Basalhaplogynae

Desert bush spider Diguetia canities, from the National Park Service.

Belongs within: Araneida.
Contains: Scytodoidea, Pholcidae, Segestriidae, Dysderidae, Orsolobidae, Oonopidae.

The Basalhaplogynae are a clade of spiders in which the chelicerae are fused at the base and provided with a lamina; members of the clade also have the tegulum and subtegulum fused and the spinnerets lack tartipores (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

<==Basalhaplogynae [Haplogynae, Pholcoidea] W19
    |--Filistatidae [Filistatomorpha] JD-S07
    |    |  i. s.: Misionella P05
    |    |           |--M. didicostae Penney 2005 P05
    |    |           `--M. mendensis R14
    |    |         Microfilistata Zohnstein 1990 G95
    |    |--Filistatinae G95
    |    |    |  i. s.: Zaituna Lehtinen 1967 G95
    |    |    |--Sahastata Benoit 1968 G95
    |    |    |    |--S. nigra G95
    |    |    |    `--S. sabaea Brignoli 1982
    |    |    `--+--Kukulcania Lehtinen 1967 G95
    |    |       |    `--K. hibernalis G95
    |    |       `--Filistata Latreille 1810 G95, JD-S07
    |    |            |--F. hibernalis B06
    |    |            `--F. insidiatrix (Forskål 1775) MG03
    |    `--Prithinae G95
    |         |  i. s.: Malalistata Mello-Leitão 1946 G95
    |         |         Tricalamus Wang 1987 G95
    |         |--+--Filistatinella Gertsch & Ivie 1936 G95
    |         |  `--+--Filistatoides P.-Cambridge 1899 G95
    |         |     `--Pikelinia Mello-Leitão 1946 G95
    |         |          `--P. tambilloi R14
    |         `--+--+--Andoharano Lehtinen 1967 G95
    |            |  `--Afrofilistata Benoit 1968 G95
    |            `--+--Pritha Lehtinen 1967 G95, MG03
    |               |    |--*P. nana (Simon 1868) MG03
    |               |    `--P. crosbyi (Spassky 1938) [=Filistata crosbyi] MG03
    |               `--+--Yardiella Gray 1994 G95
    |                  `--Wandella Gray 1994 G95
    |                       |--W. orana G95
    |                       `--W. waldockae MC13
    `--Synspermiata [Scytodiformes] W19
         |--+--Scytodoidea JD-S07
         |  `--+--Pholcidae JD-S07
         |     `--+--Plectreuridae JD-S07
         |        |    |--Kibramoa Chamberlin 1924 JD-S07
         |        |    `--Plectreurys Simon 1893 JD-S07
         |        |         `--P. tristis Simon 1893 HF08
         |        `--Diguetidae JD-S07
         |             |--Segestrioides Keyserling 1883 JD-S07
         |             |    `--S. bicolor JD-S07
         |             `--Diguetia Simon 1895 JD-S07
         |                  |--D. canities JD-S07
         |                  `--D. signata Gertsch 1958 HF08
         `--+--+--Dysderoidea JD-S07
            |  |    |  i. s.: Trogloraptor [Trogloraptoridae] R14
            |  |    |--Segestriidae JD-S07
            |  |    `--+--Dysderidae JD-S07
            |  |       `--+--Orsolobidae JD-S07
            |  |          `--Oonopidae JD-S07
            |  `--Tetrablemmidae JD-S07
            |       |--Shearella JD-S07
            |       |--Afroblemma JD-S07
            |       |--Tetrablemma P.-Cambridge 1873 [Tetrablemminae] JD-S07
            |       |--Paculla [Pacullinae] JD-S07
            |       `--Monoblemma spinosum Wunderlich 1988 S93
            `--Caponiidae JD-S07
                 |--Caponia Simon 1887 [Caponiinae] JD-S07
                 |--Calponia Platnick 1993 JD-S07
                 |--Diploglena Purcell 1904 JD-S07
                 |--Nopsides Chamberlin 1924 JD-S07
                 |--Notnops Platnick 1994 JD-S07
                 |--Orthonops Chamberlin 1924 JD-S07
                 |--Taintnops Platnick 1994 JD-S07
                 |--Tarsonops Platnick 1994 JD-S07
                 |--Tisentnops Platnick 1994 JD-S07
                 |--Caponina Simon 1887 JD-S07
                 |    `--C. notabilis (Mello-Leitão 1939) FM11
                 `--Nops MacLeay 1839 [Nopinae] JD-S07
                      |--N. lobatus Wunderlich 1988 S93
                      `--N. segmentatus Wunderlich 1988 S93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B06] Banks, N. 1906. Arachnida from the Bahamas. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22: 185–189.

[FM11] Freire-Jr, G. de B., & P. C. Motta. 2011. Effects of experimental fire regimes on the abundance and diversity of cursorial arachnids of Brazilian savannah (cerrado biome). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 263–272.

[G95] Gray, M. R. 1995. Morphology and relationships within the spider family Filistatidae (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 79–89.

[HF08] Huber, B. A., & N. Fleckenstein. 2008. Comb-hairs on the fourth tarsi in pholcid spiders. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 232–240.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[MG03] Marusik, Yu. M., & E. F. Guseinov. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 1. New family and genus records. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 29–46.

[P05] Penney, D. 2005. Fossil blood droplets in Miocene Dominican amber yield clues to speed and direction of resin secretion. Palaeontology 48 (5): 925–927.

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[W19] Wunderlich, J. 2019. What is a spider? Cretaceous fossils modify strongly phylogenetics as well as diagnoses of families, superfamilies and even suborders of spiders (Araneida) and other arthropods. Beiträge zur Araneologie 12: 1–32.

Scytodidae

Scytodes thoracica, copyright Tone Killick.

Belongs within: Scytodoidea.

The Scytodidae, spitting spiders, are a cosmopolitan (mostly tropical) group of spiders that capture prey by spraying it with gluey silk (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007). The species Dictis striatipes, Scytodes longipes and S. thoracica have become widely introduced outside their native ranges in association with humans.

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small to medium-sized; three tarsal claws; ecribeelate; haplogyne; six eyes in three diads; thoracic region domed, containing prosomal glands producing gluey silk; legs long and slender; body decorated with symmetrical dark pattern.

Scytodidae [Retitelariae]
    |--Phalangopus subtilis Menge 1854 D06
    |--Scyloxes Dunin 1992 JD-S07
    |--Soeuria Saaristo 1997 JD-S07
    |--Stedocys Ono 1995 JD-S07
    |    `--S. leopoldi R14
    |--Dictis Koch 1872 JD-S07
    |    |--D. domestica (Doleschall 1859) [=Scytodes domestica; incl. D. fumida Thorell 1891] T94
    |    `--D. striatipes Koch 1872 PVD10
    `--Scytodes Latreille 1804 PVD10
         |--*S. thoracica Latreille 1802 C01, PVD10 [=Aranea thoracica C01, Segestria (Scytodes) thoracica G20]
         |--S. bergeri Strand 1915 J98
         |--S. distincta Lucas 1846 E12
         |--S. fusca D95
         |--S. intricata R14
         |--S. itapevi Brescovit & Rheims 2000 FM11
         |--S. longipes B06
         |--S. marmorata Koch 1872 S99
         |--S. pallida Doleschall 1859 D59
         |--S. piliformis Wunderlich 1988 S93
         |--S. planithorax Wunderlich 1988 S93
         |--S. propinqua Stoliczka 1869 S69
         `--S. stridulans Wunderlich 1988 S93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B06] Banks, N. 1906. Arachnida from the Bahamas. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22: 185–189.

[C01] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[D59] Doleschall, C. L. 1859. Tweede Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Verhandelingen der Natuurkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch Indie [Acta Societatis Scientiarum Indo-Neêrlandicae] 5 (5): 1–60, pls 1–18.

[D95] Downes, M. F. 1995. Australasian social spiders: what is meant by 'social'? Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 25–32.

[D06] Dunlop, J. A. 2006. Baltic amber harvestman types (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi and Dyspnoi). Fossil Record 9 (2): 167–182.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[FM11] Freire-Jr, G. de B., & P. C. Motta. 2011. Effects of experimental fire regimes on the abundance and diversity of cursorial arachnids of Brazilian savannah (cerrado biome). Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 263–272.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S99] Simon, E. 1899. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896–1897. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie un Biologie der Thiere 12 (4): 411–437.

[S69] Stoliczka, F. 1869. Contribution to the knowledge of Indian Arachnoidea. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 38 pt 2 (4): 201–251, pls 18–20.

[T94] Thorell, T. 1894. Förteckning öfver Arachnider från Java och närgränsande öar, insamlade af docenten D:r Carl Aurivillius; jemte beskrifingar å några sydasiatiska och sydamerikanska Spindlar. Bihang till K. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 20 pt 4 (4): 1–63.

Last updated: 25 January 2022.

Orsolobidae

Male Hickmanolobus linnaei, with close-up of palp inset. Copyright Barbara Baehr.

Belongs within: Basalhaplogynae.

The Orsolobidae are a group of ground-hunting spiders found in the Southern Hemisphere. They are distinguished by presence of biserially dentate claws on the tarsi in association with ventral tufts of spatulate setae. Females have a claw at the end of the palp (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Small; six eyes present with four eyes in anterior row, and posterior lateral eyes behind anterior lateral eyes; legs with two tarsal claws, which are biserially dentate with an onychium and spatulate claw tufts; tarsal organ elevated; posterior tracheae anteriorly positioned; ecribellate; haplogyne.

<==Orsolobidae [Orsolobini]
    |--Orsolobus Simon 1893 JD-S07
    |--Tasmanoonops Hickman 1930 BS08
    |--Australobus Forster & Platnick 1985 BS08
    |--Cornifalx Hickman 1979 BS08
    |--Afrilobus jocquei JD-S07
    |--Tautukua Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    `--*T. isolata Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |--Bealeyia Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    `--*B. unicolor Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |--Anopsolobus Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    `--*A. subterraneus Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |--Dugdalea Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    `--*D. oculata Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |--Paralobus Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    `--*P. salmoni (Forster 1956) PVD10
    |--Turretia Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    `--*T. dugdalei Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |--Maoriata Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--*M. magna (Forster 1956) PVD10 [=Ascuta magna NS00]
    |    |--M. montana Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    `--M. vulgaris Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |--Orongia Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--*O. medialis Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--O. motueka Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    `--O. whangamoa Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |--Hickmanolobus Forster & Platnick 1985 BS08
    |    |--*H. mollipes (Hickman 1932) [=Oonopinus mollipes] BS08
    |    |--H. ibisca Baehr & Smith 2008 BS08
    |    |--H. jojo Baehr & Smith 2008 BS08
    |    `--H. linnaei Baehr & Smith 2008 BS08
    |--Pounamuella Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--*P. vulgaris (Forster 1956) PVD10
    |    |--P. australis (Forster 1964) PVD10
    |    |--P. complexa (Forster 1956) PVD10
    |    |--P. hauroko Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--P. hollowayae (Forster 1956) PVD10
    |    |--P. insula Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--P. kuscheli Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    `--P. ramsayi (Forster 1956) PVD10 [=Pounamua vulgaris ramsayi NS00]
    |--Waipoua Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--*W. toronui Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. gressitti (Forster 1964) PVD10
    |    |--W. hila Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. insula Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. montana Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. otiana Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. ponanga Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    `--W. totara (Forster 1956) PVD10 [=Pounamua totara NS00]
    |--Wiltonia Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--*W. graminicola Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. elongata Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. eylesi Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. fiordensis Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. lima Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. nelsonensis Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. pecki Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. porina Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    `--W. rotoiti Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |--Subantarctia Forster 1955 PVD10
    |    |--*S. turbotti Forster 1955 PVD10
    |    |--S. centralis Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--S. dugdalei Forster 1956 PVD10
    |    |--S. fiordensis Forster 1956 PVD10
    |    |--S. florae Forster 1956 PVD10
    |    |--S. muka Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--S. penara Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--S. stewartensis Forster 1956 PVD10
    |    `--S. trina Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |--Waiporia Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--*W. wiltoni Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. algida (Forster 1956) PVD10
    |    |--W. chathamensis Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. egmont Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. extensa (Forster 1956) PVD10
    |    |--W. hawea Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--W. hornabrooki (Forster 1956) PVD10 [=Pounamua hornabrooki NS00]
    |    |--W. mensa (Forster 1956) PVD10
    |    |--W. modica (Forster 1956) PVD10 [=Ascuta modica NS00]
    |    |--W. owaka Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD0
    |    |--W. ruahine Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    `--W. tuata Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |--Ascuta Forster 1956 PVD10
    |    |--*A. media Forster 1956 PVD10
    |    |--A. algida Forster 1956 NS00
    |    |--A. australis Forster 1956 PVD10
    |    |--A. cantuaria Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--A. extensa Forster 1956 NS00
    |    |--A. inopinata Forster 1956 PVD10
    |    |--A. insula Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--A. leith Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--A. monowai Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--A. montana Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--A. musca Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--A. ornata Forster 1956 PVD10
    |    |--A. parornata Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--A. taupo Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--A. tongariro Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    `--A. univa Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |--Tangata Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--*T. nigra Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--T. alpina (Forster 1956) PVD10
    |    |--T. furcata Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--T. horningi Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--T. kohuka Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--T. murihiku Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--T. orepukiensis (Forster 1956) PVD10 [=Ascuta orepukiensis NS00]
    |    |--T. otago Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--T. parafurcata Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--T. plena (Forster 1956) PVD10
    |    |--T. pouaka Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--T. rakiura (Forster 1956) PVD10
    |    |--T. stewartensis (Forster 1956) PVD10 [=Ascuta stewartensis NS00]
    |    |--T. sylvester Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--T. tautuku Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    |--T. townsendi Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    |    `--T. waipoua Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
    `--Duripelta Forster 1956 PVD10
         |--*D. borealis Forster 1956 PVD10
         |--D. alta Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
         |--D. australis Forster 1956 PVD10
         |--D. egmont Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
         |--D. hunua Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
         |--D. koomaa Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
         |--D. mawhero Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
         |--D. minuta Forster 1956 PVD10
         |--D. monowai Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
         |--D. otara Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
         |--D. pallida (Forster 1956) PVD10 [=Ascuta pallida NS00]
         |--D. paringa Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
         |--D. peha Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
         |--D. scuta Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
         |--D. totara Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
         |--D. townsendi Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10
         `--D. watti Forster & Platnick 1985 PVD10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS08] Baehr, B. C., & H. M. Smith. 2008. Three new species of the Australian orsolobid spider genus Hickmanolobus (Araneae: Orsolobidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (4): 325–336.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[NS00] Nicholls, D. C., P. J. Sirvid, S. D. Pollard & M. Walker. 2000. A list of arachnid primary types held in Canterbury Museum. Records of the Canterbury Museum 14: 37–48.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

Last updated: 25 January 2022.

Oonopidae

Orchestina sp., copyright Matias A. Izquierdo.

Belongs within: Basalhaplogynae.

The Oonopidae, goblin spiders, are a family of very small ground-hunting spiders, most diverse in tropical regions. Their six eyes (if present) are grouped close together with the anterior eyes large. In members of the subfamily Gamasomorphinae, the abdomen is covered by hardened dorsal and ventral scuta (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dipppenaar-Schoeman 2007): Very small; six eyes present, grouped close together, or eyes absent; legs with two claws, biserially dentate on an onychium; abdomen often with dorsal and ventral scuta; posterior tracheae anteriorly positioned; ecribellate; haplogyne, female genitalia a sclerotised slit composed of two distinct elements associated with both anterior and posterior walls of bursa.

<==Oonopidae
    |--Gamasomorpha [Gamasomorphinae] JD-S07
    |    `--G. camellina JD-S07
    |--Oonops Templeton 1935 [Oonopinae] JD-S07
    |    |--O. domesticus de Dalmas 1916 BH02
    |    `--O. pulcher Templeton 1935 MG03
    `--Orchestininae W19
         |--Burmochestina Wunderlich 2008 W19
         `--Orchestina Simon 1882 FB08
              |--O. baltica Petrunkevitch 1942 S93
              |--O. dubia V09
              `--O. mortua Petrunkevitch 1971 P92

Oonopidae incertae sedis:
  Dysderina C90
  Opopaea Simon 1891 FB08
  Brignolia L-M-HM11
  Coxapopha L-M-HM11
  Neoxyphinus L-M-HM11
  Xyccarph L-M-HM11
  Pelicinus saaristoi Ott & Harvey 2008 T13
  Grymeus MC13
  Myrmopopaea MC13
  Kapitia Forster 1956 PVD10
    `--*K. obscura Forster 1956 PVD10
  Silhouettella Benoit 1979 MG03
    `--S. loricatula (Roewer 1942) [=Dysderina loricatula, Gamasomorpha loricatula] MG03
  Ischnothyreus Simon 1893 [=Ischnaspis Simon 1891 non Douglas 1887] EH09
    |--*I. peltifer (Simon 1891) [=*Ischnaspis peltifer] EH09
    `--I. darwini Edward & Harvey 2009 EH09
  ‘Pounamua’ Forster 1956 non Oliver 1949 F64
    |--P. australis Forster 1964 F64
    |--P. complexa Forster 1956 NS00
    `--P. gressitti Forster 1964 F64
  Cavisternum clavatum Baehr, Harvey & Smith 2010 DH10
  Xestaspis Simon 1884 OH08
    |--*X. loricata (Koch 1873) [=Oonops loricatus] OH08
    |--X. inconspicua MC13
    |--X. linnaei Ott & Harvey 2008 OH08
    |--X. nitida Simon 1884 OH08
    |--X. parumpunctata Simon 1893 OH08
    |--X. recurva Strand 1906 OH08
    |--X. reimoseri Fage 1938 OH08
    |--X. sertata Simon 1907 OH08
    |--X. sis Saaristo & van Harten 2006 OH08
    |--X. sublaevis Simon 1893 OH08
    |--X. tumidula Simon 1893 OH08
    `--X. yemeni Saaristo & van Harten 2006 OH08
  Fossilopaea P92
  Heteroonops P92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BH02] Bell, J. R., A. J. Haughton, N. D. Boatman & A. Wilcox. 2002. Do incremental increases of the herbicide glyphosate have indirect consequences for spider communities? Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 288–297.

[C90] Coddington, J. A. 1990. Book review: Advances in spider taxonomy 1981–1987: A supplement to Brignoli’s A catalogue of the Araneae described between 1940 and 1981 (edited by P. Merrett), by Norman I. Platnick. Journal of Arachnology 18: 245–248.

[DH10] Durrant, B. J., M. S. Harvey, V. W. Framenau, R. Ott & J. M. Waldock. 2010. Patterns in the composition of ground-dwelling spider communities in the Pilbara bioregion, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 185–204.

[EH09] Edward, K. L., & M. S. Harvey. 2009. A new species of Ischnothyreus (Araneae:Oonopidae) from monsoon rainforest of northern Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (3): 287–293.

[FB08] Fannes, W., D. De Bakker, K. Loosveldt & R. Jocqué. 2008. Estimating the diversity of arboreal oonopid spider assemblages (Araneae, Oonopidae) at Afrotropical sites. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 322–330.

[F64] Forster, R. R. 1964. The Araneae and Opiliones of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Pacific Insects Monograph 7: 58–115.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[L-M-HM11] Lo-Man-Hung, N. F., R. Marichal, D. F. Candiani, L. S. Carvalho, R. P. Indicatti, A. B. Bonaldo, D. H. R. Cobo, A. Feijoo M., S. Tselouiko, C. Praxedes, G. Brown, E. Velasquez, T. Decaëns, J. Oszwald, M. Martins & P. Lavelle. 2011. Impact of different land management on soil spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) in two Amazonian areas of Brazil and Colombia. Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 296–302.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[MG03] Marusik, Yu. M., & E. F. Guseinov. 2003. Spiders (Arachnida: Aranei) of Azerbaijan. 1. New family and genus records. Arthropoda Selecta 12 (1): 29–46.

[NS00] Nicholls, D. C., P. J. Sirvid, S. D. Pollard & M. Walker. 2000. A list of arachnid primary types held in Canterbury Museum. Records of the Canterbury Museum 14: 37–48.

[OH08] Ott, R., & M. S. Harvey. 2008. A new species of Xestaspis (Araneae: Oonopidae) from the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (4): 337–342.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[T13] Taylor, C. K. 2013. Annotated bibliography for Barrow Island terrestrial invertebrates. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 135–144.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[W19] Wunderlich, J. 2019. What is a spider? Cretaceous fossils modify strongly phylogenetics as well as diagnoses of families, superfamilies and even suborders of spiders (Araneida) and other arthropods. Beiträge zur Araneologie 12: 1–32.

Last updated: 25 January 2022.

Segestriidae

Female Ariadna dysderina, copyright S. Pearson.

Belongs within: Basalhaplogynae.

The Segestriidae are a cosmopolitan group of spiders that construct tubular retreats from the mouth of which extend trip-lines. They have a fairly elongate body form, with the carapace and abdomen each longer than wide. The third pair of legs is held directed forwards alongside the first two pairs, with only the fourth pair directed rearwards (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Medium-sized; six eyes present in two rows, with lateral eyes contiguous, posterior median eyes closely grouped; legs with three tarsal claws; third pair of legs directed forwards; posterior tracheal spiracles far forward, just behind booklung slits; ecribellate; haplogyne; female palpal claw turned inwards over almost 90°.

<==Segestriidae [Segestriinae]
    |--Gippsicola Hogg 1900 PVD10
    |--Segestria Latreille 1804 PVD10
    |    |--*S. florentina (Rossi 1790) [=Aranea florentina; incl. A. perfida, Segestria perfida] C01
    |    |--S. cristata Menge 1854 S93
    |    |--S. cylindrica Koch & Berendt 1854 S93
    |    |--S. elongata Koch & Berendt 1854 S93
    |    |--S. exarata Menge 1854 S93
    |    |--S. nana Koch & Berendt 1854 S93
    |    |--S. plicata Petrunkevitch 1950 S93
    |    |--S. pusilla Menge 1854 S93
    |    |--S. saeva Walckenaer 1837 PVD10
    |    |--S. senoculata (Linnaeus 1758) K55 [=Aranea senoculata C01]
    |    |--S. succinei Berland 1939 S93
    |    |--S. tomentosa Koch & Berendt 1854 S93
    |    `--S. undulata Menge 1854 S93
    `--Ariadna Audouin 1826 PVD10
         |--A. barbigera Simon 1905 PVD10
         |--A. bellatoria de Dalmas 1917 PVD10
         |--A. bicolor JD-S07
         |--A. boesenbergi R14
         |--A. burcheli Hogg 1900 [=Macedonia burcheli] M54
         |--A. decatetracantha Main 1954 M54
         |--A. dysderina M54
         |--A. fidicina BS09
         |--A. maxima R14
         |--A. mollis R14
         |--A. montana Rainbow 1920 M54
         |--A. natalis Pocock 1900 FT08
         |--A. octospinata Lamb 1911 [=Macedonia octospinata] M54
         |--A. segmentata Simon 1908 M54
         |--A. septemcincta (Urquhart 1891) PVD10
         `--A. thyrianthina Simon 1908 M54

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS09] Blackledge, T. A., N. Scharff, J. A. Coddington, T. Szüts, J. W. Wenzel, C. Y. Hayashi & I. Agnarsson. 2009. Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (13): 5229–5234.

[C01] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[FT08] Framenau, V. W., & M. L. Thomas. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 45–85.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[M54] Main, B. Y. 1954. Spiders and Opiliones. In: Willis, J. H. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 37–53. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[R14] Ramírez, M. J. 2014. The morphology and phylogeny of dionychan spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 390: 1–374.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 26 January 2022.

Dysderidae

Slater spider Dysdera crocata, copyright Whitney Cranshaw.

Belongs within: Basalhaplogynae.

The Dysderidae is a western Palaearctic family of free-living spiders with large chelicerae, some of which have a predilection for hunting woodlice. One such species, the slater spider Dysdera crocata, has a global distribution in association with humans. Dysderids are free-wandering hunters at night, spending daylight hours in a silken retreat (Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007).

Characters (from Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman 2007): Medium-sized; six eyes present in compact group near clypeal edge; chelicerae and fangs well-developed; sternum joined to carapace by intercoxal sclerites; legs with two or three tarsal claws; distinct pair of tracheal spiracles posterior to booklung slits; ecribellate; haplogyne.

<==Dysderidae
    |--Rhodinae JD-S07
    |--Harpactea SL14 [Harpacteinae JD-S07]
    |    |--H. extinctus Petrunkevitch 1950 S93
    |    |--H. hombergi (Scopoli 1763) VPB11 [=Aranea hombergii C01, Dysdera hombergii C01]
    |    |--H. lepida (Koch 1838) SL14
    |    `--H. sadistica W19
    `--Dysdera Latreille 1804 PVD10 [Dysderinae JD-S07]
         |--*D. erythrina (Walckenaer 1802) C01, VPB11 [=Aranea erythryna C01, Segestria (Dystera) erythrina G20]
         |--D. angustata Lucas 1846 E12
         |--D. crocata Koch 1838 PVD10 [incl. D. interrita S99, D. rubicunda S99]
         |--D. glabrata Menge 1854 S93
         |--D. hippopodium Menge 1854 S93
         |--D. hungarica FF99
         |--D. ninaii Canestrini 1868 K55
         |--D. nubila Simon 1882 K55
         |--D. scobiculata Menge 1854 S93
         |--D. spinipes Lucas 1846 E12
         |--D. tersa Koch & Berendt 1854 S93
         `--D. westringi Pickard-Cambridge 1872 PO08

Dysderidae incertae sedis:
  Stalagtia hercegovinensis PN02
  Tedia PO08
    |--T. abdominalis Deeleman-Reinhold 1988 PO08
    `--T. oxygnatha Simon 1882 PO08
  Harpactocrates K55
    |--H. ignavus Kraus 1955 K55
    |--H. limbarae Kraus 1955 K55
    `--H. teruelis Kraus 1955 K55
  Dasumia subita Petrunkevitch 1940 S93
  Thereola petiolata Koch & Berendt 1854 S93
  Mistura perplexa Petrunkevitch 1971 P92

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C01] Cambridge, F. O. P. 1901. A revision of the genera of the Araneae or spiders with reference to their type species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 51–65.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[FF99] Forster, R., & L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and their World-wide Kin. University of Otago Press: Dunedin (New Zealand).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[JD-S07] Jocqué, R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2007. Spider Families of the World. Royal Museum for Central Africa: Tervuren (Belgium).

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Spinnen von Korsika, Sardinien und Elba (Arach., Araneae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 371–394.

[PVD10] Paquin, P., C. J. Vink & N. Dupérré. 2010. Spiders of New Zealand: annotated family key and species list. Manaaki Whenua Press: Lincoln (New Zealand).

[PO08] Pluess, T., I. Opatovsky, E. Gavish-Regev, Y. Lubin & M. H. Schmidt. 2008. Spiders in wheat fields and semi-desert in the Negev (Israel). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 368–373.

[PN02] Poggi, R., G. Nonveiller, A. Colla, D. Pavićević & T. Rađa. 2001–2002. Thaumastocephalini, a new tribe of Pselaphinae for Thaumastocephalus folliculipalpus n. gen., n. sp., an interesting new troglobious species from central Dalmatia (Croatia) (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria” 94: 1–20.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[SL14] Samu, F., G. Lengyel, É. Szita, A. Bidló & P. Ódor. 2014. The effect of forest stand characteristics on spider diversity and species composition in deciduous-coniferous mixed forests. Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 135–141.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S99] Simon, E. 1899. Ergebnisse einer Reise nach dem Pacific (Schauinsland 1896–1897. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie un Biologie der Thiere 12 (4): 411–437.

[VPB11] Varet, M., J. Pétillon & F. Burel. 2011. Comparative responses of spider and carabid beetle assemblages along an urban-rural boundary gradient. Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 236–243.

[W19] Wunderlich, J. 2019. What is a spider? Cretaceous fossils modify strongly phylogenetics as well as diagnoses of families, superfamilies and even suborders of spiders (Araneida) and other arthropods. Beiträge zur Araneologie 12: 1–32.

Last updated: 25 January 2022.