Proceratiinae

Probolomyrmex filiformis, copyright April Nobile.

Belongs within: Formicidae.

The Proceratiinae are a group of small ants characterised by fully or nearly fully exposed antennal sockets close to the anterior margin of the head, together with a single petiolar segment and a fused promesonotal suture (Heterick 2009).

<==Proceratiinae
    |--Probolomyrmex Mayr 1901 TB85 [Probolomyrmecini H09]
    |    |  i. s.: *P. filiformis Mayr 1901 TB85
    |    |         P. bidens SGH12
    |    |         P. maryatiae SGH12
    |    |         P. okinawensis Terayama & Ogata 1988 I92
    |    |         P. tani RBV08
    |    |         P. vieti SGH12
    |    |--P. greavesi group SGH12
    |    |    |--P. greavesi Taylor 1965 TB85
    |    |    |--P. latalongus Shattuck, Gunawardene & Heterick 2012 SGH12
    |    |    `--P. salomonis SGH12
    |    `--P. longinodus group SGH12
    |         |--P. aliundus Shattuck, Gunawardene & Heterick 2012 SGH12
    |         |--P. longinodus Terayama & Ogata 1988 I92
    |         |--P. newguinensis Shattuck, Gunawardene & Heterick 2012 SGH12
    |         `--P. simplex Shattuck, Gunawardene & Heterick 2012 SGH12
    `--Proceratiini H09
         |--Proceratium Roger 1863 TB85
         |    |--*P. silaceum Roger 1863 TB85
         |    |--P. californicum WW90
         |    |--P. papuanum Emery 1897 TB85
         |    `--P. stictum Brown 1958 TB85
         `--Discothyrea Roger 1863 H09, KT99 (see below for synonymy)
              |--*D. testacea Roger 1863 KT99
              |--D. bidens Clark 1928 TB85
              |--D. crassicornis Clark 1926 TB85
              |--D. kamiteta Kubota & Terayama 1999 KT99
              |--D. leae Clark 1934 TB85
              |--‘*Pseudosysphincta’ poweri Arnold 1916 KT99
              |--D. sauteri KT99
              |--D. turtoni Clark 1934 TB85
              `--D. velutina (Wheeler 1916) TB85 [=*Prodiscothyrea velutina KT99]

Discothyrea Roger 1863 H09, KT99 [incl. Prodiscothyrea Wheeler 1916 KT99, Pseudosysphincta Arnold 1916 KT99, Pseudosphincta (l. c.) KT99]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[KT99] Kubota, M. & M. Terayama. 1999. A description of a new species of the genus Discothyrea Roger from the Ryukyus, Japan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of the Myrmecological Society of Japan 1: 1–5.

[RBV08] Rabeling, C., J. M. Brown & M. Verhaagh. 2008. Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105 (39): 14913–14917.

[SGH12] Shattuck, S. O., N. R. Gunawardene & B. Heterick. 2012. A revision of the ant genus Probolomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Proceratiinae) in Australia and Melanesia. Zootaxa 3444: 40–50.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

Ponera

Ponera pennsylvanica, copyright Tom Murray.

Belongs within: Ponerinae.

Ponera is a genus of generalised ponerine ants characterised by triangular mandibles, a single large pectinate spur on the hind tarsus, and a subpetiolar process bearing a distinct fenestra anteriorly.

<==Ponera Latreille 1804 [incl. Pseudocryptopone Emery 1900, Pteroponera Bernard 1950, Selenopone Wheeler 1933] Z01
    |--P. coarctata (Latreille 1802) [=Formica coarctata; incl. F. contracta Latreille 1802, *Ponera contracta] TB85
    |--P. alisana Z01
    |--P. andrei Emery 1901 E14
    |--P. ceylonensis Mayr 1897 B03
    |--P. chihponensis Z01
    |--P. clavicornis Emery 1900 TB85
    |--P. confinis Roger 1860 [incl. P. confinis var. aitkeni, P. confinis var. wroughtoni] B03
    |--P. crassa E89
    |--P. eduardi M83
    |--P. exotica WW90
    |--P. gleadowi Forel 1887 B03
    |--P. guangxiensis Zhou 2001 Z01
    |--P. leae Forel 1913 (see below for synonymy) TB85
    |--P. leeuwenhoecki E89
    |--P. oculata Smith 1858 TB85
    |--P. paedericera Zhou 2001 Z01
    |--P. pennsylvanica Buckley 1866 NT01 [=P. coarctata pennsylvanica WW90]
    |--P. selenophora Emery 1900 TB85
    |--P. swezeyi (Wheeler 1933) FT08
    |--P. taipingensis H03
    |--P. trigona E14
    |--P. truncata Smith 1861 B03
    `--P. yakushimensis Tanaka 1974 I92

Ponera leae Forel 1913 [incl. P. exedra Wilson 1957, P. leae norfolkensis Wheeler 1935, P. leae oculata Wheeler 1927 non P. oculata Smith 1858] TB85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[E89] Emery, C. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XX.—Formiche di Birmania e del Tenasserim raccolte da Leonardo Fea (1885–87). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 485–520.

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[FT08] Framenau, V. W., & M. L. Thomas. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 45–85.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[NT01] Newton, A. F., M. K. Thayer, J. S. Ashe & D. S. Chandler. 2001. Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802. In: Arnett, R. H., Jr & M. C. Thomas (eds) American Beetles vol. 1. Archostemata, Myxophaga, Adephaga, Polyphaga: Staphyliniformia pp. 272–418. CRC Press: Boca Raton.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Odontomachus

Odontomachus monticola, copyright Johnsonwang6688.

Belongs within: Ponerinae.

Odontomachus is a pantropical genus of ants characterised by long and straight mandibles inserted just on either side of the cephalic midline with three large teeth near the tip arranged in a vertical series, together with a single tooth or spine at the apex of the petiole, and dark, inverted V-shaped apophyseal lines on the back of the head converging to form a distinct, sometimes shallow groove or ridge on the upper back of the head (Fisher & Smith 2008).

<==Odontomachus Latreille 1804 (see below for synonymy) Z01
    |--*O. haematodus (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) Z01
    |--O. bauri FS08
    |--O. brunneus WW90
    |--O. cephalotes Smith 1863 TB85
    |--O. chelifer MC05
    |--O. clarus [=O. haematoda clarus] WW90
    |--O. coquereli Roger 1861 [incl. O. coquereli minor Emery 1899] FS08
    |--O. fulgidus Wang 1993 Z01
    |--O. granatus Wang 1993 Z01
    |--O. hastatus MC05
    |--O. monticola Emery 1892 (see below for synonymy) Z01
    |--O. rixosus Smith 1857 [incl. O. rixosus var. obscurior] B03
    |--O. ruficeps Smith 1858 (see below for synonymy) TB85
    |    |--O. r. ruficeps B88
    |    `--O. r. coriarius Mayr 1876 B88, TB85
    |--O. simillimus Smith 1858 (see below for synonymy) FS08
    |--O. troglodytes Santschi 1914 [=O. haematodes troglodytes; incl. O. haematodus stanleyi Wheeler 1922] FS08
    |--O. turneri Forel 1900 [=O. ruficeps turneri] TB85
    `--O. tyrannicus FS08

Odontomachus Latreille 1804 [incl. Chapsomyrmex Emery 1892, Myrtoteras Matsumura 1918, Pedetes Bernstein 1861; Odontomachini] Z01

*Odontomachus haematodus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Formica haematoda; incl. O. haematodus r. pubescens var. bruneipes Emery 1893, O. hirsutiusculus Smith 1858, Formica maxillosa De Geer 1773, O. haematodus var. pallipes Crawley 1916] Z01

Odontomachus monticola Emery 1892 [incl. O. monticola var. formosae Forel 1912, O. monticola var. hainanensis Stitz 1925, O. monticola var. longi Forel 1900, O. monticola var. major Forel 1913, O. monticola pauperculus Wheeler 1921, O. monticola r. punctulatus Forel 1900, O. latidens striata Menozzi 1930] Z01

Odontomachus ruficeps Smith 1858 [incl. O. ruficeps acutidens Forel 1900, O. coriarius magnus Mayr 1876, O. coriarius obscura Crawley 1922, O. ruficeps rubriceps Forel 1915, O. ruficeps rufescens Forel 1915, O. coriarius semicircularis Mayr 1876, O. septentrionalis Crawley 1915, O. sharpei Forel 1893] TB85

Odontomachus simillimus Smith 1858 [incl. O. haematoda var. breviceps Crawley 1915, O. haematodes var. fuscipennis Forel 1913, Ponera pallidicornis Smith 1860] FS08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[FS08] Fisher, B. L., & M. A. Smith. 2008. A revision of Malagasy species of Anochetus Mayr and Odontomachus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). PLoS One 3 (5): e1787.

[MC05] Machado, G., P. C. Carrera, A. M. Pomini & A. J. Marsaioli. 2005. Chemical defense in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones): do benzoquinone secretions deter invertebrate and vertebrate predators? Journal of Chemical Ecology 31 (11): 2519–2539.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Anochetus

Anochetus armstrongi with termite, copyright Mark Newton.

Belongs within: Ponerinae.

Anochetus is a pantropical genus of ponerine ants characterised by long, straight mandibles inserted near the cephalic midline with two or three large teeth near the tip arranged in a vertical series, together with two teeth or a rounded margin at the apex of the petiole, and an uninterrupted, inverted U-shaped ridge on the back of the head (Fisher & Smith 2008).

<==Anochetus Mayr 1861 [incl. Stenomyrmex Mayr 1862, Myrmapatetes Wheeler 1929] Z01
    |--*A. ghilianii (Spinola 1851) [=Odontomachus ghilianii] Z01
    |--A. armstrongi McAreavey 1949 TB85
    |--A. boltoni Fisher & Smith 2008 FS08
    |--A. goodmani Fisher & Smith 2008 FS08
    |--A. graeffei Mayr 1870 (see below for synonymy) Z01
    |    |--A. g. graeffei E14
    |    `--A. ‘punctiventris’ oceanicus Emery 1897 E14
    |--A. grandidieri Forel 1891 [incl. A. madecassus Santschi 1928] FS08
    |--A. kanariensis Forel 1900 B03
    |--A. longifossatus Mayr 1897 B03
    |--A. madagascarensis Forel 1887 [=A. africanus madagascarensis; incl. A. africanus friederichsi Forel 1918] FS08
    |--A. madaraszi Mayr 1897 B03
    |--A. myops Emery 1893 B03
    |--A. nietneri (Roger 1861) [=Odontomachus nietneri] B03
    |--A. orientalis B03
    |--A. paripungens Brown 1978 TB85
    |--A. pattersoni Fisher & Smith 2008 FS08
    |--A. princeps Emery 1884 B03
    |--A. rectangularis Mayr 1876 [incl. A. rectangularis diabolus Forel 1915] TB85
    |--A. renatae H13
    |--A. risii Forel 1900 [incl. A. gracilis Karawajew 1925] Z01
    |--A. sedilloti Emery 1884 [incl. A. sedilloti var. indicus] B03
    |--A. turneri Forel 1900 [incl. A. turneri latunei Forel 1915] TB85
    `--A. yerburyi Forel 1900 B03

Anochetus graeffei Mayr 1870 [incl. A. amati Karavajew 1925, A. minutus Karavajew 1925, A. punctiventris Mayr 1878, A. rudis Emery 1889, A. ruginotus Stitz 1925, A. taylori Forel 1900] Z01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[FS08] Fisher, B. L., & M. A. Smith. 2008. A revision of Malagasy species of Anochetus Mayr and Odontomachus Latreille (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). PLoS One 3 (5): e1787.

[H13] Heterick, B. E. 2013. A taxonomic overview and key to the ants of Barrow Island, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 375–404.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Hypoponera

Hypoponera eduardi, copyright April Nobile.

Belongs within: Ponerinae.

Hypoponera is a cosmopolitan genus of fairly generalised soil-dwelling ants.

Characters (from Heterick 2009): Mandibles triangular; palpal formula 2, 2; clypeus narrowly inserted between frontal lobes; tibia of hind leg with single large pectinate spur; pretarsal claws of hind leg simple; anteroventral process of petiole simple.

<==Hypoponera Santschi 1938 FT08
    |--*H. abeillei (André 1881) [=Ponera abeillei] T99
    |--H. beppin Terayama 1999 T99
    |--H. bondroiti T99
    |--H. confinis (Roger 1860) FT08
    |--H. congrua (Wheeler 1934) [=Ponera congrua] TB85
    |--H. convexiuscula (Forel 1900) [=Ponera trigona convexiuscula] TB85
    |--H. decora (Clark 1934) [=Ponera decora] TB85
    |--H. eduardi H09
    |--H. elliptica (Forel 1900) [=Ponera truncata elliptica] TB85
    |--H. gleadowi T99
    |--H. herbertonensis (Forel 1915) [=Ponera pruinosa herbertonensis] TB85
    |--H. inexorata [=Ponera inexorata] WW90
    |--H. mackayensis (Forel 1900) [=Ponera coarctata mackayensis] TB85
    |--H. mina (Wheeler 1927) [=Ponera mina] TB85
    |--H. nippona T99
    |--H. nubatama T99
    |--H. opaciceps (Mayr 1887) FT08 [=Ponera opaciceps WW90]
    |--H. opacior BS06 [=Ponera trigona opacior WW90]
    |--H. punctatissima (Roger 1859) FT08
    |--H. queenslandensis (Forel 1900) [=Ponera queenslandensis] TB85
    |--H. rectidens (Clark 1934) [=Ponera rectidens] TB85
    |--H. sakalava BS06
    |--H. sauteri T99
    |--H. scitula (Clark 1934) [=Ponera scitula] TB85
    |--H. sulciceps (Clark 1928) [=Ponera sulciceps] TB85
    `--H. zwaluwenburgi T99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS06] Brady, S. G., T. R. Schultz, B. L. Fisher & P. S. Ward. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (48): 18172–18177.

[FT08] Framenau, V. W., & M. L. Thomas. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 45–85.

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[T99] Terayama, M. 1999. Taxonomic studies of the Japanese Formicidae, part 4. Three new species of Ponerinae. Memoirs of the Myrmecological Society of Japan 1: 7–15.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

Rhytidoponera

Rhytidoponera pulchella, from AntWiki.

Belongs within: Ectatommini.

Rhytidoponera is an Australasian genus of relatively large, dark-coloured, often heavily sculpted ants whose reproductive females usually lack wings and are not outwardly distinguishable from other workers.

<==Rhytidoponera Mayr 1862 [incl. Chalcoponera Emery 1897] TB85
    |--R. impressa group W85
    |    |--R. confusa Ward 1980 W85, TB85
    |    `--R. impressa (Mayr 1876) [=Ectatomma impressum] TB85
    `--+--R. numeensis group W85
       |    |--R. koumensis W85
       |    |--R. numeensis Andre 1889 [=R. (Chalcoponera) numeensis] E14
       |    `--R. wilsoni W85
       |--+--R. acanthoponeroides W85
       |  `--R. fulgens group W85
       |       |--+--R. aquila W85
       |       |  `--R. opaciventris W85
       |       `--+--R. atropurpurea Emery 1914 W85, E14 [=R. (Chalcoponera) atropurpurea E14]
       |          `--R. fulgens Emery 1883 W85, E14 (see below for synonymy)
       `--R. pulchella group W85
            |--R. arborea W85
            |--R. depilis W85
            |--R. insularis W85
            |--R. litoralis W85
            |--R. luteipes W85
            |--R. mimica W85
            |--R. nitidiventris W85
            |--R. pulchella Emery 1883 [=R. (Chalcoponera) pulchella] E14
            |--R. terrestris W85
            `--R. versicolor W85

Rhytidoponera incertae sedis:
  *R. araneoides (Le Guillou 1841) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. aciculata (Smith 1858) [=Ectatomma aciculata; incl. E. (Rhytidoponera) cristatum caro Forel 1910] TB85
  R. acupuncta Emery 1914 [=R. (Chalcoponera) acupuncta] E14
  R. anceps Emery 1898 TB85
  R. aspera (Roger 1860) [=Ponera metallica aspera; incl. R. (Chalcoponera) arnoldi Forel 1915] TB85
  R. aurata (Roger 1861) [=Ponera (Ectatomma) aurata; incl. R. flava Crawley 1915] TB85
  R. barnardi Clark 1936 TB85
  R. barretti Clark 1941 TB85
  R. borealis Crawley 1918 (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. carinata Clark 1936 TB85
  R. cerastes Crawley 1925 TB85
  R. chalybaea Emery 1901 [=R. impressa chalybaea; incl. Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) cyrus Forel 1910] TB85
  R. chnoopyx Brown 1958 TB85
  R. clarki Donisthorpe 1943 (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. convexa (Mayr 1876) [=Ectatomma convexum; incl. R. nigra Clark 1936] TB85
  R. cornuta (Emery 1895) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) cornutum] TB85
  R. crassinodis (Forel 1907) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) crassinode] TB85
  R. cristata (Mayr 1876) [=Ectatomma cristatum] TB85
  R. croesus Emery 1901 (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. dubia Crawley 1915 [=R. (Chalcoponera) dubia] TB85
  R. enigmatica Ward 1980 TB85
  R. eremita Clark 1936 TB85
  R. ferruginea Clark 1936 TB85
  R. flavicornis Clark 1936 TB85
  R. flavipes (Clark 1941) [=Chalcoponera flavipes] TB85
  R. flindersi Clark 1936 TB85
  R. foreli Crawley 1918 TB85
  R. foveolata Crawley 1925 TB85
  R. fuliginosa Clark 1936 TB85
  R. greavesi Clark 1941 TB85
  R. gregoryi Clark 1936 TB85
  R. haeckeli (Forel 1910) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) haeckeli] TB85
  R. hilli Crawley 1915 TB85
  R. incisa Crawley 1915 TB85
  R. inornata Crawley 1922 (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. kurandensis Brown 1958 TB85
  R. lamellinodis Santschi 1919 [=R. (Chalcoponera) lamellinodis Santschi 1919] TB85
  R. laticeps Forel 1915 TB85
  R. levior Crawley 1925 [=R. punctata levior, R. douglasi Brown 1952] TB85
  R. maledicta Forel 1915 [=R. (Chalcoponera) victoriae maledicta] TB85
  R. maniae (Forel 1900) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. mayri (Emery 1883) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. metallica (Smith 1858) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. micans Clark 1936 TB85
  R. mirabilis Clark 1936 TB85
  R. nitida Clark 1936 TB85
  R. nodifera (Emery 1895) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. nudata (Mayr 1876) [=Ectatomma nudatum] TB85
  R. peninsularis Brown 1958 TB85
  R. pilosula Clark 1936 TB85
  R. punctata (Smith 1858) [=Ectatomma punctata] TB85
  R. punctigera Crawley 1925 TB85
  R. punctiventris (Forel 1900) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) cristatum punctiventris] TB85
  R. purpurea (Emery 1887) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. reflexa Clark 1936 TB85
  R. reticulata (Forel 1893) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) reticulatum] TB85
  R. rufescens (Forel 1900) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) convexum rufescens] TB85
  R. rufithorax Clark 1941 TB85
  R. rufiventris Forel 1915 [=R. convexa rufiventris; incl. R. castanea Crawley 1925] TB85
  R. rufonigra Clark 1936 TB85
  R. scaberrima (Emery 1895) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. scabra (Mayr 1876) [=Ectatomma scabrum] TB85
  R. scabrior Crawley 1925 [=R. (Chalcoponera) aspera scabrior] TB85
  R. socrus (Forel 1894) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) socrus] TB85
  R. spoliata (Emery 1895) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) spoliatum] TB85
  R. tasmaniensis Emery 1898 (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. taurus (Forel 1910) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. tenuis (Forel 1900) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) tenue] TB85
  R. trachypyx Brown 1958 TB85
  R. turneri (Forel 1910) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) turneri] TB85
  R. tyloxys Brown & Douglas 1958 TB85
  R. victoriae (André 1896) TB85 (see below for synonymy)
  R. violacea (Forel 1907) (see below for synonymy) TB85
  R. viridis (Clark 1941) [=Chalcoponera viridis] TB85
  R. yorkensis Forel 1915 [=R. cristata yorkensis] TB85

*Rhytidoponera araneoides (Le Guillou 1841) [=Ponera araneoides, Ectatomma (*Rhytidoponera) araneoides; incl. R. araneoides arcuata Stutz 1911] TB85

Rhytidoponera borealis Crawley 1918 [=R. (Chalcoponera) numeensis borealis; incl. Chalcoponera brunnea Clark 1941] TB85

Rhytidoponera clarki Donisthorpe 1943 [=R. (Chalcoponera) clarki, Chalcoponera hilli Clark 1941 non R. hilli Crawley 1915, incl. Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) metallicum obscurum Forel 1900 non E. (Holcoponera) obscurum Emery 1869] TB85

Rhytidoponera croesus Emery 1901 [incl. Chalcoponera victoriae andrei Wheeler & Chapman 1925, R. (Chalcoponera) fastuosa Santschi 1916] TB85

Rhytidoponera fulgens Emery 1883 W85, E14 [=R. (Chalcoponera) fulgens E14; incl. R. fulgens var. socrula Emery 1914 E14]

Rhytidoponera inornata Crawley 1922 [=R. (Chalcoponera) metallica inornata; incl. Chalcoponera metallica carbonaria Wheeler 1934] TB85

Rhytidoponera maniae (Forel 1900) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) maniae; incl. E. (R.) convexum spatiatum Forel 1900] TB85

Rhytidoponera mayri (Emery 1883) [=Ectatomma mayri; incl. R. dixoni Clark 1936, E. (R.) mayri glabrius Forel 1907, R. mayri glabrius levior Stitz 1911 (nom. inv.) non R. punctata levior Crawley 1925, R. occidentalis Clark 1936, R. petiolata Clark 1936, R. quadriceps Clark 1936, R. stridulator Clark 1936] TB85

Rhytidoponera metallica (Smith 1858) [=Ponera metallica, Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) metallicum, Rhytidoponera (*Chalcoponera) metallica; incl. R. (C.) caeciliae Viehmeyer 1924, Chalcoponera pulchra Clark 1941, R. (C.) metallica purpurascens Wheeler 1915, R. (C.) metallica varians Crawley 1922] TB85

Rhytidoponera nodifera (Emery 1895) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) convexum nodiferum; incl. R. rothneyi mediana Viehmeyer 1924, R. pronotalis Crawley 1925, Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) rothneyi Forel 1900] TB85

Rhytidoponera purpurea (Emery 1887) [=Ectatomma impressum purpureum; incl. E. (Rhytidoponera) impressum splendidum Forel 1910] TB85

Rhytidoponera scaberrima (Emery 1895) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) scaberrimum; incl. R. laciniosa malandensis Forel 1915] TB85

Rhytidoponera tasmaniensis Emery 1898 [=R. metallica tasmaniensis; incl. Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) metallicum cristulatum Forel 1900] TB85

Rhytidoponera taurus (Forel 1910) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) cornutum taurus; incl. R. cerastes brevior Crawley 1925, R. cornuta fasciventris Stitz 1911] TB85

Rhytidoponera victoriae (André 1896) TB85 [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) victoriae TB85, Chalcoponera victoriae R35; incl. R. (Chalcoponera) victoriae cedarensis Forel 1915 TB85, E. (R.) metallicum modestum Emery 1895 TB85, E. (R.) metallicum scrobiculatum Forel 1900 TB85]

Rhytidoponera violacea (Forel 1907) [=Ectatomma (Rhytidoponera) convexum violaceum; incl. E. (R.) convexum gemma Forel 1907, Rhytidoponera convexa opacior Clark 1936] TB85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[W85] Ward, P. S. 1985. Taxonomic congruence and disparity in an insular ant fauna: Rhytidoponera in New Caledonia. Systematic Zoology 34 (2): 140–151.

Oligomyrmex

Oligomyrmex concinnus, copyright Alexandra Westrich.

Belongs within: Myrmicinae.

Oligomyrmex is a genus of ants characterised by a nine-segmented antenna with a relatively large, two-segmented club (Wheeler & Wheeler 1990).

Characters (from Bingham 1903): Queen: Head with mandibles scutiform or shield-shaped, posteriorly emarginate, sides convex, posterior lateral angles well marked though not prominent; mandibles broad, triangular, masticatory margin dentate, apical two teeth long and acute; clypeus not or only feebly bicarinate, its anterior margin more or less emarginate in the middle, truncate or obtusely angular posteriorly; frontal area distinct, triangular; antennae nine-segmented, club of flagellum formed of the apical two segments, of which the apical segment is very long, the club longer than the rest of the flagellum; eyes comparatively large and round, lateral, situated about the middle of the head. Thorax with pronotum rounded anteriorly, convex, not forming any portion of the dorsum; mesonotum broadening posteriorly, convex, but not gibbous; scutellum convex, slightly prominent; metanotum more or less vertical or steeply declivous, with or without a blunt tooth or tubercle on each side. Pedicel with first node shortly petiolate anteriorly, the petiole gradually thickening up to the node; second node more or less rectangular, often broader than long; gaster broadly oval, rather massive and bluntly rounded posteriorly. Fore wing with one rhomboidal cubital cell. Major worker resembling queen, but with the sexual differences in the shape of the thorax and gaster; clypeus bicarinate, the carinas convergent posteriorly, anteriorly not emarginate; antennae nine-segmented; eyes exceedingly small. Thorax with promesonotal suture obsolete, the pro-mesonotum forming a strong convexity; the thorax constricted and emarginate at the mesometanotal suture, which is strongly marked; basal portion of metanotum flat, rectangular, laterally submargined, a little longer than subvertical apical portion. Pedicel short, the first node shortly petiolate, transverse, flat anteriorly and posteriorly, with a distinct anterior and posterior margin above; second node rounded, transverse, about as broad as first node and (seen from above) a little longer; gaster very long and massive. Female minor resembling major but smaller and entirely without eyes, blind; antennae similar, apical segment in itself as long as remainder of flagelium. Head rounded posteriorly. Pedicel short, the nodes rounded, the anterior node not petiolate; abdomen small. Male with head more or less square; mandibles either dentate or pointed; antennae with 13 segments. Thorax shorter and broader than that of female, but similar to it. Pedicel with the nodes low and broad; abdomen smaller and narrower than in female. Wings as in female.

<==Oligomyrmex Mayr 1867 (see below for synonymy) Z01
    |--*O. concinnus Mayr 1867 TB85
    |--O. asinus Forel 1902 B03
    |--O. bengalensis Forel 1902 B03
    |--O. corniger Forel 1902 TB85
    |    |--O. c. corniger TB85
    |    |--O. c. parvicornis Forel 1915 TB85
    |    `--O. c. sodalis Emery 1914 E14
    |--O. cribriceps (Wheeler 1927) [=Aneleus cribriceps] Z01
    |--O. leei Forel 1902 B03
    |--O. longi [=Erebomyrma longi] WW90
    |--O. mjobergi Forel 1915 TB85
    |--O. norfolkensis Donisthorpe 1941 [=O. manni norfolkensis] TB85
    |--O. pachycerus Forel 1915 [=O. (*Octella) pachycerus] TB85
    |--O. raja Forel 1902 B03
    `--O. rothneyi Forel 1902 B03

Oligomyrmex Mayr 1867 [incl. Aeromyrmex Forel 1891, Aneleus Emery 1900, Crateropsis Patrizi 1948, Erebomyemex Wheeler 1903, Hendecatella Wheeler 1927, Lecanomyrmex Forel 1913, Nimbamyrmex Bernard 1953, Octella Forel 1915, Solenps Karavajew 1903, Spelaeomyrmex Wheeler 1922, Sporocleptes Arnold 1948] Z01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Podomyrma

Podomyrma adelaidae with fly, copyright Mark Newton.

Belongs within: Myrmicinae.

Podomyrma is an Australasian genus of medium-sized, commonly wood-nesting ants characterised by eleven-segmented antennae, a rather long, low petiole, and greatly swollen femora.

<==Podomyrma Smith 1859 [incl. Dacryon Forel 1895, Pseudopodomyrma Crawley 1925] TB85
    |--*P. femorata Smith 1859 TB85
    |--P. abdominalis Emery 1887 TB85
    |    |--P. a. abdominalis TB85
    |    `--P. a. pulchra Forel 1901 TRB85
    |--P. adelaidae (Smith 1858) [=Myrmica adelaidae] TB85
    |    |--P. a. adelaidae [incl. P. bimaculata Forel 1901, P. micans sericeiventris Emery 1898] TB85
    |    |--P. a. brevidentata Forel 1915 TB85
    |    `--P. a. obscurior Forel 1915 TB85
    |--P. basalis Smith 1859 TB85
    |--P. bispinosa Forel 1901 TB85
    |--P. chasei Forel 1901 TB85
    |--P. christae (Forel 1907) [=Dacryon christae] TB85
    |--P. clarki (Crawley 1925) [=*Pseudopodomyrma clarki] TB85
    |--P. convergens Forel 1895 TB85
    |--P. delbruckii Forel 1901 TB85
    |--P. densestrigosa Viehmeyer 1924 TB85
    |    |--P. d. densestrigosa TB85
    |    `--P. d. teres Viehmeyer 1924 TB85
    |--P. elongata Forel 1895 [incl. P. parva Crawley 1925] TB85
    |--P. ferruginea (Clark 1934) [=Dacryon ferruginea] TB85
    |--P. formosa (Smith 1858) [=Myrmica formosa] TB85
    |--P. fortirugis Viehmeyer 1924 TB85
    |--P. gracilis Emery 1887 TB85
    |    |--P. g. gracilis TB85
    |    `--P. g. nugenti Forel 1901 TB85
    |--P. gratiosa (Smith 1858) [=Myrmecina gratiosa] TB85
    |--P. grossestriata Forel 1915 TB85
    |--P. inermis Mayr 1876 TB85
    |--P. kitschneri (Forel 1915) [=Dacryon kitschneri] TB85
    |--P. kraepelini Forel 1901 TB85
    |--P. laevissima Smith 1863 TB85
    |--P. lampros Viehmeyer 1924 TB85
    |--P. libra (Forel 1907) [=Dacryon liber] TB85
    |--P. macrophthalma Viehmeyer 1925 TB85
    |--P. marginata (McAreavey 1949) [=Dacryon marginatus] TB85
    |--P. micans Mayr 1876 TB85
    |    |--P. m. micans TB85
    |    `--P. m. maculiventris Emery 1887 TB85
    |--P. mjobergi (Forel 1915) [=Dacryon mjobergi] TB85
    |--P. muckeli Forel 1910 TB85
    |--P. nitida (Clark 1938) [=Dacryon nitida] TB85
    |--P. novemdentata Forel 1901 TB85
    |--P. nuda Crawley 1922 TB85
    |--P. obscura Stitz 1911 TB85
    |--P. octodentata Forel 1901 TB85
    |--P. odae Forel 1910 TB85
    |--P. omniparens (Forel 1895) [=*Dacryon omniparens] TB85
    |--P. overbecki Viehmeyer 1924 TB85
    |    |--P. o. overbecki TB85
    |    `--P. o. varicolor Viehmeyer 1925 TB85
    |--P. rugosa (Clark 1934) [=Lordomyrma rugosa] TB85
    |--P. striata Smith 1859 [incl. P. castanea Stitz 1911] TB85
    |--P. tricolor Clark 1934 TB85
    `--P. turneri (Forel 1901) [=Dacryon turneri] TB85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

Epopostrumiti

Epopostruma natalae, copyright April Nobile.

Belongs within: Myrmicinae.

The Epopostrumiti are a group of small predatory ants found in Africa and Australasia bearing lateral outgrowths on the petiole and postpetiole.

See also: Trap-jaw ants of Australia (and a couple from Africa).

Characters (from Bolton 1983): Eyes dorsolateral, placed above scrobes when latter are present. Antennae 4- or 6-segmented, second funicular segment not the longest. Palp formula 5,3 or 3,2.

<==Epopostrumiti B83
    |--Microdaceton Santschi 1913 B83
    |    |--*M. exornatum Santschi 1913 [incl. M. exornatum var. laevior Arnold 1948, M. leakeyi Patrizi 1947] B83
    |    `--M. tibialis Weber 1952 B83
    |--Mesostruma Brown 1948 B83, TB85
    |    |--*M. turneri (Forel 1895) [=Strumigenys (Epopostruma) turneri] TB85
    |    |--M. browni Taylor 1962 TB85
    |    |--M. eccentrica Taylor 1973 TB85
    |    |--M. exolympica Taylor 1973 TB85
    |    |--M. inornata H09
    |    |--M. laevigata Brown 1952 TB85
    |    |--M. loweryi Taylor 1973 TB85
    |    `--M. spinosa H09
    |--Colobostruma Wheeler 1927 B83, TB85 [incl. Alistruma B83, Clarkistruma Brown 1948 TB85]
    |    |--*C. leae (Wheeler 1927) [=Epopostruma (*Colobostruma) leae] TB85
    |    |--C. alinodis (Forel 1913) [=Epopostruma alinodis, *Clarkistruma alinodis] TB85
    |    |--C. australis Brown 1959 TB85
    |    |--C. cerornata Brown 1959 TB85
    |    |--C. elliotti (Clark 1928) [=Epitritus elliotti] TB85
    |    |--C. froggatti (Forel 1913) [=Epopostruma froggatti] TB85
    |    |--C. mellea H09
    |    |--C. nancyae Brown 1965 TB85
    |    `--C. papulata Brown 1965 TB85
    `--Epopostruma Forel 1895 [incl. Hexadaceton Brown 1948] TB85
         |--*E. quadrispinosa (Forel 1895) [=Strumigenys (*Epopostruma) quadrispinosa] TB85
         |--E. frosti (Brown 1948) [=*Hexadaceton frosti] TB85
         |--E. inornata H09
         |--E. kangarooensis H09
         |--E. lattini H09
         |--E. mercurii H09
         |--E. monstrosa Viehmeyer 1925 TB85
         |--E. natalae H09
         `--E. sowestensis H09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B83] Bolton, B. 1983. The Afrotropical dacetine ants (Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Entomology series 46 (4): 267–416.

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

Vollenhovia

Vollenhovia emeryi colony, copyright Alex Wild.

Belongs within: Myrmicinae.

Vollenhovia is an Indo-Australian genus of ants most commonly found in forest habitats in association with rotting wood and logs.

Characters (from Terayama 1999): Small to moderate-sized ants, total length of workers around 2–8 mm. Frontal carina and antennal scrobe absent. Clypeus more or less longitudinally bicarinate. Antenna with 12 segments, rarely 11 segments, the funicles ending in a 3-segmented club. Frontal lobe present. Maxillary palp with 1–3 segments, usually 2 segments. Eye present, relatively large. Ventral processes distinct on meso- and metasternum. Middle and hind legs without tibial spur. Petiole sessile or subsessile. Subpetiolar process present, often blade-like. Petiole not particularly more voluminous than postpetole in dorsal view.

<==Vollenhovia Mayr 1865 (see below for synonymy) Z01
    |--*V. punctatostriata Mayr 1865 T99
    |--V. amamiana T99
    |--V. benzai T99
    |--V. brachycera Emery 1914 [=V. brevicornis Emery 1897 non Monomorium brevicorne Emery 1893] E14
    |--V. brevicornis (Emery 1893) [=Monomorium brevicorne] E14
    |--V. denticulata Emery 1914 E14
    |--V. emeryi Wheeler 1906 Z01
    |--V. nipponica T99
    |--V. oblonga (Smith 1860) [=Myrmica oblonga] TB85
    |    |--V. o. oblonga E14
    |    |--V. o. alluaudi E14
    |    |--V. o. dispar E14
    |    |--V. o. laevithorax Emery 1889 E14, B03
    |    `--V. o. pedestris [incl. V. pedestris var. bandarensis] E14
    |--V. okinawana T99
    |--V. rufescens E14
    |--V. sakishimana T99
    `--V. yambaru Terayama 1999 T99

Vollenhovia Mayr 1865 [=Vollenhovenia Forel 1893; incl. Acalama Smith 1949, Dorothea Donisthorpe 1948, Dyomorium Donisthorpe 1947, Gauromyrmex Mennozzi 1933, Heteromyrmex Wheeler 1920, Propdomyrma Wheeler 1915, Solenomyrma Karavajew 1935] Z01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[T99] Terayama, M. 1999. Taxonomic studies of the Japanese Formicidae, part 7. Supplement to the genus Vollenhovia Mayr. Memoirs of the Myrmecological Society of Japan 1: 109–112.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Meranoplus

Meranoplus bicolor worker tending leafhopper, copyright Kalesh Sadasivan.

Belongs within: Meranoplini.

Meranoplus is a palaeotropical genus of ants characterised by nine-segmented antenna together with the dorsum of the anterior mesosoma being flattened and projecting to form a shield, often with regular protruding edges separated by translucent 'windows'.

<==Meranoplus Smith 1854 TB85
    |--*M. bicolor (Guérin-Meneville 1844) Z01 (see below for synonymy)
    |--M. aureolus Crawley 1921 TB85
    |    |--M. a. aureolus TB85
    |    |--M. a. doddi Santschi 1928 TB85
    |    `--M. a. linae Santschi 1928 TB85
    |--M. barretti Santschi 1928 TB85
    |--M. belli Forel 1902 B03
    |--M. dichrous Forel 1907 TB85
    |--M. dimidiatus Smith 1867 TB85
    |--M. diversus Smith 1867 TB85
    |    |--M. d. diversus TB85
    |    |--M. d. duyfkeni Forel 1915 TB85
    |    |--M. d. oxleyi Forel 1915 TB85
    |    `--M. d. unicolor Forel 1902 TB85
    |--M. excavatus Clark 1938 TB85
    |--M. fenestratus Smith 1867 TB85
    |--M. ferrugineus Crawley 1922 TB85
    |--M. froggatti Forel 1913 TB85
    |--M. hilli Crawley 1922 TB85
    |--M. hirsutus Mayr 1876 TB85
    |    |--M. h. hirsutus TB85
    |    |--M. h. minor Forel 1902 TB85
    |    `--M. h. rugosa Crawley 1922 TB85
    |--M. hospes Forel 1910 TB85
    |--M. laeviventris Emery 1889 B03
    |--M. leveillei Emery 1883 E14
    |--M. malaysianus N-ZLI11
    |--M. mars Forel 1902 TB85
    |    |--M. m. mars TB85
    |    `--M. m. ajax Forel 1915 TB85
    |--M. mcarthuri H09
    |--M. minimus Crawley 1922 (see below for synonymy) TB85
    |--M. mjobergi Forel 1915 TB85
    |--M. mucronatus Smith 1857 B03
    |--M. oceanicus Smith 1862 TB85
    |--M. pubescens (Smith 1854) [=Cryptocerus pubescens] TB85
    |--M. puryi Forel 1902 TB85
    |    |--M. p. puryi TB85
    |    `--M. p. curvispina Forel 1910 TB85
    |--M. radamae BS06
    |--M. rothneyi Forel 1902 B03
    |--M. rugosus H09
    |--M. similis Viehmeyer 1922 TB85
    `--M. testudineus McAreavey 1956 TB85

*Meranoplus bicolor (Guérin-Meneville 1844) Z01 [=Cryptocerus bicolor TB85; incl. Me. dimicans Walker 1859 B03, Myrmica tarda Jerdon 1851 Z01, Me. villosus Motsch. 1859 B03]

Meranoplus minimus Crawley 1922 [=M. crawleyi Viehmeyer 1925, M. minor Crawley 1918 non M. hirsutus minor Forel 1902] TB85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[BS06] Brady, S. G., T. R. Schultz, B. L. Fisher & P. S. Ward. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (48): 18172–18177.

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[N-ZLI11] Nur-Zati A. M., G. T. Lim & A. B. Idris. 2011. Checklist of ants of selected hill dipterocarp forests of peninsular Malaysia. Serangga 16 (1): 91–105.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Cardiocondyla

Cardiocondyla wroughtonii, copyright April Nobile.

Belongs within: Myrmicinae.

Cardiocondyla is a genus of small, mostly soil-dwelling ants found in warmer regions of the Old World.

Characters (from Terayama 1999): Total length of workers around 1.5–3.5 mm. Head rectangular with rounded posterior margin. Mandible triangular, usually with five teeth. Clypeus widely projecting anteriorly, covering base of mandible. Eye relatively well-developed. Antenna with twelve segments (eleven in some species), the apical three segments forming a club. Palpal formula 5,3. Dorsal outline of mesosoma almost straight in profile. Propodeal spine varying from absent to long. Petiole slender in most species, with peduncle and subpetiolar process. Postpetiole depressed in profile, broad in dorsal view, wider than long, wider than petiole. Dorsal areas of head and mesosoma lacking hairs. Legs short; middle and hind legs without tibial spurs.

<==Cardiocondyla Emery 1869 T99 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*C. elegans Emery 1869 T99 [incl. C. elegans var. ulianini Emery 1889 E89]
    |--C. atalanta Forel 1915 H09, TB85 [=C. nuda atalanta TB85]
    |--C. batesii S09
    |--C. bulgarica S09
    |--C. ectopia WW90
    |--C. emeryi T99
    |--C. insutura Zhou 2001 Z01
    |--C. kagutsuchi Terayama 1999 T99
    |--C. mauritanica Forel 1890 FT08
    |--C. monardi Z01
    |--C. nuda (Mayr 1866) [=Leptothorax nuda; incl. C. nuda var. minutior Forel 1899] Z01
    |    |--C. n. nuda TB85
    |    `--C. n. nereis Wheeler 1927 TB85
    |--C. obscurior S09
    |--C. parvinoda Forel 1902 B03
    |--C. tsukuyomi Terayama 1999 T99
    |--C. wroughtonii (Forel 1890) (see below for synonymy) Z01
    `--C. yamauchii Terayama 1999 T99

Cardiocondyla Emery 1869 T99 [incl. Dyclona Santschi 1930 Z01, Emeryia Forel 1890 Z01, Loncyda Santschi 1930 Z01, Prosopidris Wheeler 1935 Z01, Xenometra Emery 1917 Z01]

Cardiocondyla wroughtonii (Forel 1890) [=Emeryia wroughtonii; incl. C. bicolor Donisthorpe 1930, C. wroughtonii var. bimaculata Wheeler 1929, C. emeryi chlorotica Menozzi 1930, C. wroughtonii var. hawaiensis Forel 1899] Z01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[E89] Emery, C. 1889. Intorno ad alcune formiche della fauna palearctica. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 439–443.

[FT08] Framenau, V. W., & M. L. Thomas. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 45–85.

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[S09] Seifert, B. 2009. Cryptic species in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) revisited: we need a change in the alpha-taxonomic approach. Myrmecological News 12: 149–166.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[T99] Terayama, M. 1999. Taxonomic studies of the Japanese Formicidae, part 6. Genus Cardiocondyla Emery. Memoirs of the Myrmecological Society of Japan 1: 99–107.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Leptothorax

Leptothorax acervorum, copyright April Nobile.

Belongs within: Myrmicinae.

Leptothorax is a Holarctic genus of small ants with monomorphic workers (Terayama & Onoyama 1999).

Characters (from Terayama & Onoyama 1999): Mandibles usually each with five teeth (six in some species); apical tooth largest; basal smallest. Palpal formula 5,3. Median area of clypeus broad, extending between frontal lobes. Anterior margin of clypeus varying in shape from weakly convex to strongly produced medially. Frontal carinae short. Antennae 11- or 12-segmented; apical three segments forming a club. Eyes medium to large in size, situated at mid length or slightly forwards on sides of head. Anterolateral corners of pronotum round to angulate in dorsal view. Metanotal groove varying from deeply impressed to obscure or absent. Propodeum with posterodorsal spines or teeth (rarely absent). Body hairs usually short, stout and erect, sometimes long or absent.

<==Leptothorax Mayr 1855 TO99 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*L. acervorum (Fabricius 1793) (see below for synonymy) TO99
    |--L. anira Terayama & Onoyama 1999 TO99
    |--L. antera Terayama & Onoyama 1999 TO99
    |--L. arimensis Azuma 1977 TO99
    |--L. australis Wheeler 1934 [=L. (Goniothorax) australis] TB85
    |--L. basara Terayama & Onoyama 1999 TO99
    |--L. bikara Terayama & Onoyama 1999 TO99
    |--L. carinatus WW90
    |--L. carvispinosus Mayr 1866 [=L. (*Myrafant) carvispinosus] TO99
    |--L. chamberlini [=Symmyrmica chamberlini] WW90
    |--L. clypeatus (Mayr 1853) [=Myrmica clypeata] TB85
    |--L. confucii TO99
    |--L. congruus Smith 1874 [=L. (Myrafant) congruus] TO99
    |--L. fultoni Forel 1902 B03
    |--L. haira Terayama & Onoyama 1999 TO99
    |--L. hispidus WW90
    |--L. indra Terayama & Onoyama 1999 TO99
    |--L. inermis Forel 1902 B03
    |--L. kinomurai Terayama & Onoyama 1999 TO99
    |--L. koreanus Teranishi 1940 [=L. (Nesomyrmex) koreanus] TO99
    |--L. kubira Terayama & Onoyama 1999 TO99
    |--L. kutteri S09
    |--L. makora Terayama & Onoyama 1999 TO99
    |--L. muscorum BS06
    |--L. nitens M93
    |--L. obliquicanthus WW90
    |--L. pacis S09
    |--L. rothneyi Forel 1902 B03
    |--L. santra Terayama & Onoyama 1999 TO99
    |--L. schurri Forel 1902 [=L. rothneyi schurri] B03
    |--L. spinosior Forel 1901 [=L. congruus var. spinosior, L. (Myrafant) congruus var. spinosior] TO99
    |--L. stenotyle WW90
    |--L. taylori Forel 1902 B03
    `--L. tuscaloosae WW90

Leptothorax Mayr 1855 TO99 [=Mychothorax Ruzsky 1904 TO99; incl. Antillaemyrmex Mann 1920 Z01, Caulomyrma Forel 1914 Z01, Croesomyrmex Mann 1920 Z01, Dichothorax Emery 1895 Z01, Goniothorax Emery 1896 Z01, Icothorax Hamann & Klemm 1967 Z01, Limnomyrmex Arnold 1948 Z01, Macromischa Roger 1863 Z01, Myrafant Smith 1950 TO99, Myrmammophilus Menozzi 1925 Z01]

*Leptothorax acervorum (Fabricius 1793) [=Formica acervorum, L. (*Mychothorax) acervorum; incl. L. acervorum kamtschaticum Rzusky 1920, Myrmica lacteipennis Zetterstedt 1838, Mychothorax acervorum orientalis Kuznetsov-Ugamsky 1928] TO99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera. Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[BS06] Brady, S. G., T. R. Schultz, B. L. Fisher & P. S. Ward. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (48): 18172–18177.

[M93] Mockford, E. L. 1993. North American Psocoptera (Insecta). Sandhill Crane Press, Inc.

[S09] Seifert, B. 2009. Cryptic species in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) revisited: we need a change in the alpha-taxonomic approach. Myrmecological News 12: 149–166.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[TO99] Terayama, M., & K. Onoyama. 1999. The ant genus Leptothorax Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Japan. Memoirs of the Myrmecological Society of Japan 1: 71–97.

[WW90] Wheeler, G. C., & J. Wheeler. 1990. Insecta: Hymenoptera Formicidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1277–1294. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Orectognathus

Orectognathus antennatus, copyright April Nobile.

Belongs within: Myrmicinae.

Orectognathus is an Australasian genus of ants with long and thin trap-jaw mandibles.

Characters (from Bolton 1983): Eyes laterally placed on head; antennal scrobes absent; antennae five-segmented, second funicular segment the longest except scape; palp formula 5,3.

<==Orectognathus Smith 1854 TB85 [incl. Arnoldidris B83; Orectognathiti]
    |--*O. antennatus Smith 1854 [incl. O. antennatus septentrionalis Forel 1910] TB85
    |--O. alligator Taylor 1980 TB85
    |--O. clarki Brown 1953 TB85
    |--O. coccinatus Taylor 1980 TB85
    |--O. darlingtoni Taylor 1977 TB85
    |--O. elegantulus Taylor 1977 TB85
    |--O. howensis Wheeler 1927 [=O. antennatus howensis] TB85
    |--O. kanangra Taylor 1980 TB85
    |--O. mjobergi Forel 1915 [incl. O. mjobergi unicolor Forel 1915] TB85
    |--O. nanus Taylor 1977 TB85
    |--O. nigriventris Mercovich 1958 TB85
    |--O. parvispinus Taylor 1977 TB85
    |--O. phyllobates Brown 1958 TB85
    |--O. robustus Taylor 1977 TB85
    |--O. rostratus Lowery 1967 TB85
    |--O. sarasini Emery 1914 E14
    |--O. satan Brown 1953 TB85
    |--O. sexspinosus Forel 1915 TB85
    `--O. versicolor Donisthorpe 1940 TB85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B83] Bolton, B. 1983. The Afrotropical dacetine ants (Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Entomology series 46 (4): 267–416.

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

Plagiolepis

Plagiolepis alluaudi, copyright Brian Heterick.

Belongs within: Plagiolepidini.

Plagiolepis is an Old World genus of minute predatory ants.

Characters (from Heterick 2009): Antenna 11-segmented; palps long, palpal formula 6-4; propodeum smooth, unarmed; acidipore present.

Plagiolepis Mayr 1861 [incl. Anacantholepis Santschi 1914, Aporomyrmex Faber 1969, Paraplagiolepis Faber 1969] Z01
    |--*P. pygmaea (Latreille 1798) [=Formica pygmaea] TB85
    |--P. alluaudi Forel 1894 FT08
    |--P. custodiens A61
    |--P. dichroa Forel 1902 B03
    |--P. exigua Forel 1894 FT08
    |    |--P. e. exigua TB85
    |    `--P. exigua quadrimaculata Forel 1902 TB85
    |--P. jerdoni Forel 1894 B03
    |--P. lucidula Wheeler 1934 TB85
    |--P. moelleri Bingham 1903 B03
    |--P. pissina Roger 1863 B03
    |--P. rogeri Forel 1894 B03
    |--P. rothneyi Forel 1894 [=Acantholepis (Lepisiota) rothneyi] Z01
    |--P. squamosula Wheeler 1934 TB85 [incl. P. clarki Wheeler 1934 H09, TB85, P. nynganensis McAreavey 1949 H09, TB85]
    |    |--P. s. squamosula TB85
    |    `--P. ‘clarki’ impasta Wheeler 1934 TB85
    |--P. taurica ES12
    |--P. vindobonensis ES12
    |--P. watsoni Forel 1894 [=P. rothneyi watsoni] B03
    `--P. wroughtoni Forel 1902 [=P. rothneyi wroughtoni] B03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Andreae, H. 1961. Coleoptera: Cossyphodidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 198–216. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[ES12] Espadaler, X., & S. Santamaria. 2012. Ecto- and endoparasitic fungi on ants from the Holarctic region. Psyche 2012: 168478.

[FT08] Framenau, V. W., & M. L. Thomas. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 45–85.

[H09] Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76: 1–206.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).

Lasiini

Paraparatrechina glabra, copyright Erin Prado.

Belongs within: Formicinae.
Contains: Lasius, Nylanderia, Prenolepis.

The Lasiini are a clade of formicine ants united by molecular phylogenetic analysis, as well as the possession of a circular or subcircular propodeal spiracle and widely separated hind coxae.

<==Lasiini [Acanthomyopsini, Prenolepidii] WBF16
    |  i. s.: Glaphyromyrmex WBF16
    |--Cladomyrma petalae WBF16
    `--+--+--Lasius BS06
       |  `--Myrmecocystus Wesm. 1838 BS06, B03
       |       |--*M. melligera B03
       |       |--M. albicans G89
       |       |--M. cursor MS01
       |       |--M. flaviceps BS06
       |       |--M. mimicus ES12
       |       |--M. setipes Forel 1894 [=M. viaticus setipes] B03
       |       `--M. viaticus MS01
       `--+--+--Nylanderia WBF16
          |  `--+--Pseudolasius Emery 1887 [incl. Nesolasius Wheeler 1935] LBS10
          |     |    |--*P. familiaris (Smith 1861) [=Formica familiaris] Z01
          |     |    |--P. australis Forel 1915 TB85
          |     |    |--P. cibdelus Z01
          |     |    |--P. emeryi Forel 1911 Z01
          |     |    |--P. risii Forel 1894 Z01
          |     |    |--P. similus Zhou 2001 Z01
          |     |    `--P. typhlops [=P. (*Nesolasius) typhlops] LBS10
          |     `--+--Euprenolepis Emery 1906 [incl. Chapmanella Wheeler 1930] LBS10
          |        |    |--*E. procera [=Prenolepis (*Euprenolepis) procera] LBS10
          |        |    |--E. negrosensis LBS10
          |        |    |--E. varigata N-ZLI11
          |        |    `--E. wittei N-ZLI11
          |        `--Paratrechina Motschoulsky 1863 LBS10, T99
          |             |  i. s.: P. aseta (Forel 1902) [=Prenolepis aseta, Pa. (Nylanderia) aseta] Z01
          |             |         P. opisopthalmos Zhou & Zheng 1998 Z01
          |             |--P. longicornis (Latreille 1802) WBF16, FT08 (see below for synonymy)
          |             `--+--P. antsingy WBF16
          |                `--P. zanjensis WBF16
          `--+--+--Prenolepis WBF16
             |  `--Zatania albimaculata WBF16
             `--+--‘Prenolepis’ albimaculata LBS10
                `--Paraparatrechina Donisthorpe 1947 WBF16, LBS10
                     |  i. s.: *P. pallida (Donisthorpe 1947) T99 [=Paratrechina (*Paraparatrechina) pallida LBS10]
                     |         P. albipes [=Paratrechina albipes] LBS10
                     |         P. bufonus [=Pseudolasius bufonus] LBS10
                     |         P. butteli [=Paratrechina butteli] LBS10
                     |           |--P. b. butteli LBS10
                     |           |--P. b. bryanti [=Paratrechina butteli bryanti] LBS10
                     |           `--P. b. malaccana [=Paratrechina butteli malaccana] LBS10
                     |         P. caledonica [=Paratrechina caledonica] LBS10
                     |         P. dichroa [=Paratrechina dichroa] LBS10
                     |         P. emarginata [=Paratrechina emarginata] LBS10
                     |         P. foreli [=Paratrechina foreli] LBS10
                     |           |--P. f. foreli LBS10
                     |           `--P. f. nigriventris [=Paratrechina nigriventris] LBS10
                     |         P. iridescens [=Paratrechina iridescens] LBS10
                     |         P. koningsbergeri [=Paratrechina koningsbergeri] LBS10
                     |         P. lecamopteridis [=Paratrechina lecamopteridis] LBS10
                     |         P. minutula (Forel 1901) LBS10, FT08 (see below for synonymy)
                     |           |--P. m. minutula LBS10
                     |           `--P. m. buxtoni LBS10
                     |         P. nana (Santschi 1928) LBS10, TB85 [=Paratrechina (Nylanderia) nana LBS10, TB85]
                     |         P. nettae [=Paratrechina nettae] LBS10
                     |         P. opaca [=Paratrechina opaca] LBS10
                     |           |--P. o. opaca LBS10
                     |           `--P. o. metallescens [=Paratrechina opaca metallescens] LBS10
                     |         P. pusillima [=Paratrechina pusillima] LBS10
                     |         P. sauteri (Forel 1913) LBS10, Z01 (see below for synonymy)
                     |         P. subtilis [=Paratrechina subtilis] LBS10
                     |           |--P. s. subtilis LBS10
                     |           `--P. s. termitophila [=Paratrechina subtilis termitophila] LBS10
                     |         P. tapinomoides [=Paratrechina tapinomoides] LBS10
                     |--P. oceanica [=Paratrechina oceanica] LBS10
                     `--+--P. glabra [=Paratrechina glabra] LBS10
                        `--P. weissi [=Pseudolasius weissi] LBS10

Paraparatrechina minutula (Forel 1901) LBS10, FT08 [=Prenolepis minutula TB85, Paratrechina minutula LBS10, Pr. (Nylanderia) minutula E14]

Paraparatrechina sauteri (Forel 1913) LBS10, Z01 [=Prenolepis (Nylanderia) minutula r. sauteri Z01, Paratrechina (N.) sauteri LBS10, Z01]

Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille 1802) WBF16, FT08 [=Formica longicornis B03, Prenolepis (Nylanderia) longicornis E14; incl. *Paratrechina currens Motschoulsky 1863 T99, Formica gracilescens Nylander 1856 Z01, Paratrechina longicornis hagemanni (Forel 1901) LBS10, F. vagans Jerdon 1851 Z01]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B03] Bingham, C. T. 1903. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera vol. 2. Ants and Cuckoo-Wasps. Taylor and Francis: London.

[BS06] Brady, S. G., T. R. Schultz, B. L. Fisher & P. S. Ward. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (48): 18172–18177.

[E14] Emery, C. 1914. Les fourmis de la Nouvelle-Calédonie & des îles Loyalty. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 393–436, pl. 12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[ES12] Espadaler, X., & S. Santamaria. 2012. Ecto- and endoparasitic fungi on ants from the Holarctic region. Psyche 2012: 168478.

[FT08] Framenau, V. W., & M. L. Thomas. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 45–85.

[G89] Gestro, R. 1889. Viaggio ab Assab nel Mar Rosso dei signori G. Doria ed O. Beccari con il R. Avviso «Esploratore» dal 16 Novembre 1879 al 26 Febbraio 1880.—IV. Coleotteri. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 5–72.

[LBS10] LaPolla, J. S., S. G. Brady & S. O. Shattuck. 2010. Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Prenolepis genus-group of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 35: 118–131.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[N-ZLI11] Nur-Zati A. M., G. T. Lim & A. B. Idris. 2011. Checklist of ants of selected hill dipterocarp forests of peninsular Malaysia. Serangga 16 (1): 91–105.

[TB85] Taylor, R. W., & D. R. Brown. 1985. Formicoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 1–149. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[T99] Terayama, M. 1999. Taxonomic studies of the Japanese Formicidae, part 5. Genus Paratrechina Motschulsky. Memoirs of the Myrmecological Society of Japan 1: 49–64.

[WBF16] Ward, P. S., B. B. Blaimer & B. L. Fisher. 2016. A revised phylogenetic classification of the ant subfamily Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with resurrection of the genera Colobopsis and Dinomyrmex. Zootaxa 4072 (3): 343–357.

[Z01] Zhou, S. 2001. Ants of Guangxi. Guangxi Normal University Press: Guilin (China).