Belongs within: Prostigmata.
Contains: Vasates, Eriophyes, Aceria, Phyllocoptinae.
The Eriophyoidea are a highly diverse group of phytophagous mites with a worm-ike body form and only two pairs of legs, with the hind pairs lost. They feed by inserting their cheliceral stylets into plant cells and sucking out the cell contents. Many species induce formation of galls and other growth deformities in their host which provide shelter to the feeding mites (Walter et al. 2009). A distinct prodorsal shield is present at the front of the body; this may carry multiple setae in members of the family Phytoptidae but carries at most one or often no setae in the Rhyncaphytoptidae and Eriophyidae. Members of the Rhyncaphytoptidae have a large gnathosoma with stylets that are abruptly curved ventrally near the base whereas Eriophyidae have a smaller gnathosoma with more or less straight stylets.
Dispersal between plant hosts is usually by means of wind currents; little or no strong evidence has been found for phoresy by eriophyoids. Some species may form a wax- or web-like coating over leaves though the mechanism by which they do so remains uncertain (Walter et al. 2009).
Characters (from Walter et al. 2009): Soft-bodied or armoured dorsally, annulate, worm-like. Gnathosoma with an open dorsomedian infracapitular gutter that ensheaths 7-9 stylet-like structures, flanked by simple, weakly four-segmented palpi; cheliceral shafts stylet-like (imperceptibly split into fixed and movable parts apically), accompanied by a pair of auxiliary stylets, an unpaired oral stylet (the labrum), and a lateral pair of guide-like structures that sometimes end in freely projecting stylet-like apices; cheliceral bases not enlarged, not forming a stylophore; without stigmata and tracheae. Prodorsum covered by a prodorsal shield bearing maximally 5, minimally 0, simple setae, none of which is inserted in bothridia; prodorsum usually lacking eyes, or rarely with a pair of smooth, somewhat convex, eyelike areas laterally. Opisthosoma wither vermiform, with numerous narrow small annuli differentiated little from dorsum to venter, or fusiform, with dorsal annuli consolidated into a series of fewer, thicker, less flexible 'tergites', delineated laterally from more numerous narrow ventral annuli; opisthosoma lacking all cupules (lyrifissures), with setation reduced to maximally seven pairs of setae, of which 3-4 pairs displaced ventrolaterally to resemble ventral setae; caudally, opisthosoma terminating with adhesive structure flanked dorsally by pair of elongate caudal setae. Genital opening transverse, positioned more or less closely behind legs II; genital opening exposed in male but covered by an anteriorly hinged flap in female. With only two pairs of anteriorly inserted legs, lacking pairs III-IV; legs lacking true (paired) claws, but with a well-developed, unpaired empodial featherclaw. Leg setation reduced to maximum of six setae each, none bothridial; tarsi I-II consistently with a solenidion, which is usually inserted dorsodistally and often claw-like in form. Three active postembryonic instars: larva, nymph and adult.
<==Eriophyoidea [Phytoptina, Phytoptoidea, Tetrapodili, Zemiostigmata]
| i. s.: Acathrix WL09
| Boczekella WL09
| Dialox WL09
| Acrinotus WL09
| Triasacarus Lindquist & Grimaldi in Schmidt, Jancke et al. 2012 SJ12
| `--*T. fedelei Lindquist & Grimaldi in Schmidt, Jancke et al. 2012 SJ12
| Ampezzoa Lindquist & Grimaldi in Schmidt, Jancke et al. 2012 SJ12
| `--*A. triassica Lindquist & Grimaldi in Schmidt, Jancke et al. 2012 SJ12
|--Rhyncaphytoptidae [Diptilomiopidae, Diptiliomiopini] O01
| |--Catarhinus tricholaenae WL09
| |--Cheiracus sulcatus WL09
| |--Diptilomiopus Nalepa 1917 H98
| | |--D. camarae W99
| | |--D. cerinus Lamb 1953 SL71
| | `--D. davisi Keifer 1969 H98
| |--Diptacus Keifer 1951 H98
| | |--D. gigantorhynchus (Nalepa 1892) [=Phyllocoptes gigantorhynchus] H98
| | `--D. hederiphagus LA01
| `--Rhyncaphytoptus Keifer 1939 H98
| |--R. cerrifoliae Farkas 1963 F63
| |--R. ficifoliae Keifer 1939 H98
| |--R. gracilipes F63
| |--R. lanuginosae Farkas 1963 F63
| |--R. longisetosus Farkas 1963 F63
| |--R. massalongoi F63
| |--R. negundivagrans O01
| |--R. ornatus Farkas 1963 F63
| `--R. ulmivagrans O01
|--Phytoptidae [Sierraphytoptinae] LA01
| | i. s.: Phytoptus Dujardin 1851 [incl. Phytocoptella Newkirk & Keifer 1971] H98
| | |--P. avellanae Nalepa 1890 [=Eriophyes avellanae, Phytocoptella avellanae] H98
| | |--P. hedericola WL09
| | |--P. leucothonius WL09
| | |--P. rufensis Manson 1970 SL71
| | `--P. terminalis G91
| | Retracarus WL09
| | |--R. elaeis WL09
| | `--R. johnstoni WL09
| `--Nalepellinae WL09
| |--Pentasetacus [Pentasetacini] WL09
| | `--P. araucariae SJ12
| |--Nalepella [Nalepellini] WL09
| | |--N. haarlovi WL09
| | `--N. tsugifoliae WL09
| `--Trisetacus [Trisetacini] WL09
| |--T. kirghisorum Shevchenko 1962 NF01
| |--T. pini WL09
| `--T. quadrisetus WL09
`--Eriophyidae H98
| i. s.: Phyllocoptruta Keifer 1938 H98
| |--P. musae Keifer 1955 H98
| |--P. oleivora (Ashmead 1879) (see below for synonymy) H98
| `--P. seringueirae MF07
| Tegolophus Keifer 1961 H98
| |--T. australis Keifer 1964 H98
| |--T. brunneus MF07
| |--T. myersi FYP07
| `--T. perseaflorae MF07
| Colomerus Newkirk & Keifer 1971 H98
| `--C. vitis (Pagenstecher 1857) [=Phytoptus vitis, Eriophyes vitis] H98
| Calepitrimerus Keifer 1938 H98
| `--C. vitis (Nalepa 1905) [=Phyllocoptes vitis, Epitrimerus vitis] H98
| Epitremerus coactus BC01
| Acaphylla Keifer 1943 H98
| |--A. steinwedeni Keifer 1943 H98
| `--A. theae (Watt & Mann 1903) [=Phytoptus theae] H98
| Tegonatus convolvuli G91
| Aleacarus sacchari G91
| Cecidophyopsis Keifer 1959 H98
| |--C. ribis (Westwood 1869) [=Phytoptus ribis] H98
| `--C. vermiformis WL09
| Paraphytoptus G91
| |--P. chrysanthemi G91
| `--P. magdalenae W99
| Aculops Keifer 1966 H98
| |--A. bassiae Keifer 1971 H98
| |--A. fuchsia NMF07
| |--A. keiferi Southcott & Lange 1971 DB11
| |--A. lycopersici (Tryon 1917) (see below for synonymy) H98
| |--A. pelekassi WL09
| `--A. toxicophagus BC01
| Platyphytoptus NF01
| |--P. pineae Castagnoli 1973 NF01
| `--P. sabinianae Keifer 1938 NF01
| Abacarus Keifer 1944 H98
| |--A. gossypii G91
| |--A. hystrix (Nalepa 1896) [=Callyntrotus hystrix] H98
| |--A. oryzae BY99
| `--A. sacchari MF07
| Acalitus WL09
| |--A. adoratus BC01
| |--A. essigi WL09
| |--A. gossypii NMF07
| |--A. morrisoni Manson 1970 SL71
| |--A. phloeocoptes BY99
| |--A. rubensis Manson 1970 SL71
| |--A. stenaspis NMF07
| `--A. tenuis Manson 1970 SL71
| Calacarus Keifer 1940 H98
| |--C. adornatus (Keifer 1940) SL71
| |--C. brionesae BY99
| |--C. carinatus (Green 1890) [=Typhlodromus carinatus] H98
| |--C. citrifolii WL09
| |--C. flagelliseta MF07
| |--C. heveae MF07
| `--C. lantanae W99
| Aculus Keifer 1959 H98
| |--A. comatus WL09
| |--A. copallina Keifer 1959 S69
| |--A. fockeui (Nalepa & Trouessart 1891) (see below for synonymy) H98
| |--A. hyperici (Liro 1943) [=Phyllocoptes hyperici, Vasates hyperici] H98
| |--A. robiniae WP99
| |--A. schlechtendali (Nalepa 1891) [=Phyllocoptes schlechtendali] H98
| `--A. uleae L91
| Vasates MB91
| Metaculus mangiferae WL09
| Epitrimerus Nalepa 1898 H98
| |--E. calami Keifer 1969 H98
| |--E. inulae Farkas 1963 F63
| `--E. taraxaci WL09
| Floracarus perrepae WL09
| Cysaberoptus kenyae MF07
| Amrineus cocofolius MF07
| Neocalacarus mangiferae MF07
| Neotegonotus guavae MF07
| Notostrix MF07
| |--N. attenuata MF07
| |--N. jamaicae MF07
| `--N. nasutiformes MF07
| Rhombacus Keifer 1965 H98
| |--R. asclepiadii Keifer 1969 H98
| |--R. eucalypti MF07
| |--R. morrisi Keifer 1965 H98
| `--R. rheumella Keifer 1970 H98
| Shevtchenkella MF07
| |--S. petiolula MF07
| `--S. stefneseri W99
| Spinacus pagonis MF07
| Tegonotus MF07
| |--T. haloragi (Lamb 1953) SL71
| |--T. ligustri Farkas 1963 F63
| `--T. mangiferae NMF07
| Tetra balasi Farkas 1963 F63
| Acadicrus Keifer 1965 H98
| |--A. bifurcatus Keifer 1965 H98
| |--A. eucalypti (Gurney 1924) [=Eriophyes eucalypti] H98
| `--A. mergiferus Keifer 1965 [incl. A. viminalis Keifer 1965 (n. n.)] H98
| Acalox Keifer 1975 H98
| `--A. ptychocarpi Keifer 1975 H98
| Acerimina Keifer 1957 H98
| `--A. cedrelae Keifer 1957 [=A. cedreli (l. c.)] H98
| Anothopoda Keifer 1959 H98
| `--A. johnstoni Keifer 1959 H98
| Colopodacus Keifer 1960 H98
| `--C. glochidionis Keifer 1969 H98
| Cosetacus Keifer 1966 H98
| `--C. camelliae (Keifer 1945) [=Aceria camelliae] H98
| Ectomerus Newkirk & Keifer 1975 H98
| `--E. anysis (Keifer 1970) [=Stenacis anysis] H98
| Rhynacus D64
| |--R. breitlowi Davis 1964 D64
| `--R. kraussi W99
| Acamina coconuciferae OA96
| Quadracus urticarius DF96
| Vittacus mansoni Keifer 1969 SL71
| Coptophylla F63
| |--C. cerriquerci Farkas 1963 F63
| `--C. geranii Farkas 1963 F63
| Anthocoptes F63
| |--A. depressus Farkas 1963 F63
| `--A. helianthella WL09
| Rhinophytoptus F63
| |--R. concinnus F63
| | |--R. c. concinnus F63
| | `--R. c. ypsilophorus Farkas 1963 F63
| `--R. dudichi Farkas 1963 F63
| Cisaberoptus kenyae CK15
|--Ashieldophyinae WL09
|--Aberoptinae WL09
|--Cecidophyes [Cecidophyinae] WL09
| `--C. rouhollahi WL09
|--Eriophyinae L91
| |--Eriophyes L91
| `--Aceria L91
`--Phyllocoptinae WL09
Fossil gall: Phytoptus antiquus von Heyden 1860 DB11
Aculops lycopersici (Tryon 1917) [=Phyllocoptes lycopersici, Aculus lycopersici, Vasates lycopersici] H98
Aculus fockeui (Nalepa & Trouessart 1891) [=Phyllocoptes fockeui; incl. P. cornutus Banks 1905, Aculus cornutus] H98
Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead 1879) [=Typhlodromus oiliioorus, T. oleivorus, Phyllocoptes oleivorus, Phyllocoptruta oleivorus] H98
*Type species of generic name indicated
REFERENCES
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[D64] Davis, R. 1964. Autecological studies of Rhynacus breitlowi Davis, (Acarina: Eriophyidae). Florida Entomologist 47 (2): 113–121.
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Last updated: 21 July 2022.
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