Trachymedusae

Halicreas minimum, from NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration and Research.

Belongs within: Medusozoa.

The Trachymedusae are a group of hydrozoans lacking a polyp stage to the life cycle. Medusae develop directly from an actinula (Petersen 1979).

Trachymedusae DB07
    |  i. s.: Carmaris glitschi H04
    |         Carmarina hastata H04
    |         Aglantha B26
    |           |--A. digitale C02
    |           `--A. rosea B26
    |         Pantachogon haeckeli LS09
    |         Amphogona apicata PO99
    |--Ptychogastria [Ptychogastriidae] BP00
    |    `--P. asteroides (Haeckel 1879) BP00
    |--Craspedacusta Lankester 1880 G88, P79 [Petasidae DB07]
    |    `--C. sowerbyi G88
    |--Rhopalonematidae DB07
    |    |--Rhopalonema B26
    |    |    |--R. funerarium B26
    |    |    `--R. velatum B26
    |    |--Homoeonema platygonon Browne 1903 BP00
    |    `--Persa incolorata McCrady 1859 BP00
    |--Geryoniidae DB07
    |    |--Geryones elephas H04
    |    `--Liriope DB07
    |         |--L. scutigera B26
    |         `--L. tetraphylla B26
    `--Halicreatidae DB07
         |--Varitentaculata DB07
         `--Halicreas CH97
              |--H. minimum CH97
              `--H. papillosum B26

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B26] Bigelow, H. B. 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 40 (2): 1–509.

[BP00] Bouillon, J., F. Pagès, J.-M. Gili, A. Palanques, P. Puig & S. Heussner. 2000. Deep-water hydromedusae from the Lacaze-Duthiers submarine canyon (Banyuls, northwestern Mediterranean) and description of two new genera, Guillea and Parateclaia. Scientia Marina 64 (Suppl. 1): 87–95.

[CH97] Castro, P., & M. E. Huber. 1997. Marine Biology 2^nd ed. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

[C02] Collette, B. B. 2002. Mackerels. Family Scombridae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 516–536. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[DB07] Daly, M., M. R. Brugler, P. Cartwright, A. G. Collins, M. N. Dawson, D. G. Fautin, S. C. France, C. S. McFadden, D. M. Opresko, E. Rodriguez, S. L. Romano & J. L. Stake. 2007. The phylum Cnidaria: a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. Zootaxa 1668: 127–182.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[LS09] Leclère, L., P. Schuchert, C. Cruaud, A. Couloux & M. Manuel. 2009. Molecular phylogenetics of Thecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) reveals long-term maintenance of life history traits despite high frequency of recent character changes. Systematic Biology 58 (5): 509–526.

[PO99] Pagès, F., & C. Orejas. 1999. Medusae, siphonophores and ctenophores of the Magellan region. Scientia Marina 63 (Suppl. 1): 51–57.

[P79] Petersen, K. W. 1979. Development of coloniality in Hydrozoa. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 105–139. Academic Press: London.

Limnomedusae

Limnocnida tanganyicae, from Parker (1907).

Belongs within: Medusozoa.

The Limnomedusae are a poorly defined group of hydrozoans with a biphasic life cycle whose medusae have ecto-endodermal statocysts and/or gametogenic tissue along their radial canals, and polyps not covered by a theca (Daly et al. 2007).

Limnomedusae [Limnohydrina] DB07
    |--Vallentinia Browne 1902 P79
    |--Monobrachium Mereschkowsky 1877 P79 [Monobrachiidae DB07]
    |--Scolionema suvaense PP64
    |--Gonionemus Agassiz 1862 P79
    |    `--G. vertens PP64
    |--Olindias Müller 1861 P79 [Olindiasidae DB07]
    |    `--O. phosphorica PP64
    |--Aglauropsis Müller 1865 P79
    |    `--A. aeora LS09
    |--Armorhydra Swedmark & Teissier 1958 CS-P86 [Armorhydridae DB07]
    |    `--A. janowiczi Swedmark & Teissier 1958 CS-P86
    |--Microhydrula CS-P86 [Microhydrulidae DB07]
    |    `--M. pontica CS-P86
    `--Limnocnida Günther 1893 P79 [Limnocnididae G88]
         |--L. tanganyicae LS09
         `--L. victoriae G88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CS-P86] Clausen, C., & L. v. Salvini-Plawen. 1986. Cnidaria. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 33–42. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[DB07] Daly, M., M. R. Brugler, P. Cartwright, A. G. Collins, M. N. Dawson, D. G. Fautin, S. C. France, C. S. McFadden, D. M. Opresko, E. Rodriguez, S. L. Romano & J. L. Stake. 2007. The phylum Cnidaria: a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. Zootaxa 1668: 127–182.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[LS09] Leclère, L., P. Schuchert, C. Cruaud, A. Couloux & M. Manuel. 2009. Molecular phylogenetics of Thecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) reveals long-term maintenance of life history traits despite high frequency of recent character changes. Systematic Biology 58 (5): 509–526.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P79] Petersen, K. W. 1979. Development of coloniality in Hydrozoa. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 105–139. Academic Press: London.

Filifera

Eudendrium racemosum, copyright Peter Schuchert.

Belongs within: Medusozoa.
Contains: Hydractinioidea.

The Filifera are a group of hydrozoans characterised by the possession of filiform tentacles on the feeding polyps, together with desmoneme and eurytele nematocysts (Daly et al. 2007).

Filifera
    |--Eudendriidae [Eudendriida, Eudendrioidea] P79
    |    |--Myrionema Pictet 1893 P79
    |    |    `--M. amboinense T87
    |    `--Eudendrium Ehrenberg 1834 P79
    |         |--E. arbusculum KM17
    |         |--E. armatum PP64
    |         |--E. capillare Alder 1856 VV77
    |         |--E. carneum Clarke 1882 HJ08
    |         |--E. dispar A64
    |         |--E. glomeratum LS09
    |         |--E. racemosum [=Sertularia racemosa] A64
    |         `--E. vaginatum A64
    `--Pandeida P79
         |--Pandeoidea P79
         |    |--Niobia Mayer 1900 [Niobiidae] P79
         |    `--+--Calycopsis BP00 [Calycopsidae P79]
         |       |    `--C. simplex Kramp & Damas 1925 BP00
         |       `--+--Protiara Haeckel 1879 [Protiaridae] P79
         |          `--Pandeidae P79
         |               |--Halitiara Fewkes 1882 P79
         |               |--Paratiara Kramp & Damas 1925 P79
         |               |--Cnidotiara Uchida 1927 P79
         |               `--Leuckartiara BP00
         |                    |--L. brownei Larson & Harbison 1990 BP00
         |                    `--L. octona PP64
         `--+--Bougainvillioidea P79
            |    |--Russelliidae P79
            |    `--+--Perarella DB07 [Cytaeididae P79]
            |       `--Bougainvilliidae P79
            |            |--Clavopsella Stechow 1919 P79
            |            |--Silhouetta Millard & Bouillon 1973 P79
            |            |--Koellikerina Kramp 1939 P79
            |            |--Bimeria Wright 1859 P79
            |            |    `--B. nutans A64
            |            |--Rhizorhagium DB07
            |            |--Velkovrhia Matjašič & Sket 1971 CS-P86
            |            |    `--V. enigmatica Matjašič & Sket 1971 CS-P86
            |            `--Bougainvillia KBC03
            |                 |--B. macloviana PO99
            |                 |--B. muscus LS09
            |                 |--B. ramosa KBC03
            |                 `--B. superciliaris B26
            `--Hydractinioidea P79

Filifera incertae sedis:
  Australomedusidae DB07
  Balella Stechow 1919 P79 [Balellidae DB07]
  Bythotiaridae DB07
  Clathrozoellidae DB07
  Eucodoniidae DB07
  Fabienna [Laingiidae, Laingiomedusae] DB07
    `--F. sphaerica DB07
  Oceanidae DB07
    |--Crucimedusina walcotti (Barbour 1914) NS93
    |--Oceania A64
    |    |--O. armata A64
    |    |--O. cymbaloidea G20
    |    |--O. octona A64
    |    `--O. turrita A64
    `---Turritopsis nutricula A64
  Proboscidactyla S79 [Proboscidactylidae DB07]
    `--P. mutabilis PO99
  Trichydridae DB07
  Podocoryne LS09
    |--P. borealis PO99
    |--P. carnea PP15
    |--P. exigua LS09
    |--P. minuta PO99
    `--P. proboscidea PP64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A64] Allman, G. J. 1864. Report on the present state of our knowledge of the reproductive system in the Hydroida. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 351–426.

[B26] Bigelow, H. B. 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 40 (2): 1–509.

[BP00] Bouillon, J., F. Pagès, J.-M. Gili, A. Palanques, P. Puig & S. Heussner. 2000. Deep-water hydromedusae from the Lacaze-Duthiers submarine canyon (Banyuls, northwestern Mediterranean) and description of two new genera, Guillea and Parateclaia. Scientia Marina 64 (Suppl. 1): 87–95.

[CS-P86] Clausen, C., & L. v. Salvini-Plawen. 1986. Cnidaria. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 33–42. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[DB07] Daly, M., M. R. Brugler, P. Cartwright, A. G. Collins, M. N. Dawson, D. G. Fautin, S. C. France, C. S. McFadden, D. M. Opresko, E. Rodriguez, S. L. Romano & J. L. Stake. 2007. The phylum Cnidaria: a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. Zootaxa 1668: 127–182.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1–44.

[KBC03] Kashin, I. A., E. V. Bagaveeva & S. F. Chaplygina. 2003. Fouling communities of hydrotechnical constructions in Nakhodka Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology 29: 267–283.

[KM17] Korshunova, T., A. Martynov, T. Bakken, J. Evertsen, K. Fletcher, I. W. Mudianta, H. Saito, K. Lundin, M. Schrödl & B. Picton. 2017. Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia: aeolidacean taxonomic reassessment with descriptions of several new families, genera, and species (Mollusca, Gastropoda). ZooKeys 717: 1–139.

[LS09] Leclère, L., P. Schuchert, C. Cruaud, A. Couloux & M. Manuel. 2009. Molecular phylogenetics of Thecata (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) reveals long-term maintenance of life history traits despite high frequency of recent character changes. Systematic Biology 58 (5): 509–526.

[NS93] Nudds, J. R., & J. J. Sepkoski Jr. 1993. Coelenterata. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 101–124. Chapman & Hall: London.

[PO99] Pagès, F., & C. Orejas. 1999. Medusae, siphonophores and ctenophores of the Magellan region. Scientia Marina 63 (Suppl. 1): 51–57.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[P79] Petersen, K. W. 1979. Development of coloniality in Hydrozoa. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 105–139. Academic Press: London.

[PP15] Pisani, D., W. Pett, M. Dohrmann, R. Feuda, O. Rota-Stabelli, H. Philippe, N. Lartillot & G. Wörheide. 2015. Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 112 (50): 15402–15407.

[S79] Shelton, G. A. B. 1979. Co-ordination of behaviour in cnidarian colonies. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 141–154. Academic Press: London.

[T87] Trench, R. K. 1987. Dinoflagellates in non-parasitic symbioses. In: Taylor, F. J. R. (ed.) The Biology of Dinoflagellates pp. 530–570. Blackwell Scientific.

[VV77] Vervoort, W., & P. Vasseur. 1977. Hydroids from French Polynesia with notes on distribution and ecology. Zoologische Verhandelingen 159: 1–98.

Actiniaria

Halcurias pilatus, from Actiniaria.com.

Belongs within: Hexacorallia.
Contains: Actinostoloidea, Actinioidea, Metridioidea, Edwardsiidae.

The Actiniaria, sea anemones, are a diverse group of soft-bodied anthozoans characterised by the presence of three triangular, apical flaps on the nematocysts that flex outwards during discharge (Rodríguez et al. 2014).

<==Actiniaria [Actiniae, Athenaria, Nynantheae] RB14
    |--Enthemonae [Acontiaria, Mesomyaria, Ptychodacteae, Ptychodactiaria, Thenaria] RB14
    |    |  i. s.: Spongiactinidae RB14
    |    |--Actinostoloidea RB14
    |    `--+--Actinioidea RB14
    |       `--Metridioidea RB14
    `--Anenthemonae RB14
         |--Edwardsiidae RB14
         `--Actinernoidea [Actinernidae, Endocoelantheae] RB14
              |--Synhalcurias laevis RB14
              `--+--Actinernus antarcticus RB14
                 `--+--Isactinernus quadrilobatus RB14
                    `--Halcurias [Halcuriidae] RB14
                         `--H. pilatus RB14

Actiniaria incertae sedis:
  Triga philippinesis Gray 1867 RL03
  Isactinia HS01
    |--I. olivacea HS01
    `--I. tenebrosa O81
  Paractis HS01
    |--P. ferox HS01
    `--P. papaver H15
  Rhodactis H94
    |--R. rhodostoma H94
    `--R. sancti-thomae T87
  Heliactis H04
    |--H. bellis H04
    `--H. troglodytes H04
  Mesacmaea stellata H04
  Cylista impatiens H04
  Bunodes H04
    |--B. monilifera H04
    `--B. thallia H04
  Anthea cereus H04
  Actinoloba dianthus H04
  Tealia S77
    |--T. crassicornis (Gosse 1858) S77
    `--T. lofotensis (Gosse 1858) S77
  Aulactinia capitata CS77
  Gephyra dohrni PP64
  Eloactis mazeli PP64
  Oulactis muscosa H15
  Mackenzia costalis Walcott 1911 NS93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[H15] Hedley, C. 1915. Presidential address. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (1): 1–77, pls 1–7.

[H94] Humes, A. G. 1994. Two species of Paramolgus (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida: Lichomolgidae) associated with the scleractinian Pavona in New Caledonia with a key to the females of Paramolgus. Beaufortia 44 (1): 1–9.

[NS93] Nudds, J. R., & J. J. Sepkoski Jr. 1993. Coelenterata. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 101–124. Chapman & Hall: London.

[O81] O'Brien, C. O. 1981. A. A. Book of New Zealand Wildlife: A guide to the native and introduced animals of New Zealand. Lansdowne Press: Auckland.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[RB14] Rodríguez, E., M. S. Barbeitos, M. R. Brugler, L. M. Crowley, A. Grajales, L. Gusmão, V. Häussermann, A. Reft & M. Daly. 2014. Hidden among sea anemones: the first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals. PLoS One 9 (5): e96998.

[RL03] Ryland, J. S., & J. E. Lancaster. 2003. Revision of methods for separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) in the tropical West Pacific. Invertebrate Systematics 17: 407–428.

[S77] Salo, S. 1977. Observations on feeding, chemoreception and toxins in two species of Epitonium. Veliger 20 (2): 168–172.

[T87] Trench, R. K. 1987. Dinoflagellates in non-parasitic symbioses. In: Taylor, F. J. R. (ed.) The Biology of Dinoflagellates pp. 530–570. Blackwell Scientific.