Rhodophyceae

Erythrotrichia carnea, copyright Ignacio Bárbara.

Belongs within: Corticata.
Contains: Bangiales, Florideophycidae.

The Rhodophyceae include the red algae, a major group of aquatic photosynthetic organisms. Many red algae are multicellular (forming the clade Macrorhodophytina) but the taxon also includes a number of unicellular or filamentous lineages.

Characters (from Adl et al. 2012): Without ciliated stages, and without centrioles, basal bodies, or other 9 + 2 microtubular structures; polar rings present instead; two-membraned simple chloroplasts, unstacked thylakoids with phycobilisomes, and chlorophyll a only, lacking external endoplasmic reticulum; cytoplasmic carbohydrate reserve floridean starch; chromosomal and interzonal microtubules not converging towards polar rings, so spindle poles very broad; telophase spindle and nuclear envelope persisting with closed mitosis surrounded by perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum; cell wall of cellulose; cells in filamentous forms linked by pit plugs, formed between cells after incomplete cell division; sexual reproduction typically oogamous; triphasic life history common.

<==Rhodophyceae [Bangiophycidae, Rhodophycophyta, Rhodophyta, Rhodoplantae] AS12
    |--Macrorhodophytina C-S98
    |    |--Bangiales C-S98
    |    `--Florideophycidae C-S98
    |--Cyanidiales [Cyanidiophyceae, Cyanidiophyta] AS12
    |    |--Cyanidioschyzon merolae NM03
    |    |--Cyanidium caldarium GP03
    |    `--Galdieria merolae AS12, C-SCL15
    |--Rhodellophyceae [Rhodellophytina] C-S98
    |    |--Dixoniella grisea AS12, MO08
    |    |--Glaucosphaera vacuolata AS12, LA03
    |    `--Rhodella JLG03
    |         |--R. maculata OI05
    |         `--R. violacea JLG03
    |--Porphyridiophyceae AS12
    |    |--Erythrolobus AS12
    |    |--Flintiella sanguinaria AS12, PB04
    |    `--Porphyridium [Porphyridiaceae, Porphyridiales] C-S98
    |         |--P. aerugineum HSA03
    |         `--P. purpureum C-SCL15
    |--Stylonematales [Stylonematophyceae] AS12
    |    |--Stylonema alsidii MO08
    |    |--Bangiopsis subsimplex AS12, MS02
    |    |--Chroodactylon ornatum AS12, MS02
    |    |--Purpureofilum AS12
    |    |--Rhodosorus marinus AS12, MO08
    |    |--Rhodospora AS12
    |    `--Rufusia AS12
    `--Compsopogonales [Compsopogonophyceae] AS12
         |--Rhodochaete [Rhodochaetales] AS12
         |    `--R. parvula PH03
         `--Erythrotrichiaceae SG05
              |--Compsopogon caeruleus MO08
              `--Erythrotrichia MS02
                   |--E. carnea MS02
                   |--E. ciliaris (Carmichael) Batters. 1900 [=Bangia ciliaris] L27
                   |--E. kylinii Gardner 1927 S57
                   `--E. parksii S57
                        |--E. p. var. parksii S57
                        `--E. p. var. minor Gardner 1927 S57

Rhodophyceae incertae sedis:
  Salpingoporella HS02
  Smithora naiadum HSA03
  Kappaphycus alvarezii JLG03
  Schottera nicaeensis W03
  Californiella Poncet 1987 VH01
  Gymnocodium [Gymnocodiaceae] VH01
    `--G. exile Mu 1981 VH01
  Goniotrichum [Goniotrichaceae, Goniotrichales] S57
    |--G. cornu-cervi (Reinsch) Hauck 1885 S57
    `--G. elegans (Chauvin) Zanardini 1847 S57
  ‘Diplocystis’ Agardh 1896 nec Trevisan 1848 nec Berkeley & Curtis 1869 FT93
  Cruoriella Crouan 1859 K98
    `--C. japonica (Segawa) Denizot 1968 [=Cruoriopsis japonica Segawa 1941] K98
  Cruoriopsis aestuarii K98
  Pustularia Vologdin 1955 nec Swainson 1840 (ICZN) nec Gray 1858 (ICZN) G79
    `--*P. taeniata Vologdin 1955 G79
  Rubellophyton Vologdin 1966 G79
    `--*R. rameus Vologdin 1966 G79
  Wurdemannia miniata N10
  Curdiea racovitzae N10
  Pyropia yezoensis C-SCL15

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[C-S98] Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73: 203–266.

[C-SCL15] Cavalier-Smith, T., E. E. Chao & R. Lewis. 2015. Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: new cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 93: 331–362.

[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i–viii, 1–351.

[G79] Glaessner, M. F. 1979. Precambrian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A79–A118. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[GP03] Gupta, R. S., M. Pereira, C. Chandrasekara & V. Johari. 2003. Molecular signatures in protein sequences that are characteristic of cyanobacteria and plastid homologues. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1833–1842.

[HS02] Höfling, R., & R. W. Scott. 2002. Early and Mid-Cretaceous buildups. SEPM Special Publication 72: 521–548.

[HSA03] Huisman, J. M., A. R. Sherwood & I. A. Abbott. 2003. Morphology, reproduction, and the 18S rRNA gene sequence of Pihiella liagoraciphila gen. et sp. nov. (Rhodophyta), the so-called ‘monosporangial discs’ associated with members of the Liagoraceae (Rhodophyta), and proposal of the Pihiellales ord. nov. Journal of Phycology 39: 978–987.

[JLG03] Jacobsen, S., K. Lüning & F. Goulard. 2003. Circadian changes in relative abundance of two photosynthetic transcripts in the marine macroalga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 39: 888–896.

[K98] Kaehler, S. 1998. The non-coralline epilithic encrusting algae of Hong Kong II: additions and identification. Asian Marine Biology 15: 1–17.

[L27] Laing, R. M. 1927. A reference list of New Zealand marine algae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 126–185.

[LA03] Longet, D., J. M. Archibald, P. J. Keeling & J. Pawlowski. 2003. Foraminifera and Cercozoa share a common origin according to RNA polymerase II phylogenies. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1735–1739.

[MO08] Moore, R. B., M. Oborník, J. Janouškovec, T. Chrudimský, M. Vancová, D. H. Green, S. W. Wright, N. W. Davies, C. J. S. Bolch, K. Heimann, J. Šlapeta, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, J. M. Logsdon, Jr. & D. A. Carter. 2008. A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites. Nature 451: 959–963.

[MS02] Müller, K. M., A. R. Sherwood, C. M. Pueschel, R. R. Gutell & R. G. Sheath. 2002. A proposal for a new red algal order, the Thoreales. Journal of Phycology 38: 807–820.

[N10] Norris, J. N. 2010. Marine algae of the northern Gulf of California: Chlorophyta and Phaeophyceae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 94: 1–276.

[NM03] Nozaki, H., M. Matsuzaki, M. Takahara, O. Misumi, H. Kuroiwa, M. Hasegawa, T. Shin-i, Y. Kohara, N. Ogasawara & T. Kuroiwa. 2003. The phylogenetic position of red algae revealed by multiple nuclear genes from mitochondria-containing eukaryotes and an alternative hypothesis on the origin of plastids. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 485–497.

[OI05] Okamoto, N., & I. Inouye. 2005. The katablepharids are a distant sister group of the Cryptophyta: a proposal for Katablepharidophyta divisio nova/Kathablepharida phylum novum based on SSU rDNA and beta-tubulin phylogeny. Protist 156: 163–179.

[PH03] Pawlowski, J., M. Holzmann, J. Fahrni & S. L. Richardson. 2003. Small subunit ribosomal DNA suggests that the xenophyophorean Syringammina corbicula is a foraminiferan. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50: 483–487.

[PB04] Polet, S., C. Berney, J. Fahrni & J. Pawlowski. 2004. Small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences of Phaeodarea challenge the monophyly of Haeckel’s Radiolaria. Protist 155 (1): 53–63.

[SG05] Sau, A., & R. K. Gupta. 2005. Algal flora of Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1–4): 63–86.

[S57] Scagel, R. F. 1957. An annotated list of the marine algae of British Columbia and northern Washington (including keys to genera). National Museum of Canada Bulletin 150: 1–289.

[VH01] Vachard, D., M. Hauser, R. Martini, L. Zaninetti, A. Matter & T. Peters. 2001. New algae and problematica of algal affinity from the Permian of the Aseelah Unit of the Batain Plain (East Oman). Geobios 34 (4): 375–404.

[W03] Womersley, H. B. S. 2003. The Marine Benthic Flora of southern Australia. Rhodophyta pt IIID. Ceramiales—Delesseriaceae, Sarcomeniaceae, Rhodomelaceae. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 18. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra, and the State Herbarium of South Australia: Adelaide.

Gigartinales

Rhodophyllis membranacea, copyright Gary W. Saunders.

Belongs within: Florideophycidae.
Contains: Callophyllis, Gigartina.

The Gigartinales is a diverse group of red algae, in which the auxiliary cells of the carpogonium transformed from ordinary vegetative cells or contained in special accessory systems.

Characters (from Womersley 1994): Thallus macroscopic, crustose or erect and frondose to much branched, rarely minute and parasitic; branches terete to compressed or flat, usually not calcified, cartilaginous to mucilaginous. Structure uniaxial or multiaxial, loosely filamentous to pseudo-parenchymatous. Cells varying in shape, uni- to multinucleate; rhodoplasts discoid, numerous per cell, without pyrenoids; pit-plugs without cap layers. Growth of branches and filaments apical. Reproduction: Sexual thalli monoecious or dioecious; procarpic or non-procarpic. Carpogonial branches usually situated on inner cortical cells, 3 to several cells long, straight or curved, inwardly or outwardly projecting, with the supporting cell mono- or polycarpogonial, with one or more connecting filaments from the fertilized carpogonium or other cells after fusion. Auxiliary cells in special accessory systems or branches or transformed from ordinary vegetative cells. Carposporophytes within the cortex, in protuberant cystocarps, or in surface nemathecia, with or without a filamentous enveloping tissue or pericarp. Spermatangia cut off from surface cortical cells. Tetrasporophytes crustose or erect, tetrasporangia derived from cortical cells or within nemathecia, usually terminal but intercalary in a few taxa, cruciately, zonately or irregularly divided. Life history usually triphasic, with isomorphic or heteromorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophytes.

Gigartinales
    |  i. s.: Chondrus crispus HSA03
    |         Mazzaella laminarioides SK02
    |         Mastocarpus papillatus HSA03
    |         Nizymenia australis HSA03
    |--Acrosymphyton [Acrosymphytaceae] HJ08
    |    `--A. taylorii Abbott 1962 HJ08
    |--Corynocystis Kraft in Kraft et al. 1999 [Corynocystaceae] HL09
    |    `--C. prostrata Kraft in Kraft et al. 1999 HL09
    |--Portieria Zanardini 1851 [Rhizophyllidaceae] HL09
    |    `--P. hornemannii (Lyngbye) Silva 1987 [=Desmia hornemannii Lyngbye 1819, Chondrococcus hornemannii] HL09
    |--Hypnea Lamouroux 1813 [Hypneaceae] HL09
    |    |--H. japonica BG16
    |    `--H. musciformis (Wulfen) Lamouroux 1813 HJ08
    |--Petrocelis Agardh 1852 K98 [Cruoriaceae S57]
    |    |--P. franciscana Setchell & Gardner in Gardner 1917 S57
    |    `--P. middendorffii (Ruprecht) Kjellman 1883 S57
    |--Peyssonnelia Decaisne 1841 [Peyssonneliaceae] HL09
    |    |--P. conchicola K98
    |    |--P. guadalupensis Dawson 1960 K98
    |    |--P. harveyana Agardh 1852 K98
    |    |--P. inamoena Pilger 1911 HL09
    |    |--P. pacifica Kylin 1925 K98
    |    `--P. rubra (Greville) Agardh 1851 L27
    |--Solieriaceae HJ08
    |    |--Turnerella mertensiana (Postels & Ruprecht) Schmitz 1889 [=Iridaea mertensiana] S57
    |    |--Agardhiella coulteri (Harvey) Setchell in Collins, Holden & Setchell 1897 (see below for synonymy) S57
    |    |--Opuntiella californica (Farlow) Kylin 1925 S57
    |    |--Sarcodiotheca furcata (Setchell & Gardner) Kylin 1932 [=Anatheca furcata] S57
    |    |--Eucheuma denticulatum (Burman) Collins & Hervey 1917 HJ08
    |    `--Solieria W03
    |         |--S. chordalis H04
    |         `--S. tenera W03
    |--Kallymeniaceae S57
    |    |--Pugetia fragilissima Kylin 1925 S57
    |    |--Erythrophyllum delesserioides Agardh 1872 S57
    |    |--Callophyllis S57
    |    |--Callocolax S57
    |    |    |--C. fungiformis Kylin 1925 S57
    |    |    |--C. globulosis Dawson 1945 S57
    |    |    `--C. neglectus Schmitz ex Batters 1895 L27
    |    `--Kallymenia HSA03
    |         |--K. antarctica GW97
    |         |--K. bleckii N10
    |         |--K. oblongifructa Setchell 1912 [=Callymenia oblongifructa, Iridaea oblongifructa] S57
    |         |--K. ornata (Postels & Ruprecht) Agardh 1851 [=Callymenia ornata] S57
    |         |--K. reniformis (Turner) Agardh 1842 [=Callymenia reniformis] S57
    |         `--K. tasmanica HSA03
    |--Sphaerococcaceae L27
    |    |--Sphaerococcus cornopifolius SK02
    |    |--Sarcocladia crateriformis Agardh 1876 L27
    |    |--Calliblepharis prolifera (Hooker & Harvey) Agardh 1876 [=Rhodymenia prolifera] L27
    |    |--Phacelocarpus L27
    |    |    |--P. alatus Harvey 1855 L27
    |    |    `--P. labillardieri (Mertens) Agardh 1852 L27
    |    |--Sarcodia L27
    |    |    |--S. flabellata Levring 1949 L49
    |    |    |--S. grandifolia Levring 1949 L49
    |    |    `--S. montagneana Agardh 1852 L27
    |    `--Curdiaea L27
    |         |--C. coriacea (Hooker & Harvey) Agardh 1876 L27
    |         |--C. engelharti Agardh 1901 L27
    |         `--C. laciniata L27
    |--Rhodophyllidaceae SK02
    |    |--Euthora fruticulosa (Ruprecht) Agardh 1852 S57
    |    |--Craspedocarpus erosus (Harvey) Schmitz. 1897 (see below for synonymy) L27
    |    |--Carpococcus linearis Agardh 1876 L27
    |    |--Areschougia laurencia Hooker & Harvey 1847 L27
    |    |--Thysanocladia laxa Sonder 1852 L27
    |    |--Rissonella verruculosa H04
    |    |--Catenella L27
    |    |    |--C. oligarthra Agardh 1876 L27
    |    |    `--C. opuntia (Good & Woodw.) Greville 1830 L27
    |    |         |--C. o. var. opuntia L27
    |    |         `--C. o. var. fusiformis Agardh 1876 L27
    |    `--Rhodophyllis SK02
    |         |--R. acanthocarpa (Hooker & Harvey) Agardh 1876 L27
    |         |--R. angustifrons Hooker & Harvey 1855 L27
    |         |--R. gunnii Harvey 1845 L27
    |         |--R. lacerata Hooker & Harvey 1855 L27
    |         |--R. laingii Cotton 1908 L27
    |         |--R. membranacea Hooker & Harvey 1845 L27
    |         `--R. volans SK02
    |--Dumontiaceae HL09
    |    |--Cryptosiphonia woodii Agardh 1876 S57
    |    |--Thuretellopsis peggiana Kylin 1925 S57
    |    |--Weeksia fryeana Setchell 1912 S57
    |    |--Gibsmithia Doty 1963 HL09
    |    |    `--G. hawaiiensis Doty 1963 HL09
    |    |--Dumontia HSA03
    |    |    |--D. alaskana HSA03
    |    |    `--D. contorta MS02
    |    |--Pikea S57
    |    |    |--P. californica Harvey 1853 S57
    |    |    `--P. pinnata Setchell in Collins, Holdern & Setchell 1899 S57
    |    |--Farlowia S57
    |    |    |--F. compressa Agardh 1876 S57
    |    |    `--F. mollis (Harvey & Bailey) Farlow & Setchell in Collins, Holden & Setchell 1901 (see below for synonymy) S57
    |    |--Dilsea S57
    |    |    |--D. californica (Agardh) Kuntze 1891 [=Sarcophyllis californica] S57
    |    |    `--D. carnosa RS99
    |    `--Constantinea S57
    |         |--C. rosamarina H04
    |         |--C. simplex Setchell 1901 S57
    |         `--C. subulifera Setchell 1906 S57
    `--Gigartinaceae S57
         |--Gigartina S57
         |--Rhodoglossum S57
         |    |--R. affine (Harvey) Kylin 1928 [=Chondrus affinis] S57
         |    `--R. latissimum Agardh 1876 S57
         |--Mychodea L27
         |    |--M. carnosa SK02
         |    `--M. foliosa (Harvey) Agardh 1876 [=Gymnogongrus foliosus] L27
         |--Dicranema L27
         |    |--D. aciculare Agardh 1876 L27
         |    `--D. grevillei Sonder 1845 L27
         |--Dactylymenia L27
         |    |--D. berggreni Agardh 1899 [incl. Rhodymenia ornata] L27
         |    |--D. digitata Agardh 1899 L27
         |    `--D. laingii Agardh 1899 L27
         `--Iridaea S57
              |--I. cordata (Turner) Bory 1826 S57 (see below for synonymy)
              |--I. coriacea (Setchell & Gardner) Scagel 1957 [=Iridophycus coriaceum] S57
              |--I. heterocarpa Postels & Ruprecht 1840 [=Iridophycus heterocarpum] S57
              |--I. laminarioides Bory 1829 L27
              |--I. latissima (Hooker & Harvey) Grun. 1870 [=Halymenia latissima Hooker & Harvey 1847] L27
              `--I. whidbeyana (Setchell & Gardner) Scagel 1957 [=Iridophycus whidbeyana] S57

Inorganic: Chondrus binneyi King 1850 H75

Agardhiella coulteri (Harvey) Setchell in Collins, Holden & Setchell 1897 [=Hypriea coulteri, Rhabdonia coulteri] S57

Craspedocarpus erosus (Harvey) Schmitz. 1897 [=Callophyllis erosa, Rhodophyllis erosa; incl. R. chathamensis Cotton 1907] L27

Farlowia mollis (Harvey & Bailey) Farlow & Setchell in Collins, Holden & Setchell 1901 [=Gigartina mollis] S57

Iridaea cordata (Turner) Bory 1826 S57 [=Iridaea laminarioides f. cordata S57, Iridophycus cordatum S57; incl. Iridaea micans Bory 1828 L27]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BG16] Boo, G. H., L. Le Gall, K. A. Miller, D. W. Freshwater, T. Wernberg, R. Terada, K. J. Yoon & S. M. Boo. 2016. A novel phylogeny of the Gelidiales (Rhodophyta) based on five genes including the nuclear CesA, with descriptions of Orthogonocladia gen. nov. and Orthogonacladiaceae fam. nov. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 101: 359–372.

[GW97] Gómez, I., G. Weykam, H. Klöser & C. Wiencke. 1997. Photosynthetic light requirements, metabolic carbon balance and zonation of sublittoral macroalgae from King George Island (Antarctica). Marine Ecology—Progress Series 148: 281–293.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[H75] Häntzschel, W. 1975. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea Suppl. 1. Trace Fossils and Problematica 2^nd ed. The Geological Society of America: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1–44.

[HL09] Huisman, J. M., F. Leliaert, H. Veerbruggen & R. A. Townsend. 2009. Marine benthic plants of Western Australia's shelf-edge atolls. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 50–87.

[HSA03] Huisman, J. M., A. R. Sherwood & I. A. Abbott. 2003. Morphology, reproduction, and the 18S rRNA gene sequence of Pihiella liagoraciphila gen. et sp. nov. (Rhodophyta), the so-called ‘monosporangial discs’ associated with members of the Liagoraceae (Rhodophyta), and proposal of the Pihiellales ord. nov. Journal of Phycology 39: 978–987.

[K98] Kaehler, S. 1998. The non-coralline epilithic encrusting algae of Hong Kong II: Additions and identification. Asian Marine Biology 15: 1–17.

[L27] Laing, R. M. 1927. A reference list of New Zealand marine algae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 126–185.

[L49] Levring, T. 1949. Six new marine algae from New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 394–397.

[MS02] Müller, K. M., A. R. Sherwood, C. M. Pueschel, R. R. Gutell & R. G. Sheath. 2002. A proposal for a new red algal order, the Thoreales. Journal of Phycology 38: 807–820.

[N10] Norris, J. N. 2010. Marine algae of the northern Gulf of California: Chlorophyta and Phaeophyceae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 94: 1–276.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.

[SK02] Saunders, G. W., & G. T. Kraft. 2002. Two new Australian species of Predaea (Nemastomataceae, Rhodophyta) with taxonomic recommendations for an expanded Nemastomatales and expanded Halymeniales. Journal of Phycology 38: 1245–1260.

[S57] Scagel, R. F. 1957. An annotated list of the marine algae of British Columbia and northern Washington (including keys to genera). National Museum of Canada Bulletin 150: 1–289.

[W03] Womersley, H. B. S. 2003. The Marine Benthic Flora of southern Australia. Rhodophyta pt IIID. Ceramiales—Delesseriaceae, Sarcomeniaceae, Rhodomelaceae. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 18. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra, and the State Herbarium of South Australia: Adelaide.

Batrachospermales

Batrachospermum sp., copyright Gary Baird.

Belongs within: Florideophycidae.

The Batrachospermales are a group of freshwater red algae characterised by uniaxial gametophytes, together with pit plugs with a domed outer cap layer but no cap membrane (Müller et al. 2002).

Batrachospermales
    |  i. s.: Tuomeya americana MS02
    |         Paralemanea catenata MS02
    |         Nothocladus nodosus MS02
    |         ‘Audouinella’ macrospora MS02
    |--Lemanea [Lemaneaceae] HS02
    |    `--L. fluriatilis [=Sacheria fluriatilis] G03
    `--Batrachospermaceae HB03
         |--Psilosiphon scoparium HB03
         |--Sirodotia HS02
         |    |--S. huillensis MS02
         |    `--S. suecica MS02
         `--Batrachospermum MS02
              |--B. atrum MS02
              |--B. boryanum MS02
              |--B. gelatinosum MS02
              |--B. helminthosum MS02
              |--B. louisianae MS02
              |--B. macrosporum MS02
              |--B. turfosum MS02
              `--B. virgatodecaisneanum MS02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G03] Gnilovskaya, M. B. 2003. The oldest tissue differentiation in Precambrian (Vendian) algae. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 2003 (2): 92–98 (transl. Paleontological Journal 37 (2): 196–204).

[HS02] Harper, J. T., & G. W. Saunders. 2002. A re-classification of the Acrochaetiales based on molecular and morphological data, and establishment of the Colaconematales ord. nov. (Florideophyceae, Rhodophyta). European Journal of Phycology 37: 463–476.

[HB03] Harvey, A. S., S. T. Broadwater, W. J. Woelkerling & P. J. Mitrovski. 2003. Choreonema (Coralllinales, Rhodophyta): 18S rDNA phylogeny and resurrection of the Hapalidiaceae for the subfamilies Choreonematoideae, Austrolithoideae, and Melobesioideae. Journal of Phycology 39: 988–998.

[MS02] Müller, K. M., A. R. Sherwood, C. M. Pueschel, R. R. Gutell & R. G. Sheath. 2002. A proposal for a new red algal order, the Thoreales. Journal of Phycology 38: 807–820.

Acrochaetiales

Acrochaetium secundatum, from here.

Belongs within: Florideophycidae.

The Acrochaetiales are a group of simple, filamentous red algae.

Characters (from Harper & Saunders 2002): Algae composed of monosiphonous simple or branched filaments, fitting one of the three following sets of characteristics: (1) marine; multiple parietal discoid to band-shaped plastids per cell, lacking pyrenoids; monosporangia unknown, reproducing primarily by asexual tetrasporangia; sexual life history, where known, biphasic with reduced gametophytes; (2) freshwater; cells possessing multiple parietal lobed to discoid plastids, lacking pyrenoids; reproducing primarily by monosporangia; sexual life history, where known, triphasic with morphologically similar gametophytes and tetrasporophytes; (3) marine; cells possessing a single axile stellate chloroplast, each with a single central pyrenoid; reproducing primarily by monosporangia; sexual life history, where known, triphasic.

Acrochaetiales [Acrochaetiaceae]
    |--Conchocelis rosea Batters 1892 S57
    |--Rhodochorton HS02
    |    |--*R. purpureum (Lightfoot) Rosenvinge 1900 (see below for synonymy) HS02
    |    |--R. penicilliforme (Kjellman) Rosenvinge 1894 S57
    |    |--R. purpureum (Lightfoot) Rosenvinge 1900 S57
    |    `--R. tenue Kylin 1925 S57
    |--Kylinia Rosenvinge 1909 S57, HS02
    |    |--*K. rosulata HS02
    |    |--K. arcuata (Drew) Kylin 1944 [=Chromastrum arcuatum, Rhodochorton arcuatum] S57
    |    |--K. hirsuta (Drew) Kylin 1944 [=Chromastrum hirsutum, Rhodochorton hirsutum] S57
    |    `--K. moniliformis (Rosenvinge) Kylin 1944 (see below for synonymy) S57
    |--Audouinella Bory de Saint-Vincent 1823 HS02
    |    |--*A. hermannii (Roth) Duby in de Candolle 1830 (see below for synonymy) HS02
    |    |--A. asparagopsis HS02
    |    |--A. membranacea (Magnus) Papenfuss 1945 [=Rhodochorton membranaceum] S57
    |    |--A. secundata HS02
    |    |--A. stricta HS02
    |    `--A. tenue HS02
    `--Acrochaetium Nägeli in Nägeli & Cramer 1858 [incl. Liagorophila Yamada 1944] HS02
         |--*A. secundatum (Lyngbye) Nägeli in Nägeli & Cramer 1858 (see below for synonymy) HS02
         |--A. arcuatum [=Audouinella arcuata] HS02
         |--A. daviesii HS02
         |--A. desmarestiae Kylin 1925 [=Rhodochorton desmarestiae] S57
         |--A. erythrophyllum Jao 1937 S57
         |--A. macounii (Collins) Hamel 1928 [=Chantrasia macounii, Rhodochorton macounii] S57
         |--A. pacificum Kylin 1925 [=Rhodochorton pacificum] S57
         |--A. subimmersum (Setchell & Gardner) Papenfuss 1945 [=Rhodochorton subimmersum] S57
         |--A. vagum (Drew) Jao 1937 [=Rhodochorton vagum] S57
         |--A. variabile (Drew) Smith 1944 [=Rhodochorton variabile] S57
         `--A. yamadae (Garbary) Harper & Saunders 2002 (see below for synonymy) HS02

Acrochaetium secundatum (Lyngbye) Nägeli in Nägeli & Cramer 1858 [=Callithamnion daviesii var. secundatum Lyngbye 1819, Colaconema secundata (Lyngbye) Woelkerling 1973] HS02

Acrochaetium yamadae (Garbary) Harper & Saunders 2002 [=*Liagorophila endophytica Yamada 1944, Audouinella yamadae Garbary 1980] HS02

*Audouinella hermannii (Roth) Duby in de Candolle 1830 [=Conferva hermannii Roth 1806, Chantransia hermannii (Roth) Desvaux 1809] HS02

Kylinia moniliformis (Rosenvinge) Kylin 1944 [=Chantrasia moniliformis, Chromastrum moniliforme, Rhodochorton moniliforme] S57

Rhodochorton purpureum (Lightfoot) Rosenvinge 1900 [=Byssus purpurea Lightfoot 1777, Audouinella purpurea (Lightfoot) Woelkerling 1973] HS02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[HS02] Harper, J. T., & G. W. Saunders. 2002. A re-classification of the Acrochaetiales based on molecular and morphological data, and establishment of the Colaconematales ord. nov. (Florideophyceae, Rhodophyta). European Journal of Phycology 37: 463–476.

[S57] Scagel, R. F. 1957. An annotated list of the marine algae of British Columbia and northern Washington (including keys to genera). National Museum of Canada Bulletin 150: 1–289.

Colaconema

Microscopic view of Colaconema daviesii, copyright Ignacio Bárbara.

Belongs within: Florideophycidae.

Colaconema is a genus of filamentous red algae indicated by molecular analysis to be phylogenetically distant from other members of the Florideophycidae (Harper & Saunders 2002).

Characters (from Harper & Saunders 2002): Marine algae composed of monosiphonous simple or branched filaments; cells with one to several parietal plastids of varying shape (lobed to spiral to irregular), with or without pyrenoids; plants primarily reproducing asexually by monosporangia; sexual life histories, where known, triphasic.

Colaconema Batters 1896 [Colaconemataceae, Colaconematales] HS02
    |--*C. bonnemaisoniae Batters 1896 [=Chantransia bonnemaisoniae (Batters) Levring 1937] HS02
    |--C. americana HS02
    |--C. amphiroae (Drew) Harper & Saunders 2002 (see below for synonymy) HS02
    |--C. asparagopsis Chemin 1926 HS02
    |--C. caespitosa (Agardh) Harper & Saunders 2002 (see below for synonymy) HS02
    |--C. chylocladiae HS02
    |--C. dasyae (Collins) Harper & Saunders 2002 (see below for synonymy) HS02
    |--C. daviesii (Dillwyn) Stegenga 1985 [=Audouinella daviesii] HS02
    |--C. delisea HS02
    |--C. endophytica (Batters) Harper & Saunders 2002 (see below for synonymy) HS02
    |--C. pectinata (Kylin) Harper & Saunders 2002 (see below for synonymy) HS02
    |--C. proskaueri (West) Harper & Saunders 2002 (see below for synonymy) HS02
    |--C. reticulatum HS02
    |--C. rhizoidea (Drew) Harper & Saunders 2002 (see below for synonymy) HS02
    |--C. simplex HS02
    `--C. tetraspora (Garbary & Rueness) Harper & Saunders 2002 [=Audouinella tetraspora Garbary & Rueness 1980] HS02

Colaconema amphiroae (Drew) Harper & Saunders 2002 [=Rhodochorton amphiroae Drew 1928, Acrochaetium amphiroae (Drew) Papenfuss 1945, Audouinella amphiroae (Drew) Garbary in Hansen et al. 1981] HS02

Colaconema caespitosa (Agardh) Harper & Saunders 2002 [=Callithamnion caespitosum Agardh 1851, Acrochaetium caespitosum (Agardh) Nägeli 1861, Audouinella caespitosa (Agardh) Dixon in Parke & Dixon 1976, Chantransia caespitosa (Agardh) Batters 1896, Rhodothamniella caespitosa (Agardh) Feldmann 1954] HS02

Colaconema dasyae (Collins) Harper & Saunders 2002 [=Acrochaetium dasyae Collins 1906, Audouinella dasyae (Collins) Woelkerling 1973, Chantransia dasyae (Collins) Collins 1911] HS02

Colaconema endophytica (Batters) Harper & Saunders 2002 [=C. endophytica (l. c.), Acrochaetium endophyticum Batters 1896, Audouinella endophytica (Batters) Dixon in Parke & Dixon 1976, Chantransia endophytica (Batters) De Toni 1924] HS03

Colaconema pectinata (Kylin) Harper & Saunders 2002 [=Chantransia pectinatum Kylin 1906, Acrochaetium pectinatum (Kylin) Hamel 1927, Audouinella pectinata (Kylin) Papenfuss 1945, Rhodochorton pectinatum (Kylin) Rosenvinge 1935] HS02

Colaconema proskaueri (West) Harper & Saunders 2002 [=Acrochaetium proskaueri West 1972, Audouinella proskaueri (West) Garbary in Garbary, Hansen & Scagel 1982] HS02

Colaconema rhizoidea (Drew) Harper & Saunders 2002 [=Rhodochorton rhizoideum Drew 1928, Acrochaetium rhizoideum (Drew) Jao 1937; Audouinella rhizoidea (Drew) Garbary 1979] HS02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[HS02] Harper, J. T., & G. W. Saunders. 2002. A re-classification of the Acrochaetiales based on molecular and morphological data, and establishment of the Colaconematales ord. nov. (Florideophyceae, Rhodophyta). European Journal of Phycology 37: 463–476.

Hypoglossum

Hypoglossum woodwardii, from here.

Belongs within: Delesseriaceae.

Hypoglossum is a genus of erect red algae with flat thallus blades that are monostromatic except for the midribs (Womersley 2003).

Characters (from Womersley 2003): Thallus usually erect, mostly 5–20 cm high, with flat (usually), elongate blades arising from the midrib of older blades, monopodially developed (sympodial in H. revolutum), monostromatic apart form the midrib; lateral veins absent; holdfast discoid, usually epilithic. Apical cells obconical, segmenting to form an axial filament of cells with 2 lateral pericentral cells followed by 2 transverse pericentral cells, the lateral cells forming second-order cell rows with all or some cells forming third-order rows, with all rows reaching the blade margin. Blade margin with or without fourth-order rows, entire or serrate, or with fimbriate uniseriate extensions. New branches arise endogenously from the axial cells. Midrib becoming corticated and forming a subterete stipe below as the blade wings are lost. Reproduction: Gametophytes dioecious. Procarps borne on transverse pericentral (supporting) cells on both sides of the blades, with 2 sterile groups and a 4-celled carpogonial branch. Carposporophyte with a basal fusion cell, much branched gonimoblast, and short chains of ovoid carposporangia maturing sequentially. Cystocarps ovoid to urceolate, sessile to stipitate, ostiolate and sometimes with a conspicuous neck; pericarp formed by erect filaments with 1–3 layers of outer cortical cells. Spermatangial sori on both sides of young blades, usually with sterile midrib and margin, with the primary cells cutting off initials each of which produce several spermatangia. Tetrasporangial sori on smaller blades, with tetrasporangia cut off from several inner second- and third-order cells, occasionally from lateral (or even transverse) pericentral cells, and often from cortical cells, the sorus containing sporangia of different ages and covered by a cortex 1–2 cells thick.

Hypoglossum Kützing 1843 W03
    |--*H. woodwardii Kützing 1843 [incl. H. hypoglossoides (Stackhouse) Collins & Hervey 1917] W03
    |--H. annae Wynne & de Clerck 2000 W03
    |--H. armatum (Agardh) Agardh 1898 [=Delesseria armata Agardh 1894; incl. D. microdonthum Agardh 1898] W03
    |--H. dendroides (Harvey) Agardh 1898 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--H. harveyanum (Agardh) Womersley & Shepley 1982 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |    |--H. h. var. harveyanum W03
    |    `--H. h. var. fimbriatum Womersley 2003 W03
    |--H. heterocystideum (Agardh) Agardh 1898 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--H. protendens (Agardh) Agardh 1898 [=Delesseria protendens Agardh 1894] W03
    |--H. revolutum (Harvey) Agardh 1898 (see below for synonymy) W03
    `--H. tenuifolium W03
         |--H. t. var. tenuifolium W03
         `--H. t. var. carolinianum W03

Hypoglossum dendroides (Harvey) Agardh 1898 [=Delesseria dendroides Harvey 1855, Hydrolapatha dendroides (Harvey) Kuntze 1898, Membranoptera dendroides (Harvey) Kuntze 1891; incl. Hypoglossum dendroides var. lancifolia, Hypoglossum dendroides var. oblongifolia] W03

Hypoglossum harveyanum (Agardh) Womersley & Shepley 1982 [=Delesseria harveyana Agardh 1872; incl. D. serrulata Harvey 1958 non Harvey 1957, Hypoglossum serrulatum (Harvey) Agardh 1898] W03

Hypoglossum heterocystideum (Agardh) Agardh 1898 [=Delesseria heterocystidea Agardh 1885; incl. D. hypoglossoides Harvey 1855, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides (Harvey) Womersley & Shepley 1982 non (Stackhouse) Collins & Hervey 1917, Membranoptera hypoglossoides (Harvey) Kuntze 1891, H. marginatum Agardh 1898, Delesseria undulata Agardh 1894, H. undulatum (Agardh) Agardh 1898] W03

Hypoglossum revolutum (Harvey) Agardh 1898 [=Delesseria revoluta Harvey 1855; incl. Placophora cucullata Agardh 1892, D. denticulata Agardh 1894 nec Montagne 1849 nec Harvey 1855, Hypoglossum denticulatum Agardh 1898] W03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[W03] Womersley, H. B. S. 2003. The Marine Benthic Flora of southern Australia. Rhodophyta pt IIID. Ceramiales—Delesseriaceae, Sarcomeniaceae, Rhodomelaceae. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 18. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra, and the State Herbarium of South Australia: Adelaide.

Sarcomeniaceae

Platysiphonia delicata, copyright Tom Schils.

Belongs within: Ceramiales.

The Sarcomeniaceae are a group of red algae intermediate in some respects between the related families Rhodomelaceae and Delesseriaceae: they have pericentral cells in the thallus that are cut off in an alternating sequence as in Rhodomelaceae, but they have tetrasporangia cut off before the cover cells as in Delesseriaceae (Womersley 2003).

Characters (from Womersley 2003): Thallus erect, much branched, branches terete or compressed, usually gelatinous and decaying rapidly. Apical cells prominent, protruding, axial cells with 4 pericentral cells cut off in alternating sequence with the first-formed transverse pericentral cells lying in a linear row. The slightly larger lateral pericentral cells each cut off 2 half-length flanking cells (only associated with reproduction in Malaconema) which produce rows of cells in some genera. Branching endogenous (except for monosiphonous filaments in Dotyella and Sarcotrichia). Trichoblasts absent, but some genera with simple, monosiphonous, rhodoplastic filaments from the pericentral or flanking cells, arising well below the apices, or endogenous from axial cells (in Cottoniella). Reproduction: Gametophytes dioecious. Procarps borne on the adaxial transverse pericentral cells, with a 4-celled carpogonial branch and 2 sterile cells; carposporophytes with a basal fusion cell and much branched gonimoblast with clavate terminal carposporangia, replaced from lower cells; cystocarps external to branches, ovoid to urceolate, pericarp arising post-fertilization, ostiolate, with numerous erect filaments developed from adjacent pericentral cells, each cell cutting off 2–3 outer pericentral cells, corticated or not. Spermatangia borne in sori on the surface of shorter, compressed, lateral blades. Tetrasporangia in stichidia, cut off from lateral pericentral cells, in 2 longitudinal, distichous, rows, in a single layer, with post-sporangial cover cells on both sides.

Sarcomeniaceae [Sarcomenieae]
    |--Dotyella W03
    |--Sarcomenia Sonder 1845 W03
    |    `--*S. delesserioides Sonder 1845 [incl. Hypoglossum muelleri Kützing 1866] W03
    |--Malaconema Womersley & Shepley 1959 W03
    |    |--*M. roeanum (Harvey) Womersley & Shepley 1959 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |    `--M. minimum Hollenberg 1963 W03
    |--Sarcotrichia Womersley & Shepley 1959 W03
    |    |--*S. tenera (Harvey) Womersley & Shepley 1959 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |    `--S. dolichocystidea (Agardh) Womersley & Shepley 1959 [=Sarcomenia dolichocystidea Agardh 1896] W03
    |--Cottoniella Børgesen 1919 W03
    |    |--*C. arcuata Børgesen 1919 W03
    |    |--C. filamentosa (Howe) Børgesen 1920 W03
    |    |--C. fusiformis Børgesen 1930 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |    `--C. triseriata Hollenberg 1967 W03
    `--Platysiphonia Børgesen 1931 W03
         |--P. delicata (Clemente) Cremades in Cremades & Perez-Cirera 1990 (see below for synonymy) W03
         |--P. clevelandii (Farlow) Papenfuss 1944 [=Taenioma clevelandii] W03
         |--P. hypneoides (Harvey) Womersley & Shepley 1959 W03
         |--P. intermedia (Grunow) Wynne 1983 W03
         |--P. marginalis Wynne, Millar & Kraft 1984 W03
         |--P. mutabilis (Harvey) Womersley & Shepley 1959 (see below for synonymy) W03
         `--P. victoriae (Harvey) Womersley & Shepley 1959 (see below for synonymy) W03

Cottoniella fusiformis Børgesen 1930 [=C. arcuata var. fusiformis (Børgesen) Schotter 1951, C. filamentosa var. fusiformis (Børgesen) Cormaci et al. 1978] W03

*Malaconema roeanum (Harvey) Womersley & Shepley 1959 [=Polysiphonia roeana Harvey 1855, Vertebrata roeana (Harvey) Kuntze 1891] W03

Platysiphonia delicata (Clemente) Cremades in Cremades & Perez-Cirera 1990 [=Conferva delicata Clemente y Rubio 1807; incl. Hutchinsia miniata Agardh 1828, *Platysiphonia miniata (Agardh) Børgesen 1931, Polysiphonia miniata (Agardh) Kützing 1849, Sarcomenia miniata (Agardh) Agardh 1863] W03

Platysiphonia mutabilis (Harvey) Womersley & Shepley 1959 [=Polysiphonia mutabilis Harvey 1855, Sarcomenia mutabilis (Harvey) Agardh 1863] W03

Platysiphonia victoriae (Harvey) Womersley & Shepley 1959 [=Sarcomenia victoriae Harvey ex Agardh 1863, Polysiphonia victoriae (Harvey) Kützing 1864; incl. Platysiphonia corymbosa (Agardh) Womersley & Shepley 1959, Sarcomenia corymbosa Agardh 1896, S. dasyoides Agardh 1863, S. opposita Agardh 1899, S. wilsonis Agardh 1899] W03

*Sarcotrichia tenera (Harvey) Womersley & Shepley 1959 [=Dasya tenera Harvey 1855, Sarcomenia tenera (Harvey) Agardh 1863; incl. Sarcomenia secundata Agardh 1899] W03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[W03] Womersley, H. B. S. 2003. The Marine Benthic Flora of southern Australia. Rhodophyta pt IIID. Ceramiales—Delesseriaceae, Sarcomeniaceae, Rhodomelaceae. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 18. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra, and the State Herbarium of South Australia: Adelaide.

Chondria

Chondria dasyphylla, copyright Ignacio Bárbara.

Belongs within: Rhodomelaceae.

Chondria is a genus of much-branched Rhodomelaceae with distinct pericentral cells throughout the thallus and flat spermatangial plates (Womersley 2003).

Characters (from Womersley 2003): Thallus usually erect, rarely prostrate or free-floating, much branched irregularly radially or unilaterally, rarely subdistichously, with or without one to a few percurrent axes; a few species with tendrils, axillary branches often present; branches terete or compressed, young branches basally constricted. Some species with swollen, bulbous, sterile storage organs. Attachment by discoid holdfasts or haptera from stolons; epilithic or epiphytic. Structure. Apices of branches depressed or rounded, or tapering, with an apical filament usually 10–20 cells long, the subapical cells cutting off 5 pericentral cells in alternating order and branched trichoblasts. Pericentral cells of similar length to axial cells except near apices of tetrasporangial thalli, producing 2–5 series of di- to quadrichotomous branchings, expanding rapidly to form the rounded ends of branches; pericentral cells remaining clear throughout the thallus, cortex of compact, ovoid cells with the epidermal cells ovoid or angular to elongate in surface view. Pericentral and often the inner cortical cells of most species developing wall thickenings of various forms often characteristic of the species. Rhizoids usually formed from pericentral and inner cortical cells, sparse to dense around these cells in larger branches. Secondary cortex absent or present on the lower axes by proliferation of the epidermis. Reproduction: Gametophytes dioecious. Procarps borne on a lower cell of trichoblasts, with the fifth-formed pericentral (supporting) cell bearing a 4-celled carpogonial branch and lateral and basal sterile cell groups; auxiliary cell cut off post-fertilization or in some species the supporting cell acting as auxiliary cell. Carposporophytes with a basal fusion cell and branched gonimoblast with clavate terminal carposporangia, replaced from lower cells. Cystocarps ovoid to slightly urceolate, in some species with a basal spur developed from trichoblast cells above the supporting cell; pericarp ostiolate, with 9–18 erect filaments arising pre-fertilization from adjacent pericentral cells, each cell with 2–3 outer pericentral cells and ecorticate or not. Spermatangial plates flat, discoid or slightly lobed, developed from the whole or a basal branch of a trichoblast, with the primary cells producing a layer of initials each cell of which cuts off 2–4 spermatangia, and with a sterile margin 1–3 cells broad. Tetrasporangia developed in lesser branchlets, cut off singly from near the outer ends of 1–3 radially elongate pericentral cells per axial cell, covered by the outer cortex and epidermal cells.

Chondria Agardh 1817 (nom. cons.) W03
    |--C. capillaris (Hudson) Wynne 1991 [incl. *C. tenuissima (Withering) Agardh 1817] W03
    |--C. angustata (Hooker & Harvey) Kylin ex Kylin & Skottsb. 1919 [=Laurencia pinnatifida var. angustata] L27
    |--C. angustissima Gordon-Mills & Womersley 1987 W03
    |--C. arcuata Hollenberg 1945 W03
    |--C. bulbosa Harvey 1859 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--C. capensis (Harvey) Falkb. 1901 [=Chondriopsis capensis] L27
    |--C. capreolis Gordon-Mills & Womersley 1987 [=Laurencia uncinata Kützing 1849 non Zanardini 1847] W03
    |--C. curdieana (Harvey) de Toni 1903 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--C. dasyphylla W03
    |--C. flagellaris Hooker & Harvey 1855 [=Chondriopsis flagellaris] L27
    |--C. foliifera (Agardh) Falkenberg 1901 [=Chondriopsis foliifera Agardh 1885] W03
    |--C. fusifolia (Hooker & Harvey) Harvey 1859 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--C. harveyana (Agardh) de Toni 1903 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--C. hieroglyphica Gordon-Mills & Womersley 1987 W03
    |--C. incrassata (Agardh) Gordon-Mills & Womersley 1987 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--C. incurva Gordon-Mills & Womersley 1987 W03
    |--C. infestans (Lucas) Millar 1990 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--C. lanceolata Harvey 1855 [=Chondriopsis lanceolata (Harvey) Agardh 1892] W03
    |--C. macrocarpa Hooker & Harvey 1855 [=Chondriopsis macrocarpa] L27
    |--C. subfasciculata (Agardh) Gordon-Mills & Womersley 1987 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--C. subsecunda Gordon-Mills & Womersley 1987 W03
    `--C. succulenta (Agardh) Falkenberg 1901 (see below for synonymy) W03

Chondria bulbosa Harvey 1859 [=Chondriopsis bulbosa (Harvey) Agardh 1890, Rhododactylis bulbosa (Harvey) Agardh 1876; incl. Chondria suprabulbosa Gordon-Mills & Womersley 1987] W03

Chondria curdieana (Harvey) de Toni 1903 [=Chondriopsis curdieana Harvey ex Agardh 1892; incl. Chondria dasyphylla var. pyrifera Agardh 1863] W03

Chondria fusifolia (Hooker & Harvey) Harvey 1859 [=Laurencia fusifolia Hooker & Harvey 1847, Chondriopsis fusifolia (Hooker & Harvey) Agardh 1892] W03

Chondria harveyana (Agardh) de Toni 1903 [=Chondriopsis harveyana Agardh 1863; incl. Chondriopsis arborescens Agardh 1892, Chondria arborescens (Agardh) de Toni 1903, Bolboclinum rytidophloeum Agardh 1894 (n. n.)] W03

Chondria incrassata (Agardh) Gordon-Mills & Womersley 1987 [=Coeloclonium incrassatum Agardh 1876; incl. Dolichoscelis disticha Agardh 1899, Chondriopsis ovalifolia Agardh 1890, Chondria ovalifolia (Agardh) de Toni 1903] W03

Chondria infestans (Lucas) Millar 1990 [=Laurencia infestans Lucas 1919; incl. C. myriopoda Gordon-Mills & Millar in Gordon-Mills & Womersley 1987] W03

Chondria subfasciculata (Agardh) Gordon-Mills & Womersley 1987 [=Chondriopsis succulenta var. subfasciculata Agardh 1892] W03

Chondria succulenta (Agardh) Falkenberg 1901 [=Chondriopsis succulenta Agardh 1892; incl. Chondria iridescens Lucas 1927, Chondria dasyphylla var. sedifolia Harvey 1863] W03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L27] Laing, R. M. 1927. A reference list of New Zealand marine algae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 126–185.

[W03] Womersley, H. B. S. 2003. The Marine Benthic Flora of southern Australia. Rhodophyta pt IIID. Ceramiales—Delesseriaceae, Sarcomeniaceae, Rhodomelaceae. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 18. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra, and the State Herbarium of South Australia: Adelaide.

Pterosiphonieae

Black tassel Pterosiphonia bipinnata, from Seaweeds of Alaska.

Belongs within: Rhodomelaceae.

The Pterosiphonieae is group of Rhodomelaceae exhibiting bilateral apical development but no primary dorsiventrality (Womersley 2003).

Characters Thallus erect (often with a prostrate base) or largely prostrate, branching bilateral with discrete, alternate, terete to compressed, distichous laterals, or flat and elongate with short marginal determinate laterals, or branched with foliose rounded apices. Branches one cell thick with a small-celled cortex, or 2 cells thick and ecorticate, with or without a midrib. Structure. Apical cells dividing transversely to form axial cells, with the subapical cells dividing obliquely to form alternate distichous laterals. Frond apices with a single apical cell or a margin of several to numerous apical cells, each forming polysiphonous systems congenitally fused at their base to the axis, or fused along their whole length to form flat fronds; pericentral cells 4 to numerous, in some genera transversely divided. Trichoblasts rare and associated only with sexual reproduction, or frequent on the thallus surface or margin. Cells generally uninucleate. Reproduction: Gametophytes usually dioecious. Procarps with a 4-celled carpogonial branch and sterile cells, surrounded by a pericarp prior to fertilization; carposporophyte with a basal fusion cell and branched gonimoblast with terminal carposporangia. Cystocarps usually ovoid, pericarp ecorticate or lightly corticate. Spermatangial organs replacing trichoblasts or branches thereof. Tetrasporangia in terete lateral branches or in stichidia associated with trichoblast tufts on the thallus margin or surface, spirally arranged and single per segment.

Pterosiphonieae
    |--Symphyocladia Falkenberg in Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897 W03
    |    `--*S. marchantioides (Harvey) Falkenberg in Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--Heterostroma Kraft & Wynne 1992 W03
    |    `--*H. nereidiis Kraft & Wynne 1992 W03
    |--Pollexfenia Harvey 1844 [incl. Jeannerettia Hooker & Harvey in Harvey 1847] W03
    |    |--*P. pedicellata Harvey 1844 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |    |--P. crispata (Zanardini) Falkenberg in Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |    `--P. lobata (Hooker & Harvey) Falkenberg 1901 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--Dictyomenia Greville 1830 W03
    |    |--*D. tridens (Mertens) Greville 1830 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |    |--D. angusta Agardh 1897 W03
    |    |--D. harveyana Sonder 1853 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |    `--D. sonderi Harvey 1858 [incl. D. sonderiana Agardh 1897] W03
    `--Pterosiphonia Falkenberg in Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897 W03
         |--*P. cloiophylla (Agardh) Falkenberg in Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897 W03 [=Polysiphonia cloiophylla L27]
         |    |--P. c. var. cloiophylla L27
         |    `--P. c. var. corymbosa Kützing 1849 L27
         |--P. arctica Setchell & Gardner 1903 S57
         |--P. bipinnata (Postels & Ruprecht) Falkenberg 1901 [=Polysiphonia bipinnata] S57
         |    |--P. b. var. bipinnata S57
         |    `--P. b. var. robusta (Gardner) Doty 1947 S57
         |--P. dendroidea (Montagne) Falkenberg 1901 [=Polysiphonia dendroidea] S57
         |--P. gracilis Kylin 1925 S57
         |--P. pennata (Agardh) Sauvageau 1897 (see below for synonymy) W03
         `--P. simplicifilum (Agardh) Laing 1927 [=Polysiphonia simplicifilum] L27

Dictyomenia harveyana Sonder 1853 [incl. D. harveyana var. flabelligera Harvey 1863, D. interstincta Agardh 1885, D. spinulosa Kützing 1864] W03

*Dictyomenia tridens (Mertens) Greville 1830 [=Fucus tridens Mertens ex Turner 1819, Rhodomela tridens (Mertens) Agardh 1822] W03

Pollexfenia crispata (Zanardini) Falkenberg in Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897 [=Melanoseris crispata Zanardini 1874, Jeannerettia crispata (Zanardini) Papenfuss 1942; incl. Pollexfenia ciliaris Agardh in Tate 1882 (n. n.)] W03

Pollexfenia lobata (Hooker & Harvey) Falkenberg 1901 [=Jeannerettia lobata Hooker & Harvey in Harvey 1847, Botryoglossum lobatum (Hooker & Harvey) Kützing 1849; incl. J. frondosa Harvey 1855, J. latifolia Kützing 1866] W03

*Pollexfenia pedicellata Harvey 1844 [=Jeannerettia pedicellata (Harvey) Papenfuss 1942; incl. P. crenata Agardh 1892, J. crenata (Agardh) Papenfuss 1942, P. nana Agardh 1892, J. nana (Agardh) Papenfuss 1942] W03

Pterosiphonia pennata (Agardh) Sauvageau 1897 [=Hutchinsia pennata Agardh 1824, Polysiphonia pennata (Agardh) Agardh 1842] W03

*Symphyocladia marchantioides (Harvey) Falkenberg in Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897 [=Amansia marchantioides Harvey 1855] W03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L27] Laing, R. M. 1927. A reference list of New Zealand marine algae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 126–185.

[S57] Scagel, R. F. 1957. An annotated list of the marine algae of British Columbia and northern Washington (including keys to genera). National Museum of Canada Bulletin 150: 1–289.

[W03] Womersley, H. B. S. 2003. The Marine Benthic Flora of southern Australia. Rhodophyta pt IIID. Ceramiales—Delesseriaceae, Sarcomeniaceae, Rhodomelaceae. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 18. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra, and the State Herbarium of South Australia: Adelaide.

Bostrychieae

Bostrychia scorpioides, copyright Raquel Sánchez de Pedro.

Belongs within: Rhodomelaceae.

The Bostrychieae is a group of two genera of Rhodomelaceae, distinguished from other members of the family by the absence of trichoblasts, together with distinctive female reproductive features (Womersley 2003).

Characters (from Womersley 2003): Thallus apices dorsiventrally developed, with polysiphonous indeterminate axes bearing polysiphonous and monosiphonous determinate laterals usually at regular intervals; trichoblasts absent; axes attached by clumped rhizoids. Branching mostly exogenous. Polysiphonous branches with 4–9 pericentral cells dividing transversely into 2–5 tiers; ecorticate or corticated. Procarps formed on 2–6 or more successive polysiphonous segments, each segment with 1–4 procarps each with the fertile pericentral (supporting) cell, a lateral sterile group of 2–6 cells and a (3–) 4-celled carpogonial branch; carposporophyte with a branched gonimoblast bearing terminal carposporangia; cystocarps with a post fertilization pericarp of 6–14 longitudinal filaments, each cell cutting off 2 (–3) outer pericentral cells, usually corticated. Spermatangia forming an outer layer on polysiphonous determinate laterals. Tetrasporangial stichidia on determinate laterals, each segment with 4–5 pericentral cells and whorled tetrasporangia, protected by cover cells.

Bostrychieae
    |--Stictosiphonia Hooker & Harvey in Hooker 1847 W03
    |    |--S. intricata (Bory) Silva in Silva et al. 1996 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |    `--S. kelanensis ZW03
    `--Bostrychia Montagne 1842 (nom. cons.) W03
         |--*B. scorpioides W03
         |--B. arbuscula Hooker & Harvey 1855 L27
         |--B. caespitula Agardh 1899 L27
         |--B. harveyi Montagne 1852 [incl. B. australasica Sonder 1855, B. distans Harvey 1855] W03
         |--B. laingii Agardh 1899 L27
         |--B. moritziana (Sonder) Agardh 1863 [=Polysiphonia moritziana Sonder ex Kützing 1849] W03
         |--B. novae-zelandiae Agardh 1899 L27
         |--B. radicans ZW03
         |--B. similis Rbd. 1905 L27
         |--B. simpliciuscula W03
         `--B. tenuissima King & Puttock 1989 [incl. B. tenuis f. typica Post 1936] W03

Stictosiphonia intricata (Bory) Silva in Silva et al. 1996 [=Scytonema intricatum Bory 1828, Bostrychia intricata (Bory) Montagne 1852; incl. B. hookeri Harvey in Harvey & Hooker 1845, *Stictosiphonia hookeri (Harvey) Harvey in Hooker 1847, B. mixta Hooker & Harvey 1845, Amphibia mixta (Hooker & Harvey) Kuntze 1891] W03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L27] Laing, R. M. 1927. A reference list of New Zealand marine algae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 126–185.

[W03] Womersley, H. B. S. 2003. The Marine Benthic Flora of southern Australia. Rhodophyta pt IIID. Ceramiales—Delesseriaceae, Sarcomeniaceae, Rhodomelaceae. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 18. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra, and the State Herbarium of South Australia: Adelaide.

[ZW03] Zuccarello, G. C., & J. A. West. 2003. Multiple cryptic species: molecular diversity and reproductive isolation in the Bostrychia radicans/B. moritziana complex (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) with focus on North American isolates. Journal of Phycology 39: 948–959.

Laurencia

Laurencia obtusa, from here.

Belongs within: Rhodomelaceae.

Laurencia is a diverse genus of erect, often densely branching Rhodomelaceae.

Characters (from Womersley 2003): Thallus erect, moderately to much branched radially or distichously for 2–5 orders, soft to firm, usually drying cartilaginous, branches with truncated apices with a depressed apical pit; holdfast discoid or stoloniferous, epilithic or epiphytic. Structure. Apical depression with a central, short, apical filament bearing well-developed trichoblasts and four pericentral cells per axial cell, axial cells short, these and the pericentral cells soon obscured and not recognisable in sections, cortex extensive with relatively large, ovoid, usually compact, irregular cortical cells and a small-celled epidermis with secondary pit-connections between the cells lengthwise to the branch and usually with corps en cerise; inner cortical cells often producing rhizoids and in some species with lenticular wall thickenings. Lateral branches arising from basal cells of trichoblasts. Cells uni- or multinucleate; rhodoplasts discoid to elongate, often chained in larger inner cells. Gametophytes dioecious. Procarps formed on the fourth pericentral cells on the suprabasal cell of trichoblasts, consisting of a lateral sterile group of 4–6 cells, a four-celled carpogonial branch and a basal sterile group of 2–3 cells. Carposporophytes with a basal fusion cell and branched gonimoblast bearing clavate terminal carposporangia, usually replaced from cells below when lost. Cystocarps usually lateral on branches, usually sessile, basally constricted or broad-based and in some species conical; pericarp arising pre-fertilization, ostiolate, corticated and 3–6 cells thick. Spermatangia borne in lateral whorls on cells of modified trichoblasts in the apical cup-like depressions, each axial cell with four pericentral cells and ultimate spermatangia, the filaments terminated by an enlarged globular cell. Tetrasporangia borne, usually abaxially, on outer ends of laterally elongate pericentral cells or pit-connected to outer cortical cells, usually in "parallel" (down the branch) arrangement, tetrahedrally divided.

Laurencia Lamouroux 1813 (nom. cons.) W03
    |--*L. obtusa (Hudson) Lamouroux 1813 W03
    |--L. aldingensis Saito & Womersley 1974 W03
    |--L. arbuscula Sonder 1845 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--L. botrychioides Harvey 1855 L27
    |--L. botryoides (Agardh) Gaillon 1828 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--L. brongniartii Agardh 1841 [incl. L. concinna Montagne 1842, L. grevilleana Harvey 1855] W03
    |--L. clavata Sonder 1853 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--L. cymosa Kützing 1865 W03
    |--L. distichophylla Agardh 1852 W03
    |--L. elata (Agardh) Hooker & Harvey 1847 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--L. filiformis (Agardh) Montagne 1845 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--L. forsteri (Mertens) Greville 1830 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--L. gracilis Harvey 1847 L27
    |--L. hybrida (Desne) Kützing 1849 L27
    |--L. intricata W03
    |--L. majuscula (Harvey) Lucas 1935 [=L. obtusa var. majuscula Harvey 1863] W03
    |--L. papillosa (Agardh) Greville 1830 W03
    |--L. pinnatifida (Gmelin) Lamouroux 1813 L27
    |--L. shepherdii Saito & Womersley 1974 W03
    |--L. spectabilis Postels & Ruprecht 1840 S57
    |--L. tasmanica Hooker & Harvey ex Harvey 1849 [incl. L. excelsa Kützing 1865] W03
    |--L. thyrsifera Agardh 1876 L27
    |--L. uncinata Zanardini 1847 W03
    `--L. virgata (Agardh) Agardh 1852 L27

Laurencia arbuscula Sonder 1845 [incl. L. botryoides var. minor Harvey 1863, L. obtusa var. regia Harvey 1863, L. regia (Harvey) Yamada 1931] W03

Laurencia botryoides (Agardh) Gaillon 1828 [=Chondria botryoides Agardh 1817, Fucus botryoides Turner 1811 (nom. illeg.)] W03

Laurencia clavata Sonder 1853 [=Chondria clavata (Sonder) Harvey 1862, Corynecladia clavata (Sonder) Agardh 1876; incl. Corallopsis australasica Sonder 1853, Corynecladia auatralasica (Sonder) Sonder 1880, Chondria corynephora Harvey 1855, Ch. clavata var. dendroides Harvey 1863, Corynecladia umbellata Agardh 1876 (nom. illeg.)] W03

Laurencia elata (Agardh) Hooker & Harvey 1847 [=Chondria pinnatifida var. elata Agardh 1822, L. pinnatifida var. elata (Agardh) Sonder 1846; incl. L. elata var. luxurians Harvey 1863, L. luxurians (Harvey) Agardh 1876] W03

Laurencia filiformis (Agardh) Montagne 1845 [=Chondria filiformis Agardh 1822, Gracilaria filiformis (Agardh) Greville 1930; incl. L. affinis Sonder 1845, L. forsteri f. affinis (Sonder) Yamada 1931, Coeloclonium claviferum Agardh 1897, Dolichoscelis clavifera (Agardh) Agardh 1899, Laurencia forsteri f. delicatula Sonder 1848, L. filiformis f. dendritica Saito & Womersley 1974, L. forsteri f. dilatata Kützing 1865, L. forsteri f. elata Sonder 1848, L. forsteri f. fasciculata Agardh 1876, L. forsteri f. fragilis Sonder 1848, L. forsteri f. gracilis Sonder 1848 non L. gracilis Harvey 1847, L. heteroclada Harvey 1855, L. filiformis f. heteroclada (Harvey) Saito & Womersley 1974, L. forsteri f. pyramidata Agardh 1876, L. forsteri f. setacea Kützing 1865, L. forsteri f. subpinnata Agardh 1876] W03

Laurencia forsteri (Mertens) Greville 1830 [=Fucus forsteri Mertens ex Turner 1809, Chondria forsteri (Mertens) Agardh 1823] W03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L27] Laing, R. M. 1927. A reference list of New Zealand marine algae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 126–185.

[S57] Scagel, R. F. 1957. An annotated list of the marine algae of British Columbia and northern Washington (including keys to genera). National Museum of Canada Bulletin 150: 1–289.

[W03] Womersley, H. B. S. 2003. The Marine Benthic Flora of southern Australia. Rhodophyta pt IIID. Ceramiales—Delesseriaceae, Sarcomeniaceae, Rhodomelaceae. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 18. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra, and the State Herbarium of South Australia: Adelaide.

Lophothalieae

Micropeuce feredayae, from Phycologia Australica.

Belongs within: Rhodomelaceae.

The Lophothalieae are a Group of Rhodomelaceae characterised by the presence of persistent, rhodoplastic trichoblasts close to axis apices.

Characters (from Womersley 2003): Thallus erect, radially branched, branches clothed with rhodoplastic trichoblasts (usually persistent) developed on successive segments, spirally arranged; pericentral cells 4–7, ecorticate or becoming heavily corticated, in some genera with adventitious monosiphonous filaments from the pericentral or cortical cells. Structure monopodial, with trichoblasts produced close to apices, simple or branched with non-adherent or rarely adherent walls just above the branchings; adventitious filaments simple or branched, arising from pericentral or cortical cells, similar to trichoblasts in dimensions; pericentral cells formed in alternating sequence, undivided or divided in a few species. Gametophytes dioecious. Procarps borne at base of trichoblasts, on the last formed of five pericentral cells, which cuts off a single group or two groups of sterile cells and a four-celled carpogonial branch. Carposporophytes with a basal fusion cell and branched gonimoblast with terminal carposporangia, usually replaced from lower cells. Cystocarps ovoid or urceolate, ostiolate, with cells of the erect filaments producing two outer cells, corticated or not. Spermatangial organs borne as a branch of trichoblasts, axial cells with three pericentral cells producing a layer of initials and outer layer of spermatangia. Tetrasporangia occur in lesser branches bearing trichoblasts or in discrete stichidia borne on the trichoblasts or adventitious filaments, with 4–5 pericentral cells, one, or two opposite ones, becoming fertile; tetrasporangia single, either in a longitudinal line or spirally arranged, or paired and opposite, pairs decussate, with two pre-sporangial and in most genera also one post-sporangial cover cells.

Lophothalieae
    |--+--Murrayella Schmitz 1893 P01, FT93
    |  |    `--M. periclados P01
    |  `--Lophothalia (Harvey) Kützing 1849 P01, W03 [=Dasya subg. Lophothalia Harvey 1847 W03]
    |       |--*L. verticillata (Harvey) Kützing 1849 [=Dasya verticillata Harvey 1844] W03
    |       `--L. hormoclados (Agardh) Agardh 1890 (see below for synonymy) W03
    `--Brongniartelleae P01
         |--Brongniartella Bory de St-Vincent 1822 W03
         |    |--B. byssoides (Goodenough & Woodward) Schmitz 1893 [incl. *B. elegans Bory de St-Vincent 1822] W03
         |    `--B. australis (Agardh) Schmitz 1893 (see below for synonymy) W03
         `--Micropeuce Agardh 1899 P01, W03
              |--M. feredayae (Harvey) Kylin ex Silva in Silva et al. 1996 (see below for synonymy) W03
              |--M. glomerulifera Womersley & Parsons in Womersley 2003 W03
              |--M. mucronata W03
              |--M. proxima (Harvey) Womersley & Parsons in Womersley 2003 [=Dasya proxima Harvey 1855] W03
              |--M. sarcocaulon (Harvey) Kylin ex Silva in Silva et al. 1996 (see below for synonymy) W03
              `--M. setosus W03

Lophothalieae incertae sedis:
  Holotrichia Schmitz in Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897 W03
    `--*H. comosa (Harvey) Schmitz in Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897 [=Alsidium comosum Harvey 1863] W03
  Erythrostachys White in Ewart et al. 1912 [=Rhodolophia Kylin 1956] W03
    `--E. strobilifera (Agardh) Womersley & Parsons in Womersley 2003 (see below for synonymy) W03
  Gonatogenia Agardh 1896 [incl. Maschalostroma Schmitz in Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897] W03
    `--*G. subulata Agardh 1896 (see below for synonymy) W03
  Veleroa Dawson 1944 [incl. Thaumatella Kylin 1956] W03
    |--*V. subulata Dawson 1944 W03
    `--V. adunca (Agardh) Womersley & Parsons in Womersley 2003 (see below for synonymy) W03
  Haplodasya Falkenberg in Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897 W03
    |--H. urceolata (Harvey) Parsons 1975 (see below for synonymy) W03
    `--H. tomentosa Parsons 1975 W03
  Doxodasya (Schmitz) Falkenberg 1901 [=Lophothalia subg. Doxodasya Schmitz 1893] W03
    |--*D. bolbochaete (Harvey) Falkenberg 1901 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--D. hirta (Agardh) Womersley & Parsons in Womersley 2003 [=Dasya hirta Agardh 1894] W03
    |--D. lanuginosa (Agardh) Falkenberg 1901 [=Lophothalia lanuginosa Agardh 1890] W03
    `--D. lenormandiana (Agardh) Schmitz 1893 (see below for synonymy) W03
  Lophocladia Schmitz 1893 W03
    |--*L. trichoclados (Agardh) Schmitz 1893 W03
    |--L. japonica W03
    |--L. kipukaia W03
    |--L. kuetzingii (Kuntze) Silva in Silva et al. 1996 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--L. lallemandii W03
    `--L. minima W03
  Endosiphonia Zanardini 1878 [incl. Spirocladia Børgesen 1933] W03
    |--E. spinulosa (Harvey) Womersley & Parsons in Womersley 2003 (see below for synonymy) W03
    |--‘*Spirocladia’ barodensis W03
    |--E. clavigera W03
    |--‘Spirocladia’ hodgsoniae W03
    |--‘Spirocladia’ loochooensis (Yendo) Yoshida 1989 W03
    `--‘Spirocladia’ minor Nasr 1939 W03

Brongniartella australis (Agardh) Schmitz 1893 [=Cladostephus australis Agardh 1824, Bindera australis (Agardh) Trevisan 1845, Griffithsia australis (Agardh) Agardh 1828, Lophothalia australis (Agardh) Agardh 1890, Polysiphonia australis (Agardh) Agardh 1863, Vertebrata australis (Agardh) Kuntze 1891; incl. Polysiphonia byssoclados Harvey 1844, Bindera cladostephus Decaisne 1842, P. cladostephus Montagne 1843, Brongniartella australis f. recurva Parsons 1980] W03

*Doxodasya bolbochaete (Harvey) Falkenberg 1901 [=Dasya bolbochaete Harvey 1844, Lophothalia bolbochaete (Harvey) Agardh 1890; incl. Polysiphonia longissima Agardh 1896] W03

Doxodasya lenormandiana (Agardh) Schmitz 1893 [=Dasya lenormandiana Agardh 1863, Lophothalia lenormandiana (Agardh) Agardh 1890] W03

Endosiphonia spinulosa (Harvey) Womersley & Parsons in Womersley 2003 [=Alsidium spinulosum Harvey 1855, Rhodomela spinulosa (Harvey) Harvey 1860, Rytiphlaea spinulosa (Harvey) Silva in Silva et al. 1996; incl. Ry. aculeata Agardh ex Agardh 1841 (n. n.), *Endosiphonia spinuligera Zanardini 1878] W03

Erythrostachys strobilifera (Agardh) Womersley & Parsons in Womersley 2003 [=Lophothalia strobilifera Agardh 1890, Brongniartella strobilifera (Agardh) Schmitz 1893, *Erythrostachys prolifera White in Ewart et al. 1912, *Rhodolophia strobilifera (Agardh) Kylin 1956] W03

*Gonatogenia subulata Agardh 1896 [incl. Alsidium comosum f. denudatum, *Maschalostroma fastigiatum Falkenberg ex Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897 (n. n.), M. scoparium Schmitz ex Hauptfleisch 1897] W03

Haplodasya urceolata (Harvey) Parsons 1975 [=Dasya urceolata Harvey ex Agardh 1863; incl. *H. reinboldii Falkenberg ex Schmitz & Falkenberg 1897, Sarcomenia rhizocarpa Harvey 1863] W03

Lophocladia kuetzingii (Kuntze) Silva in Silva et al. 1996 [=Baillouviana kuetzingii Kuntze 1891; incl. Dasya lallemandii var. gracilis Agardh 1863, Dasya harveyi Kützing 1864 (nom. illeg.), Lophocladia harveyi Schmitz 1893] W03

Lophothalia hormoclados (Agardh) Agardh 1890 [=Dasya hormoclados Agardh 1841, Eupogonium hormoclados (Agardh) Kützing 1849] W03

Micropeuce feredayae (Harvey) Kylin ex Silva in Silva et al. 1996 [=Dasya feredayae Harvey 1859, Brongniartella feredayae (Harvey) Schmitz 1893, Lophothalia feredayae (Harvey) Agardh 1890; incl. Dasya feredayae var. contractior Agardh 1863, *Micropeuce strobiliferum Agardh 1899] W03

Micropeuce sarcocaulon (Harvey) Kylin ex Silva in Silva et al. 1996 [=Dasya sarcocaulon Harvey 1863, Brongniartella sarcocaulon (Harvey) Schmitz 1893, Lophothalia sarcocaulon (Harvey) Agardh 1890] W03

Veleroa adunca (Agardh) Womersley & Parsons in Womersley 2003 [=Dasya adunca Agardh 1890; incl. Brongniartella disticha Falkenberg 1901, Thaumatella disticha (Falkenberg) Kylin 1956] W03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i–viii, 1–351.

[P01] Phillips, L. E. 2001. Morphology and molecular analysis of the Australasian monotypic genera Lembergia and Sonderella (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta), with a description of the tribe Sonderelleae trib. nov. Phycologia 40 (5): 487–499.

[W03] Womersley, H. B. S. 2003. The Marine Benthic Flora of southern Australia. Rhodophyta pt IIID. Ceramiales—Delesseriaceae, Sarcomeniaceae, Rhodomelaceae. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 18. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra, and the State Herbarium of South Australia: Adelaide.