Selaginella

Selaginella kraussiana, from here.

Belongs within: Isoetophyta.

Selaginella, the spike-mosses, is a genus of superficially moss-like plants found most abundantly in tropical and subtropical regions. The majority (but not all) of species in this genus possess structures called rhizophores, aerial leafless shoots that grow downwards, bearing adventitious roots.

Characters (from I. A. Valdespino): Plants terrestrial, on rock, or rarely hemiepiphytic (initially terrestrial, becoming epiphytic) or epiphytic. Stems prostrate, creeping, decumbent, cespitose, climbing, or fully erect, articulate or not, slightly to greatly branched. Rhizophores usually present, stout or filiform. Roots branching several times dichotomously from rhizophore tips. Leaves on aerial stems dimorphic or monomorphic; if monomorphic, then linear to narrowly lanceolate, highly overlapping, spirally arranged; if leaves on aerial stem dimorphic, then round or oblong to lanceolate, arranged in 4 ranks, 2 ranks of larger spreading lateral leaves and 2 ranks of smaller, appressed, and ascending median leaves, often with axillary leaf at base of each branching dichotomy. Megasporangia lobed to ovoid; microsporangia reniform to ovoid. Megaspores tetrahedral, ovoid, or globose, variously sculptured, (127-)200-1360 µm diameter; microspores tetrahedral, variously sculptured, 20-75 µm diameter. x = 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.

<==Selaginella [Selaginellaceae, Selaginellales]
    |--S. apoda (Linnaeus) Spring 1840 CD07
    |--S. arenicola SL05
    |--S. argentea K03
    |--S. arthritica MM96
    |--S. bisulcata Spring 1850 I88
    |--S. bryopteris (Linnaeus) Baker 1884 [=Lycopodium bryopteris Linnaeus 1753] I88
    |--S. chrysocaulos (Hooker & Greville) Spring 1843 [=Lycopodium chrysocaulos Hooker & Greville in Hooker 1831] I88
    |--S. chrysorrhizos Spring 1850 I88
    |--S. ciliaris (Retzius) Spring 1843 [=Lycopodium ciliare Retzius 1789] I88
    |--S. convoluta L54
    |--S. delicatula (Desvaux) Alston 1932 [=Lycopodium delicatulum Desvaux in de Lamarck 1814] I88
    |--S. denticulata (Linnaeus) Link 1841 PL04
    |--S. eurynota MM96
    |--S. fulcrata (Hamilton) Spring 1850 [=Lycopodium fulcratum Hamilton in Don 1825] I88
    |--S. gracillima GK00
    |--S. involvens (Swartz) Spring 1843 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |--S. kraussiana SL05
    |--S. kurzii Baker 1885 I88
    |--S. leonardii J87
    |--S. monospora Spring 1850 I88
    |--S. pallida (Hooker & Greville) Spring 1843 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |--S. pallidissima Spring 1843 I88
    |--S. pennata (Don) Spring 1850 [=Lycopodium pennatum Don 1825] I88
    |--S. picta I88
    |    |--S. p. var. picta I88
    |    `--S. p. var. viridis I88
    |--S. plumieri J87
    |--S. repanda (Desvaux) Spring in Gaud. 1846 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |--S. sanguinolenta (Linnaeus) Spring 1843 [=Lycopodium sanguinolentum Linnaeus 1753] I88
    |    |--S. s. f. sanguinolenta I88
    |    `--S. s. f. aitchisonii I88
    |--S. selaginoides WP05
    |--S. subdiaphana (Wallich) Spring 1843 [=Lycopodium subdiaphanum Wallich ex Hooker & Greville in Hooker 1831] I88
    |--S. tenuifolia Spring 1850 I88
    `--S. vaginata Spring 1850 I88

Selaginella involvens (Swartz) Spring 1843 [=Lycopodium involvens Swartz 1806; incl. L. caulescens Wallich ex Hooker & Greville 1831, Selaginella caulescens (Wallich) Spring 1843] I88

Selaginella pallida (Hooker & Greville) Spring 1843 [=Lycopodium pallidum Hooker & Greville in Hooker 1831 non Beyrich ex Gaud. 1826; incl. S. nepalensis Spring 1843, L. tenellum Don 1825] I88

Selaginella repanda (Desvaux) Spring in Gaud. 1846 [=Lycopodium repandum Desvaux in de Lamarck 1814; incl. S. plumosa var. hamiltonii Baker 1883] I88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1-E44.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323-402.

[I88] Iwatsuki, K. 1988. An enumeration of the pteridophytes of Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 231-339.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81-98.

[L54] Lötschert, W. 1954. Beitrag zur Pteridophyten-Flora von Mittel-Amerika. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (1-2): 109-119.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209-223.

[SL05] Small, R. L., E. B. Lickey, J. Shaw & W. D. Hauk. 2005. Amplification of noncoding chloroplast DNA for phylogenetic studies in lycophytes and monilophytes with a comparative example of relative phylogenetic utility from Ophioglossaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 509-522.

[WP05] Wikström, N., & K. M. Pryer. 2005. Incongruence between primary sequence data and the distribution of a mitochondrial atp1 group II intron among ferns and horsetails. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 484-493.

Isoetophyta

Lake quillwort Isoetes lacustris, photographed by Carl Farmer.

Belongs within: Lycopodiopsida.
Contains: Selaginella.

The Isoetophyta include the modern quillworts (Isoetes) and spikemosses (Selaginella). Modern species are small herbaceous plants, but the Palaeozoic Lepidodendrales included large arborescent forms. Isoetophytes possess a ligule, and most species except the basal Devonian Leclercqia are heterosporous (Doyle 1998). Isoetes species are aquatic or grow in wet ground, and have crowded quill-like leaves arising from a short central axis (Allan 1961).

Isoetophyta
    |--Leclercqia complexa CD07, BC98
    `--Isoetopsida [Glossopsida] CD07
         |--Selaginella CD07
         `--+--Lepidodendrales D98
            |    |--Stigmaria D98
            |    |    |--S. ficoides A38
            |    |    `--S. rugulosa CWC87
            |    `--Lepidodendron [Lepidocarpaceae] CWC87
            |         |--L. corrugatum A38
            |         |--L. dichotomum F71
            |         |--L. leeianum CWC87
            |         |--L. nothum F71
            |         |--L. veltheimianum F71
            |         `--L. vokmannianum ZP86
            `--+--Chaloneria D98
               `--+--Pleuromeia D98
                  `--Isoetes Linnaeus 1753 CD07, A61 [Isoetaceae, Isoetales]
                       |--I. alpinus Kirk 1875 [incl. I. multiangularis Col. 1890] A61
                       |--I. capensis RHS09
                       |--I. colamandrina Linnaeus 1781 I88
                       |--I. coromandeliana JG02
                       |--I. drummondii GK00
                       |--I. eludens Roux, Hopper & Smith 2009 RHS09
                       |--I. flaccida SL05
                       |--I. histrix Y98
                       |--I. kirkii Braun 1869 A61
                       |--I. lacustris Linnaeus 1753 CD07
                       |--I. savatieri M03
                       `--I. toximontana RHS09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A38] Alcock, F. J. 1938. Geology of Saint John region, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 216: 1-65.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BC98] Bateman, R. M., P. R. Crane, W. A. DiMichele, P. R. Kenrick, N. P. Rowe, T. Speck & W. E. Stein. 1998. Early evolution of land plants: phylogeny, physiology, and ecology of the primary terrestrial radiation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 263-292.

[CWC87] Cai C.-Y., Wen Y.-G. & Chen P.-Q. 1987. Archaeopteris florula from Upper Devonian of Xinhui County, central Guangdong and its stratigraphical significance. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 26 (1): 55-64.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1-E44.

[D98] Doyle, J. A. 1998. Phylogeny of vascular plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 567-599.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323-402.

[I88] Iwatsuki, K. 1988. An enumeration of the pteridophytes of Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 231-339.

[JG02] Joseph, T. S., & C. B. Gena. 2002. A comparative study on the reproductive biology of three Indian species of Marsilea. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 583-586.

[M03] Macloskie, G. 1903. Pteridophyta, ferns and fernlike plants. In Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 8—Botany (W. B. Scott, ed.) pp. 127-138. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[RHS09] Roux, J. P., S. D. Hopper & R. J. Smith. 2009. Isoetes eludens (Isoetaceae), a new endemic species from the Kamiesberg, Northern Cape, South Africa. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 123-128.

[SL05] Small, R. L., E. B. Lickey, J. Shaw & W. D. Hauk. 2005. Amplification of noncoding chloroplast DNA for phylogenetic studies in lycophytes and monilophytes with a comparative example of relative phylogenetic utility from Ophioglossaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 509-522.

[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77-94.

[ZP86] Zhang, R., & J. Pojeta, Jr. 1986. New bivalves from the Datang Stage, Lower Carboniferous, Guangdong Province, China. Journal of Paleontology 60 (3): 669-679.

Lycopodium

Lycopodium clavatum, photographed by John Knouse.

Belongs within: Lycopodiopsida.

Lycopodium is a genus of club mosses. Different authors have applied different circumscriptions to this genus, which may have a number of distinct genera separated out from it. Even when treated narrowly, the genus includes species with a wide variety of growth forms, from low matted forms to high climbers, with the greatest diversity found in northern and southern temperate regions and on tropical mountains (Øllgaard 1990).

Characters (from Øllgaard 1990): Sporophytes terrestrial, anisotomously branched, with elongate, indeterminate, subterranean, creeping or climbing main stems, and determinate lateral, ascending to erect or spreading branchlet systems arising at inclined angles. Stele of main stems and major branchlets with xylem in parallel bands; in minor branchlets, peduncles and strobili usually with radially arranged xylem. Roots emerging directly along underside of main stems, with parallel-banded stele in main roots. Leaves uniform throughout, or branchlets anisophyllous. Strobili erect or pendent, simple or forked, either sessile and terminating the stronger branchlets or borne on simple or forked peduncles. Sporophylls ephemeral, subpeltate with a thin basal decurrent wing, with or without a basal mucilage cavity, or peltate or paleate. Sporangia on sporophyll base (rarely axillary), reniform, with short, thick stalk, isovalvate to slightly anisovalvate, epidermal cells with thin, lignified, sinuate anticlinal walls without partial thickenings. Spores reticulate, baculate or scabrate. Gametophytes carrot-shaped or obconic to convoluted disc-shaped, subterranean, holomycotrophic, without pluricellular uniseriate hairs among gametangia.

Lycopodium
    |--L. appressum FHH01
    |--L. australianum C27
    |--L. billardieri A27
    |--L. cernuum Linnaeus 1753 I88
    |--L. clavatum Linnaeus 1753 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |    |--L. c. ssp. clavatum M03
    |    `--L. c. ssp. fastigiatum M03
    |--L. complanatum P88
    |--L. confertum M03
    |--L. crassum R96
    |--L. densum A27
    |--L. drummondii A27
    |--L. flagellaria C45
    |--L. hamiltonii Spr. 1828 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |--L. herterianum Kümm. 1928 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |--L. hippurideum J87
    |--L. laterale A27
    |--L. magellanicum SS92 [=L. clavatum ssp. magellanicum M03]
    |--L. phlegmaria Linnaeus 1753 I88
    |--L. pithodes J87
    |--L. pulcherrimum Wallich ex Hooker & Greville 1827 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |--L. ramulosum EB01
    |--L. reflexum J87
    |--L. saururus M03
    |--L. scariosum A27
    |--L. selago Linnaeus 1753 [=Urostachys selago (Linnaeus) Hert. 1923] I88
    |--L. serratum Thunberg 1784 [=Urostachys serratus (Thunberg) Hert. 1923] I88
    |--L. skutchii J87
    |--L. squarrosum Forster 1786 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |--L. subulifolium Wallich ex Hooker & Greville 1827 (see below for synonymy) I88
    |--L. taxifolium J87
    |--L. varium [=L. billardieri var. varium] SS92
    |--L. veitchii Christ 1906 I88
    |--L. verticillatum J87
    `--L. volubile A27

Lycopodium clavatum Linnaeus 1753 [incl. L. divaricatum Wallich ex Greville & Hooker in Hooker 1831, L. japonicum Thunberg 1784, L. clavatum var. wallichianum Spring 1842] I88

Lycopodium hamiltonii Spr. 1828 [=L. obtusifolium Hamilton ex Don 1825 non Swartz 1806, Urostachys hamiltonii (Spr.) Hert. ex Nessel 1939] I88

Lycopodium herterianum Kümm. 1928 [=L. sikkimense Hert. 1909 non Müller 1861, Urostachys herterianus (Kümm.) Hert. 1949, U. sikkimensis (Hert.) Hert. ex Nessel 1939] I88

Lycopodium pulcherrimum Wallich ex Hooker & Greville 1827 [=Lycopodium setaceum var. pulcherrimum (Wallich) Clarke 1880, Urostachys pulcherrimus (Wallich) Hert. 1949; incl. L. setaceum Hamilton ex Don 1825 non de Lamarck 1789] I88

Lycopodium squarrosum Forster 1786 [=Urostachys squarrosus (Forster) Hert. 1923; incl. L. hookeri Wallich ex Hooker & Greville 1829] I88

Lycopodium subulifolium Wallich ex Hooker & Greville 1827 [=L. setaceum var. subulifolium Wallich apud Clarke 1880, Urostachys subulifolius (Wallich) Hart. 1949] I88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Andersen, J. C. 1927. Popular names of New Zealand plants. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 905-977.

[C27] Carse, H. 1927. Botanical notes, with descriptions of new species. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 89-93.

[C45] Colenso, W. 1845. Memoranda of an excursion, made in the Northern Island of New Zealand, in the summer of 1841-2; intended as a contribution towards the natural productions of the New Zealand groupe: with particular reference to their botany (concluded). Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science 2: 241-308.

[EB01] Engel, J. J., & J. E. Braggins. 2001. Austral Hepaticae 34. The sporophyte of Neogrollea Hodgs. and the taxonomic position of Neogrolleaceae (Schust.) Engel & Braggins comb. & stat. nov. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 91: 173-204.

[FHH01] Frey, W., M. Hofmann & H. H. Hilger. 2001. The gametophyte-sporophyte junction: Unequivocal hints for two evolutionary lines of archegoniate land plants. Flora 196: 431-445.

[I88] Iwatsuki, K. 1988. An enumeration of the pteridophytes of Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 231-339.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum – Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[M03] Macloskie, G. 1903. Pteridophyta, ferns and fernlike plants. In Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899, vol. 8 – Botany (W. B. Scott, ed.) pp. 127-138. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

Øllgaard, B. 1990. Lycopodiaceae. In: Kramer, K. U., & P. S. Green (eds) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol. 1. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms pp. 31-39. Springer.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[R96] Righi, G. 1996. Colombian earthworms. Studies on Tropical Andean Ecosystems 4: 485-607.

[SS92] Selkirk, P. M. & R. D. Seppelt. 1992. Lycopodium australianum (Herter) Allan on subantarctic Macquarie Island. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 113: 185-191.