Neospathodus

Platform element of Neospathodus, from Sweet (1988).

Belongs within: Gondolellidae.

Neospathodus is a genus of conodonts known from the early Triassic represented only by segminate platform (Pa) elements, the remaining positions of the standard apparatus perhaps lacking mineralised elements (Sweet 1988).

Neospathodus Mosher 1968 S88
    |--N. arcucristatus RR79
    |--N. bransoni CB86
    |--N. collinsoni S88
    |--N. conservativus K79
    |--N. constricta TE01
    |--N. cristagalli K79
    |--N. dieneri TE01
    |--N. divergens RR79
    |--N. homeri TE01
    |--N. hungaricus TE01
    |--N. kummeli K79
    |--N. newpassensis K79
    |--N. pakistanensis TE01
    |--N. timorensis K79
    |--N. triangularis TE01
    `--N. waageni S88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CB86] Chen D.-Q. & Bao H. 1986. Lower Permian ostracodes from the Chihsia Formation of Jurong and Longtan, Jiangsu Province. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 3 (2): 107–132.

[K79] Kummel, B. 1979. Triassic. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A351–A389. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[RR79] Ross, C. A., & J. R. P. Ross. 1979. Permian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A291–A350. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[S88] Sweet, W. C. 1988. The Conodonta: Morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary history of a long extinct animal phylum. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[TE01] Tong, J., & D. H. Erwin. 2001. Triassic gastropods of the southern Qinling Mountains, China. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 92: 1–47.

Neogondolella

Pa element of Neogondolella, from Sweet (1988).

Belongs within: Gondolellidae.

Neogondolella is a genus of conodonts known from the Late Permian and Triassic, at least some species of which possessed an apparatus with ramiform elements in the S and M positions and segminiplanate elements in the Pa position (Sweet 1988).

Neogondolella Bender & Stoppel 1965 S88
    |--*N. mombergensis S88
    |--N. bifurcata S88
    |--N. bisselli RR79
    |--N. bitteri S88
    |--N. bulgarica S88
    |--N. carinata RR79
    |--N. carpathica S88
    |--N. clarki S88
    |--N. constricta K79
    |--N. excelsa TE01
    |--N. gracilis S88
    |--N. idahoensis RR79
    |--N. jubata K79
    |--N. leveni S88
    |--N. longa S88
    |--N. milleri K79
    |--N. navicula TE01
    |--N. noah S88
    |--N. orientalis S88
    |--N. phosphoriensis S88
    |--N. praebisselli S88
    |--N. regale S88
    |--N. rosenkrantzi RR79
    |--N. serrata DX84
    |    |--N. s. serrata RR79
    |    `--N. s. postserrata RR79
    |--N. shoshonensis S88
    |--N. subcarinata S88
    |--N. timorensis S88
    |--N. transita S88
    `--N. triangularis S88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DX84] Ding Y., Xia G., Duan C., Li W., Liu X. & Liang Z. 1984. Study on the early Permian stratigraphy and fauna in Zhesi district, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu (Inner Mongolia). Bulletin Tianjin Institure Geol. Min. Res. 10.

[K79] Kummel, B. 1979. Triassic. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A351–A389. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[RR79] Ross, C. A., & J. R. P. Ross. 1979. Permian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A291–A350. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[S88] Sweet, W. C. 1988. The Conodonta: Morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary history of a long extinct animal phylum. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[TE01] Tong, J., & D. H. Erwin. 2001. Triassic gastropods of the southern Qinling Mountains, China. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 92: 1–47.

Drepanoistodontidae

Element of Drepanoistodus suberectus, copyright Olle Hints.

Belongs within: Conodonti.

The Drepanoistodontidae are a group of conodonts known from the Ordovician possessing apparatus composed of recurved and/or geniculate coniform elements (Sweet 1988). Members of this family comprise the core of what has been recognised as the form-family Distacodontidae; however, the use of this latter name was discouraged by Sweet (1988) due to the type genus Distacodus being a nomen dubium of uncertain affinities.

<==Drepanoistodontidae [Distacodontacea, Distacodontidae] S88
    |--Acodina Stauffer 1940 H62
    |    `--A. cuspidata (Stauffer 1940) WSQ86
    |--Proacodus Müller 1959 M62
    |    `--*P. obliquus Müller 1959 M62
    |--Acontiodus Pander 1856 H62
    |    |--*A. latus Pander 1856 H62
    |    `--A. franconicus LM05
    |--Distacodus Pander 1856 (n. d.) S88 [=Machairodus Pander 1856 non Kaup 1833 H62; incl. Machairodia Smith 1907 H62]
    |    |--*D. incurvus (Pander 1856) [=*Machairodus incurvus] H62
    |    `--D. ensiformis H62
    |--Furnishina Müller 1959 M62
    |    |--*F. furnishi Müller 1959 M62, DJ71 [=Sagittodontus furnishi DJ71]
    |    |--F. alata Szaniawski 1971 RNP03
    |    `--F. polonica Szaniawski 1971 RNP03
    |--Paltodus Pander 1856 S88, H62
    |    |--*P. subequalis Pander 1856 H62
    |    |--P. deltifer J79
    |    |--P. jemtlandicus PBJ03
    |    |--P. spurius LM05
    |    `--P. truncatus H62
    |--Paroistodus Lindström 1971 S88
    |    |--P. horridus (Barnes & Poplawski 1973) S88
    |    |--P. numarcuatus S88
    |    |--P. originalis PBJ03
    |    |--P. parallelus PBJ03
    |    `--P. proteus PBJ03
    `--Drepanoistodus Lindström 1971 SS05
         |--*D. forceps (Lindström 1955) [=Oistodus forceps] SS05
         |--D. angulensis PBJ03
         |--D. basiovalis PBJ03
         |--D. concavus PBJ03
         |--D. latus PBJ03
         |--D. lucidus PBJ03
         `--D. suberectus (Branson & Mehl 1933) SS05 (see below for synonymy)

Drepanoistodus suberectus (Branson & Mehl 1933) SS05 [=Oistodus suberectus SS05, Drepanodus suberectus DJ71; incl. D. homocurvatus DJ71, Oistodus inclinatus DJ71]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DJ71] Druce, E. C., & P. J. Jones. 1971. Cambro-Ordovician conodonts from the Burke River Structural Belt, Queensland. Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of National Development, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Bulletin 110: 1–159.

[H62] Hass, W. H. 1962. Conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W3–W69. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[J79] Jaanusson, V. 1979. Ordovician. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A136–A166. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[LM05] Lehnert, O., J. F. Miller, S. A. Leslie, J. E. Repetski & R. L. Ethington. 2005. Cambro-Ordovician sea-level fluctuations and sequence boundaries: the missing record and the evolution of new taxa. Special Papers in Palaeontology 73: 117–134.

[M62] Müller, K. J. 1962. Supplement to systematics of conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W246–W249. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[PBJ03] Pyle, L. J., C. R. Barnes & Z. Ji. 2003. Conodont fauna and biostratigraphy of the Outram, Skoki, and Owen Creek Formations (Lower to Middle Ordovician), Wilcox Pass, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 958–976.

[RNP03] Robson, S. P., G. S. Nowlan & B. R. Pratt. 2003. Middle to Upper Cambrian linguliformean brachiopods from the Deadwood Formation of subsurface Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. Journal of Paleontology 77 (2): 201–211.

[SS05] Sansom, I. J., & M. P. Smith. 2005. Late Ordovician vertebrates from the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming, USA. Palaeontology 48 (1): 31–48.

[S88] Sweet, W. C. 1988. The Conodonta: Morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary history of a long extinct animal phylum. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[WSQ86] Wang C.-Y., Shi C.-G. & Qu G.-S. 1986. Conodonts and ostracodes from the Devonian “Heitai Formation” of Mishan County, Heilongjiang Province. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 3 (2): 205–214.

Gnathodus

Platform element of Gnathodus delicatus, copyright University of Iowa Paleontology Repository.

Belongs within: Spathognathodontidae.

Gnathodus is a genus of conodonts known from the Lower Carboniferous (Sweet 1988).

Characters (from Sweet 1988): Pa elements conspicuously asymmetric; anterior end of cup on concave ("inner") side of element invariably joining blade well anterior to anterior end of cup on convex ("outer") side; nodes on upper surface of inner cup segment commonly joining to form distinctive ridge- or comblike parapet; outer cup commonly more broadly expanded than inner one.

Gnathodus Pander 1856 H62 [incl. Dryphenotus Cooper 1939 H62, Westfalicus Schmidt in Moore & Sylvester-Bradley 1957 M62]
    |--G. cuneiformis S88
    `--+--G. delicatus S88
       `--+--G. typicus Cooper 1939 S88, WM03
          `--+--G. punctatus S88
             `--+--G. semiglaber S88
                `--+--G. pseudosemiglaber S88
                   `--G. texanus S88

Gnathodus incertae sedis:
  *G. bilineatus S88
  G. austini Belka 1985 S88
  G. girtyi R79
    |--G. g. girtyi R79
    `--G. g. simplex R79
  G. integer Schmidt 1934 [=*Westfalicus integer] M62
  G. mosquensis Pander 1856 M62
  G. praebilineatus Belka 1985 S88
  G. pustulosus H62
  G. scotiaensis S88
  G. simplicatus S88
  G. subblineatus S88
  G. symmutatus S88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H62] Hass, W. H. 1962. Conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W3–W69. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[M62] Müller, K. J. 1962. Supplement to systematics of conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W246–W249. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[R79] Ross, C. A. 1979. Carboniferous. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A254–A290. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[S88] Sweet, W. C. 1988. The Conodonta: Morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary history of a long extinct animal phylum. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[WM03] Webster, G. D., C. G. Maples, R. Mawson & M. Dastanpour. 2003. A cladid-dominated Early Mississippian crinoid and conodont fauna from Kerman Province, Iran and revision of the glossocrinids and rhenocrinids. Journal of Paleontology 77 (Suppl. 3): 1–35.

Palaeonisciformes

Platysomus, from here.

Belongs within: Actinopteri.

The Palaeonisciformes are an early group of heavily scaled ray-finned fishes known from the Devonian to the Cretaceous (Bond 1996).

Characters (from Bond 1996): Body form varying from fusiform to compressiform; usually covered by ganoid scales. Head large, bony; mouth generally long, teeth conical; maxillary large, probably not movable.

<==Palaeonisciformes [Platysomiformes]
    |  i. s.: Pygopteridae P99
    |           |--Watsonichthys pectinatus (Traquair 1877) P99
    |           |--Nematoptychius Traquair 1875 P99
    |           |    `--*N. greenocki Traquair 1875 P99
    |           `--Progyrolepis Fritsch 1895 P99
    |                |--*P. speciosus (Fritsch 1875) P99
    |                |--P. heyleri Poplin 1999 P99
    |                `--P. tricessimalaris Dunkle 1946 P99
    |--Redfieldioidei B96
    |--Dorypteroidei B96
    |--Palaeoniscus M79 [Palaeoniscidae, Palaeoniscoidei B96]
    |    `--P. macropomus M79
    `--Platysomoidei B96
         |--Chirondontidae B96
         `--Platysomidae PL00
              |--Kargalichthys TT05
              |    |--K. efremovi Minikh 1986 TT05
              |    `--K. pritokensis Minikh 1992 TT05
              `--Platysomus PL00
                   |--P. bashkirus Minikh 1992 TT05
                   |--P. biarmicus Von Eichwald 1861 TT05
                   |--P. soloduchi Minikh 1992 TT05
                   `--P. superbus PL00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[M79] Müller, A. H. 1979. Fossilization (taphonomy). In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A2–A78. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[P99] Poplin, C. 1999. Un paléoniscoïde (Pisces, Actinopterygii) de Buxières-les-Mines, témoin des affinités fauniques entre Massif central et Bohême au passage Carbonifère-Permien. Geodiversitas 21 (2): 147–155.

[PL00] Poplin, C., & R. Lund. 2000. Two new deep-bodied palaeoniscoid actinopterygians from Bear Gulch (Montana, USA, Lower Cretaceous). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20 (3): 428–449.

[TT05] Tverdokhlebov, V. P., G. I. Tverdokhlebova, A. V. Minikh, M. V. Surkov & M. J. Benton. 2005. Upper Permian vertebrates and their sedimentological context in the South Urals, Russia. Earth-Science Reviews 69: 27–77.

Proconodontida

Cordylodus intermedius, from Fossiilid.info.

Belongs within: Conodonta.

The Proconodontida are a lineage of conodonts characterised by thin-walled, smooth-surfaced elements that form a relatively simple apparatus. The earliest representative of the proconodontidans is the Late Cambrian Proconodontus, which possessed an apparently unimembrate apparatus of relatively large, deeply excavated, smooth-surfaced, hyaline coniform elements (Sweet 1988).

<==Proconodontida [Cavidonti] SD01
    |--Proconodontidae SD01
    |    |--Eoconodontus Miller 1980 S88
    |    |    `--E. notchpeakensis LM05
    |    `--Proconodontus Miller 1969 S88
    |         |--P. notchpeakensis DJ71
    |         `--P. serratus LM05
    `--+--+--Fryxellodontus Miller 1969 S88 [Fryxellodontidae SD01]
       |  |    |--F. inornatus DJ71
       |  |    `--F. lineatus LM05
       |  `--Pygodontidae SD01
       |       |--Nericodus Lindström 1955 S88
       |       |    `--*N. capillamentum Lindström 1954 H62
       |       `--+--Polonodus Dzik 1976 S88
       |          |    `--P. corbatoi PBJ03
       |          `--Pygodus Lamont & Lindström 1957 S88, M62
       |               |--*P. anserinus Lamont & Lindström 1957 M62
       |               |--P. lyra S88
       |               `--P. serra S88
       `--+--+--Ansellidae SD01
          |  |    |--Ansella Fåhraeus & Hunter 1985 S88
          |  |    |    `--A. longicuspica PBJ03
          |  |    `--Hamarodus Viira 1975 S88
          |  |         `--H. europaeus S88
          |  `--Dapsilodontidae SD01
          |       |--Besselodus Aldridge 1982 S88
          |       `--Dapsilodus Cooper 1976 S88
          |            |--D. mutatus PBJ03
          |            `--D. obliquicostatus (Branson & Mehl 1933) WBN02
          `--Cordylodontidae SD01
               |--Cambrooistodus Miller 1980 S88
               |    |--C. cambricus LM05
               |    `--C. minutus LM05
               `--+--Iapetognathus Landing 1982 S88
                  |    `--I. aengensis S88
                  `--Cordylodus Pander 1856 S88
                       |  i. s.: C. andresi LM05
                       |         C. hastatus LM05
                       |--C. lindstromi Druce & Jones 1971 DJ71
                       |--C. oklahomensis Müller 1959 DJ71
                       |--C. prion Lindström 1954 DJ71
                       `--+--C. proavus Müller 1959 DJ71
                          `--+--*C. angulatus Pander 1856 DJ71
                             |--C. caseyi Druce & Jones 1971 DJ71
                             |--C. intermedius Furnish 1938 DJ71
                             `--C. rotundatus Pander 1856 [incl. C. subangulatus Furnish 1938] DJ71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DJ71] Druce, E. C., & P. J. Jones. 1971. Cambro-Ordovician conodonts from the Burke River Structural Belt, Queensland. Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of National Development, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Bulletin 110: 1–159.

[H62] Hass, W. H. 1962. Conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W3–W69. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[LM05] Lehnert, O., J. F. Miller, S. A. Leslie, J. E. Repetski & R. L. Ethington. 2005. Cambro-Ordovician sea-level fluctuations and sequence boundaries: the missing record and the evolution of new taxa. Special Papers in Palaeontology 73: 117–134.

[M62] Müller, K. J. 1962. Supplement to systematics of conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W246–W249. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[PBJ03] Pyle, L. J., C. R. Barnes & Z. Ji. 2003. Conodont fauna and biostratigraphy of the Outram, Skoki, and Owen Creek Formations (Lower to Middle Ordovician), Wilcox Pass, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 958–976.

[S88] Sweet, W. C. 1988. The Conodonta: Morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary history of a long extinct animal phylum. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[SD01] Sweet, W. C., & P. C. J. Donoghue. 2001. Conodonts: past, present, future. Journal of Paleontology 75 (6): 1174–1184.

[WBN02] Won, M.-Z., R. B. Blodgett & V. Nestor. 2002. Llandoverian (Early Silurian) radiolarians from the Road River Formation of east-central Alaska and the new family Haplotaeniatumidae. Journal of Paleontology 76 (6): 941–964.

Belodontidae

Belodina confluens, copyright Peep Männik/TTÜ GI.

Belongs within: Conodonta.

The Belodontidae is a form-group of conodonts known from the Ordovician and Silurian periods (with potential representatives in the Devonian) in which the pulp cavity is surmounted by a single, straight or curved, denticulated fang-like cusp whose base may be greatly enlarged (Hass 1962).

<==Belodontidae [Belodidae] H62
    |--Belodus Pander 1856 H62
    |    `--*B. gracilis Pander 1856 H62
    |--Microcoelodus Branson & Mehl 1933 H62
    |    `--*M. typus Branson & Mehl 1933 H62
    |--Ptiloconus Sweet 1955 [=Pteroconus Branson & Mehl 1933 non Hinde in Fox 1900] H62
    |    `--*P. gracilis (Branson & Mehl 1933) [=*Pteroconus gracilis] H62
    |--Strachanognathus Rhodes 1953 H62, DJ71
    |    `--*S. parvus Rhodes 1955 H62
    |--Plegagnathus Ethington & Furnish 1959 M62
    |    `--*P. nelsoni Ethington & Furnish 1959 M62
    `--Belodina Ethington 1959 M62
         |--*B. grandis (Stauffer 1935) [=Belodus grandis] M62
         `--B. confluens SS05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DJ71] Druce, E. C., & P. J. Jones. 1971. Cambro-Ordovician conodonts from the Burke River Structural Belt, Queensland. Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of National Development, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Bulletin 110: 1–159.

[H62] Hass, W. H. 1962. Conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W3–W69. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[M62] Müller, K. J. 1962. Supplement to systematics of conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W246–W249. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[SS05] Sansom, I. J., & M. P. Smith. 2005. Late Ordovician vertebrates from the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming, USA. Palaeontology 48 (1): 31–48.

Prioniodontida

Apparatus elements of Plectodina tenuis, from here.

Belongs within: Conodonti.
Contains: Prioniodontidae, Balognathidae, Cyrtoniodontidae, Prioniodinida, Ozarkodinida.

The Prioniodontida are a group of conodonts characterised by the possession of apparatus including pastinate P elements, though they are believed to be paraphyletic with regard to the Ozarkodinida (with carminate P elements) and Prioniodinida (with digyrate P elements) (Sweet & Donoghue 2001). They first appear in the Lower Ordovician (Tremadocian) in the form of the genus Rossodus, which may include the ancestors the remainder of the clade (Sweet 1988).

<==Prioniodontida [Oistodontidae, Prioniodontacea, Tripodontinae]
    |  i. s.: Acodus Pander 1856 (n. d.) S88
    |           |--*A. erectus Pander 1856 DJ71
    |           |--A. acutus H62
    |           |--A. cambricus Nogami 1967 DJ71
    |           |--A. deltatus PBJ03
    |           |--A. kechikaensis PBJ03
    |           |--A. neodeltatus PBJ03
    |           `--A. oneotensis Furnish 1938 DJ71
    |         Diaphorodus Kennedy 1980 S88
    |--Rossodus Repetski & Ethington 1983 SD01, S88
    |    `--R. manitouensis FEZ05
    `--+--Multioistodontidae SD01
       |    |--Paraprioniodus Ethington & Clark 1982 S88
       |    |    `--P. costatus PBJ03
       |    |--Pteracontiodus Harris & Harris 1965 (see below for synonymy) S88
       |    |    |--P. brevibasis S88
       |    |    `--P. cryptodens PBJ03
       |    `--+--Multoistodus Cullison 1938 S88, H62
       |       |--Neomultioistodus Harris & Harris 1965 S88
       |       |    |--N. auritus S88
       |       |    |--N. compressus S88
       |       |    `--N. clypeus S88
       |       `--Leptochirognathus Branson & Mehl 1943 S88, H62
       |            |--*L. quadrata Branson & Mehl 1943 H62
       |            |--L. resimus Ethington et al. 1983 LM05
       |            `--L. wilcoxi Pyle, Barnes & Ji 2003 PBJ03
       `--+--Periodontidae SD01
          |    |--Periodon Hadding 1913 S88
          |    |    |--*P. aculeata S88
          |    |    |--P. flabellum PBJ03
          |    |    `--P. grandis S88
          |    `--Microzarkodina Lindström 1971 S88
          |         |--*M. flabellum S88
          |         |--M. ozarkodella S88
          |         `--M. parva PBJ03
          `--+--Rhipidognathidae SD01
             |    |--Bergstroemognathus Serpagli 1974 S88
             |    |    `--B. extensus PBJ03
             |    `--+--Rhipidognathus Branson, Mehl & Branson 1951 H62
             |       |    `--*R. symmetrica Branson, Mehl & Branson 1951 H62
             |       `--Appalachignathus Bergström et al. 1974 S88
             |            `--A. delicatulus S88
             `--+--Prioniodontidae SD01
                `--+--+--Balognathidae SD01
                   |  `--Oistodontinae S88
                   |       |--Oistodus Pander 1856 S88 [incl. Eobelodina Sweet, Turco et al. 1959 M62]
                   |       |    |--*O. lanceolatus Pander 1856 DJ71
                   |       |    |--O. fornicalis Stauffer 1935 [=*Eobelodina fornicalis] M62
                   |       |    |--O. gracilis DJ71
                   |       |    |--O. inaequalis Pander 1856 DJ71
                   |       |    `--O. multicorrugatus PBJ03
                   |       `--+--Oelandodus van Wamel 1974 S88
                   |          |    `--O. elongatus PBJ03
                   |          `--Protoprioniodus McTavish 1973 S88
                   |               |--P. aranda PBJ03
                   |               |--P. marathonensis S88
                   |               |--P. nyinti PBJ03
                   |               `--P. simplicissimus PBJ03
                   `--+--Juanognathinae S88
                      |    |--Juanognathus Serpagli 1974 [incl. Aurilobodus An 1983] S88
                      |    |    |--P. jaanussoni S88
                      |    |    `--J. variabilis PBJ03
                      |    `--Histiodella Harris 1962 S88
                      |         |--H. altifrons PBJ03
                      |         |--H. donnae LM05
                      |         |--H. holodentata PBJ03
                      |         `--H. sinuosa PBJ03
                      `--+--Cyrtoniodontidae SD01
                         |--Prioniodinida SD01
                         |--Tripodus Bradshaw 1969 S88
                         |    |--T. deltatus S88
                         |    `--T. laevis PBJ03
                         `--+--Ozarkodinida SD01
                            `--Plectodinidae SD01
                                 |  i. s.: ‘Aphelognathus’ gigas S88
                                 |         ‘Aphelognathus’ kimmswickensis S88
                                 |--Tangshanodus An 1983 S88
                                 |--Scyphiodus Stauffer 1935 S88, H62
                                 |    `--*S. primus Stauffer 1935 H62
                                 `--Plectodina Stauffer 1935 [incl. Subcordylodus Stauffer 1935] H62
                                      |--*P. dilata Stauffer 1935 H62
                                      |--P. aculeata LM05
                                      |--P. aculeatoides S88
                                      |--P. joachimensis LM05
                                      `--P. tenuis SS05

Pteracontiodus Harris & Harris 1965 [incl. Eoneoprioniodus Mound 1965, Triangulodus Van Wamel 1974, Trigonodus Nieper 1969] S88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DJ71] Druce, E. C., & P. J. Jones. 1971. Cambro-Ordovician conodonts from the Burke River Structural Belt, Queensland. Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of National Development, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Bulletin 110: 1–159.

[FEZ05] Feng, H., B.-D. Erdtmann & Y. Zhang. 2005. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Staurograptus Emmons from the base of the Ordovician. Palaeontology 48 (5): 1007–1019.

[H62] Hass, W. H. 1962. Conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W3–W69. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[LM05] Lehnert, O., J. F. Miller, S. A. Leslie, J. E. Repetski & R. L. Ethington. 2005. Cambro-Ordovician sea-level fluctuations and sequence boundaries: the missing record and the evolution of new taxa. Special Papers in Palaeontology 73: 117–134.

[M62] Müller, K. J. 1962. Supplement to systematics of conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W246–W249. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[PBJ03] Pyle, L. J., C. R. Barnes & Z. Ji. 2003. Conodont fauna and biostratigraphy of the Outram, Skoki, and Owen Creek Formations (Lower to Middle Ordovician), Wilcox Pass, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 958–976.

[SS05] Sansom, I. J., & M. P. Smith. 2005. Late Ordovician vertebrates from the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming, USA. Palaeontology 48 (1): 31–48.

[S88] Sweet, W. C. 1988. The Conodonta: Morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary history of a long extinct animal phylum. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[SD01] Sweet, W. C., & P. C. J. Donoghue. 2001. Conodonts: past, present, future. Journal of Paleontology 75 (6): 1174–1184.

Conodonti

Q element of Drepanoistodus suberectus, from Sansom & Smith (2005).

Belongs within: Conodonta.
Contains: Prioniodontida, Panderodontida.

The Conodonti is a major group of conodonts containing those lineages derived from the Upper Cambrian to Lower Ordovician genus Teridontus, comprising the majority of familiar conodont species (Sweet & Donoghue 2001).

<==Conodonti [Protopanderodontida] SD01
    |  i. s.: Protopanderodus PBJ03 [Protopanderodontidae SD01]
    |           |--P. elongatus PBJ03
    |           |--P. gradatus PBJ03
    |           |--P. leonardii PBJ03
    |           `--P. rectus PBJ03
    |--Teridontus SD01
    `--+--Prioniodontida SD01
       `--+--Clavohamulus Furnish 1938 H62 [Clavohamulidae SD01]
          `--+--+--Panderodontida SD01
             |  `--Acanthodus Furnish 1938 DJ71 [Acanthodontidae SD01]
             |       |--*A. uncinatus Furnish 1938 DJ71
             |       |--A. costatus Druce & Jones 1971 DJ71
             |       `--A. lineatus (Furnish 1938) [=Drepanodus lineatus] DJ71
             `--Drepanoistodus Lindström 1971 SS05 [Drepanoistodontidae SD01]
                  |--*D. forceps (Lindström 1955) [=Oistodus forceps] SS05
                  |--D. angulensis PBJ03
                  |--D. basiovalis PBJ03
                  |--D. concavus PBJ03
                  |--D. latus PBJ03
                  |--D. lucidus PBJ03
                  `--D. suberectus (Branson & Mehl 1933) SS05 (see below for synonymy)

Drepanoistodus suberectus (Branson & Mehl 1933) SS05 [=Oistodus suberectus SS05, Drepanodus suberectus DJ71; incl. D. homocurvatus DJ71, Oistodus inclinatus DJ71]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DJ71] Druce, E. C., & P. J. Jones. 1971. Cambro-Ordovician conodonts from the Burke River Structural Belt, Queensland. Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of National Development, Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics, Bulletin 110: 1–159.

[H62] Hass, W. H. 1962. Conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W3–W69. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[PBJ03] Pyle, L. J., C. R. Barnes & Z. Ji. 2003. Conodont fauna and biostratigraphy of the Outram, Skoki, and Owen Creek Formations (Lower to Middle Ordovician), Wilcox Pass, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 958–976.

[SS05] Sansom, I. J., & M. P. Smith. 2005. Late Ordovician vertebrates from the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming, USA. Palaeontology 48 (1): 31–48.

[SD01] Sweet, W. C., & P. C. J. Donoghue. 2001. Conodonts: past, present, future. Journal of Paleontology 75 (6): 1174–1184.

Icriodus

P₁ elements and denticle of ramiform element from Icriodus iowensis, from Dzik (2002).

Belongs within: Balognathidae.

Icriodus is a genus of conodonts known from the Devonian, characterised by the possession of a lanceolate, nodulose or ridged, P₁ element. The remaining elements in the apparatus were mostly tiny and coniform (Sweet 1988).

Characters (from Hass 1962, for P₁ element only): Lanceolate, steep-sided in oral view; carina flanked on each side by a row of nodes or short transverse ridges; lateral process may trend outward from pulp cavity located at expanded posterior end of unit.

Icriodus Branson & Mehl 1934 D02
    |--*I. expansus Branson & Mehl 1934 D02
    |--I. alternatus Branson & Mehl 1934 D02
    |--I. angustoides S88
    |--I. angustus Stewart & Sweet 1956 (see below for synonymy) WSQ86
    |--I. arkonensis S88
    |--I. brevis Stauffer 1940 D02
    |--I. corniger Wittekindt 1965 D02
    |--I. cornutus N79
    |--I. culicellus (Bultynck 1976) [=Caudicriodus culicellus] WSQ86
    |--I. curvirostratus N79
    |--I. elegantulus Stauffer 1938 D02
    |--I. hadnagyi S88
    |--I. introlevatus N79
    |--I. iowensis Youngquist & Peterson 1947 D02
    |--I. kielcensis Dzik 2002 D02
    |--I. latericrescens M62
    |    |--I. l. latericrescens N79
    |    |--I. l. beckmanni N79
    |    |--I. l. bilatericrescens N79
    |    |--I. l. huddlei N79
    |    `--I. l. robustus N79
    |--I. mowitzaensis S88
    |--I. obliquimarginatus N79
    |--I. orri Klapper & Barrick 1983 KU04
    |--I. regularicrescens S88
    |--I. stephensoni Sparling 1983 KU04
    |--I. struvei Weddige 1977 D02
    |--I. subterminus Youngquist 1947 D02
    |--I. symmetricus Branson & Mehl 1934 D02
    `--I. woschmidti W97

Icriodus angustus Stewart & Sweet 1956 [incl. Acodina curvata Stauffer 1940, Drepanodus inoptinatus Bultynck 1970] WSQ86

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D02] Dzik, J. 2002. Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 565–650.

[KU04] Klapper, G., T. T. Uyeno, D. K. Armstrong & P. G. Telford. 2004. Conodonts of the Williams Island and Long Rapids Formations (Upper Devonian, Frasnian–Famennian) of the Onakawana B Drillhole, Moose River Basin, northern Ontario, with a revision of the Lower Famennian species. Journal of Paleontology 78: 371–387.

[M62] Müller, K. J. 1962. Taxonomy, evolution, and ecology of conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W83–W91. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[N79] Norris, A. W. 1979. Devonian in the Western Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A218–A253. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[S88] Sweet, W. C. 1988. The Conodonta: Morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary history of a long extinct animal phylum. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[WSQ86] Wang C.-Y., Shi C.-G. & Qu G.-S. 1986. Conodonts and ostracodes from the Devonian “Heitai Formation” of Mishan County, Heilongjiang Province. Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica 3 (2): 205–214.

[W97] Wang N. 1997. Restudy of thelodont microfossils from the lower part of the Cuifengshan Group of Qujing, eastern Yunnan, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 35 (1): 1–17.

Ozarkodinida

Pa element of Pterospathodus amorphognathoides lithuanicus, copyright Valdek Mikli.

Belongs within: Prioniodontida.
Contains: Spathognathodontidae.

The Ozarkodinida are a major group of conodonts that have P elements that are carminate and angulate, and that lack digyrate or pastinate elements (Sweet & Donoghue 2001); these elements are also the primary means of identifying taxa within the group. The apparatus is otherwise sexi- or septimembrate, with the S and M elements being generalised in form and varying little between species (Sweet 1988).

<==Ozarkodinida SD01
    |  i. s.: Synclydagnathus Rexroad & Varker 1992 [=Syncladognathus (l. c.)] D02
    |--+--Spathognathodontidae S88
    |  `--Kockelellidae SD01
    |       |--Ancoradella Walliser 1964 S88
    |       |    `--A. ploeckensis S88
    |       `--Kockelella Walliser 1957 H62
    |            |--*K. variabilis Walliser 1957 H62
    |            |--K. abrupta S88
    |            |--K. absidata S88
    |            |--K. amsdeni S88
    |            |--K. ortus (Walliser 1964) M02
    |            |--K. patula S88
    |            |--K. ranuliformis S88
    |            |--K. stauros S88
    |            `--K. walliseri S88
    `--Pterospathodontidae SD01
         |  i. s.: Carniodus Walliser 1964 S88
         |           `--C. carnulus S88
         |--+--Apsidognathus Walliser 1964 S88
         |  |    `--A. tuberculatus S88
         |  `--+--Astropentagnathus Mostler 1967 S88
         |     |    `--A. irregularis S88
         |     `--+--Johnognathus Mashkova 1977 S88
         |        `--Aulacognathus Mostler 1967 S88
         |             |--A. bullatus S88
         |             `--A. kuehni S88
         `--Pterospathodus Walliser 1964 M02
              |--P. amorphognathoides EB01
              |    |--P. a. amorphognathoides M02
              |    |--P. a. angulatus M02
              |    |--P. a. lennarti M02
              |    `--P. a. lithuanicus M02
              |--P. celloni M02
              |--P. eopennatus M02
              `--P. pennatus (Walliser 1964) M02
                   |--P. p. pennatus S88
                   `--P. p. procerus S88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D02] Dzik, J. 2002. Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 565–650.

[EB01] Eckert, J. D., & C. E. Brett. 2001. Early Silurian (Llandovery) crinoids from the Lower Clinton Group, western New York State. Bulletins of American Paleontology 360: 1–88.

[H62] Hass, W. H. 1962. Conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W3–W69. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[M02] Männik, P. 2002. Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933. Geodiversitas 24 (1): 77–97.

[S88] Sweet, W. C. 1988. The Conodonta: Morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary history of a long extinct animal phylum. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[SD01] Sweet, W. C., & P. C. J. Donoghue. 2001. Conodonts: past, present, future. Journal of Paleontology 75 (6): 1174–1184.

Cyrtoniodontidae

Zygognathus pyramidalis, from Hass (1962).

Belongs within: Prioniodontida.

The Cyrtoniodontidae is a group of conodonts known from the Ordovician (Hass 1962).

Characters (from Hass 1962, for S elements only): Main cusp terminal; aboral side of posterior bar partly or wholly expanded into concavity; anticusp, if present, may be denticulated.

<==Cyrtoniodontidae [Cyrtoniodontinae]
    |--Cyrtoniodus Stauffer 1935 [incl. Barbarodina Stauffer 1935] H62
    |    `--*C. complicatus Stauffer 1935 H62
    |--Gothodus Lindström 1954 H62
    |    `--*G. costulatus Lindström 1954 H62
    |--Holodontus Rhodes 1953 H62
    |    `--*H. superbus Rhodes 1953 H62
    |--Keislognathus Rhodes 1955 H62
    |    `--*K. gracilis Rhodes 1955 H62
    |--Paracordylodus Lindström 1954 H62
    |    `--*P. gracilis Lindström 1954 H62
    |--Peridon Hadding 1913 H62
    |    `--*P. aculeatus Hadding 1913 H62
    |--Rhynchognathodus Ethington 1959 [=Rhynchognathus Ethington 1959 non Jaekel 1929] H62
    |    `--*R. typica (Ethington 1959) [=*Rhynchognathus typica] H62
    |--Phragmodus Branson & Mehl 1933 H62
    |    |--*P. primus Branson & Mehl 1933 H62
    |    `--P. undatus SS05
    `--Zygognathus Branson, Mehl & Branson 1951 [incl. Eoligonodina Branson, Mehl & Branson 1951] H62
         |--*Z. pyramidalis Branson, Mehl & Branson 1951 H62
         `--Z. robusta H62

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H62] Hass, W. H. 1962. Conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W3–W69. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[SS05] Sansom, I. J., & M. P. Smith. 2005. Late Ordovician vertebrates from the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming, USA. Palaeontology 48 (1): 31–48.

Idiognathodontidae

Reconstructed apparatus of Idiognathodus, viewed above centre, from Purnell & O'Donoghue (1997).

Belongs within: Spathognathodontidae.

The Idiognathodontidae are a family of conodonts known from the Upper Carboniferous and Permian, characterised by carminiscaphate platform (Pa) elements whose upper surfaces typically bear three longitudinal rows of nodes or denticles. Where the entire apparatus is known, it is seximembrate and includes an alate Sa element with a denticulate posterior process (Sweet 1988).

Idiognathodontidae [Idiognathinae, Idiognathodontinae] SD01
    |--+--Idiognathoides Harris & Hollingsworth 1933 S88, H62 [incl. Polygnathodella Harlton 1933 H62]
    |  |    |--*I. sinuata Harris & Hollingsworth 1933 H62
    |  |    |--I. convexus S88
    |  |    |--I. fossatus S88
    |  |    |--I. macer S88
    |  |    |--I. marginodosus S88
    |  |    |--I. ouachitensis S88
    |  |    |--I. sulcatus S88
    |  |    `--I. tuberculatus S88
    |  `--Neognathodus Dunn 1970 S88
    |       |--N. anodosus S88
    |       |--N. atokensis S88
    |       |--N. bassleri S88
    |       |--N. bothrops S88
    |       |--N. colombiense S88
    |       |--N. dilatus S88
    |       |--N. medadultimus S88
    |       |--N. metanodosus S88
    |       |--N. medexultimus S88
    |       |--N. roundyi S88
    |       `--N. symmetricus S88
    `--+--Declinognathodus Dunn 1966 S88
       |    |--D. lateralis S88
       |    `--D. noduliferus (Ellison & Graves 1941) HM04
       `--+--Streptognathodus Stauffer & Plummer 1932 S88, H62
          |    |--*S. excellsus Stauffer & Plummer 1932 H62
          |    |--S. alekseevi S88
          |    |--S. barskowi S88
          |    |--S. bellus Chernyk & Ritter 1997 CL02
          |    |--S. cancellosus S88
          |    |--S. eccentricus S88
          |    |--S. elegantulus S88
          |    |--S. elongatus S88
          |    |--S. excelsus S88
          |    |--S. expansus S88
          |    |--S. gracilis S88
          |    |--S. oppletus S88
          |    |--S. ruzhencevi S88
          |    |--S. simulator S88
          |    |--S. suberectus S88
          |    `--S. wabaunsensis S88
          `--Idiognathodus Gunnell 1931 S88, H62 (see below for synonymy)
               |--*I. claviformis Gunnell 1931 H62
               |--I. arendti S88
               |--I. bachmatricus S88
               |--I. claviformis S88
               |--I. delicatus T85
               |--I. ellisoni RR79
               |--I. humerus T85
               |--I. klapperi S88
               |--I. lobulatus S88
               |--I. magnificus S88
               |--I. obliquus S88
               |--I. robustus S88
               |--I. sagittalis S88
               |--I. sinuosus S88
               |--I. tersus S88
               |--I. toretzianus S88
               |--I. trigonolobatus S88
               `--‘*Scottella’ typica Rhodes 1952 [=*Scottognathus typica] H62

Idiognathodus Gunnell 1931 S88, H62 [incl. Scottella Rhodes 1952 non Enderlein 1910 H62, Scottognathus Rhodes 1953 SD01, H62]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CL02] Caridroit, M., A. Lamerandt, J.-M. Dégardin, A. F. de Dios & D. Vachard. 2002. Discovery of radiolaria and conodonts in the Carboniferous–Permian of San Salvador (Puebla, Mexico); biostratigraphic implications. Comptes Rendus Palevol 1: 205–211.

[H62] Hass, W. H. 1962. Conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W3–W69. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[HM04] Hoare, R. D., & G. K. Merrill. 2004. A Pennsylvanian (Morrowan) ostracode fauna from Texas. Journal of Paleontology 78 (1): 185–204.

[RR79] Ross, C. A., & J. R. P. Ross. 1979. Permian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A291–A350. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[S88] Sweet, W. C. 1988. The Conodonta: Morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary history of a long extinct animal phylum. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[SD01] Sweet, W. C., & P. C. J. Donoghue. 2001. Conodonts: past, present, future. Journal of Paleontology 75 (6): 1174–1184.

[T85] Thayer, D. W. 1985. New Pennsylvanian lepospondyl amphibians from the Swisshelm Mountains, Arizona. Journal of Paleontology 59 (3): 684–700.

Spathognathodus

Spathognathodus sp., from Louisville Fossils.

Belongs within: Spathognathodontidae.

Spathognathodus has been recognised as a genus of conodonts dating from the Lower Silurian to the Middle Triassic (Hass 1962); in the form-taxon sense it corresponds to the Pa elements of more complete apparatus. Bardashev et al. (2002) suggested that S. postexcelsus probably represented the ancestor of the Lower Devonian genus Pseudogondwania, which possesses a narrow platform that may or may not reach the posterior end, ornamented by two lateral rows of nodes, and a free anterior blade bearing five to seven high denticles in an arched row.

Characters (from Hass 1962, for P₁ element only): Essentially straight in oral view; denticles along midline closely set, may be flanked laterally by one or more denticles; oral surface of lips or lateral expansions of pulp cavity may support denticles.

Spathognathodus Branson & Mehl 1941 H62 (see below for synonymy)
    |--S. frankenwaldensis BWZ02
    `--+--S. optimus Moskalenko 1966 [=Pandorinellina optima] BWZ02
       `--+--S. postexcelsus (Wang & Ziegler 1983) BWZ02
          `--Pseudogondwania Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
               |--P. klapperi Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
               `--+--+--*P. kindlei (Lane & Ormiston 1979) [=Eognathodus sulcatus kindlei] BWZ02
                  |  `--P. ethingtoni Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
                  `--+--P. clarki Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
                     `--P. murphyi Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02

Spathognathodus incertae sedis:
  *S. primus (Branson & Mehl 1933) [=*Spathodus primus] H62
  S. anteposicornis N79
  S. bidentatus N79
  S. coloradoensis T85
  S. costatus N79
  S. ellisoni Merrill 1973 L73
  S. johnsoni N79
  S. jugosus H62
  S. minutus (Ellison 1941) L73
  S. murchisoni (Pander 1856) H62, M62 [=*Ctenognathus murchisoni M62, *Ctenognathodus murchisoni M62]
  ‘Ctenognathus’ pseudofissilis S88
  S. stabilis BWZ02
  S. steinhornensis N79

Spathognathodus Branson & Mehl 1941 H62 [=Spathodus Brandon & Mehl 1933 non Boulenger 1900 H62; incl. Ctenognathodus Fay 1959 M62, Ctenognathus Pander 1856 non Fairmaire 1843 M62]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BWZ02] Bardashev, I. A., K. Weddige & W. Ziegler. 2002. The phylomorphogenesis of some Early Devonian platform conodonts. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 82: 375–451.

[H62] Hass, W. H. 1962. Conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W3–W69. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[L73] Lane, H. R. 1973. Lectotype or neotype: a problem for ICZN clarification. Systematic Zoology 22 (3): 324–325.

[M62] Müller, K. J. 1962. Supplement to systematics of conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W246–W249. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[N79] Norris, A. W. 1979. Devonian in the Western Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A218–A253. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[S88] Sweet, W. C. 1988. The Conodonta: Morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary history of a long extinct animal phylum. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[T85] Thayer, D. W. 1985. New Pennsylvanian lepospondyl amphibians from the Swisshelm Mountains, Arizona. Journal of Paleontology 59 (3): 684–700.

Polygnathidae

Pa element of Pseudopolygnathus martenburgensis trigonicus, from here.

Belongs within: Spathognathodontidae.
Contains: Polygnathus, Ctenopolygnathus.

The Polygnathidae are a group of conodonts known from the Early Devonian to the Early Carboniferous, with an apparatus including carminate pectiniform elements with a straight or more or less curved platform and a free anterior blade (Bardashev et al. 2002, for Polygnathidae + Eognathodidae + Eopolygnathidae). In the late Devonian Ancyrognathus, the platform elements bore an anteroposterior keel from with a series of distinct nodes extended across the anterior lobe of the element, overall creating the appearance of a raised Y that was matched by keels on the ventral surface (Sweet 1988).

Polygnathidae [Polygnathinae]
    |--Rhodalepis Druce 1969 BWZ02
    |--Ancyrolepis Ziegler 1959 BWZ02
    |    `--*A. cruciformis Ziegler 1959 M62
    |--Polylophodonta Branson & Mehl 1934 BWZ02
    |    `--P. confluens (Ulrich & Bassler 1926) (see below for synonymy) H62
    |--Scaphignathus Helms 1959 BWZ02
    |    `--*S. velifera Ziegler 1960 M62
    |--Gnathodella Matern 1933 H62
    |    `--*G. angulata Matern 1933 H62
    |--Schmidtognathus Ziegler 1966 BWZ02
    |    |--S. hermanni N79
    |    `--S. wittekindti S88
    |--Ambalodus Branson & Mehl 1933 H62
    |    |--*A. triangularis Branson & Mehl 1933 H62
    |    `--A. galerus S88
    |--Avignathus Lys & Serre 1957 D02
    |    |--A. decorosus (Stauffer 1938) (see below for synonymy) D02
    |    `--A. bifurcatus Dzik 2002 D02
    |--Nothognathella Branson & Mehl 1934 H62
    |    |--*N. typicalis Branson & Mehl 1934 H62
    |    `--N. sublaevis Sannemann 1955 KU04
    |--Panderodella Bassler 1925 H62
    |    |--*P. truncata Bassler 1925 H62
    |    `--P. gracilis H62
    |--Nicollidina Dzik 2002 D02
    |    |--*N. brevis (Bischoff & Ziegler 1957) [=Spathognathodus brevis] D02
    |    |--N. postera (Klapper & Lane 1985) D02
    |    `--N. raaschi (Klapper & Barrick 1983) D02
    |--Mehlina Youngquist 1945 D02, H62
    |    |--M. irregularis Youngquist 1945 [incl. M. gradatus Youngquist 1945] D02
    |    |--M. semialternans ((Wirth 1967) D01 [=Ozarkodina semialternans S88]
    |    |--M. strigosa S88
    |    `--M. unica Klapper, Uyeno et al. 2004 KU04
    |--Tortodus Weddige 1977 D02
    |    |--*T. kockelianus (Bischoff & Ziegler 1957) D02
    |    |    |--T. k. kockelianus S88
    |    |    `--T. k. australis S88
    |    |--T. intermedius S88
    |    `--T. treptus (Ziegler 1958) D02
    |--Ancyrognathus Branson & Mehl 1934 BWZ02 [incl. Ancyroides Miller & Youngquist 1947 H62]
    |    |--*A. symmetrica Branson & Mehl 1934 H62
    |    |--A. ancyrognathoideus (Ziegler 1958) KU04
    |    |--A. asymmetricus (Ulrich & Bassler 1926) D02
    |    |--A. bifurcatus (Ulrich & Bassler 1926) KU04
    |    |--A. calvini (Miller & Youngquist 1947) KU04
    |    |--A. cryptus S88
    |    |--A. iowaensis Youngquist 1947 KU04
    |    |--A. sinelaminus (Branson & Mehl 1934) KU04
    |    |--A. triangularis Youngquist 1945 KU04
    |    `--A. ubiquitus Sandberg et al. 1988 D02
    |--Siphonodella Branson & Mehl 1944 BWZ02 [=Siphonognathus Branson & Mehl 1934 non Richardson 1858 H62]
    |    |--S. praesulcata S88
    |    `--+--*S. duplicata (Branson & Mehl 1934) H62, S88, H62 [=*Siphonognathus duplicata H62]
    |       |--S. carinthiaca S88
    |       |--S. cooperi S88
    |       |--S. isosticha S88
    |       |--S. lobata S88
    |       |--S. sulcata S88
    |       |--+--S. crenulata S88
    |       |  `--S. quadruplicata S88
    |       `--+--S. obsoleta S88
    |          `--S. sandbergi S88
    |--Pseudopolygnathus Branson & Mehl 1934 BWZ02
    |    |--*P. prima Branson & Mehl 1934 H62
    |    |--P. dentilineatus S88
    |    |--P. fusiformis S88
    |    |--P. lobatus S88
    |    |--P. marginatus S88
    |    |--P. martenburgensis S88
    |    |    |--P. m. martenburgensis S88
    |    |    `--P. m. trigonicus S88
    |    |--P. multistriatus S88
    |    |--P. nudus S88
    |    |--P. oxypageus S88
    |    |--P. radinus S88
    |    `--P. triangulus S88
    `--Gondwania Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 [Eognathodidae, Eopolygnathidae] BWZ02
         |--G. irregularis (Druce 1975) (see below for synonymy) BWZ02
         |--+--G. drucei Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
         |  `--+--G. juliae (Lane & Ormiston 1979) [=Eognathodus sulcatus juliae] BWZ02
         |     `--+--‘Eognathodus’ secus Philip 1965 [=E. sulcatus secus] BWZ02
         |        `--+--‘Spathognathodus’ trilinearis Cooper 1973 (see below for synonymy) BWZ02
         |           `--Polygnathus BWZ02
         `--+--G. grahami Bardashev, Weddige & Ziegler 2002 BWZ02
            `--+--*G. nevadensis (Clark & Ethington 1966) [=Spathognathodus bipennatus nevadensis] BWZ02
               `--Eognathodus Philip 1965 BWZ02
                    |  i. s.: E. bipennatus V03
                    |--*E. sulcatus Philip 1965 [=Spathognathodus sulcatus] BWZ02
                    `--+--E. zeravshanicus Bardashev & Ziegler 1992 (see below for synonymy) BWZ02
                       `--+--Ctenopolygnathus BWZ02
                          `--Parapolygnathus Klapper & Philip 1971 D02
                               |--*P. angusticostatus (Wittekindt 1966) D02 (see below for synonymy)
                               |--P. brevis (Miller & Youngquist 1947) D02
                               `--P. linguiformis (Hinde 1879) D02

Avignathus decorosus (Stauffer 1938) [=Polygnathus decorosus; incl. *A. beckmanni Lys & Serre in Lys et al. 1957] D02

Eognathodus zeravshanicus Bardashev & Ziegler 1992 [=E. trilinearis zeravshanicus, Polygnathus zeravshanicus] BWZ02

Gondwania irregularis (Druce 1975) [=Eognathodus irregularis; incl. Eognathodus sulcatus eosulcatus Murphy 1989] BWZ02

*Parapolygnathus angusticostatus (Wittekindt 1966) D02 [=Polygnathus angusticostatus D02, Ctenopolygnathus angusticostatus BWZ02]

Polylophodonta confluens (Ulrich & Bassler 1926) [=Polygnathus confluens; incl. Polygnathus gyratilineata Holmes 1928, *Polylophodonta gyratilineata] H62

‘Spathognathodus’ trilinearis Cooper 1973 [=Eognathodus trilinearis, Polygnathus trilinearis] BWZ02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BWZ02] Bardashev, I. A., K. Weddige & W. Ziegler. 2002. The phylomorphogenesis of some Early Devonian platform conodonts. Senckenbergiana Lethaea 82: 375–451.

[D01] Donoghue, P. C. J. 2001. Conodonts meet cladistics: recovering relationships and assessing the completeness of the conodont fossil record. Palaeontology 44 (1): 65–93.

[D02] Dzik, J. 2002. Emergence and collapse of the Frasnian conodont and ammonoid communities in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 565–650.

[H62] Hass, W. H. 1962. Conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W3–W69. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[KU04] Klapper, G., T. T. Uyeno, D. K. Armstrong & P. G. Telford. 2004. Conodonts of the Williams Island and Long Rapids Formations (Upper Devonian, Frasnian–Famennian) of the Onakawana B Drillhole, Moose River Basin, northern Ontario, with a revision of the Lower Famennian species. Journal of Paleontology 78: 371–387.

[M62] Müller, K. J. 1962. Supplement to systematics of conodonts. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W246–W249. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[N79] Norris, A. W. 1979. Devonian in the Western Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A218–A253. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[S88] Sweet, W. C. 1988. The Conodonta: Morphology, taxonomy, paleoecology, and evolutionary history of a long extinct animal phylum. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[V03] Valiukevičius, J. 2003. Devonian acanthodians from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia). Geodiversitas 25: 131–204.