Anagrini

Anagrus epos, from the California Department of Food and Agriculture.

Belongs within: Mymaridae.

The Anagrini are a group of fairy wasps characterised by four-segmented tarsi and a truncately sessile metasoma held in place by a large thoracic muscle, the phragma (Girault 1929).

<==Anagrini G29
    |--Pteratomus Packard 1866 G29, GM79 [incl. Packardiella Ashmead 1904 G29, GM79]
    |--Metanthemus Girault 1928 G28
    |    `--*M. aureus Girault 1928 G28
    |--Parallelaptera Enock 1909 G29, GM79 [incl. Anthemiella Girault 1911 G29, GM79]
    |    `--P. rex (Girault 1911) GM79
    `--Anagrus Haliday 1833 GM79
         |--A. armatus (Ashmead 1887) GM79 [incl. A. spiritus G29]
         |    |--A. a. armatus GM79
         |    |--A. a. giraulti Crawford 1913 GM79
         |    `--A. a. nigriceps Girault 1915 GM79
         |--A. atomus TT02
         |--A. avalae TT02
         |--A. epos Girault 1911 GM79
         |--A. frequens N91
         |--A. nigriventris Girault 1911 TT02, GM79 [=A. armatus var. nigriventris TT02]
         |--A. puella Girault 1911 GM79
         `--A. ustulatus TT02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G28] Girault, A. A. 1928. Some new hexapods stolen from authority. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 221–224).

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. North American Hymenoptera Mymaridae. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 233–261).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[TT02] Triapitsyn, S. V., & D. A. J. Teulon. 2002. On the identity of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitoids of Froggatt’s apple leafhopper, Edwardsiana crataegi (Douglas) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), in Christchurch, New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 91–92.

Anaphes

Female Anaphes iole, photographed by Max E. Badgley.

Belongs within: Mymaridae.

Anaphes is a cosmopolitan genus of fairy wasps with a subsessile metasoma and subdivided scutellum (Girault 1929).

Characters (from Girault 1929): Antenna of female nine-segmented; antennal club solid. Scutellum preceded by large frustrum-shaped sclerite separating large triangular axillae and by a second, linear-transverse one; scutellum large, oval. Tarsi four-segmented. Metasoma subsessile, with no distinct petiole. Ovipositor free.

<==Anaphes Haliday 1833 GM79
    |--A. behmani Girault 1929 GM79
    |--A. conotracheli RD77
    |--A. diana N91
    |--A. hercules Girault 1911 GM79
    |--A. iole Girault 1911 GM79 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--A. i. iole GM79
    |    `--A. i. anomocerus Girault 1929 GM79
    |--A. nigrellus Girault 1911 GM79
    |--A. pallipes Ashmead 1887 GM79
    |--A. pratensis Foerster 1847 GM79
    |--A. sinipennis Girault 1911 GM79
    `--A. victus MH11

Anaphes iole Girault 1911 GM79 [incl. A. ovijentatus Crosby & Leonard 1914 G29, GM79, A. perdubius Girault 1916 G29, GM79]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. North American Hymenoptera Mymaridae. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 233–261).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

Chalcididae

Trigonura sp., copyright Lynn Bergen.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.
Contains: Cratocentrini, Haltichellinae, Epitranus, Dirhininae, Phasgonophorini, Conura, Brachymeria (Brachymeria).

The Chalcididae are a group of chalcidoid wasps characterised by large, ventrally dentate hind femora that are adapted for jumping.

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Body often large and non-metallic, gaster convex, not collapsing; gena posteriorly with strong carina; thorax strongly punctate, prepectus very small, tegula only slightly longer than broad; hind femur strongly enlarged with teeth on ventral edge.

<==Chalcididae [Chalcidae, Chalcidinae] HB13
    |  i. s.: Spilochalcis mariae B37
    |--+--Cratocentrini HB13
    |  `--Xenanastatus Bouček 1988 MH11, B88
    |       `--*X. partisanguineus (Girault 1923) [=Eupelmus partisanguineus] B88
    `--+--+--Haltichellinae HB13
       |  `--+--+--Epitranus HB13
       |     |  `--Dirhininae HB13
       |     `--Smicromorpha Girault 1913 B88 [incl. Smicromorphella Girault 1930 B88; Smicromorphinae HB13]
       |          |--*S. doddi Girault 1913 [incl. S. cadaverosa Girault 1914] B88
       |          |--S. banksi Naumann 1986 B88
       |          |--S. eudela Naumann 1986 B88
       |          |--S. lagynos Naumann 1986 B88
       |          `--S. minera Girault 1926 [=*Smicromorphella minerva] B88
       `--+--+--Phasgonophorini HB13
          |  `--Conura HB13
          `--+--Trigonura Sichel 1865 HB13, B88 (see below for synonymy)
             |    |--*T. crassicauda [=Phasgonophora (*Trigonura) crassicauda] B88
             |    |--T. algerti HB13
             |    |--T. californica HB13
             |    |--T. euthyrrhinni (Dodd 1921) [=Chalcis euthyrrhini, *Chalcidellia euthyrrhini] B88
             |    |--T. guttatipennis (Girault 1927) [=Chalcidellia guttatipennis] B88
             |    `--‘Chalcidellia’ ucalegon R70
             `--Brachymeria Westwood in Stephens 1829 B88 (see below for synonymy)
                  |  i. s.: B. coloradensis (Cresson 1872) GM79 [incl. Chalcis tachinae Howard 1885 G17, GM79]
                  |         B. femorata (Panzer 1801) G38 [=Chalcis femorata G38; incl. C. ornatipes Cameron 1906 B88]
                  |         B. ovata N91 [=Chalcis ovata B37
                  |           |--B. o. ovata G17
                  |           `--‘Chalcis’ o. abiesae Girault 1917 G17
                  |         B. pedalis (Cresson 1872) GM79
                  |         B. pulchripes Holmgren 1868 B88
                  |         B. tibialis HB13
                  |--B. (Brachymeria) B88
                  |--B. (Australochalcis Girault 1939) B88
                  |    `--B. (*A.) humilicrus (Girault 1939) [=*Australochalcis humilicrus] B88
                  |--B. (Dirrhinomorpha Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915) B88
                  |    `--B. (*D.) angusta (Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915) [=*Dirrhinomorpha angusta] B88
                  `--B. (Mirochalcis Girault 1915) B88
                       `--B. (*M.) atricorpus (Girault 1915) [=*Mirochalcis atricorpus] B88

Brachymeria Westwood in Stephens 1829 B88 [incl. Ceyxia Cameron 1911 B88, Gahanula Burks 1960 B88, Meyeriella Krausse 1916 B88, Oncochalcis Cameron 1904 B88, Pseudobrachymeria Burks 1960 B88; Brachymerariae, Brachymeriini HB13]

Trigonura Sichel 1865 HB13, B88 [incl. Bactrochalcis Kieffer 1912 B88, Centrochalcidea Gahan & Fagan 1923 B88, Centrochalcis Cameron 1913 non Cameron 1905 B88, Chalcidellia Girault 1924 B88]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B37] Balduf, W. V. 1937. Bionomic notes on the common bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw., (Lepid., Psychidae) and its insect enemies (Hym., Lepid.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (7): 169–184.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G38] Gahan, A. B. 1938. Notes on some genera and species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 209–227.

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 80–101).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PloS One 6 (11): e27023.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

Encyrtinae

Copidosoma floridanum, copyright Scott Justis.

Belongs within: Encyrtidae.
Contains: Mirini.

The Encyrtinae are encyrtid wasps in which paratergites (lateral subdivisions of the metasomal tergites) are absent (Naumann 1991).

<==Encyrtinae [Encyrtini] HB13
    |--Neocladia MH11
    `--+--+--Acerophagus flavus HB13
       |  `--Metaphycus HB13
       |       |--M. helvolus A71
       |       |--M. lounsburyi A71
       |       `--M. luteolus HB13
       `--+--+--+--Mirini MH11
          |  |  `--Comperiella bifasciata HB13
          |  `--Cheiloneurus HB13
          |       |--C. cervantesi Girault 1933 G33
          |       |--C. dumasi Girault 1932 G32a
          |       |--C. flaccus HB13
          |       |--C. fulvescens HB13
          |       `--C. javensis Girault 1917 G17a
          `--+--Trechnites fuscitarsis HB13
             `--Copidosoma Ratzeburg 1844 HB13, GM79
                  |--C. charon Guerrieri & Noyes 2001 F05
                  |--C. floridanum HB13
                  |--C. ortyx Guerrieri & Noyes 2001 F05
                  |--C. shakespearei Girault 1923 G23
                  |--C. truncatellum MH11
                  |--C. zdeneki Guerrieri & Noyes 2001 F05
                  `--C. zolta Guerrieri & Noyes 2001 F05

Encyrtinae incertae sedis:
  Tassonia Girault 1921 G21
    `--*T. gloriae Girault 1921 G21
  Chinchilla Girault 1928 G28
    `--*C. keatsi Girault 1928 G28
  Australia Girault 1928 G28 [=Australica (l. c.) GM79]
    `--*A. minuta Girault 1928 G28
  Encyrtus Latreille 1809 GM79 [incl. Comys RD77]
    |--E. arsanes Walker 1839 W39
    |--E. aurantifasciatus G32a [incl. E. barbatus Timberlake 1919 G32a, GM79]
    |--E. cheles Walker 1839 W39
    |--E. epytus Walker 1839 W39
    |--E. fasciatus (Fonscolombe 1832) GM79
    |--E. garibaldia Girault 1933 G33
    |--E. infidus [=Scelio (Encyrtus) infidus] G20
    |--E. longifuniculus Girault 1932 G32b
    |--E. lucetius Walker 1839 W39
    |--E. pacorus Walker 1839 W39
    |--E. purpureiventris Girault 1915 GM79
    |--E. salacon Walker 1839 W39
    |--E. xuthus Walker 1839 W39
    |--E. zameis Walker 1839 W39
    `--E. zebina Walker 1839 W39
  Psyllaephagus umbro (Walker 1839) N91, B88 [=Miscogaster umbro B88]
  Microteryina [Microteryini] S96
    |--Allencyrtus S96
    `--Microterys Thomson 1876 N91, GM79
         |--M. cincticornis Ashmead 1899 GM79
         |--M. clauseni A71
         |--M. flavus B88
         |--M. lunatus (Dalman 1820) GM79
         |--M. mazzinini Girault 1917 G17b
         |--M. speciosissimus Girault 1911 GM79
         |--M. sylvius (Dalman 1820) GM79
         |--M. tesselatus (Dalman 1820) GM79
         `--M. titiani Girault 1917 G17b
  Saprencyrtus N91
  Aenasiella N91
    |--A. africa Girault 1917 G17b
    `--A. ovi Girault 1925 G25
  Eugahania N91
  Tachinaephagus Ashmead 1904 N91, GM79 [incl. Australencyrtus Johnson & Tiegs 1921 G24, GM79]
    `--T. zealandicus Ashmead 1904 (see below for synonymy) G38
  Syrphophagus aphidivorus N91, B88
  Ooencyrtus N91
    |--O. bicolor Girault 1915 GM79
    |--O. californicus Girault 1917 [=Oenocyrtus (l. c.) californicus] G17b
    |--O. johnsoni (Howard 1898) GM79
    |--O. lacteiclavus Girault 1932 G32b
    |--O. pacificus Waterston 1915 GM79
    `--O. pityocampae (Mercet 1921) L-SSY04
  Fulgoridicida N91
  Xenoencyrtus niger N91, C81
  Amira N91
  Comperia N91
  Paralitomastix kohleri R70
  Coelopencyrtus N91
  Ixodiphagus Howard 1907 N91, ST08
  Hunterellus R70
  Quaylea whittieri R70, A71
  Litomastix R70
    |--L. auricollis Thompson 1875 GM79
    `--L. truncatellus A71

Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead 1904 [incl. T. australiensis Girault 1917, Stenoterys fulvoventralis Dodd in Groggatt 1921, Australencyrtus giraulti Johnston & Tiegs 1931] G38

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[C81] Caltagirone, L. E. 1981. Landmark examples in classical biological control. Annual Review of Entomology 26: 213–232.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[G38] Gahan, A. B. 1938. Notes on some genera and species of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (8): 209–227.

[G17a] Girault, A. A. 1917a. New Javanese Hymenoptera. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 59–71).

[G17b] Girault, A. A. 1917b. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 80–101).

[G21] Girault, A. A. 1921. New animals of Australia and old men of the earth. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 161–163).

[G23] Girault, A. A. 1923. Loves wooed and won in Australia. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 167–169).

[G24] Girault, A. A. 1924. Homo perniciosus and new Hymenoptera. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 178–181).

[G25] Girault, A. A. 1925. An essay on when a fly is lovable, the ceremony of baptizing some and unlovely hate. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 187–190).

[G28] Girault, A. A. 1928. Some new hexapods stolen from authority. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 221–224).

[G32a] Girault, A. A. 1932a. New pests from Australia, X. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 286–291).

[G32b] Girault, A. A. 1932b. Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera nova Australiensis. II. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 292).

[G33] Girault, A. A. 1933a. Some beauties inhabitant not of commercial boudoirs but of Nature’s bosom, notably new insects. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 299–303).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[L-SSY04] López-Sebastián, E., J. Selfa & J. Ylla. 2004. Primeros datos del parasitismo de Ooencyrtus pityocampae (Mercet, 1921) sobre Graellsia isabelae (Graells, 1849) en condiciones de laboratorio. Graellsia 60 (1): 121–123.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PloS One 6 (11): e27023.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

[S96] Sharkov, A. 1996. A review of the species of the genus Mucrencyrtus Noyes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 350–368.

[ST08] Simutnik, S. A., & V. A. Trjapitzin. 2008. Description of a new species of the genus Globulencyrtus (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae) from Australia with information of G. politus, the type species, a parasitoid of mites of the family Caeculidae (Acarina). Vestnik Zoologii 42 (6): 559–562.

[W39] Walker, F. 1839. Monographia Chalciditum vol. 2. Species collected by C. Darwin, Esq. Hyppolite Baillière: London.

Asaphinae

Asaphes cf. vulgaris, copyright Pierre Bornand.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.

The Asaphinae are a group of chalcidoid wasps mostly developing as parasites or hyperparasites on Sternorrhyncha, particularly aphids and scales (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Occipital carina distinctly developed, distinct carina present posteriorly on gena; scutellum anteriorly acuminate but axillar grooves interrupted in the middle and their descending part very deep; propodeum medially with rather coarse irregular sculpture often suggesting areolation; petiole anteriorly with transverse raised edge or carina, its body often parallel-sided and with longitudinal ribs; basal tergites more or less greatly enlarged, not collapsing.

<==Asaphinae [Asaphini]
    |--Ausasaphes Bouček 1988 B88
    |    |--*A. pallipes Bouček 1988 B88
    |    `--A. atripes Bouček 1988 B88
    |--Enoggera Girault 1926 [incl. Enoggerella Girault 1926] B88
    |    |--*E. polita Girault 1926 B88
    |    `--E. nassaui (Girault 1926) [=*Enoggerella nassaui] B88
    `--Asaphes Walker 1834 [incl. Isocratus Förster 1856, Parectroma Brethes 1913] B88
         |--*A. vulgaris Walker 1834 B88
         |--A. americanus Girault 1914 GM79
         |--A. californicus Girault 1917 G17
         |--A. rufipes Brues 1908 G17, GM79
         `--A. suspensus HB13

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. V. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 116–131).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

Trichogrammatidae

Ovipositing Trichogrammatoidea bactrae, copyright ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.
Contains: Trichogramma, Oligosita.

The Trichogrammatidae are a group of minute chalcidoid egg parasites characterised by the possession of three-segmented leg tarsi. Members are divided between the Trichogrammatinae, in which the aedeagus has accessory structures such as a phallobase, parameres and volsellar digiti, and Oligositinae, in which the aedeagus is simple and tubular (Naumann 1991).

Characters (from Naumann 1991): Length 0.15–1 mm; not strongly sclerotised, mostly smooth; non-metallic, often pale coloured; genae not posteriorly carinate; antennae shorter than head and thorax, 4—9-segmented, often with a very short funicle and large club; pronotum not conspicuous in dorsal view; mesosoma dorsally sparsely setose; notauli distinct; axillae advanced; mesopleuron not enlarged; fore wing often with long marginal cilia and often with setae of disc arranged in radiating lines; postmarginal vein absent; stigmal vein often short or absent; legs slender; tarsi 3-segmented; fore tibial spur short and straight; fore basitarsus without a strigil comb; cerci not advanced; ovipositor rarely exserted.

<==Trichogrammatidae [Trichogrammatinae] HB13
    |--+--Haeckeliania sperata HB13
    |  `--+--Mirufens MH11
    |     `--Trichogrammatini MH11
    |          |--Trichogramma HB13
    |          `--Trichogrammatoidea MH11
    |               |--T. bactrae MH11
    |               |--T. eldanae H91
    |               |--T. nana (Zehntner 1896) GM79
    |               `--T. rara Girault 1925 G25
    `--+--Ceratogramma HB13
       |    |--C. etiennei HB13
       |    |--C. magnificum MH11
       |    `--C. masneri MH11
       `--Oligositinae HB13
            |  i. s.: Prestwichia aquatica N91, A71
            |--+--Paracentrobiini MH11
            |  `--Chaeotostrichini MH11
            |       |--Zagella Girault 1918 MH11, G18
            |       |    |--*Z. flavipes (Girault 1905) G18, GM79 [=Paracentrobia flavipes G18]
            |       |    `--Z. spirita MH11
            |       `--Lathromeroides Girault 1913 MH11, GM79
            |            |--L. fasciativentris Girault 1913 GM79
            |            |--L. longicorpus Girault 1913 GM79
            |            |--L. neomexicanus Girault 1916 GM79
            |            `--L. redini Girault 1929 G29
            `--+--+--Chaetogramma occidentalis MH11
               |  `--Aphelinoidea Girault 1911 MH11, GM79
               |       |--A. plutella Girault 1911 GM79
               |       |--A. semifuscipennis Girault 1911 GM79
               |       `--A. totinigra Girault 1930 G30
               `--+--Oligosita MH11
                  `--Ufens Girault 1911 MH11, GM79
                       |--U. ceratus MH11
                       |--U. niger (Ashmead 1888) GM79
                       |--U. principalis MH11
                       `--U. spiritus Girault 1918 G18
                            |--U. s. spiritus G18
                            `--U. s. americanus Girault 1918 G18

Trichogrammatidae incertae sedis:
  Hydrophylita A71
  Megaphragma MM96
  Brachygramma Girault 1912 G18, GM79
  Neobrachistella Girault 1918 G18
    `--*N. livii Girault 1918 G18
  Trichogrammatomyia Girault 1916 G18, GM79
    `--T. tortricis Girault 1916 GM79
  Poropoea Forster 1851 G18, GM79
    |--P. attelaborum Girault 1911 GM79
    `--P. stollwerckii RD77
  Xenufens Girault 1916 G18, GM79
    `--X. ruskini Girault 1916 GM79
  Zaga Girault 1911 G18, GM79
    `-Z. latipennis Girault 1911 GM79
  Tumidiclava Girault 1911 G18, GM79
    `--T. pulchrinotum Girault 1911 GM79
  Lathromeris Forester 1856 G18, GM79
    `--L. fidiae (Ashmead 1894) GM79 [incl. L. cicadae Howard 1898 G18, GM79]
  Centrobiopsis Girault 1918 G18
    `--*C. odonatae (Ashmead 1900) G18, GM79 [=Centrobia odonatae G18]
  Mooa Girault 1930 G30
    `--*M. nigrivena Girault 1930 G30
  Ittys Girault 1911 G18, GM79
    |--I. ceresarum (Ashmead 1888) GM79
    `--I. nympha (Girault 1911) GM79 [=Abbella nympha G18]
  Uscana Girault 1911 HB13, GM79
    |--U. marilandica Girault 1918 G18
    `--U. semifumipennis Girault 1911 GM79
  Lathromerella B88
    |--L. atripes Girault 1929 G29
    `--L. oviducta Girault 1929 G29
  Abbella Girault 1911 G18, GM79
    |--A. acuminata (Ashmead 1888) G18, GM79 [incl. A. pallida (Ashmead 1900) G18, GM79]
    |--A. americana Girault 1917 GM79
    |--A. prima (Perkins 1912) G18, GM79 [incl. A. auriscutellum Girault 1916 G18, GM79]
    `--A. subflava Girault 1911 GM79
  Neolathromera Ishii 1934 TYM08
    `--N. kishidai Ishii 1934 TYM08
  Adryas HB13
  Pachamama speciosa HB13
  Brachista F09
    |--B. efferiae F09
    |--B. fidiae F09
    `--B. fisheri F09
  Hydrophylax aquivolans RD77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[F09] Fisher, E. M. 2009. Asilidae (robber flies, assassin flies, moscas cazadoras, moscas ladronas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 585–632. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[G18] Girault, A. A. 1918. North American Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 142–152).

[G25] Girault, A. A. 1925. An essay on when a fly is lovable, the ceremony of baptizing some and unlovely hate. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 187–190).

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. New pests from Australia. VI. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 266–269).

[G30] Girault, A. A. 1930. New pests from Australia. VII. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 270–272).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[H91] Hokkanen, H. M. T. 1991. Trap cropping in pest management. Annual Review of Entomology 36: 119–138.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PloS One 6 (11): e27023.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

Last updated: 14 March 2021.

Proctotrupidae

Proctotrupes gravidator, copyright Tom Murray.

Belongs within: Proctotrupoidea.

The Proctotrupidae are a group of small wasps that are mostly endoparasites of Coleoptera larvae, rarely of Diptera. Most species have the wing venation reduced, with the radial cell reduced or almost obliterated, but a well-developed venation and radial cell is retained in the fore wing of the Austroserphini. The species Exallonyx trifoveatus is found worldwide as a parasite of Staphylinidae in compost heaps (Naumann 1991).

Characters (from Naumann 1991): Mostly small (3–15 mm); mesosoma without transscutal articulation; metasoma with large syntergum; trochantellus sometimes present on fore leg; T2 and S2 (petiole) and synsternum fused; metasoma in females usually posteriorly down-curved and telescopic; cerci digitiform or absent.

Proctotrupidae [Proctotrupinae, Serphidae]
    |--Austroserphini [Austroserphidae] RC74
    |    |--Austroserphus Dodd 1933 MH11, R54
    |    |    `--*A. albofasciatus Dodd 1933 R54
    |    `--Acanthoserphus Dodd 1915 RC74, R54
    |         `--*A. albicoxa Dodd 1915 R54
    `--+--Disogmus Foerster 1856 MH11, R54
       |    |--D. areolator (Haliday 1839) [=Disogmus areolator] R54
       |    `--D. nigerrimus Dodd 1915 R54
       `--+--Exallonyx trifoveatus MH11, N91
          `--Proctotrupes Latreille 1796 MH11, R54
               |--*P. brevipennis Latreille 1802 R54
               |--P. collaris Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
               |--P. doddi Riek 1954 R54
               |--P. gravidator MS01
               |--P. janthinae Dodd 1915 [=Proctotrypes janthinae] R54
               |--P. niger G20
               |--P. nitens Dodd 1920 R54
               |--P. splendidus Riek 1954 R54
               |--P. syagrii R70
               `--P. turneri Dodd 1920 R54

Proctotrupidae incertae sedis:
  Codrus A71
  Phaenoserphus Kieffer in André 1908 R54
    |--*P. curtipennis (Haliday 1839) [=Proctotrupes curtipennis] R54
    |--P. australiae (Kieffer 1907) [=Proctotrypes australiae] R54
    |--P. calcar A71
    `--P. viator A71
  Labeo pusillus Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
  Prosacantha MS01
    |--P. grandis MS01
    `--P. spinosa Szépligeti in Moscáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
  Isocybus MS01
    |--I. grandis MS01
    `--I. rossicus Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
  Pantoclis MS01
    |--P. barycera MS01
    `--P. rufipes Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
  Acropiesta MS01
  Oxyserphus N91
  Austrocodrus N91
  Mischoserphus N91
  Apoglypha N91
  Serphonostus N91
  Cryptoserphus Kieffer in André 1907 R54
    |--*C. longicalcar Kieffer in André 1908 R54
    |--C. nigriscutum Dodd 1915 R54
    |--C. nitidus Dodd 1915 R54
    `--C. sulcatus Riek 1954 R54
  Paracodrus R54
  Rasnitsynia huadongensis (Zhang 1985) [=Oligoneuroides huadongensis] RJ93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R54] Riek, E. F. 1954. Australian wasps of the family Proctotrupidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea). Australian Journal of Zoology 3: 106–117.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

[RC74] Riek, E. F., & J. C. Cardale. 1974. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 107–111. Melbourne University Press.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 18 March 2021.

Diapriidae

Female Platymischus dilatatus, from Katja Seltmann.

Belongs within: Diaprioidea.

The Diapriidae are a family of small endoparasitic wasps, primarily attacking pupae or prepupae of Diptera but with some species associated with Hymenoptera or Coleoptera. The antennae possess an elongate scape, at least 2.5 times as long as wide, and are usually inserted on a distinct shelf (Naumann 1991). Molecular phylogenetic analysis (Munro et al. 2011) suggests that the diapriids may be paraphyletic to the Mymarommatidae, a group of minute wasps (less than 1 mm in length) with a two-segmented petiole (Naumann 1991).

Characters (from Naumann 1991): Small (1–6 mm). Antennae usually 9–15-segmented in females, 12–14-segmented in males, usually inserted remote from clypeus on a prominent frontal shelf; wing venation reduced or wings absent; trochantellus present; tergite 2 and sternite 2 fused to form petiole; tergite 3 and sternite 3 or 4 large; cerci digitiform or plate-like. Sexual dimorphism often marked.

Diapriidae
    |  i. s.: Malvina punctata M83
    |         Polypeza B88
    |         Qinodiapris Hong 2002 H02
    |           `--*Q. fascicornuta Hong 2002 H02
    |         Pantolyta P92
    |--+--Poecilopsilus MH11
    |  `--Diapriinae N91
    |       |--Platymischus dilatatus A71
    |       |--Loxotropa A71
    |       |--Galesus cornutus A71, MS01
    |       |--Basalys N91
    |       |--Spilomicrus N91
    |       |--Trichopria drosophilae N91, PK17
    |       |--Entomacis MH11
    |       |--Paramesius N91
    |       |--Hemilexomyia N91
    |       |--Leaiopria N91
    |       |--Austropria N91
    |       |--Propentapria R70
    |       |--Phaenopria R70
    |       |--Neurogalesus N91
    |       |    |--N. faunus Girault 1927 G27
    |       |    `--N. rubripes G27
    |       `--Diapria Latreille 1802 L02
    |            |--D. conica [=Ichneumon conicus] L02
    |            |--D. elegans [=Proctotrupes (Diapria) elegans] G20
    |            `--D. hesperidum [=Chrysis hesperidum] L02
    `--+--Belytinae A71
       |    |  i. s.: Stylaclista N91
       |    |         Psilommella N91
       |    |         Xenotoma R70
       |    |--+--Opazon MH11
       |    |  `--Belyta MH11
       |    |       |--B. bicolor [=Proctotrupes (Belyta) bicolor] G20
       |    |       `--B. validicornis MH11, MS01
       |    `--+--+--Anommatium MH11
       |       |  `--Aclista MH11
       |       `--+--Miota MH11
       |          `--Cinetus MH11
       |               |--C. californicus MH11
       |               `--C. fulvus [=Belyta fulva] RD77
       `--+--Ambositrinae N91
          |    |--Ambositra famosa Z02
          |    |--Pantolytomyia ferruginea MH11
          |    |--Diaphoropria N91
          |    |--Scianomas N91
          |    |--Austroxylabis N91
          |    |--Acanthobetyla N91
          |    |--Betyla fulva R70, R60
          |    |--Neobetyla R70
          |    `--Prosoxylabis R70
          `--+--Ismarinae MH11
             `--Serphitoidea RBQ04
                  |--Serphitidae [Serphitoidea] GE05
                  |    |--Aposerphites solox RJ93
                  |    |--Microserphites P92
                  |    |--Distylopus [Distylopinae] P92
                  |    `--Serphites RBQ04
                  |         |--S. dux P92
                  |         `--S. paradoxus RBQ04
                  `--Mymarommatidae [Mymarommatoidea] MH11
                       |--Archaeromma minutissima RJ93
                       |--Mymaromma Girault 1920 GM79
                       |    `--M. anomalum MH11
                       |--Palaeomymar GE05 [incl. Petiolaria Bld. & Kryg. 1922 G30, GM79]
                       |    |--P. agapa R02
                       |    `--P. duisburgi GE05
                       `--Mymaromella Girault 1931 HB13, G31
                            |--*M. mira Girault 1931 G31
                            |--M. chaoi HB13
                            `--M. mirissima Girault 1935 G35

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G27] Girault, A. A. 1927. Some new wild animals. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 208–210).

[G30] Girault, A. A. 1930. New pests from Australia. VIII. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 273–277).

[G31] Girault, A. A. 1931. A new habit in an old insect, Homo pudicus and new Eurytomidae. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 280–283).

[G35] Girault, A. A. 1935. Microhymenoptera Australiensis nova, mostly Chalcididae. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 315–318).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Superorder Vespidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Hymenoptera Linné, 1758 (=Vespida Laicharting, 1781). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 242–254. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RBQ04] Rasnitsyn, A. P., H. H. Basibuyuk & D. L. J. Quicke. 2004. A basal chalcidoid (Insecta: Hymenoptera) from the earliest Cretaceous or latest Jurassic of Mongolia. Insect Systematics and Evolution 35: 123–135.

[R60] Richards, A. M. 1960. Observations on the New Zealand glow-worm Arachnocampa luminosa (Skuse) 1890. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3): 559–574.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Ecological history of the terrestrial insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 331–388. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Last updated: 13 March 2021.

Trichogramma

Female Trichogramma platneri ovipositing on egg of Trichoplusia ni, photographed by Max E. Badgley.

Belongs within: Trichogrammatidae.

Trichogramma is a genus of minute egg parasitoid wasps. Species of this genus are among the most widely used wasps in the biological control of Lepidoptera species.

Characters (from Girault 1918): Female antenna six-segmented; funicle two-segmented, shorter than pedicel; clava solid, without terminal nipple. Male antenna four-segmented, with long and nodular single-segmented clava, clothed with long hairs. Forewings with discal cilia all in straight lines; marginal vein short, more or less equal to stigmal and slightly curved; stigmal vein long with a slender neck; distal venation more or less bowed. Abdomen more or less pointed.

<==Trichogramma Westwood 1833 GM79
    |--T. parkeri MH11
    `--+--T. evanescens MH11
       `--+--T. platneri MH11
          `--T. pretiosum MH11

Trichogramma incertae sedis:
  T. australicum Girault 1912 GM79
  T. brevicornis GJR97
  T. cacoeciae A71
  T. cordubensis GJR97
  T. deion GJR97
  T. euproctidis (Girault 1911) GM79
  T. fasciatum Perkins 1912 GM79
  T. kalkae NS91
  T. minutum Riley 1871 GM79 (see below for synonymy)
  T. retorridum (Girault 1911) GM79
  T. semblidis (Aurivillius 1897) GM79
  T. (Trichogrammatana Girault 1932) G32
    `--T. (*T.) singularis Girault 1932 G32

Trichogramma minutum Riley 1871 GM79 [incl. T. helocharae Perkins 1907 G18, GM79, T. perkinsi Girault 1912 G18, GM79]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[GJR97] Giordano, R., J. J. Jackson & H. M. Robertson. 1997. The role of Wolbachia bacteria in reproductive incompatibilities and hybrid zones of Diabrotica beetles and Gryllus crickets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 94: 11439–11444.

[G18] Girault, A. A. 1918. North American Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 142–152).

[G32] Girault, A. A. 1932. New lower Hymenoptera from Australia and India. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 293–298).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PloS One 6 (11): e27023.

[NS91] Nagelkerke, C. J., & M. W. Sabelis. 1991. Precise sex-ratio control in the pseudo-arrhenotokous phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt. In: Schuster, R., & P. W. Murphy (eds) The Acari: Reproduction, development and life-history strategies pp. 193–207. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 28 April 2019.

Encyrtidae

Female Anagyrus pseudococci alongside remains of mealybug host, copyright Kent M. Daane.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.
Contains: Aphycus, Encyrtinae.

The Encyrtidae are a family of small wasps whose larvae are mostly endoparasites of Hemiptera or insect larvae. They have been divided between two subfamilies, with females of the Tetracneminae possessing a narrow filament (paratergite) connecting the ovipositor to the eight metasomal tergite. Among tetracnemines, the species Anagyrus pseudococci has been widely reared commercially for use in mealybug control.

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Flagellum with at most 9 segments (plus occasionally one very small anellus); mesothoracic pleuron greatly enlarged, convex, transformed into a large, undivided shield; mid coxae much nearer to fore coxae than to hind ones; mesoscutum convex and short, notauli absent or indicated by superficial lines strongly converging to meet at the pointed front end of scutellum; axillae transverse, often meeting in midline; marginal vein often shorter than the stigmal.

<==Encyrtidae [Tetracneminae]
    |--Savzdargia hofferi HB13
    `--+--Encyrtinae HB13
       `--+--Leptomastides MH11
          `--+--Neodusmetia sangwani MH11
             `--Anagyrus HB13
                  |--*A. greeni Howard 1896 G17b, GM79
                  |--A. alpinus Girault 1917 G17b
                  |--A. antoninae C81
                  |--A. australiensis S07
                  |--A. pseudococci HB13
                  |--A. schoenherri A71
                  `--A. yuccae (Coquillett 1890) G17b, GM79 [=Blastothrix yuccae G17b]

Encyrtidae incertae sedis:
  Zealandencyrtus yasumatsui M83
  Epidinocarsis Girault 1913 G17b, GM79
    `--E. lopezi LS96
  Paracopidosomopsis Girault 1916 G17c, GM79
    |--P. coleophorae (Mayr 1875) GM79 [=Copidosoma coleophorae G17c]
    |--P. floridana Ashmead 1900 GM79
    |--P. hartmanni (Mayr 1875) GM79 [=Copidosoma hartmanni G17c]
    |--P. japonicus G17d
    |    |--P. j. japonicus G17d
    |    `--P. j. nippon Girault 1917 G17d
    `--P. javae Girault 1917 G17a
  Blastothrix Mayr 1875 A71, GM79
    |--B. brittanica Girault 1917 G17d
    |--B. hardyi Girault 1922 G22
    |--B. mercurius G22
    `--B. sericea (Dalman 1820) GM79
  Parablatticida Girault 1924 G21, GM79 [incl. Holanusia Girault 1924 G24, GM79]
  Anagyropsis Girault 1917 G24, GM79
    |--A. australiensis (Girault 1912) GM79
    `--A. burnsi Girault 1921 G21
  Schedius G27
    |--S. euxoae Girault 1927 G27
    `--S. kuvanae RD77
  Charitopus N91 [incl. Eupelmomorpha B88]
  Tetracyclos Kryger 1942 H83
    `--*T. boreios Kryger 1942 H83
  Oobius HB13
  Stemmatosteres H83
  Globulencyrtus Hoffer 1975 ST08
    |--*G. politus (Hoffer 1957) [=Semen politum] ST08
    `--G. dahmsi Simutnik & Trjapitzin 2008 T14
  Homalotylus S07
    |--H. flavimesopleuron Girault 1917 G17d
    |--H. microgaster Girault 1917 GM79
    `--H. orci Girault 1917 G17a
  Leptomastix N91
    |--L. bicoloricornis Girault 1915 GM79
    `--L. varithorax Girault 1923 G23
  Callipteroma N91
  Ananusia N91
  Dinocarsis B37
    |--D. fasciiscapus Girault 1932 G32b
    |--D. holbeini Girault 1923 G23b
    |--D. rotundiceps Girault 1932 G32a
    |--D. spica Girault 1921 GM79
    `--D. thyridopterigis B37
  Propelma rohdendorfi RJ93
  Aphycini S96
    |--Aphycus G32a
    `--Mucrencyrtus Noyes 1980 [Paraphycina] S96
         |--*M. insulanus Noyes 1980 S96
         |--M. aclerdae (De Santis 1972) [=Aenasioidea aclerdae] S96
         |--M. arundinariae Sharkov 1996 S96
         |--M. atratus Sharkov 1996 S96
         |--M. dbari Sharkov 1996 S96
         |--M. ecuadorensis Sharkov 1996 S96
         |--M. ferrierei (Burks 1964) [=Aenasioidea ferrierei] S96
         `--M. variabilis Sharkov 1996 S96
  Comones ferrierei S96
  Ageniaspis RD77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B37] Balduf, W. V. 1937. Bionomic notes on the common bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw., (Lepid., Psychidae) and its insect enemies (Hym., Lepid.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (7): 169–184.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[C81] Caltagirone, L. E. 1981. Landmark examples in classical biological control. Annual Review of Entomology 26: 213–232.

[G17a] Girault, A. A. 1917a. New Javanese Hymenoptera. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 59–71).

[G17b] Girault, A. A. 1917b. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 80–101).

[G17c] Girault, A. A. 1917c. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. III. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 102–111).

[G17d] Girault, A. A. 1917d. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. V. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 116–131).

[G21] Girault, A. A. 1921. New animals of Australia and old men of the earth. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 161–163).

[G22] Girault, A. A. 1922. The true remedy for head lice, dedication of a new animal to the quality of majesty and so forth. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 166).

[G23] Girault, A. A. 1923. Loves wooed and won in Australia. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 167–169).

[G24] Girault, A. A. 1924. Homo perniciosus and new Hymenoptera. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 178–181).

[G27] Girault, A. A. 1927. New Australian animals so far overlooked by outsiders. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 211–212).

[G32a] Girault, A. A. 1932a. New pests from Australia, X. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 286–291).

[G32b] Girault, A. A. 1932b. Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera nova Australiensis. II. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 292).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[H83] Hayat, M. 1983. The genera of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera) of the world. Systematic Entomology 8: 63–102.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[LS96] Levins, R., & B. B. Schultz. 1996. Effects of density dependence, feedback and environmental sensitivity on correlations among predators, prey and plant resources: models and practical implications. Journal of Animal Ecology 65: 802–812.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PloS One 6 (11): e27023.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S96] Sharkov, A. 1996. A review of the species of the genus Mucrencyrtus Noyes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 350–368.

[ST08] Simutnik, S. A., & V. A. Trjapitzin. 2008. Description of a new species of the genus Globulencyrtus (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae) from Australia with information of G. politus, the type species, a parasitoid of mites of the family Caeculidae (Acarina). Vestnik Zoologii 42 (6): 559–562.

[S07] Ślipiński, A. 2007. Australian Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Their biology and classification. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[T14] Taylor, C. K. 2014. Two further Neocaeculus species (Acari: Prostigmata: Caeculidae) from Barrow Island, Western Australia. Acarologia 54 (3): 347–358.

Last updated: 14 March 2021.