Hydropsyche

Grey flag caddisfly Hydropsyche siltalai, copyright Janet Graham.

Belongs within: Hydropsychidae.

Hydropsyche is a cosmopolitan genus of caddisflies in which fore wings have crossveins M₃₊₄-Cu₁ and Cu₁-Cu₂ widely separated, and hind wings are apically narrow and have the median cell closed.

<==Hydropsyche Pictet 1834 BZ-M04
    |--H. acinoxas Malicky 1981 BZ-M04
    |--H. alternans R38
    |--H. ambigua BZ-M04
    |--H. amblis Ross 1938 R38
    |--H. angustipennis CS77
    |--H. brevis Mosely 1930 BZ-M04
    |--H. bulbifera McLachlan 1878 BZ-M04
    |--H. colonica PC66
    |--H. cuanis R38
    |--H. dinarica Marinkovic-Gospodnetic 1979 BZ-M04
    |--H. exocellata Duföur 1841 BZ-M04
    |--H. fontinalis Zamora-Muñoz & González 2002 BZ-M04
    |--H. iberomaroccana González & Malicky 1999 BZ-M04
    |--H. incognita Pitsch 1993 BZ-M04
    |--H. infernalis Schmid 1952 BZ-M04
    |--H. instabilis (Curtis 1834) BZ-M04
    |--H. orris Ross 1938 [=H. cornuta Ross 1938 non Martynov 1909] R38
    |--H. pellucidula (Curtis 1834) BZ-M04
    |--H. protis Ross 1938 R38
    |--H. siltalai Döhler 1963 BZ-M04
    |--H. tana R38
    `--H. tibialis McLachlan 1884 BZ-M04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BZ-M04] Bonada, N., C. Zamora-Muñoz, M. Rieradevall & N. Prat. 2004. Trichoptera (Insecta) collected in Mediterranean river basins of the Iberian Peninsula: taxonomic remarks and notes on ecology. Graellsia 60 (1): 41–69.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[PC66] Pendergrast, J. G., & D. R. Cowley. 1966. An Introduction to New Zealand Freshwater Insects. Collins: Auckland.

[R38] Ross, H. H. 1938. Descriptions of new North American Trichoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (5): 117–124.

Phorinae

Phora sp., copyright Eugene K.

Belongs within: Phoridae.

The Phorinae are a group of scuttle flies characterised by more or less distinct bristles on the tibiae, particularly a proximodorsal pair on the mid tibia (Peterson 1987).

Characters (from Peterson 1987): Frons bristled along entire lateral margins; supra-antennal bristles, when present, reclinate. Wing fully developed in both sexes. Tibiae with distinct, though sometimes short or weak, bristles; mid tibia always with at least a closely situated dorsal pair on basal half; other tibiae sometimes with similar bristles.

<==Phorinae B10
    |--Crinophleba rostrata P87
    |--Spiniphora spinulosa P87, B10
    |--Abaristophora diversipennis P87, B10
    |--Hypocerides nearcticus P87
    |--Stichillus adamsi P87
    |--Coniceromyia pilipleura P87
    |--Chaetopleurophora Schmitz 1927 H02
    |--Caenophorites Hong 2002 H02
    |    `--*C. xilutianensis Hong 2002 H02
    |--Huaxiaphoritis Hong 2002 H02
    |    `--*H. longispina (Hong 1981) [=Chaetopleurophora longispina] H02
    |--Fushunophoritis Hong 2002 H02
    |    `--*F. gastrocanthoidis (Hong 1981) [=Chaetopleurophora gastrocanthoidis] H02
    |--Fushuniclavicornia Hong 2002 H02
    |    `--*F. sinica (Hong 1981) [=Chaetopleurophora sinica] H02
    |--Rhoptrocera Hong 1981 H02
    |    `--*R. eocenica Hong 1981 H02
    |--Dohrniphora P87
    |    |--D. cornuta B10
    |    `--D. poinari P92
    |--Anevrina P87
    |    |--A. spinipes P87
    |    `--A. unispinosa B10
    |--Triphleba [incl. Citrago] P87
    |    |--T. pachyneura B10
    |    `--‘Citrago’ politifrons P87
    |--Borophaga P87
    |    |--B. incrassata [=Hypocera incrassata] A71
    |    `--B. verticalis B10
    |--Diplonevra P87
    |    |--D. florea WJ18
    |    |--D. nitidula B10
    |    `--D. setigera B10
    `--Phora Latreille 1796 BR05
         |--P. aterima (Fabricius 1794) [=Musca aterima] H02
         |--P. atra G20
         |--P. cara R35
         |--P. hybosa Hong 1981 H02
         |--P. occidentata B10
         |--P. putris (Linnaeus 758) L02, L58 [=Musca putris L02]
         `--P. viridinota P87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[B10] Brown, B. V. 2010. Phoridae (hump-backed flies, scuttle flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 725–761. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[P87] Peterson, B. V. 1987. Phoridae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 689–712. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.

[WJ18] Wahlberg, E., & K. A. Johanson. 2018. Molecular phylogenetics reveals novel relationships within Empidoidea (Diptera). Systematic Entomology 43: 619–636.

Cerioidini

Cerioides ornata, copyright Gail Hampshire.

Belongs within: Syrphoidea.

The Cerioidini are a group of hover flies that closely mimic wasps in their appearance.

Characters (from Vockeroth & Thompson 1987): Length 8 mm or more. Antenna long; scape three to four times as long as wide; first flagellomere shorter than scape and pedicel combined; with terminal stylus. Head not strongly concave, postpronota clearly exposed. Crossvein r-m beyond middle of cell dm. Male abdomen with tergite 5 not visible in dorsal view.

<==Cerioidini [Cerioidinae]
    |--Polybiomyia townsendi VT87, TRZ10
    |--Sphiximorpha VT87
    |--Monoceromyia floridensis VT87
    |--Ceriana VT87
    |    |--C. abbreviata VT87
    |    `--C. cacica TRZ10
    `--Cerioides [incl. Pterygophoromyia Shannon 1927] R54
         |  i. s.: C. ablepta Riek 1954 R54
         |         C. fascialis (Kertesz 1903) [=Ceria fascialis] R54
         |         C. ornatifrons R35
         |--C. subarmata group R54
         |    |--C. procapna Riek 1954 R54
         |    `--C. subarmata Curran 1926 [incl. Monoceromyia austeni Shannon 1927] R54
         |--C. macleayi group R54
         |    |--C. alaplicata Hardy 1945 R54
         |    |--C. atacta Riek 1954 [=C. fascialis Ferguson 1926 non Ceria fascialis Kertesz 1903] R54
         |    |--C. breviscapa (Saunders 1845) [=Ceria breviscapa; incl. Cerioides victoria Curran 1925] R54
         |    |--C. doddi Ferguson 1926 R54
         |    |--C. euchroma Riek 1954 R54
         |    |--C. macleayi Ferguson 1926 [incl. Monoceromyia hardyi Shannon 1927] R54
         |    `--C. phya Riek 1954 R54
         `--C. ornata group R54
              |--C. alboseta Ferguson 1926 R54
              |--C. apicalis Ferguson 1926 R54
              |--C. euphara Riek 1954 [=C. variabilis Ferguson 1926 non Kertesz 1903] R54
              |--C. lypra Riek 1954 R54
              |--C. mastersi Ferguson 1926 R54
              |--C. mellivora (Shannon 1927) [=Tenthredomyia (Pterygophoromyia) mellivora] R54
              |--C. optata Riek 1954 R54
              |--C. opuntiae Ferguson 1926 R54
              |--C. ornata (Saunders 1845) (see below for synonymy) R54
              |    |--C. o. ornata R54
              |    `--C. o. australis (Macquart 1850) [=Ceria australis, Tenthredomyia australis] R54
              |--C. picta Riek 1954 R54
              |--C. platypus Ferguson 1926 R54
              |--C. saundersi (Shannon 1925) [=Tenthredomyia saundersi, T. (*Pterygophoromyia) saundersi] R54
              |--C. sphenotoma Riek 1954 R54
              `--C. tolmera Riek 1954 R54

Cerioides ornata (Saunders 1845) [=Ceria ornata, Cerioides ornatus, Tenthredomyia (Pterygophoromyia) ornata] R54

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.

[R54] Riek, E. F. 1954. The Australian syrphid flies of the subfamily Cerioidinae (Diptera: Syrphidae): systematics and wing folding. Australian Journal of Zoology 2 (1): 100–130.

[TRZ10] Thompson, E. C., G. E. Rotheray & M. A. Zumbado. 2010. Syrphidae (flower flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 763–792. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[VT87] Vockeroth, J. R., & F. C. Thompson. 1987. Syrphidae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 713–743. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Micropterigidae

Sabatinca incongruella, copyright George W. Gibbs.

Belongs within: Lepidoptera.

The Micropterigidae are a cosmopolitan group of mandibulate moths characterised by the presence of multibranched sensilla on the antennal flagella. Larvae feed on ground-level vegetation such as liverworts or the lower leaves of grasses and other herbaceous plants (Nielsen & Common 1991).

Characters (from Nielsen & Common 1991): Small; head with raised hair-scales; ocelli present; chaetosemata absent; antennae moniliform, submoniliform or filiform, flagellar segments with multibranched sensilla (‘ascoids’); labrum centrally unsclerotised; epipharynx with asymmetrical armature; maxillary palps five-segmented; labial palps short, two- or three-segmented; fore tibial epiphysis present or absent; tibial spurs 0-0-4; fore wing with small jugum, humeral vein vestigial, Sc forked, Sc₂-R₁ cross-vein sometimes present, chorda present, R₁ sometimes forked, cross-veins CuA-CuP and CuP-2A often present; hind wing as fore wing or with Sc₂ fused with R₁, A often simple; abdomen with or without S5 gland; male S8 more or less unsclerotised; ovipositor lobes retractile, non-piercing, segments 8 and 9 without apophyses. Eggs with specialised chorion structure. Larva slug-like, prognathous, with five or six stemmata; antenna three-segmented; without adfrontal ridges and ecdysial lines; salivary orifice not on spinneret; body hexagonal in cross-section; chaetotaxy reduced, with hair-like to claviform setae; thoracic legs three- or four-segmented, with apical claw; nonmuscular prolegs devoid of crochets often on first eight abdominal segments; some species with plastron. Pupa with pointed mandibles, used for opening the cocoon, and free appendages.

<==Micropterigidae [Micropterigina, Micropterigoidea, Micropterygidae, Zeugloptera]
    |  i. s.: Neomicropteryx RD77
    |         Parasabatinca K-P91
    |           |--P. aftimacrai Whalley 1978 P92
    |           `--P. caldasae GE05
    |--Epimartyria WRM02
    |    |--E. auricrinella WRM02
    |    `--E. pardella P27
    `--+--Palaeomicra chalcophanes WRM02
       |--Micropterix WRM02 [incl. Eriocephala RD77]
       |    |--M. algeriella (Ragonot 1889) [=Eriocephala (Micropteryx) algeriella] R89
       |    |--M. ammanella RD77
       |    |--M. aruncella P27
       |    |--M. callunae A99
       |    |--M. calthella WRM02
       |    |--‘Eriocephala’ mansuetella R89
       |    `--M. pervetus Cockerell 1919 GE05, P92 [=Sabatinca perveta P92]
       `--Sabatinca WRM02
            |--S. aurella P27
            |--S. calliplaca NC91
            |--S. chrysargyra P27
            |--S. ianthina P27
            |--S. incongruella P27
            |--S. porphyrodes NC91
            |--S. proavitella Rebel 1935 [=Micropteryx proavitella] P92
            |--S. sterops NC91
            `--S. zonodoxa WRM02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (translated: 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R89] Ragonot, E.-L. 1889. Descriptions qui suivent de diverses espèces nouvelles de microlépidoptères de France et d'Algérie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: cv–cvii.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[WRM02] Wiegmann, B. M., J. C. Regier & C. Mitter. 2002. Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages. Zoologica Scripta 31 (1): 67–81.

Last updated: 25 April 2022.

Adeloidea

Green longhorns Adela reaumurella, copyright Nick Wood.

Belongs within: Heteroneura.

The Adeloidea are a group of small moths of which larvae include leaf-miners, gall-makers or internal borers of plants. Members include the Adelidae which have the longest antennae relative to body size of any Lepidoptera (Nielsen & Common 1991). The Cecidosidae, known from South Africa, South America and New Zealand, mostly develop as gall-formers on Anacardiaceae though larvae of the basal New Zealand Xanadoses nielseni are miners under smooth tree bark (Hoare & Dugdale 2003).

Characters (from Nielsen & Common 1991, as Incurvarioidea): Small to very small; ocelli and chaetosemata absent; antennae short to markedly longer than fore wing, scape without eye-cap, often with pecten; proboscis long, short or absent, scaled near base; maxillary palps 5-segmented to reduced; labial palps 3-segmented (rarely absent), second segment with lateral bristles; epiphysis usually present; tibial spurs 0-2-4 (rarely 0-2-2); wings usually with microtrichia, hind wing usually with frenulum and pseudofrenular bristles; male often with rows of blunt spines (pectinifers) on valva and with arrow-shaped juxta; female with long vestibulum supported by strong muscle tendons ('guy wires') and piercing ovipositor for inserting eggs in plant tissues. Larva apodous or with short prolegs, crochets in transverse rows, anal prolegs and crochets usually absent; leaf-miners later cutting out or forming flattened cases used as portable shelters while leaf-skeletonising or feeding on flowers or for pupation, or gall-makers of internal borers in stems and twigs. Pupa protruded from case at ecdysis.

<==Adeloidea [Incurvarioidea] KP19
    |--Heliozelidae NC91
    |    |  i. s.: Hoplophanes chlorochrysa NC91
    |    |--Plesiozela Karsholt & Kristensen 2003 KK03
    |    |    |--*P. nielseni Karsholt & Kristensen 2003 (see below for synonymy) KK03
    |    |    `--P. patagonica Karsholt & Kristensen 2003 KK03
    |    `--+--Antispila cornifoliella KK03, WRM02
    |       |--Heliozela KK03
    |       |    |--H. prodela NC91
    |       |    `--H. resplendella (Stainton 1851) KK03
    |       `--Coptodisca KK03
    |            |--C. kalmiella WRM02
    |            `--C. splendiferella G17
    `--+--Adelidae NC91
       |    |  i. s.: Chalceopla WRM02
       |    |           |--C. cyanella P27
       |    |           `--C. simpliciella WRM02
       |    |         Adelites P92
       |    |--Ceromitia [Nematopogoninae] NC91
       |    |    `--C. iolampra NC91
       |    `--Adelinae NC91
       |         |--Nemophora C70
       |         |    |--N. degeerella KP19
       |         |    |--N. sparsella C91
       |         |    `--N. topazias C70
       |         `--Adela Latreille 1802 L02
       |              |--*A. reaumurella [=Alucita reaumurella] L02
       |              |--A. bella P27
       |              |--A. degeerella G20
       |              |--A. kuznetzovi RJ93
       |              |--A. pantherella Guénée 1849 E12
       |              |--A. septentrionalis WRM02
       |              |--A. trigrapha WRM02
       |              `--A. viridella R13
       `--+--Crinopterygidae NC91
          `--+--Incurvariidae [Incurvariinae] NC91
             |    |  i. s.: ‘Tinea’ monophthalma NC91
             |    |         ‘Tinea’ nectaria C70
             |    |         ‘Tinea’ phauloptera C70
             |    |--Perthida glyphopa KK03, SC04
             |    |--Incurvaria masculella DG03
             |    |--Incurvarites alienella P92
             |    `--Prophalonia P92
             `--+--Prodoxidae NC91
                |    |  i. s.: Greya politella GE05, WRM02
                |    `--Prodoxinae GE05
                |         |--Parategeticula GE05
                |         |--Prodoxus GE05
                |         |    |--P. decipiens EN20
                |         |    `--P. quinquepunctella WRM02
                |         `--Tegeticula GE05
                |              |--T. alba P27
                |              |--T. cassandra EN20
                |              |--T. corruptrix GE05
                |              |--T. filamentosa RD77
                |              |--T. intermedia GE05
                |              `--T. yuccasella WRM02
                `--Cecidosidae NC91
                     |--Xanadoses Hoare & Dugdale 2003 HD03
                     |    `--*X. nielseni Hoare & Dugdale 2003 HD03
                     `--+--+--Ptisanora Meyrick 1913 [incl. Liopseustis Meyrick 1928] HD03
                        |  |    `--*P. trivialis Meyrick 1913 [incl. P. planicola Meyrick 1928] HD03
                        |  `--Scyrotis Meyrick 1909 HD03
                        |       |--*S. athleta Meyrick 1909 HD03
                        |       |--S. diplopsamma Meyrick 1918 HD03
                        |       `--S. granosa Meyrick 1912 HD03
                        `--+--Cecidoses Curtis 1835 HD03
                           |    `--*C. eremita Curtis 1835 HD03
                           |--Eucecidoses Brèthes 1916 HD03
                           |    `--*E. minutanus Brèthes 1916 HD03
                           |--Oliera Brèthes 1916 HD03
                           |    `--*O. argentinana Brèthes 1916 HD03
                           `--Dicranoses Kieffer & Jörgensen 1910 [incl. Ridiaschina Brèthes 1916] HD03
                                |--*D. capsulifex Kieffer & Jörgensen 1910 HD03
                                `--D. congregatella Brèthes 1916 HD03

*Plesiozela nielseni Karsholt & Kristensen 2003 [=P. obliqua Nielsen ex Karsholt & Kristensen 2003 (n. n.)] KK03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[DG03] Davis, D. R., & P. Gentili. 2003. Andesianidae, a new family of monotrysian moths (Lepidoptera: Andesianoidea) from South America. Invertebrate Systematics 17: 15–26.

[EN20] Eggli, U., & R. Nyffeler (eds) 2020. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons 2^nd ed. Springer.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones stellarum novarum. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 80–101).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[HD03] Hoare, R. J. B., & J. S. Dugdale. 2003. Description of the New Zealand incurvarioid Xanadoses nielseni, gen. nov., sp. nov. and placement in Cecidosidae (Lepidoptera). Invertebrate Systematics 17: 47–57.

[KK03] Karsholt, O., & N. P. Kristensen. 2003. Plesiozela, gen. nov. from temperate South America: apparent sister-group of the previously known Heliozelidae (Lepidoptera: Incurvarioidea: Heliozelidae). Invertebrate Systematics 17: 39–46.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SC04] Stone, C., & N. C. Coops. 2004. Assessment and monitoring of damage from insects in Australian eucalypt forests and commercial plantations. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 283–292.

[WRM02] Wiegmann, B. M., J. C. Regier & C. Mitter. 2002. Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages. Zoologica Scripta 31 (1): 67–81.

Last updated: 25 April 2022.

Ditrysia

Bucculatrix cristatella, copyright Ilia Ustyantsev.

Belongs within: Heteroneura.
Contains: Tineidae, Apoditrysia, Yponomeutoidea, Gracillariidae, Lyonetiidae, Psychinae.

The Ditrysia are a major clade of Lepidoptera accounting for some 98% of the species of the order. They are characterised by female genitalia with an internal connection between the copulatory opening and ovipore, as well as by large apodemes on the second abdominal sternite and short bands rather than long fibres in the proboscis muscles (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). Basal members of the clade, historically gathered into the superfamily Tineoidea (now recognised as non-monophyletic) are small to medium-sized species with narrow, typically grey fore wings that often retain the M vein in the discal cell. Most lack ocelli though prominent ocelli are retained in the Douglasiidae (Nielsen & Common 1991). The Simaethistiidae are a small, poorly known group of basal ditrysians found in eastern Asia and Australia

<==Ditrysia [Gracillarioidea, Papilionina, Tineina, Tineites, Tineoidea, Tortrices]
    |--Meessiinae [Meessiidae] KP19
    |    |--Meessia leopoldella YS10
    |    |--Demobrotis NC91
    |    `--Eudarcia simulatricella KP19
    `--+--+--+--Tineidae KP19
       |  |  `--Dryadaula [Dryadaulidae] KP19
       |  |       `--D. visaliella KP19
       |  `--+--Apoditrysia GE05
       |     `--+--+--Yponomeutoidea KP19
       |        |  `--Roeslerstammiidae [Amphitheridae, Amphitherinae] NC91
       |        |       |--Amphithera heteroleuca KP19, NC91
       |        |       |--Enchoptila idiopis P27
       |        |       |--Thereutis NC91
       |        |       |--Macarangela leucochrysa NC91, C91
       |        |       |--Nematobola NC91
       |        |       |--Chalcoteuches phlogera NC91
       |        |       `--Roeslerstammia NC91
       |        `--+--Gracillariidae KP19
       |           `--+--Bucculatricidae NC91
       |              |    |--Ogmograptis scribula NC91
       |              |    `--Bucculatrix KP19
       |              |         |--B. alaternella Constant 1890 C90
       |              |         |--B. cristatella KP19
       |              |         |--B. gossypii NC91
       |              |         |--B. helichrysella Constant 1890 C90
       |              |         `--B. platani RJ93
       |              `--+--Lyonetiidae KP19
       |                 |--Bedellia NC91 [Bedelliidae M03, Bedelliinae]
       |                 |    |--B. psamminella L27
       |                 |    `--B. somnulentella P27
       |                 `--Heliodinidae M03
       |                      |--Thylacosceles acridomima P27
       |                      |--Heliodines princeps NC91
       |                      |--Epicroesa ambrosia NC91
       |                      |--Baltonides roeselliformis RJ93
       |                      `--Vanicela P27
       |                           |--V. disjunctella P27
       |                           `--V. xenadelpha P27
       `--Psychidae B37
            |  i. s.: Liothula omnivora WFS04
            |         Solenobia triquetrella D51
            |         Iphierga macarista NC91
            |         Epichnopteryx plumella (Denis & Schiffermüller 1775) JP05
            |         Canephora JP05
            |           |--C. hirsuta Poda 1761 JP05
            |           `--C. unicolor RD77
            |         Paramictoides febretta YS10
            |         Pachythelia unicolor YS10
            |         Apterona YS10
            |         Plutorectis G84
            |         Paracharactis MC13
            |         Cryptothelea GE05
            |           |--C. cardiophaga IR05
            |           |--C. gloverii VC07
            |           `--C. junodi F92
            |         Luffia YS10
            |           |--L. ferchaultella BC91
            |           `--L. lapidella YS10
            |         Animula huebneri H01
            |         Cochliotheca RD77
            |           |--C. crenulella RD77
            |           `--C. helix RD77
            |         Acanthopsyche opacella [incl. A. atra] RD77
            |         Amicta RD77
            |         Sterrhopteryx pristinella Rebel 1934 P92
            |--Psychinae NC91
            |--Oiketicinae KP19
            |    |--Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis KP19
            |    `--Oiketicus G84
            |         |--O. elongatus G84
            |         `--O. kirbyi L81
            `--Taleporiinae NC91
                 |--Ctenocompa C70
                 |--Narycia saxosa C70, P27
                 |--Trigonocyttara clandestina C70
                 |--Lepidoscia arctiella C70
                 |--Cebysa leucotelus C70, NC91
                 `--Taleporia JP05
                      |--T. cawthronella P27
                      `--T. tubulosa (Retzius 1783) JP05

Ditrysia incertae sedis:
  Azinis hilarella WM66
  Apoprogonidae NC91
  Cerostoma Latreille 1802 L02
    |--*C. dorsatum [=Ypsolophus dorsatus] L02
    `--C. persicella F92
  Simaethistiidae GE05
  Pseudarbelidae NC91
  Arrhenophanidae NC91
  Acrolophus D01 [Acrolophidae GE05]
    |--A. boucardi Druce 1901 D01
    |--A. linus Druce 1901 D01
    `--A. underwoodi Druce 1901 D01
  Eucryptogona [Eriocottidae] NC91
    `--E. trichobathra NC91
  Douglasiidae NC91
    |--Douglasia Stainton 1854 [=Douglassia (l. c.) non Bartsch 1934] P66
    |--Tinagma leucanthes NC91
    `--Klimeschia NC91
  Melusina [Compsoctenidae] RD77
    `--M. energa RD77
  Euplocamus guttella G20

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BC91] Baker, G. T., & A. Chandrapatya. 1991. Fine structure of the chorion of the broak mite Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae). In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 325–328. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[B37] Balduf, W. V. 1937. Bionomic notes on the common bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw., (Lepid., Psychidae) and its insect enemies (Hym., Lepid.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (7): 169–184.

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[C90] Constant, A. 1890. Description de dix espèces nouvelles de microlépidoptères de la faune française. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: cxxiv–cxxvi.

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[D01] Druce, H. 1901. Descriptions of some new species of Lepidoptera from east Africa and tropical America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 432–444.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H01] Hampson, G. F. 1901. The Lepidoptera-Phalaenae of the Bahamas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 246–261.

[IR05] Idris, A. B., & A. Rizki. 2005. Notes on the tribe Ephialtini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) of Malaysia. Serangga 10 (1–2): 111–126.

[JP05] Jungmann, E., & U. Poller. 2005. Neunachweise und Wiederfunde für die Schmetterlingsfauna (Insecta; Lepidoptera) des Altenburger Landes. Mauritiana 19 (2): 317–326.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L27] Lindsay, S. 1927. A list of the Lepidoptera of Deans Bush, Riccarton, Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 693–696.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[M03] McQuillan, P. B. 2003. The giant Tasmanian ‘pandani’ moth Proditrix nielseni, sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea: Plutellidae s. l.) Invertebrate Systematics 17: 59–66.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[P66] Powell, A. W. B. 1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae: an evaluation of the valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species. Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 5: 1–184, pls 1–23.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[VC07] Villanueva, R. T., & C. C. Childers. 2007. Insect predators of eriophyids on Florida citrus including a new predacious Lepidoptera and two cecidomyiids. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 391–395. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[WM66] Wallace, A. R., & F. Moore. 1866. List of lepidopterous insects collected at Takow, Formosa, by Mr. R. Swinhoe. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 355–365.

[WFS04] Winks, C. J., S. V. Fowler & L. A. Smith. 2004. Invertebrate fauna of boneseed, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (L.) T. Norl. (Asteraceae: Calenduleae), an invasive weed in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 61–72.

[YS10] Yefremova, Z. A., & I. S. Strakhova. 2010. A review of the species of the genus Elasmus Westwood (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from Russia and neighboring countries. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 89 (3): 634–661.

Last updated: 25 April 2022.

Bittacidae

Harpobittacus septentrionis, copyright Summerdrought.

Belongs within: Mecopteroidea.

The Bittacidae, hanging-flies, are a group of large, predatory scorpionflies that commonly hunt by hanging from vegetation with their fore legs and grasping prey with the hind legs (Byers 1991).

Characters (from Byers 1991): Single-clawed, raptorial tarsi. Wings elongate, slender basally. Compound eyes large, protruding; ocelli large, on a median prominence; rostrum slender. Basistyles of male bulbous, broadly fused ventrally; dististyles ordinarily small, inconspicuous; T9 divided into two lobes, clasper-like in appearance but not in function. Larvae with two dorsal rows of branched, fleshy processes.

<==Bittacidae
    |--Anomalobittacus N02
    |--Apterobittacus N02
    |--Archebittacus exilis N02
    |--Orobittacus N02
    |--Symbittacus L94
    |--Kalobittacus L94
    |--Nannobittacus L94
    |--Hylobittacus L94
    |--Tytthobittacus Smithers 1973 R74
    |--Austrobittacus B91
    |--Edriobittacus B91
    |--Probittacus avitus RJ93
    |--Bittacus Latreille 1802 L02
    |    |--*B. tipularius [=Panorpa tipularia] L02
    |    |--B. apterus R13
    |    |--B. eremus L94
    |    |--B. mastrillii CM07
    |    |--B. pilicornis KP19
    |    `--B. strigosus HR11
    `--Harpobittacus Gerstaecker 1885 L94
         |--+--+--H. rubricatus Riek 1954 [=H. tillyardi rubricatus] L94
         |  |  `--H. tillyardi Esben-Petersen 1915 [incl. H. nigratus Navás 1932] L94
         |  `--+--*H. australis (Klug 1838) (see below for synonymy) L94
         |     `--+--H. albatus Riek 1954 [=H. tillyardi alatus; incl. H. limnaeus Smithers 1973] L94
         |        `--H. christine Lambkin 1994 L94
         `--+--+--H. quasisimilis Lambkin 1994 L94
            |  `--H. similis Esben-Petersen 1935 L94
            `--+--+--H. nigriceps (Selys-Longchamps 1868) [=Bittacus nigriceps] L94
               |  `--H. phaeoscius Riek 1954 L94
               `--+--H. scheibeli Esben-Petersen 1935 [incl. H. brewerae Smithers 1973] L94
                  `--H. septentrionis Lambkin 1994 L94

*Harpobittacus australis (Klug 1838) [=Bittacus australis; incl. B. corethrarius Rambur 1842, B. intermedius Selys-Longchamps 1868, Harpobittacus intermedius, H. australis rubripes Riek 1954] L94

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B91] Byers, G. W. 1991. Mecoptera (scorpion-flies, hanging-flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 696–704. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[HR11] Heraty, J., F. Ronquist, J. M. Carpenter, D. Hawks, S. Schulmeister, A. P. Dowling, D. Murray, J. Munro, W. C. Wheeler, N. Schiff & M. Sharkey. 2011. Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60: 73–88.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[L94] Lambkin, K. J. 1994. Revision of the Australian scorpion-fly genus Harpobittacus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 8: 767–808.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[N02] Novokshonov, V. G. 2002. Order Panorpida Latreille, 1802. The scorpionflies (=Mecaptera Packard, 1886, =Mecoptera Comstock et Comstock, 1895, +Neomecoptera Hinton, 1958, +Paratrichoptera Tillyard, 1919, +Paramecoptera Tillyard, 1919). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 194–199. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[R74] Riek, E. F. 1974. Mecoptera (scorpion-flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 90. Melbourne University Press.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

Mecopteroidea

Orthophlebia grandis part and counterpart fossil, copyright Bjoertvedt.

Belongs within: Panorpoidea.
Contains: Siphonaptera, Aneuretopsychina, Bittacidae, Boreidae, Panorpidae.

The Mecopteroidea are a clade of insects uniting the modern orders Mecoptera and Siphonaptera which share a fused clypeus and labrum together with a lining of spicule-like teeth in the proventriculus (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). The Early–Mid-Jurassic Muchoriidae, characterised by wing with a short subcosta, vein R angular at the pterostigmal base, two-branched RS, a short MA fork and four-branched MP (Novokshonov 2002) may represent the sister group of the two orders together.

The Mecoptera are commonly known as scorpion-flies due to the large bulbous terminal genitalia of males in most families, which superficially resemble a scorpion's tail. The head and mouthparts are elongate and ventrally prolonged. They are commonly regarded as among the most generalised representatives of the holometabolous insects, retaining many plesiomorphic features such as wings with an extensive venation and relatively little differentiation between fore and hind wings (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). The fossil record of Mecoptera is correspondingly extensive, going back to the Late Permian. Among modern taxa, the Tasmanian species Apteropanorpa tasmanica is entirely wingless with the mesothoracic and metathoracic sclerites reduced and fused (Byers 1991).

<==Mecopteroidea [Mecopterida] RL09
    |--Muchoria RJ93 [Muchoriidae RL09]
    |    `--M. reducta RJ93
    `--+--Siphonaptera RL09
       `--Mecoptera [Eumecoptera] RL09
            |  i. s.: Anormochorista [Anormochoristidae] RJ93
            |           `--A. oligoclada RJ93
            |         Choristopanorpa [Choristopanorpidae] RJ93
            |           |--C. bifasciata Riek 1950 F71
            |           `--C. drinnani Jell & Duncan 1986 RJ93
            |         Cimbrophlebia [Cimbrophlebiidae] RJ93
            |           `--C. bittaciformis RJ93
            |         Cyclopterina [Cyclopterinidae] RJ93
            |           `--C. autumnalis RJ93
            |         Cyclorista [Cycloristidae] RJ93
            |           `--C. convexicosta RJ93
            |         Lithopanorpa [Lithopanorpidae] RJ93
            |           |--L. kuznetskiensis RJ93
            |           `--L. pusilla RJ93
            |         Martynopanorpa [Martynopanorpidae] RJ93
            |           `--M. angustata RJ93
            |         Neorthophlebia [Neorthophlebiidae] RJ93
            |           `--N. maculipennis RJ93
            |         Neoparachorista [Neoparachoristidae] RJ93
            |           |--N. clarkae Jell & Duncan 1986 RJ93
            |           |--N. perkinsi K-P91
            |           `--N. splendida K-P91
            |         Petrochorista [Petrochoristidae] RJ93
            |           |--P. elegantula RJ93
            |           `--P. prona RJ93
            |         Protopanorpa [Protopanorpidae] RJ93
            |           `--P. permiana RJ93
            |         Tomiochorista [Tomiochoristidae] RJ93
            |           `--T. minuta RJ93
            |         Triassochorista [Triassochoristidae] RJ93
            |           `--T. nana RJ93
            |         Xenochoristidae RJ93
            |           |--Xenochoristella hillae RJ93
            |           `--Xenochorista F71
            |                |--X. sobrina Riek 1953 F71
            |                `--X. splendida Riek 1953 F71
            |--Aneuretopsychina RL09
            `--+--+--+--Bittacidae RL09
               |  |  `--Robinjohnia F71 [Robinjohniidae RL09]
               |  |       `--R. tillyardi Martynov 1948 F71
               |  `--+--Boreidae RL09
               |     `--Nannochoristidae RL09
               |          |--Itaphlebia multa N02
               |          |--Nannochorista neotropica B91, GE05
               |          `--Microchorista philpotti B91, WT11 [=Nannochorista philpotti GE05]
               `--+--+--+--Englathaumatidae N02
                  |  |  `--Dinopanorpa RJ93 [Dinopanorpidae RL09]
                  |  |       --D. megarche RJ93
                  |  `--+--Parachorista N02 [Parachoristidae RL09]
                  |     |    |--P. bairdae (Tillyard 1922) [=Archipanorpa bairdae] F71
                  |     |    |--P. comica N02
                  |     |    |--P. pincombeae Tillyard 1926 [incl. P. warnerensis Tillyard 1926] F71
                  |     |    `--P. splendida Tillyard 1926 F71
                  |     `--+--Eomeropidae [Notiothaumatidae] RL09
                  |        |    |--Notiothauma reedi GE05
                  |        |    |--Eomerope GE05
                  |        |    `--Pronotiothauma neuropteroides RJ93
                  |        `--+--Thaumatomeropidae RL09
                  |           `--Meropeidae RL09
                  |                |--Merope tuber B91
                  |                `--Austromerope poultoni B91
                  `--+--Orthophlebiidae [Austropanorpidae] GE05
                     |    |--Austropanorpa australis N02, RJ93
                     |    `--Orthophlebia GE05
                     |         |--O. curta RJ93
                     |         |--O. grandis N02
                     |         |--O. heidemariae N02
                     |         `--O. longicauda N02
                     `--+--+--Holcorpa [Holcorpidae] GE05
                        |  |    `--H. maculosa GE05
                        |  `--+--Panorpidae RL09
                        |     `--Panorpodidae GE05
                        |          |--Brachypanorpa carolinensis GE05, K-P87
                        |          `--Panorpodes brevicauda RJ93
                        `--+--Apteropanorpa B91 [Apteropanorpidae GE05]
                           |    `--A. tasmanica B91
                           `--Choristidae N02
                                |--Neochorista ruficeps B91
                                |--Taeniochorista pallida B91
                                |--Cretacochorista parva Jell & Duncan 1986 RJ93
                                `--Chorista Klug 1836 ICZN03
                                     |--*C. australis Klug 1838 ICZN03
                                     `--C. ruficeps R70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B91] Byers, G. W. 1991. Mecoptera (scorpion-flies, hanging-flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 696–704. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[ICZN03] ICZN. 2003. Choristidae Verrill, 1882 (Mollusca, Gastropoda): spelling emended to Choristeidae, so removing the homonymy with Choristidae Esben-Petersen, 1915 (Insecta, Mecoptera). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 60 (3): 224–225.

[K-P87] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1987. New Carboniferous Diplura, Monura, and Thysanura, the hexapod ground plan, and the role of thoracic side lobes in the origin of wings (Insecta). Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 2327–2345.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[N02] Novokshonov, V. G. 2002. Order Panorpida Latreille, 1802. The scorpionflies (=Mecaptera Packard, 1886, =Mecoptera Comstock et Comstock, 1895, +Neomecoptera Hinton, 1958, +Paratrichoptera Tillyard, 1919, +Paramecoptera Tillyard, 1919). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 194–199. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RL09] Ren, D., C. C. Labandeira, J. A. Santiago-Blay, A. Rasnitsyn, C. Shih, A. Bashkuev, M. A. V. Logan, C. L. Hotton & D. Dilcher. 2009. A probable pollination mode before angiosperms: Eurasian, long-proboscid scorpionflies. Science 326: 840-847.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Mecoptera (scorpion-flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 636–646. Melbourne University Press.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 24 April 2022.

Ceratophyllidae

Male hen flea Ceratophyllus gallinae, copyright Katja ZSM.

Belongs within: Siphonaptera.

The Ceratophyllidae are a Holarctic group of fleas found on both mammals and birds (Dunnet & Mardon 1991).

<==Ceratophyllidae
    |--Dasypsyllus gallinulae GE05
    |--Nosopsyllus DM91
    |    |--N. fasciatus KK54
    |    |--N. laeviceps S00
    |    `--N. londiniensis DM91
    `--Ceratophyllus [Ceratophyllinae] DM91
         |  i. s.: C. borealis A71
         |         C. fasciatus RD77
         |         C. garei A71
         |         C. rossittensis A71
         |         C. silantiewi K01
         |         C. styx A71
         |         C. tesquorum K01
         |         C. tundrensis A71
         `--C. (Ceratophyllus) S76
              |--C. (C.) fringillae (Walker 1856) S76
              |--C. (C.) gallinae S76
              `--C. (C.) phrillinae Smit 1976 S76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[DM91] Dunnet, G. M., & D. K. Mardon. 1991. Siphonaptera (fleas). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 705–716. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[KK54] Klemmer, K., & H. E. Krampitz. 1954. Zur Kenntnis der Säugetierfauna Siziliens. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3–4): 121–135.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[S76] Smit, F. G. A. M. 1976. A new bird-flea from Nepal (Siphonaptera). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (1–3): 63–66.