Ploceidae

Male red fody Foudia madagascariensis, copyright Spacebirdy.

Belongs within: Passeroidea.
Contains: Malimbus, Ploceus, Euplectes.

The Ploceidae, weavers, are a group of granivorous birds found in Africa and southern Asia. Many species nest communally, with nests placed close together or sometimes conjoined into large unified structures that may house hundreds of birds.

<==Ploceidae [Alectuinae, Bubalornithinae, Ploceinae, Plocepasserinae, Textorinae]
    |  i. s.: Pyromelana orix A61
    |         Hyphanturgus ocularis A61
    |         Anaplectes rubriceps JT12
    |         Brachycope anomala JT12
    |         Malimbus JF06
    |--+--Ploceus BKB15
    |  `--+--‘Euplectes’ afer JT12
    |     `--+--‘Euplectes’ ardens BKB15 [=Ploceus ardens S05]
    |        |    |--E. a. ardens S05
    |        |    `--E. a. laticauda (Lichtenstein 1823) (see below for synonymy) S05
    |        `--‘Euplectes’ hordeaceus BKB15
    `--+--Amblyospiza Sundevall 1850 BKB15, B94 [Amblyospizinae]
       |    `--A. albifrons FP64
       `--+--+--+--‘Ploceus’ hypoxanthus JT12
          |  |  `--+--‘Ploceus’ manyar JT12
          |  |     `--‘Ploceus’ philippinus JT12
          |  `--+--Philetairus Smith 1837 BKB15, B94 [Philetairinae]
          |     |    `--P. socius JF06
          |     `--Plocepasser Smith 1836 JT12, B94
          |          |--P. donaldsoni JT12
          |          |--P. mahali JF06
          |          |    |--P. m. mahali S05
          |          |    `--P. m. melanorhynchus Rüppell 1845 S05
          |          |--P. rufoscapulatus JT12
          |          `--P. superciliosus (Cretzschmar 1827) [=Ploceus superciliosus] S05
          `--+--+--Dinemellia dinemelli (Rüppell 1845) BKB15, S05 (see below for synonymy)
             |  `--Bubalornis Smith 1836 BKB15, B94 [incl. Alecto Lesson 1831 non Leach 1815 B94]
             |       |--B. albirostris FP64
             |       `--B. niger JT12
             `--+--Sporopipes Cabanis 1847 BKB15, B94 [Sporopipinae]
                |    |--S. frontalis JF06
                |    `--S. squamifrons JF06
                `--+--+--+--‘Ploceus’ luteolus BKB15
                   |  |  `--‘Ploceus’ velatus BKB15 [incl. P. velatus inustus Clancey 1959 B93]
                   |  `--+--‘Ploceus’ intermedius Rüppell 1845 BKB15, S05
                   |     `--+--‘Ploceus’ melanocephalus JT12
                   |        |    |--P. m. melanocephalus L81
                   |        |    `--P. m. capitalis L81
                   |        `--‘Ploceus’ taeniopterus JT12
                   `--+--+--Quelea JT12
                      |  |    |--Q. cardinalis JF06
                      |  |    |--Q. erythrops JT12
                      |  |    `--Q. quelea JF06
                      |  `--Foudia JT12
                      |       |--F. bruante FP64
                      |       |--F. eminentissima S66
                      |       |--F. erythrops D66
                      |       |--F. flavicans JT12 [=Ploceus flavicans S66]
                      |       |--F. madagascariensis L81
                      |       |--F. omissa JT12
                      |       |--F. rubra JT12
                      |       `--F. sechellarum L81
                      `--Euplectes JT12

Dinemellia dinemelli (Rüppell 1845) BKB15, S05 [=Textor dinemelli S05; incl. T. leucocephalus Rüppell 1845 S05, Ploceuspasser leucocephalus S05]

‘Euplectes’ ardens laticauda (Lichtenstein 1823) [incl. Fringilla rufitorques ms, Coliuspasser torquatus Rüppell 1840] S05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[B93] Brooke, R. K. 1993. Annotated catalogue of the Aves type specimens in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 102 (10): 327–349.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[D66] Dohrn, H. 1866. Synopsis of the birds of Ilha do Principe, with some remarks on their habits and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 324–332.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149–186.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233–264.

Estrilda

Orange-cheeked waxbill Estrilda melpoda, copyright Rainbirder.

Belongs within: Estrildidae.

Estrilda, the waxbills, is a genus of finch-like birds found in Africa and Arabia. Most species have bright red bills whose waxy appearance gives them their vernacular name.

<==Estrilda Swainson 1827 [=Astrilda (l. c.), Estrelda (l. c.)] B94
    |--+--E. caerulescens BKB15
    |  `--E. erythronotos JF06
    `--+--E. perreini BKB15
       `--+--+--E. melpoda BKB15
          |  `--E. rhodopyga BKB15
          `--+--E. nonnula BKB15
             `--+--+--E. astrild BKB15
                |  |    |--E. a. astrild L81
                |  |    |--E. a. jagoensis L81
                |  |    `--E. a. sanctaehelenae L81
                |  `--E. atricapilla BKB15
                `--+--E. paludicola BKB15
                   `--E. troglodytes BKB15

Estrilda incertae sedis:
  E. amandava A61
  E. formosa A61
  E. charmosyna JT12
  E. kandti JT12
  E. locustella FP64
  E. nigriloris JT12
  E. nitidula A61
  E. poliopareia JT12
  E. rufibarba JT12
  E. thomensis JT12

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149–186.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

Euphonia

Male chestnut-bellied euphonia Euphonia pectoralis, copyright Dario Sanches.

Belongs within: Fringillidae.

Euphonia is a Neotropical genus of frugivorous birds. They are small and dumpy, with a short tail and stubby bill. Males are commonly patterned in dark and yellow whereas females are olive-green (Austin 1961).

<==Euphonia Desmarest 1806 [incl. Tanagra Linnaeus 1764 (nom. rej.); Euphoniinae, Tanagrinae] B94
    |--+--E. pectoralis BKB15
    |  `--+--E. affinis JT12
    |     `--+--E. chlorotica JT12
    |        `--E. finschi JT12
    `--+--E. cyanocephala BKB15
       `--+--+--E. fulvicrissa BKB15
          |  `--E. gouldi JT12
          `--+--E. musica BKB15 [=Tanagra musica SWK87]
             |    |--E. m. musica L81
             |    `--E. m. sclateri L81
             `--+--E. hirundinacea BKB15
                `--E. laniirostris JT12

Euphonia incertae sedis:
  E. anneae JT12
  E. cayennensis JT12
  E. chalybea JT12
  E. chrysopasta JT12
  ‘Tanagra’ coelestis SS66
  E. concinna JT12
  ‘Tanagra’ crassirostris S18
  ‘Tanagra’ darwini [incl. T. frugilegus] Sc66
  E. elegantissima JT12
  ‘Tanagra’ fulvicrissa S18
  E. gracilis Sa66
  E. imitans JT12
  E. jamaica JT12
  E. luteicapilla JT12 [=Tanagra luteicapilla A61]
  ‘Tanagra’ melanoptera SS66
  E. melanura SS66
  E. mesochrysa JT12
  E. minuta SS66 [=Tanagra minuta S18]
    |--E. m. minuta S18
    `--‘Tanagra’ m. humilis S18
  E. plumbea JT12
  E. ruficeps Sa66
  E. rufiventris JT12
  E. rufivertex Salvin 1866 Sa66
  E. saturata JT12
  ‘Tanagra’ striata Sc66
  E. trinitatis JT12
  E. violacea SS66
  E. xanthogaster JT12

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[Sa66] Salvin, O. 1866. Descriptions of eight new species of birds from Veragua. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 67–76.

[Sc66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. On the birds in the vicinity of Lima, Peru. With notes on their habits, by Prof. W. Nation, of Lima, C. M. Z. S. (Part I.) Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 96–100.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

Icterus

Male hooded oriole Icterus cucullatus, copyright Linda Tanner.

Belongs within: Icteridae.

Icterus, the New World orioles, is a genus of strikingly coloured birds found in North and South America. Members of this genus have a pointed bill and a long tail; males are black and yellow or orange with white markings, with females being duller.

<==Icterus Brisson 1760 [incl. Xanthornus Pallas 1769; Xanthorninae] B94
    |  i. s.: I. giraudi S18
    |         I. northropi HSS13
    |         I. sclateri FS55
    |--+--+--I. parisorum JF06
    |  |  `--+--I. chrysater JF06
    |  |     `--I. graduacauda JF06
    |  `--+--I. leucopteryx JT12
    |     `--+--+--I. auratus JT12
    |        |  `--+--I. gularis JF06
    |        |     `--I. nigrogularis JF06
    |        `--+--+--I. abeillei JT12 [=I. bullockii abeillei R70]
    |           |  `--I. galbula JT12
    |           `--+--I. bullockii JT12 [=I. galbula bullockii R70; incl. I. bullockii parvus van Rossem 1945 R70]
    |              `--I. pustulatus JT12
    `--+--I. maculialatus BKB15
       `--+--+--I. mesomelas BKB15
          |  |    |--I. m. mesomelas S18
          |  |    `--I. m. salvinii S18
          |  `--+--I. croconotus BKB15
          |     |--+--I. graceannae JF06
          |     |  `--I. pectoralis JF06
          |     `--+--I. icterus JF06
          |        |    |--I. i. icterus L81
          |        |    `--I. i. ridgwayi L81
          |        `--I. jamacaii JF06 [=I. icterus jamacaii L81]
          `--+--I. wagleri JF06
             `--+--+--I. cucullatus BKB15
                |  `--+--I. prosthemelas BKB15
                |     `--+--I. fuertesi BKB15
                |        `--I. spurius BKB15
                `--+--I. laudabilis BKB15
                   `--+--I. oberi BKB15
                      `--+--+--I. auricapillus BKB15
                         |  `--I. dominicensis JT12
                         `--+--I. bonana BKB15
                            `--+--I. cayanensis BKB15
                               `--I. chrysocephalus BKB15

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1–2): 9–19.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149–186.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[R70] Rising, J. D. 1970. Morphological variation and evolution in some North American orioles. Systematic Zoology 19 (4): 315–351.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

Quiscalus

Female great-tailed grackles Quiscalus mexicanus, copyright Linda Tanner.

Belongs within: Icteridae.

Quiscalus, the grackles, are a genus of gregarious, omnivorous birds found in southern North America and northern South America. Members of the genus have long wedge-shaped tails; males have iridescent black plumage whereas females are rusty brown.

<==Quiscalus Vieillot 1816 (see below for synonymy) B94
    |  i. s.: Q. aequatorialis SS66
    |         ‘Cassidix’ orizivora S18
    |           |--C. o. orizivora S18
    |           `--C. o. violea S18
    |--Q. palustris BKB15 [=Cassidix palustris FP64]
    |--Q. quiscula JF06
    |    |--Q. q. quiscula [incl. Q. quiscula stonei] YS68
    |    `--Q. q. versicolor [incl. Q. quiscula ridgwayi] YS68
    `--+--Q. lugubris BKB15
       |    |--Q. l. lugubris L81
       |    `--Q. l. fortirostris L81
       `--+--Q. nicaraguensis BKB15 [=Cassidix nicaraguensis FP64]
          `--+--Q. niger BKB15
             `--+--Q. major JF06
                `--Q. mexicanus JF06 [=Cassidix mexicanus FP64]

Quiscalus Vieillot 1816 [incl. Cassidix Lesson 1831, Chalcophanes Wagler 1827; Chalcophaninae, Quiscalinae] B94

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149–186.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[YS68] Yang, S. Y., & R. K. Selander. 1968. Hybridization in the grackle Quiscalus quiscula in Louisiana. Systematic Zoology 17 (2): 107–143.

Sporophila

Marsh seedeater Sporophila palustris, copyright Cristian Andrei.

Belongs within: Thraupidae.

Sporophila, the seedeaters, is a genus of finch-like birds found in the Neotropical region. Members of this genus have a distinctly short and stubby bill with a strongly curved culmen.

<==Sporophila Cabanis 1827 [incl. Spermophila Swainson 1827; Spermophilinae, Sporophilinae] B94
    |--S. torqueola BKB15
    `--+--+--+--S. plumbea BKB15
       |  |  `--+--S. falcirostris JT12
       |  |     `--S. schistacea BKB15 [=S. grisea schistacea S18]
       |  `--+--Dolospingus fringilloides BKB15
       |     `--+--S. leucoptera BKB15
       |        `--+--S. collaris BKB15
       |           `--+--S. luctuosa BKB15
       |              `--+--S. caerulescens JT12 [=Spermophila caerulescens SS66]
       |                 `--S. nigricollis JT12 [=Spermophila nigricollis SS66]
       `--+--+--S. intermedia BKB15
          |  `--+--S. americana JT12
          |     `--S. corvina JT12
          `--+--+--S. castaneiventris BKB15 [=Spermophila castaneiventris SS66]
             |  `--S. telasco JT12
             `--+--S. minuta JT12
               `--+--S. bouvreuil BKB15
                  `--+--+--S. hypoxantha BKB15
                     |  `--S. palustris BKB15
                     `--+--+--S. cinnamomea BKB15
                        |  `--S. melanogaster JT12
                        `--+--S. nigrorufa BKB15
                           `--+--S. hypochroma JT12
                              `--S. ruficollis JT12

Sporophila incertae sedis:
  S. albogularis JT12
  S. ardesiaca JT12
  S. aurita A61
  S. bouvronides JT12 [=Spermophila bouvronides SS66]
  S. frontalis JT12
  S. gutturalis S18
  S. lineola JT12 [=Spermophila lineola SS66]
  S. melanops JT12
  S. morelleti FS55
    |--S. m. morelleti FS55
    `--S. m. mutanda FS55
  S. murallae JT12
  ‘Spermophila’ ocellata Sclater & Salvin 1866 SS66
  S. peruviana JT12
  S. saturata MS55
  ‘Spermophila’ semicollaris SS66
  S. simplex JT12
  S. zelichi JF06

Sporophila Cabanis 1827 [incl. Spermophila Swainson 1827; Spermophilinae, Sporophilinae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1–2): 9–19.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149–186.

[MS55] Mertens, R., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Die im Senckenberg-Museum vorhandenen Arten ausgestorbener, aussterbender oder seltener Vögel. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (3–4): 241–265.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

Thraupidae

White-winged shrike-tanager Lanio versicolor, copyright Andre Grassi.

Belongs within: Passeroidea.
Contains: Dacnis, Ramphocelus, Conirostrum, Sicalis, Diglossa, Sporophila, Saltator, Tangara, Poospiza, Thlypopsis.

The Thraupidae, tanagers, are a diverse, mostly Neotropical, group of birds primarily associated by molecular data. In the past, the family has been recognised as an assemblage of mostly brightly coloured, frugivorous or nectarivorous birds; however, more recent phylogenetic analyses have indicated that the clade also includes a number of duller-coloured granivorous forms, while some species previously included in the family have been placed elsewhere.

<==Thraupidae [Coerebidae, Dacninae, Tanagrinae, Thraupinae, Thraupini]
    |--+--+--+--Dacnis BKB15
    |  |  |  `--Tersina Vieillot 1819 JT12, B94 (see below for synonymy)
    |  |  |       |--‘Procnias’ occidentalis SS66b
    |  |  |       `--T. viridis JF06
    |  |  `--Cyanerpes JT12
    |  |       |--+--C. caeruleus BKB15
    |  |       |  `--C. cyaneus BKB15
    |  |       `--+--C. lucidus BKB15
    |  |          `--C. nitidus JT12
    |  `--+--+--Conothraupis BKB15
    |     |  |    |--C. mesoleuca JT12
    |     |  |    `--C. speculigera JF06
    |     |  `--+--Volatinia jacarina BKB15
    |     |     |    |--V. j. jacarina FS55
    |     |     |    |--V. j. atronitens FS55
    |     |     |    `--V. j. splendens S18
    |     |     `--+--+--+--Coryphospingus BKB15
    |     |        |  |  |    |--C. cucullatus JF06
    |     |        |  |  |    `--C. pileatus JT12
    |     |        |  |  `--+--Rhodospingus cruentus JT12
    |     |        |  |     `--+--‘Tachyphonus’ cristatus JT12
    |     |        |  |        `--+--‘Tachyphonus’ luctuosus JT12
    |     |        |  |           `--‘Tachyphonus’ rufiventer JT12
    |     |        |  `--+--‘Tachyphonus’ delatrii BKB15
    |     |        |     `--+--+--‘Tachyphonus’ surinamus BKB15
    |     |        |        |  `--+--Trichothraupis melanops BKB15
    |     |        |        |     `--Eucometis JT12
    |     |        |        |          |--E. cristata S18
    |     |        |        |          `--E. penicillata JT12
    |     |        |        `--Lanio BKB15
    |     |        |             |--L. versicolor JT12
    |     |        |             |    |--L. v. versicolor C88
    |     |        |             |    `--L. v. parvus C88
    |     |        |             `--+--L. fulvus JT12
    |     |        |                |    |--L. f. fulvus C88
    |     |        |                |    `--L. f. peruvianus C88
    |     |        |                `--+--L. aurantius JT12
    |     |        |                   `--L. leucothorax JT12
    |     |        `--+--Ramphocelus BKB15
    |     |           `--Tachyphonus Vieillot 1816 BKB15, B94 [Tachyphoninae]
    |     |                |--T. phoenicius JT12
    |     |                `--+--T. coronatus JT12
    |     |                   `--T. rufus JT12
    |     `--+--+--Conirostrum BKB15
    |        |  `--+--+--Sicalis BKB15
    |        |     |  `--+--+--Melanodera melanodera BKB15
    |        |     |     |  `--+--‘Phrygilus’ atriceps BKB15
    |        |     |     |     `--+--‘Phrygilus’ gayi BKB15
    |        |     |     |        `--‘Phrygilus’ patagonicus BKB15
    |        |     |     `--+--Melanodera xanthogramma BKB15
    |        |     |        `--+--Rowettia goughensis BKB15
    |        |     |           `--Nesospiza BKB15
    |        |     |                |--N. acunhae JT12
    |        |     |                |--N. questi JT12
    |        |     |                `--N. wilkinsi JT12
    |        |     `--+--Diglossa BKB15
    |        |        `--+--+--Xenodacnis parina BKB15
    |        |           |  `--+--Idiopsar brachyurus JT12
    |        |           |     `--‘Phrygilus’ dorsalis JT12
    |        |           `--+--Catamenia BKB15
    |        |              |    |--C. analis JT12
    |        |              |    |--C. analoides Scl66a
    |        |              |    |--C. homochroa JT12
    |        |              |    `--C. inornata JF06
    |        |              `--+--+--‘Phrygilus’ plebejus BKB15
    |        |                 |  `--‘Phrygilus’ unicolor BKB15
    |        |                 `--Haplospiza Cabanis 1851 JT12, B94 [Haplospizinae]
    |        |                      |--H. unicolor JT12
    |        |                      `--+--H. rustica JT12
    |        |                         `--Acanthidops bairdii JT12
    |        `--+--Oryzoborus Cabanis 1851 BKB15, B94
    |           |    |  i. s.: O. atrirostris JT12
    |           |    |         O. nuttingi JT12
    |           |    |         O. torridus SS66a
    |           |    |--+--O. angolensis JT12
    |           |    |  `--O. funereus JT12
    |           |    `--+--O. crassirostris JT12
    |           |       `--O. maximiliani JT12
    |           `--Sporophila BKB15
    `--+--+--Sericossypha albocristata BKB15
       |  `--+--+--+--Iridophanes pulcherrimus BKB15 [=Tangara pulcherrima JF06]
       |     |  |  `--Chlorophanes JT12
       |     |  |       |--C. atricapilla SS66a
       |     |  |       `--C. spiza JF06
       |     |  |            |--C. s. spiza S18
       |     |  |            `--C. s. guatemalensis S18
       |     |  `--+--Parkerthraustes humeralis BKB15
       |     |     `--+--Heterospingus BKB15
       |     |        |    |--H. rubrifrons JT12
       |     |        |    `--H. xanthopygius JF06
       |     |        `--+--Chrysothlypis BKB15
       |     |           |    |--C. chrysomelas JT12
       |     |           |    `--C. salmoni JT12
       |     |           `--Hemithraupis Cabanis 1850 BKB15, B94 [Hemithraupinae]
       |     |                |--H. flavicollis JF06
       |     |                |--H. guira JT12
       |     |                `--H. ruficapilla JT12
       |     `--+--Phrygilus BKB15
       |        |    |  i. s.: P. erythronotus JT12
       |        |    |         P. geospizopsis Scl66b
       |        |    |         P. punensis JT12
       |        |    |--P. fruticeti BKB15
       |        |    `--+--Porphyrospiza caerulescens BKB15
       |        |       `--+--P. alaudinus JT12
       |        |          `--P. carbonarius JT12
       |        `--+--+--Rhodinocichla Hartlaub 1853 BKB15, B94 [Rhodinocichlinae]
       |           |  |    `--R. rosea A61
       |           |  |         |--R. r. rosea S18
       |           |  |         `--R. r. eximia S18
       |           |  `--+--Embernagra BKB15
       |           |     |    |--E. longicauda JT12
       |           |     |    `--E. platensis JF06
       |           |     `--Emberizoides JT12
       |           |          |--E. duidae JT12
       |           |          |--E. herbicola JT12
       |           |          `--E. ypiranganus JT12
       |           `--+--Nemosia Vieillot 1816 BKB15, B945 [Nemosiinae]
       |              |    |--N. fulvescens [incl. N. fulviceps] SS66a
       |              |    |--N. guira SS66a
       |              |    |--N. pileata JF06
       |              |    |--N. rourei JT12
       |              |    `--N. sordida SS66a
       |              `--Saltator BKB15 [Saltatorinae]
       `--+--+--+--Coereba Vieillot 1808 BKB15, B94 (see below for synonymy)
          |  |  |       |--*C. flaveola (Linnaeus 1758) [=Certhia flaveola, Nectarinia flaveola] B94
          |  |  |       `--C. mexicana S18
          |  |  `--+--‘Tiaris’ olivaceus BKB15
          |  |     |    |--T. o. olivaceus S18
          |  |     |    `--T. o. pusilla S18
          |  |     `--+--+--Euneornis Fitzinger 1856 BKB15, B94 (see below for synonymy)
          |  |        |  |    `--E. campestris JF06
          |  |        |  `--+--Melopyrrha nigra BKB15
          |  |        |     `--Loxigilla BKB15
          |  |        |          |--L. barbadensis JT12
          |  |        |          |--L. portoricensis JF06
          |  |        |          |    |--L. p. portoricensis FP64
          |  |        |          |    `--L. p. grandis FP64
          |  |        |          `--L. violacea JF06
          |  |        `--+--Loxipasser anoxanthus BKB15
          |  |           `--+--‘Loxigilla’ noctis BKB15
          |  |              `--+--‘Tiaris’ canorus BKB15
          |  |                 |--+--‘Amaurospiza’ moesta BKB15
          |  |                 |  `--+--Melanospiza richardsoni BKB15
          |  |                 |     `--‘Tiaris’ bicolor JT12
          |  |                 `--+--‘Geospiza’ fortis BKB15
          |  |                    `--Tiaris BKB15
          |  |                         |--T. fuliginosus JT12
          |  |                         `--T. obscurus JT12
          |  `--+--+--Stephanophorus diadematus BKB15
          |     |  `--+--+--Diuca BKB15
          |     |     |  |    |--D. diuca JT12
          |     |     |  |    `--D. speculifera JT12
          |     |     |  `--+--Neothraupis fasciata JT12      
          |     |     |     `--Lophospingus BKB15
          |     |     |          |--L. griseocristatus JT12
          |     |     |          `--L. pusillus JT12
          |     |     `--+--Gubernatrix cristata BKB15
          |     |        `--+--+--Schistochlamys JT12
          |     |           |  |    |--S. melanopis JF06
          |     |           |  |    `--S. ruficapillus JT12
          |     |           |  `--Cissopis Vieillot 1816 JT12, B94 [Cissopinae]
          |     |           |       |--C. leverianus JT12
          |     |           |       `--C. media SS66a
          |     |           `--Paroaria JT12
          |     |                |  i. s.: P. cucullata WBSJ82
          |     |                |--P. dominicana JT12
          |     |                `--+--P. gularis BKB15
          |     |                   `--+--P. baeri BKB15
          |     |                     `--+--P. capitata BKB15
          |     |                        `--P. coronata BKB15
          |     `--+--+--Tangara BKB15
          |        |  `--Chlorochrysa BKB15
          |        |       |--C. phoenicotis JT12
          |        |       `--+--C. calliparaea JT12
          |        |          `--C. nitidissima JT12
          |        `--+--+--Calochaetes coccineus BKB15
          |           |  `--+--+--Chlorornis riefferii BKB15
          |           |     |  `--+--‘Saltator’ rufiventris JT12
          |           |     |     `--+--Delothraupis castaneoventris JT12
          |           |     |        `--Dubusia taeniata JT12
          |           |     `--+--+--‘Thraupis’ cyanocephala BKB15
          |           |        |  `--Buthraupis BKB15
          |           |        |       |--B. montana JT12
          |           |        |       `--+--B. aureodorsalis JT12
          |           |        |          `--B. eximia JT12
          |           |        `--Anisognathus BKB15
          |           |             |--+--A. melanogenys BKB15
          |           |             |  `--+--A. igniventris JT12
          |           |             |     `--A. lacrymosus JT12
          |           |             `--+--‘Buthraupis’ wetmorei BKB15
          |           |                `--+--A. notabilis BKB15
          |           |                   `--+--A. flavinuchus BKB15
          |           |                      `--A. somptuosus BKB15
          |           `--+--+--‘Thraupis’ bonariensis BKB15
          |              |  `--Pipraeidea melanonota JT12
          |              `--+--Iridosornis JT12
          |                 |    |--+--I. analis JT12
          |                 |    |  `--I. porphyrocephalus JT12
          |                 |    `--+--I. jelskii JT12
          |                 |       `--+--I. reinhardti JT12
          |                 |          `--I. rufivertex JT12
          |                 `--+--Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron JT12
          |                    `--Bangsia JT12
          |                         |--B. arcaei JT12
          |                         `--+--+--B. aureocincta JT12
          |                            |  `--B. edwardsi JT12
          |                            `--+--B. melanochlamys JT12
          |                               `--B. rothschildi JT12
          `--+--Creurgops BKB15
             |    |--C. dentatus JT12
             |    `--C. verticalis JF06
             `--+--+--‘Hemispingus’ verticalis BKB15
                |  `--‘Hemispingus’ xanthophthalmus JT12
                |--+--‘Poospiza’ hispaniolensis BKB15
                |  `--+--‘Poospiza’ nigrorufa BKB15
                |     |--‘Poospiza’ whitii JT12
                |     `--+--‘Poospiza’ boliviana JT12
                |        `--‘Poospiza’ ornata JT12
                `--+--+--Cnemoscopus rubrirostris BKB15
                   |  `--+--‘Hemispingus’ rufosuperciliaris JT12
                   |     `--Compsospiza BKB15
                   |          |--C. baeri JT12
                   |          `--C. garleppi JT12
                   `--+--Hemispingus BKB15
                      |    |  i. s.: H. goeringi JT12
                      |    |         H. ochraceus JT12
                      |    |         H. reyi JT12
                      |    |--+--H. atropileus JT12
                      |    |  `--H. auricularis JT12
                      |    `--+--H. calophrys JT12
                      |       `--H. parodii JT12
                      `--+--+--+--Poospiza BKB15
                         |  |  `--Nephelornis Lowery & Tallman 1976 JT12, B94 [Nephelornithinae]
                         |  |       `--N. oneilli JF06
                         |  `--+--Cypsnagra hirundinacea JT12
                         |     `--+--+--‘Poospiza’ caesar BKB15
                         |        |  `--‘Poospiza’ hypochondria BKB15
                         |        `--Donacospiza albifrons JT12
                         `--+--+--‘Hemispingus’ piurae JT12
                            |  `--+--‘Hemispingus’ frontalis JT12
                            |     `--‘Hemispingus’ melanotis JT12
                            `--Thlypopsis JT12

Thraupidae incertae sedis:
  Compsothraupis Richmond 1915 [incl. Lamprotes Swainson 1837; Lamprotinae] B94
    `--C. loricata JT12
  Aglaia Swainson 1827 B94
    `--*A. tatao [=Tanagra tatao] B94
  Certhiola luteola SS66a
  Spodiornis Sclater 1866 S66b
    `--*S. jardinii Sclater 1866 S66b
  Orchesticus abeillei JT12
  Orthogonys chloricterus JT12
  Cyanicterus cyanicterus JT12

Coereba Vieillot 1808 BKB15, B94 [=Caereba (l. c.) B94; incl. Arbelorhina Cabanis 1847 B94; Arbelorhinidae, Coerebinae, Coerebini]

Euneornis Fitzinger 1856 BKB15, B94 [incl. Glossiptila Sclater 1857 B94; Euneornithinae, Glossiptilinae]

Tersina Vieillot 1819 JT12, B94 [incl. Procnias Temminck 1820 non Illiger 1811 B94; Procniatidae, Tersininae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[C88] Cracraft, J. 1988. Deep-history biogeography: retrieving the historical pattern of evolving continental biotas. Systematic Zoology 37 (3): 221–236.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1–2): 9–19.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[JF06] Jønsson, K. A., & J. Fjeldså. 2006. A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds. Zoologica Scripta 35: 149–186.

[S66a] Sclater, P. L. 1866a. On the birds in the vicinity of Lima, Peru. With notes on their habits, by Prof. W. Nation, of Lima, C. M. Z. S. (Part I.) Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 96–100.

[S66b] Sclater, P. L. 1866b. Descriptions of six new species of American Oscines. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 320–324.

[SS66a] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866a. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[SS66b] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866b. On some additions to the catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Ucayali. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 566–567.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[WBSJ82] Wild Bird Society of Japan. 1982. A Field Guide to the Birds of Japan. Kodansha International Ltd.: Tokyo.

Tangara

Green-headed tanager Tangara seledon, copyright Lindolfo Souto.

Belongs within: Thraupidae.
Contains: Thraupis.

Tangara is a diverse genus of small tanagers, widespread in the Neotropical region, showing a wide range of bright colour patterns. They feed on a combination of fruit and insects, the latter mostly gleaned off vegetation.

<==Tangara Brisson 1760 [incl. Calliste Boie 1826, Tanagrella Swainson 1838; Callistinae, Tanagrellinae, Tangarinae] B94
    |  i. s.: ‘Calliste’ boliviana SS66
    |         T. cabanisi JT12
    |         T. gyroloides S18
    |         R. peruviana JT12
    |         T. phillipsi JT12
    |         T. rufigenis JT12
    |         ‘Calliste’ yeni SS66
    |--+--+--T. vassorii BKB15
    |  |  `--+--T. nigroviridis JF06
    |  |     `--+--T. dowii JF06
    |  |        `--T. fucosa JF06
    |  `--+--Thraupis BKB15
    |     `--+--+--+--T. larvata BKB15 [=T. nigrocincta larvata L81]
    |        |  |  |    |--T. l. larvata S18
    |        |  |  |    `--T. l. fanny S18
    |        |  |  `--+--T. cyanicollis BKB15
    |        |  |     `--T. nigrocincta BKB15
    |        |  `--+--T. palmeri BKB15
    |        |     `--+--T. varia BKB15
    |        |        `--+--T. rufigula JT12
    |        |           `--+--T. punctata BKB15
    |        |              `--+--T. guttata BKB15
    |        |                 `--T. xanthogastra BKB15 [=Calliste xanthogastra SS66]
    |        `--+--+--T. preciosa BKB15
    |           |  `--+--T. meyerdeschauenseei JT12
    |           |     `--+--T. cayana BKB15
    |           |        `--+--T. cucullata BKB15
    |           |           `--T. vitriolina BKB15
    |           `--+--T. ruficervix BKB15
    |              `--+--T. cyanoptera BKB15
    |                 `--+--T. viridicollis BKB15
    |                    `--+--T. argyrofenges JF06
    |                       `--T. heinei JF06
    `--+--T. labradorides JT12
       `--+--+--+--T. chrysotis JF06
          |  |  `--T. xanthocephala BKB15
          |  `--+--+--T. arthus BKB15
          |     |  `--+--T. florida JF06
          |     |     `--T. icterocephala JF06
          |     `--+--T. johannae BKB15
          |        `--+--T. parzudakii BKB15
          |           `--T. schrankii BKB15 [=Calliste schranki SS66]
          `--+--+--+--T. inornata JF06
             |  |  `--T. mexicana JF06
             |  `--+--T. chilensis JF06
             |     `--+--T. callophrys JF06
             |        `--T. velia JF06
             `--+--+--T. cyanotis BKB15
                |  `--+--T. gyrola BKB15
                |     `--T. lavinia JF06
                `--+--+--T. fastuosa JF06
                   |  `--T. seledon JF06
                   `--+--T. cyanocephala JF06
                      `--+--T. cyanoventris JT12
                         `--T. desmaresti JF06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

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