, Microtinae, Microtini]
    |--+--Neofiber alleni FS15, M87
    |  `--Ondatra zibethicus (Linnaeus 1766) FS15, M76 [=Castor zibethicus B75]
    |       |--O. z. zibethicus MH03
    |       |--O. z. cinnamominus B75
    |       `--O. z. idahoensis MH03
    `--+--+--+--Dicrostonyx FS15
       |  |  `--+--Phenacomys FS15
       |  |     |    |--P. intermedius M87
       |  |     |    `--P. ungava FS15
       |  |     `--Arborimus FS15
       |  |          |--A. pomo Johnson & George 1991 FS15, N10
       |  |          `--+--A. albipes FS15 [=Phenacomys albipes BP87]
       |  |             `--A. longicaudus FS15 [incl. A. silvicola J68]
       |  `--+--Synaptomys FS15
       |     |    |--S. borealis FS15
       |     |    `--S. cooperi M87
       |     |         |--S. c. cooperi B75
       |     |         `--S. c. gossii (Coues in Coues & Allen 1877) [=Arvicola (Synaptomys) gossii] B75
       |     `--+--Myopus schisticolor FS15
       |        `--Lemmus [Lemmini] FS15
       |             |--+--L. portenkoi FS15
       |             |  `--L. trimucronatus FS15
       |             `--+--L. lemmus FS15
       |                `--+--L. amurensis FS15
       |                   `--L. sibiricus FS15
       `--+--+--Hyperacrius FS15
          |  |    |--H. fertilis FS15
          |  |    `--H. wynnei FS15
          |  `--+--Myodes FS15
          |     `--+--Eothenomys FS15
          |        `--Caryomys FS15
          |             |--C. eva FS15
          |             `--C. inez FS15
          `--+--+--+--Dinaromys bogdanovi FS15
             |  |  |--Propliomys Kretzoi 1959 P04
             |  |  |    `--P. hungaricus (Kormos 1934) [=Dolomys hungaricus] P04
             |  |  `--Pliomys Méhely 1914 FS15, P04
             |  |       |--P. coronensis (Méhely 1914) P04
             |  |       |--P. episcopalis Méhely 1914 P04
             |  |       |--P. graecus De Bruijn & Van der Meulen 1975 P04
             |  |       `--P. lenki (Heller 1930) FS15, P04
             |  `--+--Promimomys Kretzoi 1955 P04
             |     |    |--P. microdon Janossy 1974 P04
             |     |    `--P. moldavicus (Kormos 1932) [=Mimomys moldavicus] P04
             |     `--+--Arvicola FS15
             |        |    |  i. s.: A. arvalis T66
             |        |    |         A. monticola T66
             |        |    |         A. mosbachensis (Schmidtgen 1911) P04
             |        |    |         A. socialis T66
             |        |    |         A. terrestris (Linnaeus 1758) K92
             |        |    |--A. sapidus Miller 1908 FS15, K92
             |        |    `--+--A. amphibius FS15
             |        |       `--A. scherman FS15
             |        `--Mimomys Forsyth Major 1902 P04
             |             |--M. davakosi Van de Weerd 1979 P04
             |             |--M. gansunicus DW04
             |             |--M. gracilis (Kretzoi 1959) P04
             |             |--M. peii HC95
             |             |--M. pliocaenicus (Forsyth Major 1889) P04
             |             |--M. polonicus Kowalski 1960 P04
             |             |--M. proseki Fejfar 1961 P04
             |             |--M. savini Hinton 1910 P04
             |             `--M. stehlini Kormos 1931 P04
             `--+--Ellobius FS15
                |    |--E. alaicus FS15
                |    |--E. fuscocapillus FS15
                |    |--E. lutescens FS15
                |    |--E. talpinus FS15
                |    `--E. tancrei FS15
                `--+--+--Lagurus FS15
                   |  |    |--L. lagurus FS15
                   |  |    `--L. luteus BP87
                   |  `--Eolagurus FS15
                   |       |--E. luteus FS15
                   |       `--E. przewalskii FS15
                   `--+--Chionomys FS15
                      |    |--C. nivalis FS15
                      |    `--+--C. gud FS15
                      |       `--C. roberti FS15
                      `--+--+--Lemmiscus Thomas 1912 FS15, M87
                         |  |    `--*L. curtatus [=Lagurus curtatus] M87
                         |  `--Proedromys FS15
                         |       |--P. bedfordi FS15
                         |       `--P. liangshanensis FS15
                         `--+--Microtus FS15
                            `--+--+--‘Microtus’ gregalis FS15 [=Mus (Stenocranius) gregalis PM61]
                               |  `--Lasiopodomys FS15
                               |       |--L. fuscus FS15
                               |       `--+--L. brandtii FS15
                               |          `--L. mandarinus FS15
                               `--+--Phaiomys leucurus FS15
                                  `--+--Volemys FS15
                                     |    |--V. clarkei IT07
                                     |    |--V. kikuchii IT07
                                     |    |--V. millicens FS15
                                     |    `--V. musseri FS15
                                     `--Neodon FS15
                                          |--N. juldaschi FS15
                                          `--+--N. sikimensis FS15
                                             `--+--N. forresti FS15
                                                `--N. irene FS15

Arvicolinae incertae sedis:
  Mictomys MH03
    |--M. kansasensis (Hibbard 1952) MH03
    |--M. landesi MH03
    |--M. meltoni MH03
    `--M. vetus MH03
  Pliophenacomys osborni MH03
  Bjornkurtenia Kowalski 1992 P04
    `--B. canterranensis (Michaux 1976) [=Trilophomys canterranensis] P04
  Baranomys Kormos 1933 P04
    `--B. longidens (Kowalski 1960) P04
  Dolomys Nehring 1898 P04
    |--*D. milleri Nehring 1898 P04
    |--D. adroveri (Fejfar, Mein & Moissenet 1990) P04
    |--D. nehringi Kretzoi 1959 P04
    `--D. occitanus (Thaler 1955) [=Mimomys occitanus; incl. M. hassiacus atavus Fejfar 1961] P04
  Aschizomys J68
    |--A. andersoni J68
    |--A. imaizumi J68
    `--A. niigatae J68
  Clethrionomys M87
  Microtoscoptini G88
    |--Microtoscoptes G88
    `--Paramicrotoscoptes G88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8–14.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[HC95] Huang W., R. Ciochon, Gu Y., R. Larick, Fang Q., H. Schwarcz, C. Yonge, J. de Vos & W. Rink. 1995. Early Homo and associated artefacts from Asia. Nature 378: 275–278.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[J68] Johnson, M. L. 1968. Application of blood protein electrophoretic studies to problems in mammalian taxonomy. Systematic Zoology 17 (1): 23–30.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[MH03] Martin, R. A., R. T. Hurt, J. G. Honey & P. Peláez-Campomanes. 2003. Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene rodents fom the northern Borchers Badlands (Meade County, Kansas), with comments on the Blancan-Irvingtonian boundary in the Meade Basin. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 985–1001.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[M87] Modi, W. S. 1987. Phylogenetic analyses of chromosomal banding patterns among the Nearctic Arvicolidae (Mammalia: Rodentia). Systematic Zoology 36 (2): 109–136.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[PM61] Paradiso, J. L. & R. H. Manville. 1961. Taxonomic notes on the tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus) in Alaska. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 77–92.

[P04] Popov, V. V. 2004. Pliocene small mammals (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Muselievo (north Bulgaria). Geodiversitas 26 (3): 403–491.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84–93.

Scapteromyini

Ihering's hocicudo Brucepattersonius iheringi, copyright Paulo Ricardo de Oliveira Roth.

Belongs within: Sigmodontinae.

The Scapteromyini are a group of fossorial and semi-aquatic mice found in central South America. The group has been recognised to include the genera Scapteromys, Kunsia and Bibimys but its monophyly has been questioned.

Scapteromyini N10
    |--+--Scapteromys FS15
    |  |    |--S. aquaticus L07
    |  |    `--S. tumidus (Waterhouse 1837) L07
    |  `--Kunsia FS15
    |       |--K. fronto IT07
    |       `--K. tomentosus IT07
    `--+--Bibimys FS15
       |    |--B. labiosus (Winge 1887) FS15, N10 [=Scapteromys labiosus N10]
       |    `--+--B. chacoensis FS15
       |       `--B. torresi FS15
       `--+--Lenoxus apicalis FS15
          `--+--Blarinomys breviceps FS15
             `--Brucepattersonius FS15
                  |--B. albinasus FS15
                  |--B. griserufescens FS15
                  |--B. guarani FS15
                  |--B. igniventris FS15
                  |--B. iheringi FS15
                  |--B. misionensis FS15
                  |--B. paradisus FS15
                  `--B. soricinus FS15

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[L07] Lareschi, M. 2007. Seasonal occurrence of ectoparasites associated with the water rat Scapteromys aquaticus (Muridae, Sigmodontinae) from Punta Lara, Argentina. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 233–240. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

Castorimorpha

Reconstruction of Eomys quercyi, copyright Nobu Tamura.

Belongs within: Rodentia.
Includes: Castoridae, Heteromyidae, Geomyidae.

The Castorimorpha are a clade of rodents supported by molecular data including the modern Castoridae (beavers), Heteromyidae (pocket mice) and Geomyidae (gophers).

<==Castorimorpha MJ11
    |--Castoroidea MJ11
    |    |--Castoridae MJ11
    |    `--Mattimys [Eutypomyidae] MJ11
    `--+--Florentiamys MHL03 [Florentiamyidae MJ11, Florentiamyinae]
       |--Heliscomyidae MJ11
       |    |--Heliscomys MJ11
       |    `--Passaliscomys MJ11
       `--Geomyoidea [Saccomyina, Saccomyoidea] HH83
            |--Heteromyidae HH83
            |--Geomyidae MJ11
            `--Eomys Schlosser 1884 D07 [Eomyidae HH83]
                 |--E. abnatensis D07
                 |--E. burkei D07
                 |--E. craiky D07
                 |--E. intermedius D07
                 |--E. major D07
                 |--E. maximus D07
                 |--E. minimus D07
                 |--E. minutes D07
                 |--E. orbicularis D07
                 |--E. orientalis D07
                 |--E. quercyi D07
                 `--E. zitteli D07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[HH83] Hafner, J. C., & M. S. Hafner. 1983. Evolutionary relationships of heteromyid rodents. In: Biology of Desert Rodents. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 3–29.

[MHL03] Meng, J., Y. Hu & C. Li. 2003. The osteology of Rhombomylus (Mammalia, Glires): implications for phylogeny and evolution of Glires. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 275: 1–247.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.

Perognathinae

Silky pocket mouse Perognathus flavus, copyright Bob Beatson.

Belongs within: Heteromyidae.

The Perognathinae, pocket mice, are two genera Perognathus and Chaetodipus (sometimes united in a single genus) of small mouse-like heteromyid rodents found in arid regions of western North America. Their relationship is supported by biochemical data (Hafner & Hafner 1983).

<==Perognathinae HH83
    |--Chaetodipus Merriam 1889 HH83
    |    |--*C. spinatus [=Perognathus spinatus] HH83
    |    |--C. anthonyi Osgood 1900 [=Perognathus anthonyi] HH83
    |    |--C. arenarius Merriam 1894 [=Perognathus arenarius] HH83
    |    |--C. artus [=Perognathus artus] HH83
    |    |--C. baileyi [=Perognathus baileyi] HH83
    |    |--C. californicus [=Perognathus californicus] HH83
    |    |--C. dalquesti Roth 1976 [=Perognathus dalquesti] HH83
    |    |--C. fallax Merriam 1889 [=Perognathus fallax] HH83
    |    |--C. formosus (Merriam 1889) [=Perognathus formosus] HH83
    |    |--C. goldmani [=Perognathus goldmani] HH83
    |    |--C. hispidus [=Perognathus (Chaetodipus) hispidus] HH83
    |    |    |--C. h. hispidus MB86
    |    |    |--‘Perognathus’ h. spilotus Merriam 1899 B75
    |    |    `--‘Perognathus’ h. zacatecae Osgood 1900 MB86
    |    |--C. intermedius [=Perognathus intermedius] HH83
    |    |--C. lineatus Dalquest 1951 [=Perognathus lineatus] HH83
    |    |--C. nelsoni (Merriam 1894) HH83, MB86 [=Perognathus nelsoni HH83]
    |    |--C. penicillatus [=Perognathus penicillatus] HH83
    |    |    |--C. p. penicillatus MB86
    |    |    `--‘Perognathus’ p. eremicus Mearns 1898 MB86
    |    `--C. pernix [=Perognathus pernix] HH83
    `--Perognathus Wied-Neuwied 1839 HH83
         |--P. alticola IT07
         |--P. amplus IT07
         |--P. fasciatus MH03
         |--P. flavescens MH03
         |    |--P. f. flavescens B75
         |    `--P. f. perniger Osgood 1904 B75
         |--P. flavus MH03
         |    |--P. f. flavus MB86
         |    |--P. f. medius Baker 1954 MB86
         |    |--P. f. pallescens Baker 1954 MB86
         |    `--P. f. parviceps Baker 1954 MB86
         |--P. gidleyi MH03
         |--P. inornatus IT07
         |--P. longimembris HH83
         |    |--P. l. longimembris HD37
         |    `--P. l. panamintinus HD37
         |--P. merriami NB83
         |    |--P. m. merriami NB83
         |    `--P. m. gilvus NB83
         |--P. parvus HH83
         |    |--P. p. parvus HD37
         |    `--P. p. olivaceus HD37
         |--P. pearlettensis MH03
         `--P. xanthanotus IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[HH83] Hafner, J. C., & M. S. Hafner. 1983. Evolutionary relationships of heteromyid rodents. In Biology of Desert Rodents. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 3–29.

[HD37] Hall, E. R., & S. D. Durrant. 1937. A new kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops) of Utah and Nevada. Journal of Mammalogy 18 (3): 357–359.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MH03] Martin, R. A., R. T. Hurt, J. G. Honey & P. Peláez-Campomanes. 2003. Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene rodents fom the northern Borchers Badlands (Meade County, Kansas), with comments on the Blancan-Irvingtonian boundary in the Meade Basin. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 985–1001.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[NB83] Nikolai, J. C. & D. M. Bramble. 1983. Morphological structure and function in desert heteromyid rodents. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 44–64.

Geomyidae

Variable pocket gopher Orthogeomys heterodus, copyright INBio.

Belongs within: Castorimorpha.
Contains: Thomomys, Geomys.

The Geomyidae, pocket gophers, are a group of burrowing rodents found in North and Central America. They share the presence of externally opening, fur-lined cheek pouches with the related kangaroo rats and pocket mice of the Heteromyidae, but are distinguished by their adaptions for a fossorial lifestyle (Hafner & Hafner 1983).

<==Geomyidae
    |  i. s.: ‘Sorex’ mexicanus Kerr 1792 HH83
    |         Dikkomys B74
    |         Heterogeomys hispidus G69
    |           |--H. h. hispidus G69
    |           |--H. h. isthmicus G69
    |           |--H. h. tehuantepecus G69
    |           `--H. h. torridus G69
    |         Gregorymys MJ11
    |--Entoptychus MJ11 [Entoptychinae HH83]
    |--Pleurolicus MJ11 [Pleurolicinae HH83]
    `--Geomyinae HH83
         |--Parapliosaccomys HH83
         `--+--Thomomys GE05
            `--+--Geomys GE05
               `--+--Zygogeomys trichopus GE05
                  |--Orthogeomys GE05
                  |    |  i. s.: O. cuniculus G69
                  |    |         O. dariensis IT07
                  |    |         O. (Orthogeomys) grandis HH83
                  |    |           |--O. g. grandis G69
                  |    |           |--O. g. alleni G69
                  |    |           |--O. g. alvarezi Schaldach 1966 G69
                  |    |           |--O. g. carbo G69
                  |    |           |--O. g. felipensis G69
                  |    |           |--O. g. nelsoni G69
                  |    |           `--O. g. scalops G69
                  |    |         O. lanius IT07
                  |    |         O. matagalpae IT07
                  |    |         O. thaeleri IT07
                  |    |--O. hispidus GE05
                  |    `--+--+--O. cavator GE05
                  |       |  `--O. underwoodi GE05
                  |       `--+--O. cherriei GE05
                  |          `--O. (Macrogeomys) heterodus GE05, HH83
                  `--+--Cratogeomys GE05
                     |    |--C. castanops GE05
                     |    `--C. merriami GE05
                     `--Pappogeomys GE05
                          |--P. alcorni IT07
                          |--P. bulleri GE05
                          |--P. castanops MB86
                          |    |--P. c. castanops MB86
                          |    |--P. c. goldmani (Merriam 1895) MB86
                          |    |--P. c. rubellus (Nelson & Goldman 1934) MB86
                          |    |--P. c. subnubilus (Nelson & Goldman 1934) MB86
                          |    `--P. c. surculus Russell 1968 MB86
                          |--P. fumosus IT07
                          |--P. gymnurus HH83
                          |--P. merriami IT07
                          |--P. neglectus IT07
                          |--P. tylorhinus IT07
                          `--P. zinseri IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B74] Bugge, J. 1974. The cephalic arterial system in insectivores, primates, rodents and lagomorphs, with special reference to the systematic classification. Acta Anatomica 87 (Suppl 62): 1–160.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HH83] Hafner, J. C., & M. S. Hafner. 1983. Evolutionary relationships of heteromyid rodents. In Biology of Desert Rodents. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 3–29.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.

Oryzomys

Coues' rice rat Oryzomys couesi, copyright Paulina Arias Caballero de Miguel.

Belongs within: Cricetidae.

Oryzomys, the rice rats, are a genus of semiaquatic rodents found in southern North and South America. Members of this genus have short and coarse fur, relatively long tails and broad hind feet (Goodwin 1969).

<==Oryzomys
    |--O. (Oryzomys) G69
    |    |--O. (O.) alfaroi G69
    |    |    |--O. a. alfaroi G69
    |    |    |--O. a. chapmani G69
    |    |    |--O. a. gloriaensis G69
    |    |    |--O. a. guerrerensis G69
    |    |    `--O. a. palatinus G69
    |    |--O. (O.) caudatus [=G. alfaroi caudatus] G69
    |    |--O. (O.) couesi G69
    |    |    |--O. c. couesi G69
    |    |    |--O. c. aztecus G69
    |    |    `--O. c. mexicanus G69
    |    `--O. (O.) melanotis G69
    |         |--O. m. melanotis G69
    |         `--O. m. rostratus G69
    `--O. (Oligoryzomys) G69
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ andinus IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ arenalis IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ chacoensis IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ delticola IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ destructor IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ eliurus IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ flavescens IT07
         |--O. (O.) fulvescens G69
         |    |--O. f. fulvescens G69
         |    |--O. f. lenis G69
         |    `--O. f. pacificus G69
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ griseolus IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ longicaudatus IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ magellanicus IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ microtis IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ nigripes IT07
         |--‘Oligoryzomys’ vegetus IT07
         `--O. (O.) victus Thomas 1898 IT07, AC98

Oryzomys incertae sedis:
  O. albigularis IT07
  O. aphrastus BP87
  O. argentatus BP87
  O. auriventer IT07
  O. balneator IT07
  O. bauri BP87
  O. bolivaris IT07
  O. buccinatus IT07
  O. capito IT07
  O. cozumelae BP87
  O. devius IT07
  O. dimidiatus IT07
  O. emmonsae LMZ05
  O. fernandinae BP87
  O. galapagoensis IT07
  O. gorgasi IT07
  O. hammondi IT07
  O. intectus IT07
  O. intermedius IT07
  O. keaysi IT07
  O. kelloggi IT07
  O. lamia IT07
  O. legatus IT07
  O. levipes IT07
  O. macconnelli PCS05
  O. megacephalus PCS05
  O. narboroughi BP87
  O. nelsoni BP87
  O. nitidus PCS05
  O. oniscus IT07
  O. palustris IT07
  O. peninsulae BP87
  O. polius IT07
  O. ratticeps IT07
  O. rhabdops IT07
  O. saturatior IT07
  O. subflavus IT07
  O. talamancae IT07
  O. xantheolus IT07
  O. yunganus IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1–29.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[LMZ05] Lambert, T. D., J. R. Malcolm & B. L. Zimmerman. 2005. Variation in small mammal species richness by trap height and trap type in southeastern Amazonia. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 982–990.

[PCS05] Percequillo, A. R., A. P. Carmignotto & M. J. de J. Silva. 2005. A new species of Neusticomys (Ichthyomyini, Sigmodontinae) from central Brazilian Amazonia. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 873–880.

Neotoma

Bushy-tailed woodrat Neotoma cinerea, from here.

Belongs within: Neotominae.

Neotoma, the woodrats or pack rats, are a genus of rodents found in North America. Members of this genus are relatively large, with conspicuously hairy and elongate tails (Goodwin 1969).

<==Neotoma
    |--N. cinerea RC06
    |    |--N. c. cinerea M-PV-G01
    |    `--N. c. acraia (Elliot 1904) M-PV-G01
    `--+--N. leucodon Merriam 1894 RC06, MB86 [=N. albigula leucodon MB86]
       `--N. mexicana Baird 1855 RC06, MB86
            |--N. m. mexicana MB86
            |--N. m. isthmica G69
            |--N. m. parvidens G69
            |--N. m. picta G69
            |--N. m. tenuicauda Merriam 1892 MB86
            `--N. m. tropicalis G69

Neotoma incertae sedis:
  N. albigula Hartley 1894 M-PV-G01
  N. angustapalata IT07
  N. anthonyi IT07
  N. bryanti IT07
  N. bunkeri IT07
  N. chrysomelas IT07
  N. floridana MHL03
    |--N. f. floridana BP87
    `--N. f. smalli BP87
  N. fuscipes IT07
  N. goldmani Merriam 1903 MB86
  N. lepida Thomas 1893 M-PV-G01
    |--N. l. lepida H42
    |--N. l. devia H42
    |--N. l. felipensis H42
    |--N. l. gilva H42
    |--N. l. grinnelli Hall 1942 H42
    |--N. l. latirostra MBJ83
    |--N. l. monstrabilis H42
    `--N. l. nevadensis H42
  N. martinensis IT07
  N. micropus IT07
  N. nelsoni IT07
  N. ozarkensis MHL03
  N. palatina Goldman 1905 MB86
  N. phenax IT07
  N. stephensi IT07
  N. taylori MH03
  N. varia IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[H42] Hall, E. R. 1942. A new race of wood rat (Neotoma lepida). University of California Publications in Zoology 46 (5): 369–370.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MH03] Martin, R. A., R. T. Hurt, J. G. Honey & P. Peláez-Campomanes. 2003. Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene rodents fom the northern Borchers Badlands (Meade County, Kansas), with comments on the Blancan-Irvingtonian boundary in the Meade Basin. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 985–1001.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[MHL03] Meng, J., Y. Hu & C. Li. 2003. The osteology of Rhombomylus (Mammalia, Glires): Implications for phylogeny and evolution of Glires. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 275: 1–247.

[M-PV-G01] Montiel-Parra, G., G. A. Villegas-Guzman, M. Vargas & O. J. Polaco. 2001. Mites associated with nests of Neotoma albigula Hartley, 1894 (Rodentia: Muridae) in Durango, México. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 586–593. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[MBJ83] Munger, J. C., M. A. Bowers & W. T. Jones. 1983. Desert rodent populations: factors affecting abundance, distribution, and genetic structure. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 7: 91–116.

[RC06] Reeder, S. A., D. S. Carroll, C. W. Edwards, C. W. Kilpatrick & R. D. Bradley. 2006. Neotomine-peromyscine rodent systematics based on combined analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 251–258.

Peromyscus (Peromyscus) maniculatus

North American deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus, copyright J. N. Stuart.

Belongs within: Peromyscus.

The North American deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus is a variable species found over the greater part of North America.

See also: The gordian mouse.

Characters (from Animal Diversity Web): Body round and slender; size small, typically 119 to 222 mm long, weighing between 10 and 24 grams; tail length variable, ranging from 45 mm to 105 mm. Woodland forms typically larger with larger tails and feet than prairie forms. Coloration grayish to reddish brown with white underparts. Fur short, soft, dense. Nose pointed; eyes large, black, beady; ears large with little fur. Vibrissae long and prominent. Forelimbs shorter than hind limbs; hind feet 22 mm or less. Tail finely-haired, bicolored, the darker top half and lighter bottom sharply differentiated. Dental formula 1/1 0/0 0/0 3/3; molars low-crowned, cuspidate; third upper molar less wide than first two.

<==Peromyscus (Peromyscus) maniculatus
    |--P. m. maniculatus CZ75
    |--P. m. algidus CZ75
    |--P. m. artemisiae CZ75
    |--P. m. austerus CZ75
    |--P. m. bairdii (Hoy & Kennicott 1857) [=Mus bairdii] B75
    |--P. m. blandus Osgood 1904 MB86
    |--P. m. borealis CZ75
    |--P. m. fulvus G69
    |--P. m. gambeli CZ75
    |--P. m. gracilis CZ75
    |--P. m. keeni J68
    |--P. m. labecula Elliot 1903 MB86
    |--P. m. luteus CZ75
    |--P. m. macrorhinus CZ75
    |--P. m. nebrascensis (Coues in Coues & Allen 1877) [=Hesperomys sonoriensis var. nebrascensis] J61
    |--P. m. oreas CZ75
    |--P. m. osgoodi CZ75
    |--P. m. ozarkiarum CZ75
    |--P. m. pallescens CZ75
    |--P. m. prevostensis J68
    `--P. m. sonoriensis HD37

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[CZ75] Caire, W. & E. G. Zimmerman. 1975. Chromosomal and morphological variation and circular overlap in the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, in Texas and Oklahoma. Systematic Zoology 24 (1): 89–95.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[HD37] Hall, E. R., & S. D. Durrant. 1937. A new kangaroo mouse (Microdipodops) of Utah and Nevada. Journal of Mammalogy 18 (3): 357–359.

[J68] Johnson, M. L. 1968. Application of blood protein electrophoretic studies to problems in mammalian taxonomy. Systematic Zoology 17 (1): 23–30.

[J61] Jones, J. K., Jr. 1961. A syntype of Peromyscus maniculatus nebrascensis (Coues). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 101–104.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

Tylomyinae

Watson's climbing rat Tylomys watsoni, copyright D. H. Janzen.

Belongs within: Cricetidae.

The Tylomyinae, climbing rats and vesper rats, are a group of arboreal rodents found in Mexico and Central America.

Characters (from Animal Diversity Web): Medium to large-sized; 95 to 255 mm in length; tail 85 to 250 mm in length, tail usually slightly longer body; weight 29 to 280 grams. Fur short or long; cinnamon, buff, tawny, gray, russet, or brown above, white below. Ears nearly naked, short or long. Whiskers long and black. Eyes quite large, sometimes each surrounded by a dark ring. Tail either covered with long hairs and tufted at tip, or nearly naked. Hind feet modified for climbing. Two pairs of mammae present in the inguinal region. Molars brachydont, cuspidate, with major cusps lying opposite one another; cheek teeth bearing well-developed mesolophs and mesolophids; second upper molar with four roots; third lower molar relatively large with a crown pattern like that of the second lower molar. Interorbital region cuneate, with prominant supraorbital shelves continuing posteriorly as pronounced temporal ridges. Interparietal bone large, contacting the squamosal, to which the tegmen tympani are united. Zygomatic plates narrow, usually without a dorsal notch. Alisphenoid strut present; subsquamosal fenestra absent; postglenoid foramen quite small. Mesopterygoid fossa usually completely ossified; parapterygoid fossa shallow and slender. Sphenopalatine vacuities, if present, tiny slits. First rib attaching to only first thoracic vertebra. Humerus with entepicondylar foramen. Calcaneum with wide, proximally-positioned trochlear process. Stomach single-chambered; gall bladder absent. Caecum long and complex. Glans penis wide and short (though longer than baculum), with large, well-spaced spines.

<==Tylomyinae [Tylomyini]
    |--Ototylomys phyllotis RC06
    |--Otonyctomys hatti RC06, IT07
    |--Nyctomys sumichrasti RC06, G69
    |    |--N. s. sumichrasti G69
    |    |--N. s. colimensis G69
    |    `--N. s. pallidulus G69
    `--Tylomys RC06
         |--T. bullaris G69
         |--T. fulviventer IT07
         |--T. mirae IT07
         |--T. nudicaudus RC06
         |    |--T. n. nudicaudus G69
         |    |--T. n. gymnurus G69
         |    |--T. n. microdon G69
         |    |--T. n. tumbalensis G69
         |    `--T. n. villai Schaldach 1966 [=T. n. villae] G69
         |--T. panamensis IT07
         `--T. watsoni IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[RC06] Reeder, S. A., D. S. Carroll, C. W. Edwards, C. W. Kilpatrick & R. D. Bradley. 2006. Neotomine-peromyscine rodent systematics based on combined analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 251–258.

Caviomorpha

Sierra del Tontal chinchilla rat Abrocoma schistacea, photographed by Ana Julia Sandoval.

Belongs within: Hystricognathiformes.
Contains: Chinchillidae, Octodontidae, Ctenomys, Echimyidae, Capromys, Erethizontidae, Cavioidea.

The Caviomorpha are a clade uniting the Neotropical hystricomorph rodents, supported by molecular analysis (e.g. Meredith et al. 2011). They are mostly restricted to South America and the Caribbean islands, with only a single species, the porcupine Erethizon dorsatum, found in North America. Molecular data support a division between the porcupines (Erethizontidae) and Cavioidea on one side, and the Chinchilloidea and Octodontoidea on the other (Meredith et al. 2011). The position of the Abrocomidae, chinchilla rats, within the latter clade has been the subject of some debate: whereas molecular data support a more traditional position for them with the Octodontoidea, Glanz & Anderson (1990) noted a number of morphological features such as a narrowed rostrum suggesting a more direct relationship to the Chinchillidae.

<==Caviomorpha GA90
    |  i. s.: Elasmodontomys [Heptaxodontidae] GA90
    |           `--E. obliquus FS01
    |         Eobranisamys romeropittmanae SS09
    |         Branisamys luribayensis SS09
    |--+--Chinchilloidea MJ11
    |  |    |--Chinchillidae MJ11
    |  |    `--Dinomyidae MJ11
    |  |         |--Dinomys branickii IT07
    |  |         |--Olenopsis MJ11
    |  |         `--Scleromys MJ11
    |  `--Octodontoidea MJ11
    |       |--Abrocomidae [Abrocominae] MJ11
    |       |    |--Protabrocoma Kraglievich 1927 GA90
    |       |    |--Cuscomys ashaninka Emmons 1999 N10
    |       |    `--Abrocoma Waterhouse 1837 [=Habrocoma Wagner 1842] GA90
    |       |         |--*A. bennettii GA90
    |       |         |    |--A. b. bennetti GA90
    |       |         |    `--A. b. murrayi GA90
    |       |         |--A. antiqua GA90
    |       |         |--A. boliviensis Glanz & Anderson 1990 GA90
    |       |         |--A. budini N10
    |       |         |--A. cinerea GA90
    |       |         |--A. famatina N10
    |       |         |--A. oblativa GA90 [=Cuscomys oblativus N10]
    |       |         |--A. schistacea N10
    |       |         |--A. uspallata Braun & Mares 2002 N10
    |       |         `--A. vaccarum N10
    |       `--+--+--Octodontidae MJ11
    |          |  `--Ctenomyidae [Ctenomyinae] MJ11
    |          |       |--Ctenomys MJ11
    |          |       |--Xenodontomys MJ11
    |          |       `--Palaeoctodon MJ11
    |          `--+--+--Echimyidae MJ11
    |             |  `--Myocastor MHL03 [Myocastoridae MJ11]
    |             |       `--M. coypus (Molina 1782) [=Mus coypus] B75
    |             `--Capromyidae MJ11
    |                  |--Capromys GA90
    |                  |--Isolobodon IT07
    |                  |    |--I. montanus FS01
    |                  |    `--I. portoricensis IT07
    |                  |--Geocapromys GA90
    |                  |    |--G. brownii IT07
    |                  |    |--G. columbianus FS01
    |                  |    |--G. ingrahami IT07
    |                  |    |--G. megas AC98
    |                  |    |--G. pleistoceniscus AC98
    |                  |    `--G. thoracatus FS01
    |                  |--Mesocapromys IT07
    |                  |    |--M. angelcabrerai IT07
    |                  |    |--M. auritus IT07
    |                  |    |--M. barbouri Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                  |    |--M. beatrizae Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                  |    |--M. delicatus Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                  |    |--M. gracilis Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                  |    |--M. kraglievichi Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                  |    |--M. minimus Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                  |    |--M. nanus IT07
    |                  |    |--M. sanfelipensis IT07
    |                  |    `--M. silvai Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                  |--Plagiodontia GA90
    |                  |    |--P. aedium IT07
    |                  |    |--P. araeum FS01
    |                  |    |--P. hylaeum BP87
    |                  |    |--P. ipnaeum FS01
    |                  |    `--P. velozi FS01
    |                  `--Mysateles IT07
    |                       |--M. garridoi IT07
    |                       |--M. gundlachi IT07
    |                       |--M. jaumei Varona & Arredondo 1979 AC98
    |                       |--M. melanurus IT07
    |                       |--M. meridionalis IT07
    |                       `--M. prehensilis IT07
    `--+--+--+--Incamys MHL03
       |  |  `--Neoreomys MHL03
       |  `--+--Protosteiromys B74
       |     `--Erethizontidae MJ11
       `--Cavioidea MHL03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1–29.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[B74] Bugge, J. 1974. The cephalic arterial system in insectivores, primates, rodents and lagomorphs, with special reference to the systematic classification. Acta Anatomica 87 (Suppl 62): 1–160.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[FS01] Flannery, T. & P. Schouten. 2001. A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World’s Extinct Animals. Text Publishing: Melbourne.

[GA90] Glanz, W. E., & S. Anderson. 1990. Notes on Bolivian mammals. 7. A new species of Abrocoma (Rodentia) and relationships of the Abrocomidae. American Museum Novitates 2991: 1–32.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MHL03] Meng, J., Y. Hu & C. Li. 2003. The osteology of Rhombomylus (Mammalia, Glires): Implications for phylogeny and evolution of Glires. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 275: 1–247.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521–524.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

Ichthyomyini

Peruvian fish-eating rat Neusticomys peruviensis, photographed by Carlos Boada.

Belongs within: Cricetidae.

The Ichthyomyini are a group of semi-aquatic rats found in Central and South America that mostly feed on aquatic invertebrates, with some species also taking small fish. They have small eyes and ears, and partially webbed hind feet fringed with stiff hairs. Members of the genus Neusticomys have a narrower pes than other genera in the group, and may be less specialised for a subaquatic lifestyle (Packer & Lee 2007).

<==Ichthyomyini
    |--Anotomys leander PL07
    |--Chibchanomys PL07
    |    |--C. orcesi Jenkins & Barnett 1997 N10
    |    `--C. trichotis PCS05
    |--Ichthyomys PL07
    |    |--I. hydrobates PL07
    |    |--I. pittieri PCS05
    |    |--I. stolzmanni IT07
    |    `--I. tweedii IT07
    |--Rheomys N10
    |    |--R. (Neorheomys) mexicanus G69
    |    |--R. raptor IT07
    |    |--R. thomasi IT07
    |    `--R. underwoodi IT07
    `--Neusticomys Anthony 1921 [incl. Daptomys Anthony 1929] PL07
         |--*N. monticolus Anthony 1921 PL07
         |--N. ferreirai Percequillo, Carmignotto & Silva 2005 PCS05
         |--N. mussoi Ochoa G. & Soriano 1991 PCS05
         |--N. oyapocki (Dubost & Petter 1978) PCS05 [=Daptomys oyapocki BP87]
         |--N. peruviensis (Musser & Gardner 1974) PCS05 [=Daptomys peruviensis BP87]
         `--N. venezuelae (Anthony 1929) [=*Daptomys venezuelae] PL07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[PL07] Packer, J. B., & T. E. Lee, Jr. 2007. Neusticomys monticolus. Mammalian Species 805: 1–3.

[PCS05] Percequillo, A. R., A. P. Carmignotto & M. J. de J. Silva. 2005. A new species of Neusticomys (Ichthyomyini, Sigmodontinae) from central Brazilian Amazonia. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 873–880.