Miliolida

External and sectional views of Miliammina earlandi, from Loeblich & Tappan (1964).

Belongs within: Foraminifera.
Contains: Nubeculariidae, Fischerinidae, Rzehakinidae, Miliolinellinae, Miliolinae, Tubinellinae, Quinqueloculininae.

The Miliolida are a group of Foraminifera with a test that is most commonly calcareous and porcelaneous in appearance, though a minority of genera have an agglutinated or siliceous test (Pawlowski et al. 2013).

Characters (from Pawlowski et al. 2013): Test bi- or multi-chambered, chambers tubular or elongate, some with complex internal structures adapted to host algal endosymbionts; wall generally imperforate, calcareous of high magnesium calcite with randomly oriented crystals refracting light in all directions and resulting in a porcelaneous appearance of the test; may be agglutinated or siliceous.

<==Miliolida (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--Nubeculariidae C40
    |  `--Fischerinidae C40
    `--+--Rzehakinidae PHT13
       `--Miliolidae (see below for synonymy) C40
            |  i. s.: Praemurgella Luperto Sinni, Martín-Chivelet & Giménez 2000 LSM-CG00
            |           `--*P. valenciana Luperto Sinni, Martín-Chivelet & Giménez 2000 LSM-CG00
            |         Murgella Luperto Sinni 1965 LSM-CG00
            |           `--M. lata Luperto Sinni 1965 LSM-CG00
            |         Scandonea De Castro 1971 LSM-CG00
            |           |--S. mediterranea LSM-CG00
            |           `--S. samnitica LSM-CG00
            |         Miliammina Heron-Allen & Earland 1930 G86
            |           |--M. oblonga G86 (see below for synonymy)
            |           |--M. earlandi LT64
            |           |--M. echigoensis Asano & Inomata in Asano 1952 H03
            |           |--M. herzensteini LT64
            |           `--M. lata C40
            |--Miliolinellinae S-VC91
            |--Miliolinae LT64
            |--Tubinellinae LT64
            `--Quinqueloculininae S-VC91

Miliolida incertae sedis:
  Barkerinidae [Barkerininae] LT64
    |--Barkerina Frizzell & Schwartz 1950 LT64
    |    `--*B. barkerensis Frizzell & Schwartz 1950 LT64
    |--Coxites Smout 1956 LT64
    |    `--*C. zubairensis Smout 1956 LT64
    |--Rabanitina Smout 1956 LT64
    |    `--*R. basraensis Smout 1956 LT64
    `--Nezzazata Omara 1956 [incl. Begia Smout 1956] LT64
         |--*N. simplex Omara 1956 LT64
         `--N. gyra (Smout 1956) [=*Begia gyra] LT64
  Miliammellus [Silicoloculinida] PHT13

Miliammina oblonga G86 [incl. Miliolina oblonga var. arenacea Chapman 1900 G86, *Miliammmina oblonga var. arenacea LT64, Miliammina selon Birstein & Ljovoushkin 1965 G86]

Miliolida [Alveolinidea, Cornuspiridea, Cornuspiroidea, Flexostili, Imperforida, Miliolacea, Miliolidaceae, Miliolidea, Miliolina, Orbitolitacea, Porcellanea]

Miliolidae [Armiliolidia, Fabularina, Hauerinae, Hauerinidae, Hauerinina, Milioletta, Miliolidina, Miliolinidae, Miliolitidae, Multiloculidae, Plicatilia, Tubularina]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G86] Golemansky, V. G. 1986. Rhizopoda: Foraminiferida. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 17–20. E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene-Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LSM-CG00] Luperto Sinni, E., J. Martín-Chivelet & R. Giménez. 2000. Praemurgella valenciana nov. gen. et sp. (Foraminifera) in the Sierra de Utiel Formation (Coniacian–Santonian) of the Prebetic domain (SE Spain). Geobios 32 (2): 145–151.

[PHT13] Pawlowski, J., M. Holzmann & J. Tyszka. 2013. New supraordinal classification of Foraminifera: molecules meet morphology. Marine Micropalaeontology 100: 1–10.

[S-VC91] Segura-Vernis, L. R., & A. L. Carreño. 1991. Foraminíferos y ostrácodos de la Laguna de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 6 (1): 195–224.

Spiroloculina

Spiroloculina excavata, copyright Bernard Remaud.

Belongs within: Nubeculariidae.

Spiroloculina is a genus of porcelaneous Foraminifera known from the Upper Cretaceous to the present that is planispiral throughout development (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test free, commonly with flattened sides and lanceolate or fusiform outline, earliest stage may consist of single chamber completely encircling proloculus, later chambers (or all chambers in megalospheric forms) being added two to whorl on alternate sides and in single plane; wall calcareous, porcelaneous; aperture at open end of final chamber, with simple or bifid tooth.

<==Spiroloculina d’Orbigny 1826 S-VC91 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*S. depressa d’Orbigny 1826 LT64
    |--S. antillarum C40
    |--S. communis S05
    |--S. corrugata S05
    |--S. excavata M62
    |--S. nitida H04
    |--S. parvula S05
    |--S. planulata (Lamarck 1805) S-VC91
    |--S. robusta Brady 1884 [=*Flintia robusta] LT64
    |--S. rostrata M62
    |--S. tenuissima JW99
    |--S. turkomanica Brodsky 1928 G86
    `--S. venusta S05

Spiroloculina d’Orbigny 1826 S-VC91 [=Spiroculina (l. c.) LT64, Spirolocunina (l. c.) LT64; incl. Flintia Schubert 1911 LT64]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G86] Golemansky, V. G. 1986. Rhizopoda: Foraminiferida. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 17–20. E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[JW99] Jian, Z.-M., L.-J. Wang, M. Kienast, M. Sarnthein, W. Kuhnt, H.-L. Lin & P.-X. Wang. 1999. Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last 40,000 years. Marine Geology 156: 159–186.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[S-VC91] Segura-Vernis, L. R., & A. L. Carreño. 1991. Foraminíferos y ostrácodos de la Laguna de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 6 (1): 195–224.

[S05] Semeniuk, T. A. 2005. Fossil foraminiferal assemblages from Pleistocene seagrass-bank deposits of the southern Perth Basin, Western Australia, and their palaeotemperature implications. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 177–190.

Hemigordiopsidae

Hemigordius schlumbergeri, from Loeblich & Tappan (1964).

Belongs within: Fischerinidae.

The Hemigordiopsidae are a group of porcelaneous Foraminifera with a test that is streptospirally coiled in early stages.

<==Hemigordiopsidae
    |--Hemigordiopsis Reichel 1945 LT64
    |    `--*H. renzi Reichel 1945 LT64
    |--Shanita Brönnimann, Whittaker & Zaninetti 1978 YJ04
    |    |--*S. amosi YJ04
    |    |--S. bronnimanni YJ04
    |    |--S. chagouensis YJ04
    |    `--S. intercalaria YJ04
    `--Hemigordius Schubert 1908 YJ04 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*H. schlumbergeri (Howchin 1895) [=Cornuspira schlumbergeri] LT64
         |--H. biconcavus YJ04
         |--H. calcarea Cushman & Waters 1928 [=*Hemigordiella calcarea] LT64
         |--‘*Ondogordius’ campanula Marie 1961 LT64
         |--H. harltoni C40
         |--‘*Neoangulodiscus’ leischneri Kristan-Tollmann 1962 LT64
         |--H. plautus Wang 1976 W76
         |--H. renzi [incl. Gansudiscus irregularis, G. luquensis, G. orientalis] YJ04
         `--H. zaninettiae YJ04

Hemigordius Schubert 1908 YJ04 [incl. Hemigordiella Marie in Deleau & Marie 1961 LT64, Neoangulodiscus Kristan-Tollmann 1962 LT64, Ondogordius Marie in Deleau & Marie 1961 LT64]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[W76] Wang K. 1976. The foraminifera from the Changhsing Formation in western Guizhou. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 15 (2): 187–195.

[YJ04] Yang X., Jin X., Ji Z., Wang Y., Yao J. & Yang H. 2004. New materials of the Shanita-Hemigordius assemblage (Permian foraminifers) from the Baoshan Block, western Yunnan. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78: 15–21.

Fischerinidae

Cornuspira involvens, from here.

Belongs within: Miliolida.
Contains: Hemigordiopsidae.

The Fischerinidae are a group of porcelaneous Foraminifera known from the Carboniferous to the present, in which the test is undivided after the proloculus (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test free or attached, proloculus followed by undivided tubular or spreading second chamber; wall calcareous, porcelaneous; aperture terminal, rounded or slitlike.

<==<==Fischerinidae [Cornuspirida, Cornuspiridae, Cornuspiridea, Cornuspirideae]
    |--Fischerininae [Planispirinellinae, Trisegmentininae] LT64
    |    |--Fischerinella Loeblich & Tappan 1962 LT64
    |    |    `--*F. helix (Heron-Allen & Earland 1915) [=Fischerina helix] LT64
    |    |--Nautiloculina Mohler 1938 LT64
    |    |    `--*N. oolithica Mohler 1938 LT64
    |    |--Planispirinella Wiesner 1931 LT64
    |    |    `--*P. exigua (Brady 1879) LT64 [=Hauerina exigua LT64, Planispirina exigua C40]
    |    `--Fischerina Terquem 1878 [incl. Planispirina Seguenza 1880, Trisegmentina Wiesner 1920] LT64
    |         |--*F. rhodiensis Terquem 1878 LT64
    |         |--F. communis (Seguenza 1880) [=*Planispirina communis] LT64
    |         `--F. compressa (Wiesner 1931) (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |--Calcivertellinae LT64
    |    |--Carixia Macfadyen 1941 LT64
    |    |    `--*C. langi Macfadyen 1941 LT64
    |    |--Planiinvoluta Leischner 1961 LT64
    |    |    `--*P. carinata Leischner 1961 LT64
    |    |--Plummerinella Cushman & Waters 1928 LT64
    |    |    `--*P. complexa Cushman & Waters 1928 LT64
    |    |--Calcivertella Cushman & Waters 1928 LT64
    |    |    `--*C. adherens Cushman & Waters 1928 LT64
    |    `--Calcitornella Cushman & Waters 1928 [incl. Apterrinella Cushman & Waters 1928] LT64
    |         |--*C. elongata Cushman & Waters 1928 LT64
    |         |--C. grahamensis (Harlton 1928) [=Tolypammina grahamensis, *Apterrinella grahamensis] LT64
    |         |--C. heathi C40
    |         `--C. stephensi [=Nubecularia stephensi] F71
    `--Cyclogyrinae [Arcornuspirinia, Cornuspirinae, Cornuspirininae] LT64
         |  i. s.: Flectospira Crespin & Belford 1957 LT64
         |           `--*F. prima Crespin & Belford 1957 LT64
         |         Meandrospira Loeblich & Tappan 1946 [incl. Streblospira Crespin & Belford 1957] LT64
         |           |--*M. washitensis Loeblich & Tappan 1946 LT64
         |           `--M. meandrina (Crespin & Belford 1957) [=*Streblospira meandrina] LT64
         |--Orthovertella Cushman & Waters 1928 C40
         |    `--*O. protea Cushman & Waters 1928 LT64
         |--Rectocornuspira Warthin 1930 C40
         |    `--*R. lituiformis Warthin 1930 LT64
         |--Vidalina Schlumberger 1900 C40, LT64 [=Arvidaloum Rhumbler 1913 LT64]
         |    `--*V. hispanica Schlumberger 1900 [=*Arvidaloum hispanicum] LT64
         |--+--Hemigordiopsidae C40
         |  `--Gordiospira Heron-Allen & Earland 1932 C40
         |       `--*G. fragilis Heron-Allen & Earland 1932 C40
         |--+--Cornuspirella Cushman 1928 C40
         |  |    `--*C. diffusa (Heron-Allen & Earland 1913) [=Cornuspira diffusa] LT64
         |  `--Cornuspiroides Cushman 1928 C40
         |       `--*C. striolata (Brady in Tizard & Murray 1882) [=Cornuspira striolata] LT64
         `--Cyclogyra Wood 1842 LT64 (see below for synonymy)
              |--*C. multiplex Wood 1842 LT64
              |--‘Orbis’ foliaceus Philippi 1844 [=*Arcornuspirum foliaceum, *Cornuspira foliacea] LT64
              |--‘Cornuspira’ acicularis S05
              |--‘*Cornicocornuspira’ conica Marie 1961 LT64
              |--‘Cornuspira’ involvens C40
              |--C. planorbis (Schultze 1854) [=Cornuspira planorbis] LT64
              `--‘Cornuspira’ thompsoni C40

Cyclogyra Wood 1842 LT64 [incl. Arcornuspirum Rhumbler 1913 LT64, Conicocornuspira Marie in Deleau & Marie 1961 LT64, Cornuspira Schultze 1854 C40]

Fischerina compressa (Wiesner 1931) [=*Trisegmentina compressa; incl. Hauerina compressa Sidebottom 1904 non d’Orbigny 1846, T. sidebottomi Cushman 1933] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed) Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[S05] Semeniuk, T. A. 2005. Fossil foraminiferal assemblages from Pleistocene seagrass-bank deposits of the southern Perth Basin, Western Australia, and their palaeotemperature implications. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 177–190.

Rhapydionininae

Rhapydionina deserta, from Loeblich & Tappan (1964).

Belongs within: Soritidae.

The Rhapydionininae are a group of more or less conical Foraminifera known from the Jurassic to the present, though so far as is known they are extremely rare in the modern fauna (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

See also: Porcelain fans.

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test elongate, conical; chambers in rectilinear series, subdivided into chamberlets; aperture terminal, cribrate.

Rhapydionininae LT64
    |--Craterites Heron-Allen & Earland 1924 LT64
    |    `--*C. rectus Heron-Allen & Earland 1924
    |--Praerhapydionina van Wessem 1943 LT64
    |    `--*P. cubana van Wessen 1943 LT64
    |--Rhipidionina Stache 1913 LT64
    |    `--*R. liburnica (Stache 1889) [=Pavonina liburnica] LT64
    |--Ripacubana Loeblich & Tappan 1964 [=Conulina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839] LT64
    |    `--*R. conica (d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839) [=*Conulina conica] LT64
    `--Rhapydionina Stache 1913 [=Rhapidionina van den Bold 1946; incl. Haurania Henson 1948] LT64
         |--*R. liburnica (Stache 1889) LT64 (see below for synonymy)
         |--R. deserta (Henson 1948) [=*Haurania deserta] LT64
         |--R. protocaenica C40
         `--R. urensis LT64

*Rhapydionina liburnica (Stache 1889) LT64 [=Peneroplis liburnica LT64, *Rhapidionina liburnica LT64; incl. R. liburnica var. laevigata C40, R. liburnica var. strangulata C40]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

Meandropsininae

Side (left) and apertural views of Fallotia colomi, from Loeblich & Tappan (1964).

Belongs within: Soritidae.

The Meandropsininae are a group of porcelaneous Foraminifera known from the Upper Cretaceous and Palaeocene (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Early stage planispirally coiled, later may be discoidal, operculiform, flabelliform, cylindrical or conical in shape; subepidermal chamberlets in marginal zone, with interseptal pillars; aperture commonly cribrate.

Meandropsininae [Broekininae]
    |--Meandropsina Munier-Chalmas in Schlumberger 1898 [incl. Cyclomeandropsina Henson 1950 (n. n.)] LT64
    |    `--*M. vidali Schlumberger 1898 LT64
    |--Edomia Henson 1948 LT64
    |    `--*E. reicheli Henson 1948 LT64
    |--Pseudedomia Henson 1948 LT64
    |    `--*P. multistriata Henson 1948 LT64
    |--Taberina Keijzer 1945 LT64
    |    `--*T. cubana Keijzer 1945 LT64
    |--Pseudorbitolina Douvillé 1910 LT64
    |    `--*P. marthae Douvillé 1910 LT64
    |--Broeckina Munier-Chalmas 1882 [=Broekina Marie 1958; incl. Praesorites Douvillé 1902] LT64
    |    |--*B. dufresnoyi (d’Archiac in d’Archiac & Haime 1854) [=Cyclolina dufresnoyi, *Broekina dufresnoyi] LT64
    |    `--B. moureti (Douvillé 1902) [=*Praesorites moureti] LT64
    |--Nummofallotia Barrier & Neumann 1959 LT64
    |    |--*N. cretacea (Schlumberger 1899) [=Nonionina cretacea; incl. Goupillaudina sanctipetri Marie 1957] LT64
    |    `--N. apula LSM-CG00
    `--Fallotia Douvillé 1902 [incl. Ayalaina Seiglie 1961, Fascispira Silvestri 1940] LT64
         |--*F. jacquoti Douvillé 1902 LT64
         |--F. colomi (Silvestri 1940) [=*Fascispira colomi] LT64
         `--‘Meandropsina’ rutteni Palmer 1934 [=*Ayalaina rutteni] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LSM-CG00] Luperto Sinni, E., J. Martín-Chivelet & R. Giménez. 2000. Praemurgella valenciana nov. gen. et sp. (Foraminifera) in the Sierra de Utiel Formation (Coniacian–Santonian) of the Prebetic domain (SE Spain). Geobios 32 (2): 145–151.

Soritinae

Sorites orbiculus, copyright Jan Steger.

Belongs within: Soritidae.

The Soritinae are a group of porcellaneous Foraminifera known from the Eocene to the present, characterised by a distinct pattern of chamber addition (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Growth occurs by addition of numerous small chambers in arcuate or annular series, without intercommunications between those of single series, apertures connect adjacent chambers of successive series.

Soritinae [Orbitolitidinae, Orbitolitinae]
    |  i. s.: Orbitolites Lamarck 1801 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |           `--*O. complanata Lamarck 1801 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |         Opertorbitolites Nuttall 1925 LT64
    |           `--*O. douvillei Nuttall 1925 LT64
    |         Somalina Silvestri 1939 LT64
    |           `--*S. stefaninii Silvestri 1939 LT64
    |         Yaberinella Vaughan 1928 LT64
    |           `--*Y. jamaicensis Vaughan 1928 LT64
    |--+--Amphisorus Ehrenberg 1839 PHT13, LT64 [incl. Bradyella Munier-Chalmas 1902 LT64]
    |  |    `--*A. hemprichii Ehrenberg 1839 [incl. Orbitolites duplex Carpenter 1883, *Bradyella duplex] LT64
    |  `--Marginopora Quoy & Gaimard in de Blainville 1830 PHT13, LT64
    |       `--*M. vertebralis Quoy & Gaimard in de Blainville 1830 [incl. Orbitolites complanata laciniata] LT64
    `--Sorites Ehrenberg 1839 PHT13, LT64 [=Taramellina Munier-Chalmas 1902 LT64]
         |--S. marginalis (Lamarck 1816) (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |--S. duplex C40
         |--S. orbiculus C-SC03
         `--S. variabilis S05

Orbitolites Lamarck 1801 [=Discolithus Fortis 1802, Orbitolithes Oken 1815, Orbitulites Bronn in Bronn & Roemer 1854 nec Berthold 1827 nec Eichwald 1829 nec Griffith & Pidgeon 1834; incl. Discolites de Montfort 1808] LT64

*Orbitolites complanata Lamarck 1801 [=*Discolithus complanatus, *Orbitulites complanatus; incl. *Discolites concentricus de Montfort 1808] LT64

Sorites marginalis (Lamarck 1816) [=Orbulites marginalis, Orbitolites marginatis; incl. *S. dominicensis Ehrenberg 1839, *Taramellina dominicensis] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C-SC03] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2003. Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa. Protist 154: 341–358.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[PHT13] Pawlowski, J., M. Holzmann & J. Tyszka. 2013. New supraordinal classification of Foraminifera: molecules meet morphology. Marine Micropalaeontology 100: 1–10.

[S05] Semeniuk, T. A. 2005. Fossil foraminiferal assemblages from Pleistocene seagrass-bank deposits of the southern Perth Basin, Western Australia, and their palaeotemperature implications. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 177–190.

Peneroplinae

Live Peneroplis planatus, copyright Martina Prazeres.

Belongs within: Soritidae.

The Peneroplinae are a group of porcelaneous Foraminifera known from the Upper Triassic to the present (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test close-coiled in early stage, later may be uncoiled or annular; chambers simple, not divided into chamberlets; aperture rounded, slitlike, or series of pores on final septal face.

Peneroplinae [Cristellarinae, Peneroplidinae, Spirolininae]
    |--Praepeneroplis Hofker 1952 [=Protopeneroplis Hofker 1950 non Weynschenk 1950] LT64
    |    `--*P. senoniensis (Hofker 1949) [=Peneroplis senoniensis, *Protopeneroplis senoniensis] LT64
    |--Renulina Lamarck 1804 [=Renulites Lamarck 1804, Renulinites (l. c.)] LT64
    |    `--*R. opercularia Lamarck 1804 [=*Renulites opercularia] LT64
    |--Triasina Majzon 1954 LT64
    |    `--*T. hantkeni Majzon 1954 LT64
    |--Vandenbroeckia Marie 1958 [=Vandenbroekia] LT64
    |    `--*V. munieri Marie 1958 LT64
    |--Monalysidium Chapman 1900 LT64
    |    |--*M. sollasi (Chapman 1900) [=Peneroplis (*Monalysidium) sollasi] LT64
    |    `--M. politum C40
    |--Dendritina d’Orbigny 1826 [incl. Meneghinia Silvestri 1889 non Fucini 1931, Neopeneroplis Didkovskiy 1958] LT64
    |    |--*D. arbuscula d’Orbigny 1826 [=Peneroplis (*Dendritina) arbusculus] LT64
    |    |--‘*Meneghinia’ nautiliformis Silvestri 1889 LT64
    |    `--‘*Neopeneroplis’ sarmaticus Didkovskiy 1958 LT64
    |--Spirolina Lamarck 1804 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |--*S. cylindracea Lamarck 1804 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |--S. arietinus C40
    |    `--‘*Coscinospira’ hemprichii Ehrenberg 1839 LT64
    `--Peneroplis de Montfort 1808 S-VC91 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*P. planatus (Fichtel & Moll 1798) (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |--P. armorica (d’Archiac in Tournour 1868) [=Cyclolina armorica, *Archiacina armorica] LT64
         |--‘Cristellaria’ calcar H04
         |--‘Cristellaria’ compressa H04
         |--‘Cristellaria’ echinata H04
         |--P. karreri Wiesner 1923 [=*Laevipeneroplis karreri] LT64
         |--P. pertesus (Forskal 1775) S-VC91
         |--P. proteus d’Orbigny 1839 [=*Puteolina protea, *Puteolus proteus] LT64
         `--‘Cristellaria’ siddalliana H04

Peneroplis de Montfort 1808 S-VC91 [=Cristellaria Lamarck 1816 LT64; incl. Archiacina Munier-Chalmas in Vasseur 1878 LT64, Laevipeneroplis Šulc 1936 LT64, Puteolina Hofker 1952 LT64, Puteolus Hofker 1950 non Monterosato 1888 LT64]

*Peneroplis planatus (Fichtel & Moll 1798) [=Nautilus planatus, *Cristellaria planata, C. squammula Lamarck 1822] LT64

Spirolina Lamarck 1804 [=Spiralina Brown 1844 non Hartmann 1840, Spirolinites Lamarck 1804, Spirulina Ehrenberg 1843 non Bory 1826; incl. Coscinospira Ehrenberg 1839] LT64

*Spirolina cylindracea Lamarck 1804 [=*Spiralina cylindracea, *Spirolinites cylindracea, *Spirulina cylindracea] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[S-VC91] Segura-Vernis, L. R., & A. L. Carreño. 1991. Foraminíferos y ostrácodos de la Laguna de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 6 (1): 195–224.

Miliolinellinae

Miliolinella subrotunda, copyright Marek Zajaczkowski & Patrycja Jernas.

Belongs within: Miliolida.

The Miliolinellinae are a group of miliolid Foraminifera known from the Eocene to the present, characterised by a simple wall, and the presence of a broad, flat tooth or flap partially closing the aperture (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

<==Miliolinellinae LT64
    |--Nummoloculina Steinmann 1881 LT64
    |    `--*N. contraria (d’Orbigny 1846) [=Biloculina contraria] LT64
    |--Biloculinella Wiesner 1931 LT64
    |    |--*B. labiata (Schlumberger 1891) [=Biloculina labiata] LT64
    |    `--B. globula C40
    |--Scutuloris Loeblich & Tappan 1953 [incl. Quinquinella Vella 1957] LT64
    |    |--*S. tegminis Loeblich & Tappan 1953 LT64
    |    `--S. hornibrooki (Vella 1957) [=*Quinquinella hornibrooki] LT64
    `--Miliolinella Wiesner 1931 S-VC91 [incl. Triloculinella Riccio 1950 LT64]
         |--*M. subrotunda (Montagu 1803) [=Vermiculum subrotundum] LT64
         |--M. australis (Parr 1932) S05
         |--M. californica Rhumbler 1936 S-VC91
         |--M. labiosa (d’Orbigny 1839) S05
         |--M. lamellidens [=Quinqueloculina lamellidens] C40
         |--‘*Triloculinella’ obliquinodus Riccio 1950 LT64
         `--M. oblonga C40

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[S-VC91] Segura-Vernis, L. R., & A. L. Carreño. 1991. Foraminíferos y ostrácodos de la Laguna de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 6 (1): 195–224.

[S05] Semeniuk, T. A. 2005. Fossil foraminiferal assemblages from Pleistocene seagrass-bank deposits of the southern Perth Basin, Western Australia, and their palaeotemperature implications. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 177–190.

Alveolinidae

Cross-section of Fasciolites boscii, from here.

Belongs within: Quinqueloculininae.

The Alveolinidae are a group of porcelaneous, often large (up to 100 mm in length) Foraminifera known from the Lower Cretaceous to the present (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Wall porcelaneous, imperforate. Test free, usually large, coiled about elongate axis, subcylindrical, fusiform, ellipsoidal or spherical, rarely somewhat nautiloid. Proloculus followed by spiral tube (flexostyle). Juvenile volutions commonly coiled irregularly, at least in microspheric form. Chambers numerous, divided into tubular chamberlets by means of secondary partitions (septula) parallel to direction of coiling; chamberlets may occur in several layers. Apertures numerous, arranged in one or more rows, exceptionally fused into horizontal slit.

<==Alveolinidae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Ovalveolina Reichel 1936 LT64
    |    `--*O. ovum (d’Orbigny 1850) [=Alveolina ovum] LT64
    |--Subalveolina Reichel 1936 LT64
    |    `--*S. dordonica Reichel 1936 LT64
    |--Bullalveolina Reichel 1936 LT64
    |    `--*B. bulloides (d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839) [=Alveolina bulloides] LT64
    |--Flosculinella Schubert in Richarz 1910 LT64
    |    `--*F. bontangensis (Rutten 1913) LT64 [=Alveolinella bontangensis LT64, Flosculina bontangensis C40]
    |--Borelis de Montfort 1808 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |--B. melo (Fichtel & Moll 1798) (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    `--B. schlumbergeri PHT13
    |--Cisalveolina Reichel 1941 LT64
    |    `--*C. fallax Reichel 1941 LT64
    |--Multispirina Reichel 1947 LT64
    |    `--*M. iranensis Reichel 1947 LT64
    |--Alveolinella Douvillé 1906 LT64
    |    |--*A. quoyi (d’Orbigny 1826) [=Alveolina quoii] LT64
    |    `--A. boscii C40
    |--Praealveolina Reichel 1933 LT64
    |    |--P. (Praealveolina) LT64
    |    |    |--*P. (P.) tenuis Reichel 1933 LT64
    |    |    `--P. (P.) cretacea (d’Archiac 1837) [=Alveolina cretacea] LT64
    |    `--P. (Simplalveolina Reichel in Loeblich & Tappan 1964) LT64
    |         `--P. (*S.) simplex Reichel 1936 LT64
    `--Fasciolites Parkinson 1811 (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |  i. s.: ‘Flosculina’ daunica Checchia-Rispoli 1912 [=F. (*Checchiaites) daunica] LT64
         |         ‘*Flosculina’ decipiens Schwager 1883 LT64
         |         ‘Flosculina’ globosa C40
         |         F. levantina LT64
         |         ‘*Miliolites’ sabulosus de Montfort 1808 LT64
         |         ‘Alveolina’ violae Checchia-Rispoli 1912 [=*Eoalveolinella violae] LT64
         |--F. (Fasciolites) [incl. Oryzaria Defrance in Bronn 1825] LT64
         |    |--*F. (F.) oblonga (d’Orbigny 1826) [=Alveolina oblonga] LT64
         |    |--F. (F.) boscii (Defrance in Bronn 1825) [=*Oryzaria boscii] LT64
         |    |--F. (F.) pasticillatus LT64
         |    `--F. (F.) schwageri LT64
         `--F. (Glomalveolina Hottinger 1962) LT64
              |--F. (*G.) dachelensis (Schwager 1883) [=Alveolina dachelensis] LT64
              `--F. (G.) primaeva LT64

Nomen nudum: Alveolina ovulum Stache in Schwager 1883 [=A. (Glomalveolina) ovulum] LT64

Alveolinidae [Alveolinea, Alveolinellidae, Alveolinellinae, Alveolinida, Alveolinina, Alveolininae, Borelida, Borelidae, Borelidinae, Fasciolitidae]

Borelis de Montfort 1808 [=Borelia Agassiz 1844; incl. Alveolina d’Orbigny 1826, Clausulus de Montfort 1808, Melonia Lamarck 1822, Melonites Lamarck 1812, Neoalveolina Silvestri 1928] LT64

Borelis melo (Fichtel & Moll 1798) [=Nautilus melo, *Alveolina melo; incl. A. bradyi Silvestri 1927, *Neoalveolina bradyi, *Clausulus indicator de Montfort 1808, *Borelis melonoides de Montfort 1808, *Melonites sphaerica Lamarck 1816, *Melonia sphaerica] LT64

Fasciolites Parkinson 1811 [incl. Checchiaites Sorrentino 1935, Eoalveolinella Silvestri 1928, Flosculina Stache in Schwager 1883, Miliolites de Montfort 1808 non Lamarck 1804, Semiflosculina Doncieux 1905] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[PHT13] Pawlowski, J., M. Holzmann & J. Tyszka. 2013. New supraordinal classification of Foraminifera: molecules meet morphology. Marine Micropalaeontology 100: 1–10.

Tubinellinae

Tubinella funalis, from Brady (1884).

Belongs within: Miliolida.

The Tubinellinae are a group of miliolid Foraminifera known from the Middle Eocene to the present, characterised by a test that is uniserial at maturity (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Early milioline stage reduced; later portion uniserial, with rudimentary septa; aperture formed by open end of final chamber.

<==Tubinellinae LT64
    |--Pavoninoides Bermúdez 1949 LT64
    |    `--*P. panamensis Bermúdez 1949 LT64
    |--Poroarticulina Cushman 1944 LT64
    |    `--*P. glabra Cushman 1944 LT64
    |--Parrina Cushman 1931 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |--*P. bradyi (Millett 1898) [=Nubecularia bradyi, *Silvestria bradyi] LT64
    |    `--P. kegeli (Tinoco 1955) [=*Erichsenella kegeli] LT64
    |--Articulina d’Orbigny 1826 [incl. Ceratospirulina Ehrenberg 1858] LT64
    |    |--*A. nitida d’Orbigny 1826 LT64
    |    |--A. sagra C40
    |    `--‘*Ceratospirulina’ spratti Ehrenberg 1858 LT64
    `--Tubinella Rhumbler 1906 [=Artubinum Thumbler 1913; incl. Tubinellina Wiesner 1931] LT64
         |--*T. inornata (Brady 1884) [=Articulina funalis var. inornata, *Artubinum inornatum] LT64
         |--T. funalis (Brady 1884) C40, LT64 [=Articulina funalis LT64, *Tubinellina funalis LT64]
         `--T. perforata C40

Parrina Cushman 1931 [=Silvestria Schubert 1921 nec Verhoeff 1895 nec Brian 1902; incl. Erichsenella Tinoco 1955] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

Miliolinae

Miliola striolata, from Haeckel (1899–1904).

Belongs within: Miliolida.

The Miliolinae are a group of miliolid Foraminifera known from the Upper Cretaceous to the present, with a simple wall and cribrate aperture (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

<==Miliolinae [Hauerininae, Miliolininae, Trematoforininae] LT64
    |--Ammomassilina Cushman 1933 LT64
    |    `--*A. alveoliniformis (Millett 1898) [=Massilina alveoliniformis] LT64
    |--Cribropyrgo Cushman & Bermúdez 1946 LT64
    |    `--*C. robusta Cushman & Bermúdez 1946 LT64
    |--Dogielina Bogdanovich & Voloshinova 1949 LT64
    |    `--*D. sarmatica Bogdanovich & Voloshinova 1949 LT64
    |--Heterillina Munier-Chalmas & Schlumberger in Schlumberger 1905 LT64
    |    `--*H. guespellensis Schlumberger 1905 LT64
    |--Involvohauerina Loeblich & Tappan 1955 LT64
    |    `--*I. globularis Loeblich & Tappan 1955 LT64
    |--Polysegmentina Cushman 1946 LT64
    |    `--*P. circinata (Brady 1881) [=Hauerina circinata] LT64
    |--Schlumbergerina Munier-Chalmas 1882 LT64
    |    |--*S. areniphora Munier-Chalmas 1882 LT64
    |    `--S. alveoliniformis C40
    |--Tortonella Didkovskiy 1957 LT64
    |    `--*T. bondartschuki Didkovskiy 1957 LT64
    |--Hauerina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 LT64
    |    |--*H. compressa d’Orbigny 1846 LT64
    |    |--H. bradyi C40
    |    `--H. ornatissima H04
    |--Miliola Lamarck 1804 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |--*M. saxorum (Lamarck 1804) (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |--M. parkeri H04
    |    |--M. reticulata H04
    |    `--H. striolata H04
    |--Nevillina Sidebottom 1905 LT64
    |    `--*N. coronata (Millett 1898) [=Biloculina coronata] LT64
    `--Idalina Schlumberger & Munier-Chalmas 1884 LT64
         `--*I. antiqua Schlumberger & Munier-Chalmas 1884 (see below for synonymy) LT64

*Idalina antiqua Schlumberger & Munier-Chalmas 1884 [=Biloculina antiqua d’Orbigny 1850 (n. n.) non Karrer 1867, Triloculina cretacea d’Orbigny 1850 (n. n.)] LT64

Miliola Lamarck 1804 [=Miliolites Lamarck 1804, Miliolithes Cuvier 1817, Pentellina Munier-Chalmas 1882, Saxicolina Sherborn 1896] LT64

*Miliola saxorum (Lamarck 1804) [=*Miliolites saxorum, *Miliolithes saxorum, *Pentellina saxorum, *Saxicolina saxorum] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

Triloculina

Triloculina tricarinata, from here.

Belongs within: Quinqueloculininae.

Triloculina is a genus of miliolid Foraminifera known from the Jurassic to the present, in which only the final three chambers are visible externally at maturity (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test free, with chambers each one-half coil in length, early chambers at least in microspheric generation in quinqueloculine arrangement, later triloculine, with successive chambers added in planes 120° apart, only final three chambers visible externally; wall calcareous, imperforate, porcellaneous, or rarely with surficial agglutinated layer; aperture terminal, typically wtih bifid tooth; gametes biflagellate, with axostyle.

<==Triloculina d’Orbigny 1826 S-VC91 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*T. trigonula (Lamarck 1804) LT64 [=Miliolites trigonula LT64, Miliola trigonula C40]
    |--‘Miliolina’ australis LJ98
    |--T. bicarinata C40
    |--T. brevidentata LT64
    |--T. circularis LT64
    |--T. cuneata M62
    |--T. dilatata M62
    |--‘*Renoidea’ glabra Brown 1827 LT64
    |--‘*Spidestomella’ globulifera Costa 1856 LT64
    |--T. labiosa M62
    |--T. laevigata d’Orbigny 1826 [=*Miliolina laevigata] LT64
    |--T. marioni M62
    |--T. oblonga LT64
    |--T. parisa S05
    |--T. quadrata S05
    |--‘Miliolina’ reussi LT64
    |--T. rotunda LT64
    |--T. schreibersiana M62
    |--T. squamosa LT64
    |--T. striatotrigonula S05
    |--T. strigillata d’Orbigny 1850 [=*Trillina strigillata] LT64
    |--T. suborbicularis LT64
    |--T. tricarinata d’Orbigny 1826 H03
    |--T. triquetrella S05
    |--T. turkomanica Brodsky 1929 G86
    |--T. webbiana M62
    `--T. wiesneri M62

Triloculina d’Orbigny 1826 S-VC91 [incl. Miliolina Williamson 1858 LT64, Renoidea Brown 1927 LT64, Spidestomella Costa 1856 LT64, Trillina Munier-Chalmas 1882 LT64]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G86] Golemansky, V. G. 1986. Rhizopoda: Foraminiferida. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 17–20. E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene-Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[LJ98] Li, Q., N. P. James, B. McGowran, Y. Bone & J. Cann. 1998. Synergetic influence of water masses and Kangaroo Island barrier on foraminiferal distribution, Lincoln and Lacepede shelves, South Australia: a synthesis. Alcheringa 22 (2): 153–176.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[S-VC91] Segura-Vernis, L. R., & A. L. Carreño. 1991. Foraminíferos y ostrácodos de la Laguna de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 6 (1): 195–224.

[S05] Semeniuk, T. A. 2005. Fossil foraminiferal assemblages from Pleistocene seagrass-bank deposits of the southern Perth Basin, Western Australia, and their palaeotemperature implications. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 177–190.

Quinqueloculina

Quinqueloculina poeyana, copyright Dieter Ketelsen.

Belongs within: Quinqueloculininae.

Quinqueloculina is a cosmopolitan genus of miliolid Foraminifera known from the Jurassic to the present (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test coiled, with chambers one-half coil in length and alternating regularly in five planes of coiling 72° apart, but with successive chambers in planes 144° apart, so that three chambers are visible from exterior on one side of test and four visible from opposite side; wall calcareous, porcelaneous, imperforate, with inner pseudochitinous layer, rarely with some agglutinated grains added to exterior; aperture terminal, rounded, with simple or bifid tooth..

<==Quinqueloculina d’Orbigny 1826 (nom. cons.) (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |--*Q. seminulum (Linnaeus 1758) [=Serpula seminulum, *Multiloculina seminulum] LT64
    |--Q. akneriana d’Orbigny 1846 S-VC91
    |--Q. angulostriata Cushman & Valentine 1930 S-VC91
    |--Q. angusta M08
    |--Q. arctica LT64
    |--Q. aspera M62
    |--Q. auberiana LT64
    |--Q. baragwanathi Parr 1945 S05
    |--Q. berthelotiana M62
    |--Q. bicarinata S05
    |--Q. bicornis M62
    |--Q. bicostata d’Orbigny 1839 S-VC91
    |--Q. candeiana LT64
    |--Q. carinata S05
    |--Q. catalinensis Natland 1938 S-VC91
    |--Q. cliarensis M62
    |--Q. compta Cushman 1947 S-VC91
    |--Q. contorta M62
    |--Q. cooki Vella 1957 [=Q. (*Lachlanella) cooki] LT64
    |--Q. costata C40
    |--Q. disparilis M62
    |--Q. fusca C40
    |--Q. incisa S05
    |--‘*Uniloculina’ indica d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 LT64
    |--Q. itongaziana M08
    |--Q. jugosa M62
    |--Q. laevigata d’Orbigny 1826 S-VC91
    |--Q. lamarckiana d’Orbigny 1839 S-VC91
    |--Q. longirostra d’Orbigny 1826 [incl. *Adelosina laevigata d’Orbigny 1826 non Q. laevigata d’Orbigny 1826] LT64
    |--Q. parvula M62
    |--Q. patagonica S05
    |--Q. poeyana d’Orbigny 1839 S05
    |--Q. quinquecarinata S05
    |--Q. rugosa M62
    |--Q. sabulosa Cushman 1947 S-VC91
    |--Q. schlumbergeri M62
    |--Q. stelligera M62
    |--Q. striata M62
    |--Q. suborbicularis LT64
    |--Q. subpolygona Parr 1945 S05
    |--Q. sulcata S05
    |--Q. tenagos Parker 1962 S-VC91
    |--Q. ungeriana M62
    |--Q. venusta JW99
    |--‘*Pollontes’ vesicularis de Montfort 1808 [=*Pollonites vesicularis] LT64
    |--Q. vulgaris LT64
    `--Q. williamsoni M62

Quinqueloculina d’Orbigny 1826 (nom. cons.) [=Multiloculina Abich 1859; incl. Adelosina d’Orbigny 1826, Frumentarium Fichtel & Moll 1798 (nom. rej.), Lachlanella Vella 1957, Pollonites Brady 1884, Pollontes de Montfort 1808 (nom. rej.), Retorta Walker & Boys 1784 (nom. rej.), Uniloculina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[JW99] Jian, Z.-M., L.-J. Wang, M. Kienast, M. Sarnthein, W. Kuhnt, H.-L. Lin & P.-X. Wang. 1999. Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last 40,000 years. Marine Geology 156: 159–186.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[M08] McMillan, I. K. 2008. Reappraisal of foraminiferal assemblages of the Santonia-Campanian Mzamba Formation type section, and their correlation with the stratigraphic succession of the KwaZulu Basin. African Natural History 4: 25–34.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[S-VC91] Segura-Vernis, L. R., & A. L. Carreño. 1991. Foraminíferos y ostrácodos de la Laguna de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 6 (1): 195–224.

[S05] Semeniuk, T. A. 2005. Fossil foraminiferal assemblages from Pleistocene seagrass-bank deposits of the southern Perth Basin, Western Australia, and their palaeotemperature implications. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 177–190.

Fabulariinae

Section of Lacazina, from here.

Belongs within: Quinqueloculininae.

The Fabulariinae are a group of miliolid Foraminifera known from the Upper Cretaceous to the present, in which the interior is complex, with chambers subdivided into chamberlets, and there are multiple apertures (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

<==Fabulariinae [Fabularidea]
    |--Fabularia Defrance 1820 LT64
    |    `--F. ovata (de Roissy 1805) [=Nummulites ovata; incl. *F. discolites Defrance in Bronn 1825] LT64
    |--Austrotrillina Parr 1942 LT64
    |    `--*A. howchini (Schlumberger 1893) [=Trillina howchini] LT64
    |--Lacazinella Crespin 1962 LT64
    |    `--*L. wichmanni (Schlumberger 1894) [=Lacazina wichmanni] LT64
    |--Lacazopsis Douvillé 1930 LT64
    |    `--*L. termieri Douvillé 1930 LT64
    |--Periloculina Munier-Chalmas & Schlumberger 1885 LT64
    |    `--*P. zitteli Munier-Chalmas & Schlumberger 1885 LT64
    |--Raadshoovenia van den Bold 1946 LT64
    |    `--*R. guatemalensis van den Bold 1946 LT64
    |--Riveroina Bermúdez 1939 LT64
    |    `--*R. caribaea Bermúdez 1939 LT64
    `--Lacazina Munier-Chalmas 1882 LT64
         |--*L. compressa (d’Orbigny 1850) [=Alveolina compressa] LT64
         `--L. elongata LSM-CG00
              |--L. e. elongata LSM-CG00
              `--L. e. ovula LSM-CG00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LSM-CG00] Luperto Sinni, E., J. Martín-Chivelet & R. Giménez. 2000. Praemurgella valenciana nov. gen. et sp. (Foraminifera) in the Sierra de Utiel Formation (Coniacian–Santonian) of the Prebetic domain (SE Spain). Geobios 32 (2): 145–151.

Quinqueloculininae

Pyrgo murrhina, copyright Bruce Hayward.

Belongs within: Miliolida.
Contains: Quinqueloculina, Alveolinidae, Soritidae, Triloculina, Fabulariinae.

The Quinqueloculininae are a group of miliolid Foraminifera known from the Jurassic to the present, with a simple wall and an aperture with a bifid tooth or modification of such (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

<==Quinqueloculininae [Massilininae, Sigmoilopsinae] LT64
    |--+--+--Quinqueloculina C40
    |  |  `--Alveolinidae PHT13
    |  `--Soritidae PHT13
    |--Sigmoilina Schlumberger 1887 C40
    |    |--*S. sigmoidea (Brady 1884) [=Planispirina sigmoidea] LT64
    |    |--S. celata (Costa 1856) [=Spiroloculina celata] LT64
    |    |--S. herzensteini C40
    |    `--S. manicura JW99
    |--Massilina Schlumberger 1893 C40 [incl. Proemassilina Lacroix 1938 LT64]
    |    |--*M. secans (d’Orbigny 1826) [=Quinqueloculina secans] C40
    |    |--M. peruviana LT64
    |    |--M. pratti C40
    |    |--M. pulchra Cushman & Gray 1930 S-VC91
    |    |--M. robustior Cushman & Valentine 1930 S-VC91
    |    `--M. rugosa Sidebottom 1904 [=*Proemassilina rugosa] LT64
    `--+--Triloculina C40
       |--Flintina Cushman 1921 C40
       |    |--*F. bradyana Cushman 1921 [incl. Miliolina fichteliana Brady 1884 non d’Orbigny 1839] LT64
       |    `--F. triquetra C40
       `--+--Pyrgo Defrance 1824 C40, LT64 [incl. Praelacazina Hofker 1959 LT64]
          |    |--*P. laevis Defrance 1824 LT64
          |    |--P. bradyi C40
          |    |--P. denticulata C40
          |    |--P. fischeri LT64
          |    |--‘Biloculina’ fragilis Hofker 1927 [=*Praelacazina fragilis] LT64
          |    |--P. murrhina C40
          |    |--P. sarsi LT64
          |    `--P. williamsoni LT64
          |--Fabulariinae C40
          `--Biloculina d’Orbigny 1826 C40, G86
               |--*B. bulloides d’Orbigny 1826 LT64
               |--B. comata H04
               |--B. elongata G86 (see below for synonymy)
               `--B. turkomanica Brodsky 1928 G86

Quinqueloculininae incertae sedis:
  Pateoris Loeblich & Tappan 1953 S-VC91
    `--P. hauerinoides (Rhumbler 1936) [=Quinqueloculina subrotunda f. hauerinoides] LT64
  Sigmoilopsis Finlay 1947 LT64
    |--*S. schlumbergeri (Silvestri 1904) [=Sigmoilina schlumbergeri] LT64
    `--S. asperula JW99
  Cruciloculina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 LT64
    `--*C. triangularis d’Orbigny 1839 LT64
  Dentostomina Carman 1933 LT64
    `--*D. bermudiana Carman 1933 C40
  Flintinella Didkovskiy 1960 LT64
    `--*F. volhynica Didkovskiy 1960 LT64
  Palaeomiliolina Loeblich & Tappan 1964 LT64
    `--*P. occulta (Antonova 1958) [=Spirophthalmidium occultum] LT64
  Podolia Serova 1961 LT64
    `--*P. lyra (Serova 1955) [=Hauerina lyra] LT64
  Pseudomassilina Lacroix 1938 LT64
    |--*P. australis (Cushman 1932) [=Massilina australis] LT64
    `--P. subgranulata S05
  Ptychomiliola Eimer & Fickert 1899 LT64
    `--*P. separans (Brady 1881) [=Miliolina separans] C40
  Pyrgoella Cushman & White 1936 LT64
    `--*P. sphaera (d’Orbigny 1839) [=Biloculina sphaera] LT64
  Siphonaperta Vella 1957 LT64
    `--*S. macbeathi Vella 1957 LT64
  Spirosigmoilina Parr 1942 LT64
    `--*S. tateana (Howchin 1889) [=Spiroloculina tateana] LT64
  Wellmanella Finlay 1947 [incl. Hechtina Bartenstein & Brand 1949] LT64
    |--*W. kaiata Finlay 1947 LT64
    `--W. praeantiqua (Bartenstein & Brand 1949) [=*Hechtina praeantiqua] LT64

Biloculina elongata G86 [=Pyrgo elongata M62; incl. B. elongata var. turkomanica Brodsky 1929 non B. turkomanica Bridsky 1928 G86]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G86] Golemansky, V. G. 1986. Rhizopoda: Foraminiferida. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 17–20. E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[JW99] Jian, Z.-M., L.-J. Wang, M. Kienast, M. Sarnthein, W. Kuhnt, H.-L. Lin & P.-X. Wang. 1999. Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last 40,000 years. Marine Geology 156: 159–186.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

[PHT13] Pawlowski, J., M. Holzmann & J. Tyszka. 2013. New supraordinal classification of Foraminifera: molecules meet morphology. Marine Micropalaeontology 100: 1–10.

[S-VC91] Segura-Vernis, L. R., & A. L. Carreño. 1991. Foraminíferos y ostrácodos de la Laguna de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 6 (1): 195–224.

[S05] Semeniuk, T. A. 2005. Fossil foraminiferal assemblages from Pleistocene seagrass-bank deposits of the southern Perth Basin, Western Australia, and their palaeotemperature implications. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 177–190.

Rzehakinidae

Silicosigmoilina groenlandica, copyright P. E. Jerna.

Belongs within: Miliolida.

The Rzehakinidae are a group of agglutinated or siliceous Foraminifera known from the Lower Cretaceous to the present (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test free, proloculus followed by tubular chambers, about half coil in length and added in various planes; wall siliceous or agglutinated, generally insoluble in acid.

<==Rzehakinidae [Paramiliolidae, Rzehakininae, Schlumberinida] LT64
    |--Rzehakina Cushman 1927 LT64
    |    `--*R. epigona (Rzehak 1895) [=Silicina epigona] LT64
    |--Spirolocammina Earland 1934 LT64
    |    `--*S. tenuis Earland 1934 LT64
    |--Ammoflintina Earland 1934 LT64
    |    `--*A. trihedra Earland 1934 LT64
    |--Spirosigmoilinella Matsunaga 1955 LT64
    |    `--*S. compressa Matsunaga 1955 LT64
    |--Trilocularena Loeblich & Tappan 1955 LT64
    |    `--*T. circularis (Heron-Allen & Earland 1930) [=Miliammina circularis] LT64
    |--Psamminopelta Tappan 1957 LT64
    |    |--*P. bowsheri Tappan 1957 LT64
    |    `--P. gradsteini H03
    `--Silicosigmoilina Cushman & Church 1929 [incl. Bramletteia Israelsky 1951] LT64
         |--*S. californica Cushman & Church 1929 LT64
         |--S. abyssalica H03
         |--S. groenlandica (Cushman 1933) [=Quinqueloculina fusca var. groenlandica] H03
         `--S. perplexa Israelsky 1951 [=S. (*Bramletteia) perplexa] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene–Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.