Icthyocrinidae

Clidochirus springeri, from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Belongs within: Inadunata.

The Icthyocrinidae are a group of crinoids known from the early Silurian to the early Carboniferous in which the crown lacks a marked boundary between cup and arms (Moore 1978).

Characters (from Eckert & Brett 2001): Crown ovoid to pyriform without demarcation between cup and arms in lateral view. Infrabasals typically small, visible in side view or concealed. Radianal situated directly below C ray radial. Anal X, if present, occasionally succeeded by additional plates. Anal sac and interbrachials absent. Arms isotomous, proximal brachials sutured laterally.

Icthyocrinidae [Ichthyocrinacea, Ichthyocrinidae, Ichthyocrinites, Icthyocrinacea]
    |--Cleistocrinus Springer 1920 EB01
    |    `--*C. humilis (Angelin 1878) [=Calpiocrinus humilis] M78
    |--Synaptocrinus Springer 1920 EB01
    |    `--*S. nuntius (Hall 1862) [=Forbesiocrinus nuntius] M78
    |--Paraclidochirus Webster & Fox 1986 EB01
    |    |--‘Clidochirus’ gratiosus Strimple 1963 EB01
    |    `--‘Clidochirus’ keyserensis Stringer 1920 EB01
    |--Prolixocrinus Eckert & Brett 2001 EB01
    |    |--*P. nodocaudis Eckert & Brett 2001 EB01
    |    `--P. americanus (Springer 1920) [=Clidochirus americanus] EB01
    |--Metichthyocrinus Springer 1920 EB01
    |    |--*M. burlingtonensis (Hall 1858) [=Ichthyocrinus burlingtonensis] M78
    |    |--M. clarkensis M78
    |    `--M. tiaraeformis (Troost in Hall 1858) [=Ichthyocrinus tiaraeformis, Cyathocrinites tiaraeformis] M78
    |--Ichthyocrinus Conrad 1842 EB01 [=Icthyocrinus M78]
    |    |--*I. laevis Conrad 1842 [=Icthyocrinus laevis] M78
    |    |--I. clintonensis Hall 1852 EB01
    |    `--I. pyriformis M78
    `--Clidochirus Angelin 1878 EB01 [=Clidocrinus (l. c.) M78]
         |--*C. pyrum Angelin 1878 EB01
         |--C. serrulatus Brower 1973 EB01
         `--C. springeri Ausich 1984 EB01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[EB01] Eckert, J. D., & C. E. Brett. 2001. Early Silurian (Llandovery) crinoids from the Lower Clinton Group, western New York State. Bulletins of American Paleontology 360: 1–88.

[M78] Moore, R. C. 1978. Flexibilia. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T759–T812. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Acrocrinidae

Springeracrocrinus conicus, from Webster et al. (2003).

Belongs within: Compsocrinina.

The Acrocrinidae are a group of crinoids known from the Carboniferous, characterised by the possession of a tall calyx containing intercalary plates (Ubaghs 1978).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978): Crown ovoid to pyriform, with height exceeding greatest width; arms (where known) erect or pendent, biserial, pinnulate; calyx subconical, vaselike, tall ovoid, or subglobular, with two equal basals separated by suture between them oriented anteroposteriorly; radials five, laterally adjoining one another except C and D radials, which are separated by primanals; radials and basals not in contact but set apart by few to very many intervening supplementary plates collectively designated as intercalaries; tegmen flat to gently convex, with or without differentiated orals and having few or extremely numerous small plates, anal vent near posterior margin, inconspicuous or located at tip of anal pyramid. Column transversely circular, homeomorphic or heteromorphic, with columnal articular facets peripherally crenulate; axial canal diminutive, circular to distinctly quinquelobate in section.

Acrocrinidae
    |--Planacrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 [Planacrocrininae] U78
    |    |--*P. ambix Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
    |    `--P. conicus U78
    |--Acrocrininae U78
    |    |--Acrocrinus Yandell 1855 U78
    |    |    `--*A. shumardi Yandell 1855 U78
    |    |--Amphoracrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
    |    |    `--*A. amphora (Wachsmuth & Springer 1897) [=Acrocrinus amphora] U78
    |    `--Platyacrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
    |         `--*P. brentwoodensis (Moore & Plummer 1938) [=Acrocrinus brentwoodensis] U78
    `--Globacrocrininae WM03
         |--Caucacrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
         |    `--*C. urnula Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
         |--Dinarocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
         |    `--*D. expansus (Strimple 1951) [=Acrocrinus expansus] U78
         |--Metacrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
         |    `--*M. pumpkensis (Strimple 1949) [=Acrocrinus pumpkensis] U78
         |--Protacrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
         |    `--*P. primitivus (Laudon & Beane 1937) [=Acrocrinus primitivus] U78
         |--Globacrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
         |    |--*G. pirum (Moore & Plummer 1938) [=Acrocrinus pirum] U78
         |    `--G. rotundus U78
         `--Springeracrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 WM03
              |--*S. intermedius (Springer 1926) WM03 [=Acrocrinus intermedius U78]
              |--S. conicus Webster, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
              |--S. mjatschkowensis U78
              `--S. praecursor (Springer 1926) WM03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[U78] Ubaghs, G. 1978. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[WM03] Webster, G. D., C. G. Maples, R. Mawson & M. Dastanpour. 2003. A cladid-dominated Early Mississippian crinoid and conodont fauna from Kerman Province, Iran and revision of the glossocrinids and rhenocrinids. Journal of Paleontology 77 (Suppl. 3): 1–35.

Dolatocrinidae

Calyx of Dolatocrinus lacus in (left to right) A-ray, basal and tegminal views, from Ubaghs (1978).

Belongs within: Glyptocrinina.

The Dolatocrinidae are a group of crinoids known from the Lower to Middle Devonian that commonly exhibit a markedly pentaradial calyx (Ubaghs 1978).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978): Basals three, unequal or commonly fused; fixed primibrachs one or two and fixed secundibrachs one to seven in each ray; brachitaxes as far as fixed quartibrachs may be incorporated in calyx, which tends to acquire perfect pentameral symmetry; interradials not exceeding three or four ranges, first one large, none to two next above, extra interprimibrachs sometimes present in CD interray; intersecundibrachs and intertertibrachs rarely developed. Tegmen stout, wih or without anal tube. Free arms simple or branching, composed of biserial or compound brachials. Column cylindrical, relatively large, may be lateral flanges.

Dolatocrinidae [Dolatocrinites]
    |--Comanthocrinus Springer 1921 U78
    |    `--*C. indianensis (Miller & Gurley 1897) [=Stereocrinus indianensis] U78
    |--Craterocrinus Goldring 1923 U78
    |    `--*C. ruedemanni Goldring 1923 U78
    |--Clarkeocrinus Goldring 1923 U78
    |    |--*C. troosti (Hall 1862) [=Cacabocrinus troosti] U78
    |    `--C. spriesterbachi U78
    `--Dolatocrinus Lyon 1857 (see below for synonymy) U78
         |--*D. lacus Lyon 1857 U78
         |--D. exculptus U78
         |--D. grandis U78
         `--‘*Stereocrinus’ triangulatus Barris 1878 U78

Dolatocrinus Lyon 1857 [incl. Cacabocrinites Troost 1850 (n. n.), Cacabocrinus Hall 1862, Stereocrinus Barris 1878] U78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[U78] Ubaghs, G. 1978. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Hexacrinitidae

Hexacrinites sp., from Lithos Harelbeke.

Belongs within: Compsocrinina.

The Hexacrinitidae are a group of crinoids known from the Upper Silurian to the Upper Devonian with a further possible record in the Middle Carboniferous (Ubaghs 1978).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978): Calyx medium conical to bowl-shaped, with low to moderately high tegmen; basals three, subequal; primibrachs typically not incorporated in calyx but commonly joined with interprimibrach tegminal plates; primanal generally of approximately same size as radials. Tegmen stout, composed of small to medium-sized plates, orals and ambulacrals commonly distinct; anus opening directly through tegmen or at end of short tube. Arms two in each ray, branching. Column circular in cross section.

Hexacrinitidae [Hexacrinidae]
    |--Ivanovaecrinus Arendt 1983 WM03
    |--Adelocrinus Phillips 1841 [incl. Perischodomus Tornquist 1898 non M’Coy 1849] LMW01
    |    `--*A. hystrix Phillips 1841 J78, LMW01 [=Arthroacantha hystrix LMW01]
    |--Platyhexacrinus Schmidt 1913 U78
    |    `--*P. inornatus Schmidt 1913 U78
    |--Prohexacrinus Yakovlev 1946 U78
    |    `--*P. arcticus Yakovlev 1946 U78
    |--Oehlerticrinus Le Menn 1975 U78
    |    |--*O. seillouensis Le Menn 1975 U78
    |    `--O. lefretensis U78
    |--Arthroacantha Williams 1883 [=Arthracantha Hinde 1886; incl. Hystricrinus Hinde 1885] U78
    |    |--*A. ithacensis Williams 1883 [=*Arthracantha ithacensis] U78
    |    |--‘*Hystricrinus’ carpenteri Hinde 1885 U78
    |    |--A. depressa U78
    |    `--A. schwerdii U78
    `--Hexacrinites Austin & Austin 1843 WM03 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*H. interscapularis (Phillips 1841) (see below for synonymy) U78
         |--H. carboniferous U78
         |--‘*Triplaricrinites’ exculptus Goldfuss in Schultze 1866 (see below for synonymy) U78
         |--H. limbatus WM03
         |--H. occidentalis WM03
         |--H. pinnulata Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
         `--H. verrucosus U78

Hexacrinites Austin & Austin 1843 WM03 [incl. Hexacrinus Austin & Austin 1844 U78, Triplaricrinites Goldfuss in Schultze 1866 U78, Triplaricrinus Zittel 1879 U78]

*Hexacrinites interscapularis (Phillips 1841) [=Platycrinus interscapularis; incl. *Hexacrinus melo Austin & Austin 1844] U78

‘*Triplaricrinites’ exculptus Goldfuss in Schultze 1866 [=*Triplaricrinus exculptus; incl. Hexacrinus pateraeformis Schultze 1866] U78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[J78] Jeffords, R. M. 1978. Dissociated crinoid skeletal elements. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 3 pp. T928–T937. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[LMW01] Lane, N. G., C. G. Maples & J. A. Waters. 2001. Revision of Late Devonian (Famennian) and some Early Carboniferous (Tournaisian) crinoids and blastoids from the type Devonian area of north Devon. Palaeontology 44 (6): 1043–1080.

[U78] Ubaghs, G. 1978. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[WM03] Waters, J. A., C. G. Maples, N. G. Lane, S. Marcus, Liao Z.-T., Liu L., Hou H.-F. & Wang J.-X. 2003. A quadrupling of Famennian pelmatozoan diversity: New Late Devonian blastoids and crinoids from northwest China. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 922–948.

Dichocrinidae

Dichocrinus cinctus, from Fossilcrinoids.com.

Belongs within: Compsocrinina.

The Dichocrinidae are a group of crinoids known from the Carboniferous and Permian periods that commonly bore hypertrophied wing plates on the tegmen (Ubaghs 1978b).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978b): Calyx small; basals two, equal, with A-CD interbasal suture; radials five, separated on posterior side by primanal. Tegmen variable in height and prominence, with hypertrophied wing plates, or secondarily simplified to five orals. Free arms primitively uniserial and two to each ray, becoming biserial and four to six in each ray in advanced forms. Stem round transversely and straight, or coiled and bilateral.

Dichocrinidae [Dichocrininae, Talarocrininae]
    |--Strimplecrinus Broadhead 1981 WM03
    |    `--S. dyerensis WM03
    |--Neodichocrinus Wanner 1937 U78b
    |    `--*N. nanus Wanner 1937 U78b
    |--Paradichocrinus Springer 1926 U78b
    |    `--*P. polydactylus (Casseday & Lyon 1862) [=Dichocrinus polydactylus] U78b
    |--Stomiocrinus Wanner 1937 U78b
    |    `--*S. subglobosus Wanner 1937 U78b
    |--Talarocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1881 U78b (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*T. cornigerus (Shumard 1857) [=Dichocrinus cornigerus] U78b
    |    `--T. patei U78b
    |--Camptocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1897 U78b
    |    |--*C. myelodactylus Wachsmuth & Springer 1897 U78b
    |    |--C. compressus U78a
    |    |--C. crawfordvillensis U78a
    |    `--C. multicirrus U78a
    |--Pterotocrinus Lyon & Casseday 1859 (see below for synonymy) U78b
    |    |--*P. capitalis (Lyon 1857) [=Asterocrinus capitalis] U78b
    |    |--P. bifurcatus U78b
    |    |--P. coronarius U78b
    |    |--P. pyramidalis U78a
    |    `--P. spatulus BL78
    `--Dichocrinus Münster 1839 WM03 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*D. radiatus Münster 1839 [=*Dichocrinites radiatus] U78b
         |--D. angustus U78a
         |--D. cinctus (Miller & Gurley 1896) WM03
         |--D. crassitestus U78b
         |--D. douglassi (Miller & Gurley 1890) WM03
         |--D. labyrinthus Webster, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
         |--‘Platycrinus’ ornatus M’Coy 1844 [=*Edwardsocrinus ornatus, Edwarsocrinus ornatus] U78b
         |--‘*Cotyledonocrinus’ pentalobus Casseday & Lyon 1862 U78b
         |--D. recurvibrachiatus U78a
         `--D. shamsensis Webster, Maples et al. 2003 WM03

Dichocrinus Münster 1839 WM03 [=Dichocrinites Geinitz 1846 U78b; incl. Cotyledonocrinus Casseday & Lyon 1862 U78b, Edwardsocrinus d’Orbigny 1850 U78b, Edwarsocrinus U78b]

Pterotocrinus Lyon & Casseday 1859 [incl. Asterocrinus Lyon 1857 non Münster 1839, Codonocrinites Troost 1850 (n. n.), Codonocrinus Shumard 1868] U78b

Talarocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1881 U78b [incl. Daemenocrinites Troost 1850 (n. n.) U78b, Daemenocrinus Bather in Lankester 1900 (n. n.) U78b, Doliolocrinites Troost in Hall 1858 (n. n.) U78b, Doliocrinites Shumard 1866 A78, Doliolocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1881 (n. n.) U78b]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A78] Anon. 1978. Unassigned taxa. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 3 p. T928. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[BL78] Breimer, A., & N. G. Lane. 1978. Ecology and paleoecology. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T316–T347. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U78a] Ubaghs, G. 1978a. Skeletal morphology of fossil crinoids. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T58–T216. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U78b] Ubaghs, G. 1978b. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[WM03] Webster, G. D., C. G. Maples, R. Mawson & M. Dastanpour. 2003. A cladid-dominated Early Mississippian crinoid and conodont fauna from Kerman Province, Iran and revision of the glossocrinids and rhenocrinids. Journal of Paleontology 77 (Suppl. 3): 1–35.

Carpocrinidae

Carpocrinus simplex, from Akiyasu Shimizu.

Belongs within: Compsocrinina.

The Carpocrinidae are a group of crinoids with simple arms known from the Middle Silurian to the Middle Devonian (Ubaghs 1978).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978): Fixed secundibrachs one to three in each half-ray, exceptionally more; interprimibrachs one to many, connecting with or separated from tegmen; CD interray primitively and typically with median series of anal plates. Tegmen solid, with orals and ambulacrals ordinarily distinct. Free arms simple, usually two in each ray, uniserial or biserial; brachials simple or compound. Column cylindrical.

Carpocrinidae [Barrandeocrinidae, Carpocrinidées, Carpocriniens, Desmidocrinidae, Habrocrinidae, Methabocrinidae]
    |--Acacocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1897 U78
    |    `--*A. elrodi Wachsmuth & Springer 1897 U78
    |--Barrandeocrinus Angelin 1878 U78
    |    `--*B. sceptrum Angelin 1878 U78
    |--Methabocrinus Jaekel 1918 U78
    |    `--*M. erraticus Jaekel 1918 U78
    |--Bohemicocrinus Waagen & Jahn 1899 [=Bohemiocrinus (l. c.); incl. Vletavicrinus Waagen & Jahn 1899] U78
    |    `--*B. pulverens Waagen & Jahn 1899 [incl. *Vletavicrinus haueri Waagen & Jahn 1899] U78
    |--Cyclicocrinus Miller 1892 U78
    |    `--*C. canaliculatus Miller 1892 U78
    |--Desmidocrinus Angelin 1878 U78
    |    `--*D. pentadactylus Angelin 1878 U78
    `--Carpocrinus Müller 1840 (see below for synonymy) U78
         |--*C. simplex (Phillips in Murchison 1839) (see below for synonymy) U78
         |--C. ornatus U78
         |--‘*Pionocrinus’ pulchellus Angelin 1878 U78
         `--‘*Leptocrinus’ raridigitatus Angelin 1878 U78

Carpocrinus Müller 1840 [=Abracrinus d’Orbigny 1850, Habrocrinus Angelin 1878, Carpiocrinus (l. c.), Carpocrinites Geinitz 1846, Phoenicocrinites Austin & Austin 1843, Phoenicocrinus Springer 1913; incl. Leptocrinus Angelin 1878, Pionocrinus Angelin 1878] U78

*Carpocrinus simplex (Phillips in Murchison 1839) [=Actinocrinites simplex, *Abracrinus simplex, *Carpocrinites simplex, *Habrocrinus simplex, *Phoenicocrinites simplex, *Phoenicocrinus simplex] U78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[U78] Ubaghs, G. 1978. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Batocrinidae

Eretmocrinus, copyright Hectonichus.

Belongs within: Compsocrinina.

The Batocrinidae are a group of crinoids bearing a crown of numerous unbranched arms, known from the Early Carboniferous (Ubaghs 1978b).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978b): Theca variable in shape; basals three, equal; one to fifteen interprimibrachs in each interray may or may not be in contact with tegmen; primanal in line with radials and succeeded by three anal plates in next range, three to nineteen anal plates may or may not be in contact with tegmen; first fixed brachial externally quadrangular or axillary; second fixed brachial typically axillary; one to five fixed secundibrachs and none to five fixed tertibrachs in each half-ray, latter commonly present in C and D rays, rarely in A ray. Free arms biserial, unbranched, single or paired from each ambulacral opening into theca, 10 to 40 and typically unequal in number in different rays of same individual. Anal opening at end of long, slender central or subcentral anal tube; oral and radial dome plates distinct.

Batocrinidae [Batocrininae, Batocrinites]
    |--Batocrinus Casseday 1854 U78b
    |    `--*B. icosidactylus Casseday 1854 U78b
    |--Alloprosallocrinus Casseday & Lyon 1862 (see below for synonymy) U78b
    |    `--*A. conicus Casseday & Lyon 1862 U78b
    |--Azygocrinus Lane 1963 U78b
    |    `--*A. dodecadactylus (Meek & Worthen 1861) [=Actinocrinus dodecadactylus] U78b
    |--Eutrochocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1897 U78b
    |    `--*E. christyi (Shumard 1855) [=Actinocrinus christyi] U78b
    |--Globocrinus Weller 1920 U78b
    |    `--*G. unionensis (Worthen 1890) [=Batocrinus unionensis] U78b
    |--Dizygocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1897 U78b
    |    |--*D. indianaensis (Lyon & Casseday 1860) [=Actinocrinus indianaensis] U78b
    |    `--D. cantonensis U78a
    |--Abatocrinus Lane 1963 U78b
    |    |--*A. turbinatus (Hall 1858) [=Actinocrinus turbinatus] U78b
    |    |--A. clypeatus U78a
    |    `--A. grandis U78a
    |--Macrocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1897 U78b
    |    |--*M. konincki (Shumard 1855) [=Actinocrinus konincki] U78b
    |    |--M. jucundus U78b
    |    `--M. verneuilianus U78a
    |--Uperocrinus Meek & Worthen 1865 [=Hyperocrinus Bather 1897; incl. Lobocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1897] U78b
    |    |--*U. pyriformis (Shumard 1855) [=Actinocrinus pyriformis, *Hyperocrinus pyriformis] U78b
    |    |--U. longirostris U78a
    |    `--U. nashvillae (Troost 1850) [=Actinocrinus nashvillae, *Lobocrinus nashvillae] U78b
    `--Eretmocrinus Lyon & Casseday 1859 U78b
         |--*E. magnificus Lyon & Casseday 1859 U78b
         `--E. remibrachiatus U78b
              |--E. r. remibrachiatus U78b
              `--E. r. expansus U78b

Alloprosallocrinus Casseday & Lyon 1862 [incl. Conocrinites Troost 1850 (n. n.), Conocrinus Shumard 1868 non d’Orbigny 1850] U78b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[U78a] Ubaghs, G. 1978a. Skeletal morphology of fossil crinoids. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T58–T216. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U78b] Ubaghs, G. 1978b. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Patelliocrinidae

Macrostylocrinus pristinus, from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Belongs within: Glyptocrinina.

The Patelliocrinidae are a group of crinoids with large radial plates known from the Upper Ordovician to the Middle Devonian (Ubaghs 1978b).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978b): Calyx conical or subglobose to subcylindrical; basals usually three, unequal, azygous one in AE or ED interrays, occasionally all basals fused together; CD interray usually little or not at all differentiated in calyx; tegmen rarely preserved, probably incompetent, consisting of numerous plates differentiated into ambulacrals and interambulacrals when known. Free arms uniserial, biserial, or made of compound brachials. Column typically cylindrical.

Patelliocrinidae
    |--Bolicrinus Witzke & Strimple 1981 EB01
    |--Boliviacrinus McIntosh 1988 EB01
    |--Krinocrinus Witzke & Strimple 1981 EB01
    |--Kylixocrinus Eckert 1984 EB01
    |--Thomasocrinus Witzke & Strimple 1981 EB01
    |--Patinocrinus Jaekel 1918 J18, U78b
    |--Patelliocrinus Angelin 1878 EB01
    |    `--P. pachydactylus Angelin 1878 U78b
    |--Centriocrinus Bather 1899 EB01 [=Centrocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1881 non Austin & Austin 1843 U78b]
    |    `--*C. pentaspinus (Lyon 1869) [=Actinocrinus pentaspinus, *Centrocrinus pentaspinus] U78b
    |--Laurelocrinus Springer 1926 EB01
    |    `--*L. paulensis Springer 1926 U78b
    |--Eopatelliocrinus Brower 1973 EB01
    |    |--*E. scyphogracilis Brower 1973 U78b
    |    `--E. latibrachiatus BLWR78
    |--Allocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer in Miller 1889 EB01
    |    |--*A. typus Wachsmuth & Springer in Miller 1889 U78b
    |    `--A. longidactylus U78b
    |--Briarocrinus Angelin 1878 EB01 [incl. Angelinocrinus Jaekel 1918 U78b; Briarocrinidae]
    |    |--*B. inflatus Angelin 1878 U78b
    |    `--B. angustus Angelin 1878 [=*Angelinocrinus angustus] U78b
    `--Macrostylocrinus Hall 1852 EB01 [incl. Loveniocrinus Jaekel 1918 U78b]
         |--*M. ornatus Hall 1852 EB01
         |--M. anglicus Jaekel 1918 J18
         |--‘*Loveniocrinus’ gotlandicus Jaekel 1918 U78b
         |--M. granulosus U78b
         |--M. pristinus BLWR78
         `--M. recumbens U78a

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BLWR78] Brower, J. C., N. G. Lane & H. Wienberg Rasmussen. 1978. Postlarval ontogeny of fossil crinoids. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T244–T274. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[EB01] Eckert, J. D., & C. E. Brett. 2001. Early Silurian (Llandovery) crinoids from the Lower Clinton Group, western New York State. Bulletins of American Paleontology 360: 1–88.

[J18] Jaekel, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3: 1–128.

[U78a] Ubaghs, G. 1978a. Skeletal morphology of fossil crinoids. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T58–T216. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U78b] Ubaghs, G. 1978b. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Eucalyptocrinitidae

Eucalyptocrinites, copyright Wilson44691.

Belongs within: Glyptocrinina.

The Eucalyptocrinitidae are a group of crinoids known from the Middle Silurian to the Middle Devonian (Ubaghs 1978b).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978b): Calyx typically with narrow, moderately deep basal concavity having sides composed of four basals and proximal parts of radials; fixed primibrachs one or two, fixed secundibrachs two, and fixed tertibrachs one in each ray, followed by free arms; each interray with single large interprimibrach followed by two smaller ones, each ray with single interbrachial between secundibrachs of branched fixed brachs; CD interray undifferentiated from others. Tegmen elevated, stoutly built of relatively large plates in circlets or alternating, disposed around central hollow cylinder, produced laterally to form vertical partitions between arm alcoves or lacking these. Transversely circular colum with small pentastellate axial canal and radicular holdfast.

Eucalyptocrinitidae [Calyptocrinidae, Calyptocrinidées, Eucalyptocrinidae, Polycrinidae, Polycrinides]
    |--Chicagocrinus Weller 1900 EB01
    |    `--*C. ornatus Weller 1900 [=Calliocrinus ornatus] U78b
    |--Aclistocrinus Eckert & Brett 2001 EB01
    |    `--*A. capistratus Eckert & Brett 2001 EB01
    |--Calliocrinus d’Orbigny 1849 EB01 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*C. costatus (Hisinger 1837) (see below for synonymy) U78b
    |    `--‘*Cryptodiscus’ bilobus Weller 1897 U78b
    |--Archaeocalyptocrinus Witzke & Strimple 1981 EB01
    |    |--*A. nodosus EB01
    |    |--‘Eucalyptocrinites’ obconicus (Hall 1865) EB01
    |    `--‘Eucalyptocrinites’ slocomi Foerste 1920 EB01
    `--Eucalyptocrinites Goldfuss 1831 EB01 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*E. rosaceus Goldfuss 1831 EB01 [=*Eucalyptocrinus rosaceus U78b]
         |--‘*Crinocystites’ chrysalis Hall 1864 [=*Crinocystis chrysalis] U78b
         |--E. crassus U78b
         |--‘*Hypanthocrinites’ decorus Phillips in Murchison 1839 [=*Hypanthocrinus decorus] U78b
         |--E. ovalis U78a
         |--E. proboscidalis U78b
         `--E. tuberculatus U78a

Calliocrinus d’Orbigny 1849 EB01 [=Callicrinus Angelin 1878 U78b, Calliocrinites Chapman 1857 U78b, Cryptodiscus Hall 1867 non Corda 1838 (ICBN) U78b]

*Calliocrinus costatus (Hisinger 1837) [=Eugeniacrinites costatus, *Callicrinus costatus, *Calliocrinites costatus] U78b

Eucalyptocrinites Goldfuss 1831 EB01 [=Eucalyptocrinus Agassiz 1836 U78b, Eucalyptrocrinites (l. c.) U78b; incl. Crinocystites Hall 1864 U78b, Crinocystis Haeckel 1896 U78b, Hypanthocrinites Phillips in Murchison 1839 U78b, Hypanthocrinus Morris 1843 U78b]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[EB01] Eckert, J. D., & C. E. Brett. 2001. Early Silurian (Llandovery) crinoids from the Lower Clinton Group, western New York State. Bulletins of American Paleontology 360: 1–88.

[U78a] Ubaghs, G. 1978a. Skeletal morphology of fossil crinoids. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T58–T216. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U78b] Ubaghs, G. 1978b. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Melocrinitidae

Melocrinites sp., copyright James St. John.

Belongs within: Glyptocrinina.

The Melocrinitidae are a group of crinoids known from the Upper Ordovician to the Upper Devonian (Ubaghs 1978b).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978b): Secundibrachs two or three in each ray, rarely more; interprimibrachs merging with tegmen; presence of intersecundibrachs and intertertibrachs dependent on degree of brachial incorporation in calyx; primanal generally followed by median row of anal plates; anal tube may be present. Free arms four in each ray, undivided or exotomously branching; inner pair of arms primitively distinct, secondarily fusing into stout biserial ramuli-bearing trunk; outer pair progressively reduced and disappearing in ultimate members. Column with sharply defined nodals and internodals.

Melocrinitidae [Ctenocrinidae, Melocrinidae]
    |--Alisocrinus Kirk 1929 U78b
    |    |--*A. warreni (Ringueberg 1888) [=Mariacrinus warreni] U78b
    |    `--A. tetrarmatus Brower 1973 EB01
    |--Trichotocrinus Olsson 1912 U78b
    |    |--*T. harrisi (Olsson 1912) [=Melocrinus (Trichotocrinus) harrisi] U78b
    |    |--T. lutheri U78b
    |    `--T. terranovicus U78a
    |--Promelocrinus Jaekel 1902 (see below for synonymy) U78b
    |    |--*P. anglicus Jaekel 1902 U78b
    |    |--P. fulminatus U78b
    |    |--‘*Zenkericrinus’ melocrinoides Waagen & Jahn 1899 U78b
    |    `--P. radiatus U78a
    |--Ctenocrinus Bronn 1840 (see below for synonymy) U78b
    |    |--*C. typus Bronn 1840 [=*Ctenocrinites typus] U78b
    |    |--‘*Clonocrinus’ bigsbyi Oehlert 1879 U78b
    |    |--C. gottlandicus (Pander in Helmersen 1858) U78b (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. nobilissimus (Hall 1859) U78a, U78b [=*Mariacrinus nobilissimus U78b]
    |    |--‘*Astrocrinites’ pachydactylus Conrad 1841 [=*Astrocrinus pachydactylus] U78b
    |    `--‘Periechocrinus’ radiatus [=Lindstroemiocrinus radiatus] J18
    `--Melocrinites Goldfuss 1831 (see below for synonymy) U78b
         |--*M. hieroglyphicus Goldfuss 1831 [=*Melocrinus hieroglyphicus] U78b
         |--M. aequus U78b
         |--‘*Kuzbassocrinus’ bystrowi Yeltysheva 1957 U78b
         |--M. gibbosus Goldfuss 1831 [=*Castanocrinus gibbosus] U78b
         |--M. gracilis EB01
         |--M. micmac BL78
         |--M. pulcher U78a
         `--M. splendens U78a

Ctenocrinus Bronn 1840 [=Ctenocrinites Steininger 1849; incl. Astrocrinites Conrad 1841, Astrocrinus Bather 1900 non Morris 1843, Clonocrinus Oehlert 1879 non Quenstedt 1876, Lindstroemiocrinus Jaekel 1918, Mariacrinus Hall 1859] U78b

Ctenocrinus gottlandicus (Pander in Helmersen 1858) U78b [=Trochocrinites gottlandicus U78b, *Lindstroemiocrinus gottlandicus U78b, Periechocrinus gottlandicus J18]

Melocrinites Goldfuss 1831 [=Melocrinus Agassiz 1836; incl. Castanocrinus Roemer 1855, Kuzbassocrinus Yeltysheva 1957] U78b

Promelocrinus Jaekel 1902 [incl. Proctenocrinus Jaekel 1918 (n. n.), Xenocrinus Jahn 1892 non Miller 1881, Zenkericrinus Waagen & Jahn 1899] U78b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BL78] Breimer, A., & N. G. Lane. 1978. Ecology and paleoecology. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T316–T347. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[EB01] Eckert, J. D., & C. E. Brett. 2001. Early Silurian (Llandovery) crinoids from the Lower Clinton Group, western New York State. Bulletins of American Paleontology 360: 1–88.

[J18] Jaekel, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3: 1–128.

[U78a] Ubaghs, G. 1978a. Skeletal morphology of fossil crinoids. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T58–T216. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U78b] Ubaghs, G. 1978b. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Carcharhiniformes

Gulf catshark Asymbolus vincenti, copyright Seaborn.

Belongs within: Selachimorpha.
Contains: Hemigaleidae, Sphyrnidae, Carcharhinidae, Triakidae, Scyliorhinus, Apristurus, Galeus, Halaelurus.

The Carcharhiniformes are a diverse group of sharks with dorsal fins lacking anterior spines, and the posterior gill slit(s) overlapping the base of the pectoral fins.

Characters (from Compagno 1984): Trunk cylindrical to slightly compressed or depressed but not raylike. Head conical to depressed and usually not anteriorly expanded, except for the prebranchial head in Sphyrnidae; 5 pairs of gill slits present on sides of head (partly dorsolateral in some Scyliorhinidae), with the last 1 to 3 over pectoral bases; spiracles present in many species, small to large and close behind eyes, or absent; nostrils usually without barbels and nasoral grooves and always without circumnarial grooves, barbels when present developed from anterior nasal flaps rather than from lateral surfaces of flaps, anterior nasal flaps varying from well separated from mouth to overlapping it posteriorly; eyes lateral or dorsolateral on head, with true nictitating lower eyelids; snout varying from very short to moderately long and almost bladelike, but not greatly elongated and not formed as a rostral saw with lateral teeth and barbels; mouth moderately large to very large, arched, and extending behind anterior ends of eyes; labial furrows varying from large and on both jaws to absent; teeth variably differentiated along jaws, but usually without enlarged molariform posterior teeth and with anterior teeth not separated by small intermediate teeth or a gap from the lateral teeth. Two dorsal fins (possibly only one in Pentanchus, family Scyliorhinidae), without spines, the first with origin varying from over the gill slits to behind the pelvic bases; pectoral fins moderate-sized to large but not raylike, without triangular anterior lobes; pelvic fins small to moderately large, with vent continuous with their inner margins; anal fin present; caudal fin with a long dorsal lobe but with ventral lobe varying from long (but considerably shorter than the dorsal lobe) to absent; vertebral axis raised into the dorsal caudal lobe. Intestinal valve of spiral or scroll type.

<==Carcharhiniformes [Scyliorhinoidei] C84
    |--+--Carcharhinidae MW07
    |  `--Triakidae MW07
    `--Scyliorhinidae [Atelomycteridae, Catulidae, Cephaloscylliinae, Galeinae, Halaeluridae, Pentanchidae, Scyllia] C84
         |--Scyliorhinus MW07
         |--Apristurus C84
         |--Galeus C84
         |--Halaelurus C84
         |--Macrourogaleus hassei Woodward 1889 CDZ93
         |--Cephalurus Bigelow & Schroeder 1941 C84
         |    `--*C. cephalus (Gilbert 1892) [=Catulus cephalus] C84
         |--Pentanchus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 C84
         |    `--*P. profundicolus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 C84
         |--Aulohalaelurus Fowler 1934 C84
         |    `--*A. labiosus (Waite 1905) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--Atelomycterus Garman 1913 [=Atelomycterius (l. c.); incl. Deltascyllium Leigh-Sharpe 1926] C84
         |    |--*A. marmoratus (Bennett 1830) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |    `--A. macleayi Whitley 1939 C84
         |--Holohalaelurus Fowler 1934 [=Holohaelurus (l. c.)] C84
         |    |--*H. regani (Gilchrist 1922) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |    `--H. punctatus (Gilchrist 1914) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--Protoscyliorhinus Herman 1977 B18
         |    |--*P. bettrechiensis B18
         |    `--P. lamaudi Biddle & Landemaine 1988 B18
         |--Poroderma Smith 1837 [incl. Conoporoderma Fowler 1934] C84
         |    |--*P. africanum (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |    |--P. marleyi Fowler 1934 [=Conoporoderma marleyi, Scyliorhinus leopardus Fowler 1935] C84
         |    `--P. pantherinum (Smith in Müller & Henle 1838) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--Haploblepharus Garman 1913 C84
         |    |--*H. edwardsii (Voigt in Cuvier 1832) [=Scyllium edwardsii] C84
         |    |--H. fuscus Smith 1950 C84
         |    `--H. pictus (Müller & Henle 1838) [=Scyllium pictum] C84
         |--Schroederichthys Springer 1966 C84
         |    |--*S. maculatus Springer 1966 C84
         |    |--S. bivius (Smith in Müller & Henle 1838) [=Scyllium bivium, Halaelurus bivius] C84
         |    |--S. chilensis (Guichenot in Gay 1848) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |    `--S. tenuis Springer 1966 C84
         |--Parmaturus Garman 1906 [incl. Dichichthys Chan 1966] C84
         |    |--*P. pilosus Garman 1906 [incl. Pristiurus hertwigi Engelhardt 1912] C84
         |    |--P. campechiensis Springer 1979 [=P. (Dichichthys) campechiensis] C84
         |    |--P. melanobranchius (Chan 1966) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |    `--P. xaniurus (Gilbert 1892) [=Catulus xaniurus] C84
         |--Cephaloscyllium Gill 1862 C84
         |    |--*C. laticeps (Dumeril 1853) [=Scyllium laticeps] C84
         |    |--C. fasciatum Chan 1966 C84
         |    |--C. isabellum (Bonnaterre 1788) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |    |--C. nascione Whitley 1932 [=C. isabella laticeps f. nascione] C84
         |    |--C. silasi (Talwar 1974) [=Scyliorhinus (Halaelurus) silasi] C84
         |    |--C. sufflans (Regan 1921) [=Scyliorhinus (Cephaloscyllium) sufflans] C84
         |    `--C. ventriosum (Garman 1880) (see below for synonymy) C84
         `--Asymbolus Whitley 1939 [incl. Juncrus Whitley 1939] C84
              |--*A. analis (Ogilby 1885) [=Scyllium anale, Halaelurus analis] C84
              |--A. funebris Compagno, Stevens & Last 1999 CSL99
              |--A. occiduus Last, Gomon & Gledhill 1999 LGG99
              |--A. pallidus Last, Gomon & Gledhill 1999 LGG99
              |--A. parvus Compagno, Stevens & Last 1999 CSL99
              |--A. rubiginosus Last, Gomon & Gledhill 1999 LGG99
              |--A. submaculatus Compagno, Stevens & Last 1999 CSL99
              `--A. vincenti (Zeitz 1908) [=Scyllium vincenti, Halaelurus vincenti, *Juncrus vincenti] C84

Carcharhiniformes incertae sedis:
  Proscyllidae [Proscylliinae] C84
    |--Proscyllium Hilgendorf 1904 [incl. Calliscyllium Tanaka 1912] C84
    |    `--*P. habereri Hilgendorf 1904 (see below for synonymy) C84
    |--Gollum Compagno 1973 C84
    |    `--*G. attenuatus (Garrick 1954) [=Triakis attenuata] C84
    |--Ctenacis Compagno 1973 C84
    |    `--*C. fehlmanni (Springer 1968) [=Triakis fehlmanni] C84
    `--Eridacnis Smith 1913 [incl. Neotriakis Smith 1957] C84
         |--*E. radcliffei Smith 1913 [incl. Proscyllium alcocki Misra 1950] C84
         |--E. barbouri (Bigelow & Schroeder 1944) [=Triakis barbouri] C84
         `--E. sinuans (Smith 1957) [=Neotriakis sinuans] C84
  Pseudotriakis Capello 1868 [=Pseudotriacis Günther 1870; Pseudotriacinae, Pseudotriakidae] C84
    `--*P. microdon Capello 1868 [incl. P. acrages Garman 1913, P. acrales Jordan & Snyder 1904] C84
  Leptocharias Smith in Müller & Henle 1838 (see below for synonymy) C84
    `--*L. smithii (Müller & Henle 1839) [=Triaenodon smithii; incl. Mustelus osborni Fowler 1923] C84
  Hemigaleidae C84
  Sphyrnidae C84

*Atelomycterus marmoratus (Bennett 1830) [=Scyllium marmoratum; incl. S. maculatum Gray 1832, S. pardus Temminck in Müller & Henle 1838 (n. n.)] C84

*Aulohalaelurus labiosus (Waite 1905) [=Catulus labiosus, Halaelurus (*Aulohalaelurus) labiosus; incl. Squalus maculatus Bloch & Schneider 1801 non Bonnaterre 1788] C84

Cephaloscyllium isabellum (Bonnaterre 1788) [=Squalus isabella; incl. C. formosanum Teng 1962, Scyllium lima Richardson 1842, Sc. sabella Gmelin 1789, Cephaloscyllium umbratile Jordan & Fowler 1903] C84

Cephaloscyllium ventriosum (Garman 1880) [=Scyllium ventriosum; incl. Catulus uter Jordan & Gilbert in Jordan & Evermann 1896] C84

Holohalaelurus punctatus (Gilchrist 1914) [=Scylliorhinus punctatus; incl. Scyliorhinus (Halaelurus) polystigma Regan 1921] C84

*Holohalaelurus regani (Gilchrist 1922) [=Scylliorhinus regani, Halaelurus (*Holohalaelurus) regani; incl. Scyliorhinus (Halaelurus) melanostigma Norman 1939] C84

Leptocharias Smith in Müller & Henle 1838 [=Leptocarcharias Günther 1870, Leptocarias (l. c.); Leptochariana, Leptochariidae] C84

Parmaturus melanobranchius (Chan 1966) [=*Dichichthys melanobranchius, Figaro melanobranchius; incl. F. piceus Chu, Meng & Liu 1983] C84

*Poroderma africanum (Gmelin 1789) [=Squalus africanus, Scyllium africanum, Scyliorhinus africanus; incl. Squalus striatus Lichtenstein 1844, Sq. vittatus Shaw & Nodder 1798] C84

Poroderma pantherinum (Smith in Müller & Henle 1838) [=Scyllium pantherinum, Conoporoderma pantherinum; incl. S. leopardinum Müller & Henle 1838 (n. n.), S. malandrinum Rapp in Müller & Henle 1838, Poroderma submaculatum Smith 1837 (n. n.), P. variegatum Smith 1837 (n. n.), Scyllium variegatum Smith in Müller & Henle 1838] C84

*Proscyllium habereri Hilgendorf 1904 [=Scyllium (*Proscyllium) habereri; incl. *Calliscyllium venustum Tanaka 1913, Triakis venusta] C84

Schroederichthys chilensis (Guichenot in Gay 1848) [=Scyllium chilense, Halaelurus chilensis; incl. Scyllium brevicolle Philippi 1887] C84

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B18] Bernárdez, E. 2018. Truyolsodontos estauni n. gen., n. sp., Truyolsodontidae, a new family of lamniform sharks from the Cenomanian of northern Spain. Annales de Paléontologie 104: 175–181.

[CDZ93] Cappetta, H., C. Duffin & J. Zidek. 1993. Chondrichthyes. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 593–609. Chapman & Hall: London.

[C84] Compagno, L. J. V. 1984. FAO Species Catalogue vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2—Carcharhiniformes. United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

[CSL99] Compagno, L. J. V., J. D. Stevens & P. R. Last. 1999. Australian spotted catsharks of the genus Asymbolus (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae). Part 1: descriptions of three new species from Western Australia. CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report 239: 2–18.

[LGG99] Last, P. R., M. F. Gomon & D. C. Gledhill. 1999. Australian spotted catsharks of the genus Asymbolus (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae). Part 2: descriptions of three new, dark-spotted species. CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report 239: 19–35.

[MW07] Mallatt, J., & C. J. Winchell. 2007. Ribosomal RNA genes and deuterostome phylogeny revisited: more cyclostomes, elasmobranchs, reptiles, and a brittle star. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43: 1005–1022.

Squalidae

Spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias, photographed by Doug Costa.

Belongs within: Selachimorpha.

The Squalidae, spiny dogfishes, are a group of sharks characterised by the lack of anal fin, with the two dorsal fins often preceded by a fixed spine.

<==Squalidae [Dalatiidae]
    |--Dalatiinae CDZ93
    |    |--Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre 1788) G60b (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--Isistius CDZ93
    |         |--I. brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) G60b
    |         |--I. plutodus B96
    |         `--I. trituratus (Winkler 1874) CDZ93
    |--Oxynotinae [Oxynotidae] CDZ93
    |    |--Protoxynotus misburgensis Herman 1975 CDZ93
    |    `--Oxynotus G60b
    |         |--O. bruniensis (Ogilby 1893) G60b
    |         |--O. centrina (Linnaeus 1758) G60a
    |         `--O. paradoxus Frade 1929 G60a
    |--Somniosinae CDZ93
    |    |--Cretascymnus adonis (Signeux 1950) CDZ93
    |    `--Somniosus G60b
    |         |--S. antarcticus Whitley 1939 G60b
    |         |--S. microcephalus (Bloch & Schneider 1801) B02
    |         |--S. pacificus B02
    |         `--S. rostratus B02
    |--Etmopterinae CDZ93
    |    |--Eoetmopterus Müller & Schollmann 1989 CDZ93
    |    |    |--‘Etmopterus’ hemmoorensis Herman 1982 CDZ93
    |    |    `--E. supracretaceus Müller & Schöllmann 1989 CDZ93
    |    `--Etmopterus G60b
    |         |--E. baxteri Garrick 1957 G60b
    |         |--E. brachyurus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 G60b
    |         |--E. gracilospinous B96
    |         |--E. lucifer Jordan & Snyder 1902 G60b (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--E. perryi B02
    |         |--E. princeps Collett 1904 G60a
    |         |--E. spinax PP64
    |         `--E. virens W92
    `--Squalinae CDZ93
         |--Protosqualus albertsii Thies 1981 CDZ93
         |--Squalogaleus Maisey 1976 CDZ93
         |    `--S. woodwardi Maisey 1976 CDZ93
         `--Squalus Linnaeus 1758 L58 [incl. Flakeus Whitley 1939 G60b, Koinga Whitley 1939 G60b]
              |--S. acanthias Linnaeus 1758 [incl. S. kirki Phillipps 1931, S. whitleyi Phillipps 1931] G60b
              |    |--S. a. acanthias G60b
              |    `--S. a. suckleyi G60b
              |--S. alsaticus F91
              |--S. blainvillei (Risso 1826) G61 (see below for synonymy)
              |--S. brevirostris Tanaka 1917 G60b
              |--S. centrina Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |--S. cubensis Rivero 1936 G60b
              |--S. fernandinus Molina 1782 G60b
              |--S. lebruni G60b
              |--S. megalops (Macleay 1882) G60b
              |--S. pristis Linnaeus 1758 L58
              |--S. spinax Linnaeus 1758 L58
              `--S. squatina Linnaeus 1758 L58

Squalidae incertae sedis:
  Euprotomicrus bispinatus (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) G60b
  Centroscyllium fabricii (Reinhardt 1825) G60b, B02
  Scymnodalatias G60b
    |--S. albicauda VF21
    `--S. sherwoodi (Archey 1921) [=Scymnodon sherwoodi] G60b
  Heteroscymnoides marleyi Fowler 1934 G60b
  Cirrhigaleus Tanaka 1912 G60b
    `--C. barbifer Tanaka 1912 G60b
  Squaliolus G60b
    |--S. laticaudus Smith & Radcliffe 1912 G60b
    `--S. sarmenti Noronha 1926 G60b
  Centroscymnus G60b
    |--C. coelolepis Bocage & Capello 1864 B02
    |--C. crepidater (Bocage & Capello 1864) G60b
    `--C. owstonii Garman 1906 G60b
  Scymnodon G60b
    |--S. ichiharai C84
    |--S. plunketi (Waite 1910) G60b (see below for synonymy)
    |--S. rossi NM72
    `--S. squamulosus [incl. S. obscurus] C84
  Deania G60b
    |--D. calcea (Lowe 1839) G60b (see below for synonymy)
    |--D. elegans Springer 1959 G60a
    |--D. natalense (Gilchrist 19220 G60a
    |--D. profundorum (Smith & Radcliffe 1912) G60a
    `--D. quadrispinosa (McCulloch 1915) G60b
  Centrophorus Müller & Henle 1833 [incl. Atractophorus Gilchrist 1922] NM72
    |--C. acus Garman 1906 G59
    |--C. armatus (Gilchrist 1922) [=*Atractophorus armatus] NM72
    |--C. granulosus BY99
    |--C. harrissoni McCulloch 1915 G60b
    |--C. scalptratus McCulloch 1915 G60b
    |--C. squamosus (Bonnaterre 1788) G60b (see below for synonymy)
    `--C. uyato G59
  Centropterus lividus Costa 1861 CDZ93

Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre 1788) G60b [incl. C. foliaceus Gunther 1877 G59, Scymnodon foliaceus G59, C. nilsoni Thompson 1930 G59]

Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre 1788) G60b [=Scymnus lichia G60a; incl. Scymnorhinus phillippsi Whitley 1931 G60a, Dalatias phillippsi G60a]

Deania calcea (Lowe 1839) G60b [=Acanthidium calceum G60a, Centrophorus calceus G60a; incl. A. aciculatum Garman 1906 G60a, Deania aciculata G60a, D. eglantina Jordan & Snyder 1902 G60a, Acanthidium hystricosum Garman 1906 G60a, D. hystricosa G60a, Centrophorus kaikourae Whitley 1934 G60a, D. kaikourae G60a, Acanthidium rostratum Garman 1906 G60a, D. rostrata G60a]

Etmopterus lucifer Jordan & Snyder 1902 G60b [incl. E. abernethyi Garrick 1957 G60a, Acanthidium molleri Whitley 1939 G60a, E. molleri G60a]

Scymnodon plunketi (Waite 1910) G60b [=Centrophorus plunketi G59; incl. Centrophorus waitei Thompson 1930 G60b, G59, Centroscymnus waitei G59]

Squalus blainvillei (Risso 1826) G61 [=S. blainville G61, S. blainvillii (l. c.) G61; incl. S. griffini Phillipps 1931 G60b, S. tasmaniensis Rivero 1936 G60b]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[B02] Burgess, G. H. 2002. Spiny dogfishes. Family Squalidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 48–57. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[BY99] Burrow, C. J., & G. C. Young. 1999. An articulated teleostome fish from the Late Silurian (Ludlow) of Victoria, Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 57: 1–14.

[CDZ93] Cappetta, H., C. Duffin & J. Zidek. 1993. Chondrichthyes. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 593–609. Chapman & Hall: London.

[C84] Compagno, L. J. V. 1984. FAO Species Catalogue vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2—Carcharhiniformes. United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

[F91] Freess, W. B. 1991. Beiträge zur Kenntnis von Fauna und Flora des marinen Mitteloligozäns bei Leipzig. Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschungen 6: 3–74.

[G59] Garrick, J. A. F. 1959. Studies on New Zealand Elasmobranchii. Part VII.—The identity of specimens of Centrophorus from New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 127–141.

[G60a] Garrick, J. A. F. 1960a. Studies on New Zealand Elasmobranchii. Part XI.—Squaloids of the genera Deania, Etmopterus, Oxynotus and Dalatias in New Zealand waters. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3): 489–517.

[G60b] Garrick, J. A. F. 1960b. Studies on New Zealand Elasmobranchii. Part XII. The species of Squalus from New Zealand and Australia; and a general account and key to the New Zealand Squaloidea. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3): 519–557.

[G61] Garrick, J. A. F. 1961. A note on the spelling of the specific name of the immaculate spiny dogfish, Squalus blainvillei (Risso 1826). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (4): 843.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[NM72] Nair, R. V., & S. L. Mohan. 1972. The deep sea spined dog fish Centrophorus armatus (Gilchrist) (Selachii: Sualidae) from the east coast of India, with a note on its taxonomy. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (1): 193–199.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[VF21] Vullo, R., E. Frey, C. Ifrim, M. A. González González, E. S. Stinnesbeck & W. Stinnesbeck. 2021. Manta-like planktivorous sharks in Late Cretaceous oceans. Science 371: 1253–1256.

[W92] Wilson, E. O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Harvard University Press: Belknap (USA).

Carcharhinidae

Graceful shark Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides, copyright Tassapon Krajangdara.

Belongs within: Carcharhiniformes.

The Carcharhinidae, requiem sharks, are a group of actively swimming sharks including many of the most commonly encountered species in tropical waters.

Characters (from Compagno 1984): Head without laterally expanded blades; eyes circular, vertically oval, or horizontally oval, their lengths 1.5 times their height or less; nictitating eyelids internal; spiracles usually absent; anterior nasal flaps varying from lobular and tube-shaped to vestigial, not barbel-like; internarial width usually about 3 to 6 times nostril width; labial furrows varying from moderately long and conspicuous, to short and hidden when mouth is closed; teeth small to large, with acute and narrow to moderately broad cusps, sometimes lateral cusplets, but with basal ledges and grooves low or absent; teeth variably differentiated in upper and lower jaws, uppers often more compressed and bladelike, lowers often more cuspidate and not compressed; posterior teeth not comblike; tooth rows 18 to 60/18 to 56. Precaudal pits present. First dorsal fin moderate-sized to very large but not keel-like, much shorter than caudal fin; first dorsal base ahead of pelvic bases, varying from closer to pectoral bases to closer to pelvics; midpoint of first dorsal base always in front of pelvic origins; second dorsal fin usually much smaller than first; pectoral fins with radials extending into distal web of fins; ventral caudal lobe strong, undulations or ripples present in dorsal caudal margin. Neurocranium without supraorbital crests. Vertebral centra with strong, wedge-shaped intermedial calcifications. Valvular intestine with a scroll valve. Colour variable, usually no colour pattern. Development usually viviparous.

<==Carcharhinidae (see below for synonymy)
    |  i. s.: ‘Scyliorhinus’ africanus Arambourg 1952 non Squalus africanus Gmelin 1789 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.) CDZ93
    |--Abdounia beaugei (Arambourg 1952) CDZ93
    |--Eogaleus bolcensis Cappetta 1975 CDZ93
    |--Prionace Cantor 1849 (see below for synonymy) C84
    |    `--*P. glauca (Linnaeus 1758) (nom. cons.) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |--Triaenodon Müller & Henle 1837 C84
    |    `--*T. obesus (Rüppell 1837) [=Carcharias obesus; incl. T. apicalis Whitley 1939] C84
    |--Nasolamia Compagno & Garrick 1983 C84
    |    `--*N. velox (Gilbert in Jordan & Evermann 1898) [=Carcharhinus velox] C84
    |--Lamiopsis Gill 1862 C84
    |    `--*L. temmincki (Müller & Henle 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |--Isogomphodon Gill 1862 C84
    |    `--*I. oxyrhynchus (Müller & Henle 1839) C84 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Loxodon Müller & Henle 1838 C84
    |    `--*L. macrorhinus Müller & Henle 1839 (see below for synonymy) C84
    |--Scoliodon Müller & Henle 1837 [incl. Physodon Valenciennes in Bonaparte 1838] C84
    |    |--*S. laticaudus Müller & Henle 1838 (see below for synonymy) C84
    |    `--S. acutus JR10
    |--Negaprion Whitley 1940 [incl. Hemigaleops Schultz in Schultz et al. 1953, Mystidens Whitley 1944] C84
    |    |--N. acutidens (Rüppell 1837) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |    `--N. brevirostris (Poey 1868) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |--Physogaleus CDZ93
    |    |--P. latus [=Eugaleus latus, Galeus latus] F91
    |    |--P. secundus (Winkler 1874) CDZ93
    |    `--P. tertius (Winkler 1874) [incl. Physodon contortus (Weiler 1922)] F91
    |--Glyphis Agassiz 1843 non Ach. 1814 (ICBN) G62
    |    |--*G. glyphis (Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Prionodon) glyphis, Carcharhinus glyphis] C84
    |    |--G. gangeticus (Müller & Henle 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |    `--G. hastalis Agassiz 1843 C84
    |--Galeocerdo Müller & Henle 1837 [incl. Boreogaleus Gill 1862] C84
    |    |--G. cuvier (Peron & LeSueur 1822) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |    |--G. acutus Storms 1894 [incl. G. medius Wittich 1898] F91
    |    |--G. aduncus C77
    |    |--G. latidens (Agassiz 1843) CDZ93
    |    `--G. pristodontus C77
    |--Rhizoprionodon Whitley 1929 [=Rhizoprion Ogilby 1915 non Jourdan 1861; incl. Protozygaena Whitley 1940] C84
    |    |--R. acutus (Rüppell 1837) C84 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--R. lalandii (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
    |    |--R. longurio (Jordan & Gilbert 1882) [=Carcharias (Scoliodon) longurio] C84
    |    |--R. oligolinx Springer 1964 C84
    |    |--R. porosus (Poey 1861) [=Squalus porosus] C84
    |    |--R. taylori (Ogilby 1915) [=Physodon taylori, Protozygaena taylori] C84
    |    `--R. terraenovae (Richardson 1836) [=Squalus (Carcharias) terraenovae, Scoliodon terraenovae] C84
    `--Carcharhinus Blainville 1816 (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--*C. melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. acronotus (Poey 1860) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--C. albimarginatus (Rüppell 1837) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--C. altimus (Springer 1950) [=Eulamia altima; incl. C. radamae Fourmanoir 1961] C84
         |--C. amblyrhynchoides (Whitley 1934) [=Gillisqualus amblyrhynchoides] C84
         |--C. amblyrhynchos (Bleeker 1856) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. amboinensis (Müller & Henle 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--C. borneensis (Bleeker 1859) [=Carcharias (Prionodon) borneensis] C84
         |--C. brachyurus (Günther 1870) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. brevipinna (Müller & Henle 1839) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. cautus (Whitley 1945) [=Galeolamna greyi cauta] C84
         |--C. dussumieri (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--C. elongatus F91
         |--C. falciformis (Bibron in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--‘Carcharias’ fissidens Bennett 1830–1831 (n. d.) C84
         |--C. fitzroyensis (Whitley 1943) [=Galeolamna (Uranganops) fitzroyensis] C84
         |--C. galapagensis (Snodgrass & Heller 1905) [=Carcharias galapagensis] C84
         |--C. hemiodon (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--‘Hypoprion’ heterodus Philippi 1887 (n. d.) [=Hemigaleus heterodus] C84
         |--C. isodon (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--‘Carcharias’ javanicus van Hasselt 1823 (n. d.) C84
         |--C. leucas (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. limbatus (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--C. longimanus (Poey 1861) (nom. cons.) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. macloti (Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Hypoprion) macloti] C84
         |--‘Carcharias’ macrota W96
         |--‘Carcharias (Prionodon)’ munsing Bleeker 1849 (n. d.) C84
         |--C. obscurus (LeSueur 1818) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. perezi (Poey 1876) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--‘Eulamia’ philippi Fowler 1930 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--‘Thalassorhinus’ platyrhynchus Müller & Henle 1839 (n. d.) C84
         |--C. plumbeus (Nardo 1827) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--C. porosus (Ranzani 1839) (see below for synonymy) C84
         |--‘Carcharias’ robustus Philippi 1896 (n. d.) C84
         |--‘Carcharias’ sanctaethomae Engelhardt 1912 (n. d.) C84
         |--C. sealei (Pietschmann 1916) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         |--‘Carcharias (Prionodon)’ siamensis Steindachner 1896 (n. d.) C84
         |--C. signatus (Poey 1868) [=Hypoprion signatus; incl. H. bigelowi Cadenat 1956, H. longirostris Poey 1876] C84
         |--C. sorrah (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 (see below for synonymy)
         `--C. wheeleri Garrick 1982 C84

Inorganic: Gleocerdo cuvieri minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Nomina nuda: Squalus (Carcharhinus) broussonetii Blainville 1816 C84
             Squalus (Carcharhinus) heterobranchialis Blainville 1816 C84
             Squalus (Carcharhinus) heterodon Blainville 1816 C84
             Squalus (Carcharhinus) lividus Blainville 1816 C84
             Squalus (Carcharhinus) megalops Blainville 1816 non S. megalops (Macleay 1882) C84
             Squalus (Carcharhinus) ustus Blainville 1816 C84

Carcharhinidae [Carcharhininae, Carchariae, Carcharinidae, Eulamiidae, Galeocerdinae, Loxodontinae, Nictitantes, Scoliodontidae, Triaenodontes, Triaenodontini]

Carcharhinus Blainville 1816 [=Carcharorhinus Agassiz 1843 (nom. rej.); incl. Aprion Müller & Henle 1839 non Cuvier & Valenciennes 1830, Aprionodon Gill 1862, Bogimba Whitley 1943, Carcharias Cuvier 18917 (nom. rej.), Carcharinus Cloquet 1817 (nom. rej.), Eulamia Gill 1862, Galeolamna Owen 1853, Galeolamnoides Whitley 1934, Gillisqualus Whitley 1934, Gymnorhinus Hilgendorf in Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899 non Maximillian 1841, Gymnorrhinus Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899, Hypoprion Müller & Henle 1839, Hypoprionodon Gill 1862, Isoplagiodon Gill 1862, Lamnarius Whitley 1943, Longmania Whitley 1939, Mapolamia Whitley 1934, Ogilamia Whitley 1939, Platypodon Gill 1862, Prionodon Müller & Henle 1839 non Horsfield 1822, Pterolamia Springer 1950 (nom. rej.) non Breuning 1942, Pterolamiops Springer 1951, Uranga Whitley 1943, Uranganops Whitley 1943] C84

Carcharhinus acronotus (Poey 1860) [=Squalus acronotus; incl. Prionodon curcuri Castelnau 1855, Carcharias (Prionodon) remotus Dumeril 1865, Carcharhinus remotus] C84

Carcharhinus albimarginatus (Rüppell 1837) [=Carcharias albimarginatus; incl. Eulamia (Platypodon) platyrhynchus Gilbert 1892 non Thalassorhinus platyrhynchus Müller & Henle 1839, Carcharhinus platyrhynchus] C84

Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos (Bleeker 1856) C84 [=Carcharis (Prionodon) amblyrhynchos C84, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchus C84; incl. Galeolama coongoola Whitley 1964 C84, G. fowleri Whitley 1944 C84, Carcharias nesiodes Snyder 1904 C84, G. tufiensis Whitley 1949 C84, Carcharhinus tufiensis M58]

Carcharhinus amboinensis (Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Prionodon) amboinensis; incl. Carcharias (P.) brachyrhynchos Bleeker 1859, Carcharias (P.) henlei Bleeker 1844 non Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839, Triaenodon obtusus Day 1878] C84

Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther 1870) C84 [=Carcharias brachyurus C84; incl. Carcharhinus acarenatus Morenos & Hoyos 1983 C84, Eulamia ahenea Stead 1938 C84, Carcharhinus ahenea G75, Carcharhinus improvisus Smith 1952 C84, Carcharias lamiella Jordan & Gilbert 1882 C84, Carcharhinus lamiella C84, Carcharhinus remotoides Deng, Xiong & Zhan 1981 C84, Carcharhinus rochensis Abella 1972 C84]

Carcharhinus brevipinna (Müller & Henle 1839) C84 [=Carcharias (Aprion) brevipinna C84, Aprionodon brevipinna C84; incl. Longmania calamaria Whitley 1944 C84, A. caparti Poll 1951 C84, Carcharhinus johnsoni Smith 1951 C84, Isogomphodon maculipinnis Poey 1865 C84, Carcharhinus maculipinnis C84, Uranga nasuta Whitley 1943 C84, Carcharhinus nasuta G75]

Carcharhinus dussumieri (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Prionodon) dussumieri; incl. Carcharias (P.) javanicus Bleeker 1852 non Carcharias javanicus van Hasselt 1823, Cacharias malabaricus Day 1873, Carcharias (P.) tjutjot Bleeker 1852] C84

Carcharhinus falciformis (Bibron in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 [=Carcharias (Prionodon) falciformis C84; incl. Carcharhinus atrodorsus Deng, Xiong & Zhan 1981 C84, Carcharias falcipinnis Lower 1839 C84, Carcharhinus floridanus Bigelow, Schroeder & Springer 1943 C84, Eulamia malpeloensis Fowler 1944 C84, Carcharias (P.) menisorrah Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839 C84, Carcharhinus menisorrah C84, Eulamia menisorrah M58, Gymnorhinus pharaonis Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899 C84, Gymnorrhinus pharaonis C84, Aprionodon sitankaiensis Herre 1931 C84, Prionodon tiburo Poey 1860 C84, Squalus tiburo non Linnaeus 1758 C84]

Carcharhinus hemiodon (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 [=Carcharias (Hypoprion) hemiodon C84, Hypoprionodon hemiodon JR10; incl. Hypoprion atripinna Chu 1960 C84, Carcharias watu Setna & Sarangdhar 1946 C84]

Carcharhinus isodon (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Aprion) isodon, Aprionodon isodon; incl. Aprionodon punctatus Gill 1861] C84

Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 [=Carcharias (Prionodon) leucas C84; incl. Carcharias azureus Gilbert & Starks 1904 C84, Carcharhinus azureus C84, Galeolamna (Bogimba) bogimba Whitley 1943 C84, Carcharhinus bogimba G75, G. grayi mackaili Whitley 1943 C84, Eulamia nicaraquensis Gill & Bransford 1877 C84, Carcharhinus nicaraquensis C84, Squalus obtusus Poey 1861 C84, Prionodon obtusus C84, S. platyodon Poey 1861 C84, Carcharhinus platyodon C84, Carcharias spenceri Ogilby 1911 C84, Carcharhinus spenceri G75, Carcharhinus vanrooyeni Smith 1958 C84, Carcharias (Prionodon) zambezensis Peters 1852 C84, Carcharhinus zambezensis C84]

Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Prionodon) limbatus; incl. Gymnorhinus abbreviatus Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899, Gymnorrhinus abbreviatus, Carcharias aethlorus Jordan & Gilbert 1882, Carcharias ehrenbergi Klunzinger 1871, Carcharias maculipinna Günther 1868, Carcharias microps Low 1840, Carcharias (Prionodon) muelleri Steindachner 1867 non C. (Physodon) muelleri Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839, Carcharhinus natator Meek & Hildebrand 1923, Carcharias phorcys Jordan & Gilbert 1903, Carcharias (Pr.) pleurotaenia Bleeker 1852, Carcharhinus pleurotaenia, Galeolamna pleurotaenia tilsoni Whitley 1950] C84

Carcharhinus longimanus (Poey 1861) (nom. cons.) C84 [=Squalus longimanus C84, Prionodon longimanus S58, *Pterolamia longimanus S58, *Pterolamiops longimanus S58; incl. Pterolamiops budkeri Fourmanoir 1961 C84, Carcharias insularum Snyder 1904 C84, Pterolamiops insularum S58, Pterolamiops magnipinnis Smith 1958 C84, Squalus (Carcharias) maou Lesson 1830 C84, Carcharhinus maou C84, Carcharias (Prionodon) obtusus Garman 1881 non Squalus obtusus Poey 1861 C84]

*Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard 1824) C84 [=Carcharias melanopterus C84, Carcharias (Prionodon) melanopterus M58, Eulamia melanopterus M58; incl. Squalus (Carcharhinus) commersoni Blainville 1816 (n. n.) C84, Carcharinus commersonii Blainville 1825 G62, Carcharias elegans Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899 C84, Carcharias marianensis Engelhardt 1912 C84, Carcharias playfairi Günther 1870 C84, Hypoprion playfairi C84]

Carcharhinus obscurus (LeSueur 1818) C84 [=Squalus obscurus C84; incl. Galeolamna (Galeolamnoides) eblis Whitley 1944 C84, *G. greyi Owen 1853 G62, C84, Carcharhinus greyi C84, Carcharhinus iranzae Fourmanoir 1961 C84, Carcharias macrurus Ramsay & Ogilby 1887 C84, Carcharhinus macrurus G75, Galeolamna macrurus C84, Carcharhinus obscurella Deng, Xiong & Zhan 1981 C84, Prionodon obvelatus Valenciennes in Webb & Berholt 1844 C84]

Carcharhinus perezi (Poey 1876) [=Platypodon perezi; incl. Eulamia springeri Bigelow & Schroeder 1944, Carcharhinus springeri] C84

Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo 1827) C84 [=Squalus plumbeus C84; incl. Squalus caecchia Nardo 1847 C84, Carcharias ceruleus DeKay 1842 non Squalus (Carcharhinus) caeruleus Blainville 1825 C84, Lamna caudata DeKay 1842 C84, Galeolamna dorsalis Whitley 1944 C84, Carcharias (Prionodon) japonicus Schlegal 1850 C84, Carcharhinus japonicus C84, Carcharias latistomus Fang & Wang 1932 C84, Carcharias (P.) milberti Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839 C84, Carcharhinus milberti C84, Eulamia milberti C84, Carcharias obtusirostris Moreau 1881 C84, Carcharias stevensi Ogilby 1911 C84, Carcharhinus stevensi G75, Galeolamna stevensi C84]

Carcharhinus porosus (Ranzani 1839) [=Carcharias porosus; incl. Carcharhinus cerdale Gilbert in Jordan & Evermann 1898, Carcharias (Prionodon) henlei Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839] C84

Carcharhinus sealei (Pietschmann 1916) C84 [=Carcharias sealei C84, Carcharhias borneensis Seale 1910 non Bleeker 1859 C84; incl. Platypodon coatesi Whitley 1939 C84, Carcharhinus coatesi G75]

Carcharhinus sorrah (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) C84 [=Carcharias (Prionodon) sorrah C84, Eulamia sorrah M58; incl. Carcharias (P.) bleekeri Dumeril 1865 C84, Carcharhinus bleekeri C84, Galeolamna isobel Whitley 1947 C84, Squalus spallanzani Peron & LeSueur in LeSueur 1822 C84, Carcharhinus spallanzani C84, Mapolamia spallanzanii C84, Carcharias taeniatus Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899 C84]

‘Eulamia’ philippi Fowler 1930 (n. d.) [=Carcharias brachyrrhynchus Philippi 1887 non C. (Prionodon) brachyrhynchos Bleeker 1859] C84

Galeocerdo cuvier (Peron & LeSueur 1822) [=Squalus cuvier; incl. S. arcticus Faber 1829, *Galeocerdo arcticus, Galeus cepedianus Agassiz 1838, Carcharias (Prionodon) fasciatus Bleeker 1852, Carcharias hemprichii Hilgendorf in Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899, Galeus maculatus Ranzani 1840, Galeocerdo obtusus Klunzinger 1871, Galeocerdo rayneri McDonald & Barron 1868, Galeocerdo tigrinus Müller & Henle 1839] C84

Glyphis gangeticus (Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Prionodon) gangeticus, Carcharhinus gangeticus, Eulamia gangetica, Platypodon gangeticus, Squalus gangeticus; incl. Carcharias murrayi Günther 1887] C84

*Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus (Müller & Henle 1839) C84 [=Carcharias (Prionodon) oxyrhynchus C84, Carcharhinus oxyrhynchus C84, Eulamia oxyrhinchus F16]

*Lamiopsis temmincki (Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Prionodon) temmincki, Carcharhinus temmincki, Eulamia temmincki; incl. Carcharhinus microphthalmus Chu 1960, Carcharias tephrodes Fowler 1905] C84

*Loxodon macrorhinus Müller & Henle 1839 [incl. Scoliodon affinis Ogilby 1912, Carcharias albomarginatus Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899, S. ceylonensis Setna & Sarangdhar 1946, C. (Scoliodon) dumerili Bleeker 1865, S. jordani Ogilby 1908] C84

Negaprion acutidens (Rüppell 1837) [=Carcharias acutidens; incl. C. forskaelii Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899, *Hemigaleops forsteri Schultz in Schultz et al. 1953, *Mystidens innominatus Whitley 1944, Odontaspis madagascariensis Fourmanoir 1961, Carcharias munzingeri Kossmann & Raeuber 1877, Eulamia odontaspis Fowler 1908, Aprionodon acutidens queenslandicus Whitley 1939, *Negaprion queenslandicus] C84

Negaprion brevirostris (Poey 1868) [=Hypoprion brevirostris; incl. Carcharias fronto Jordan & Gilbert 1882, Negaprion fronto] C84

Prionace Cantor 1849 (nom. cons.) [incl. Cynocephalus Gill 1862 nec Boddaërt 1768 nec Geoffroy & Cuvier 1795, Galeus Garman 1913 nec Rafinesque 1810 nec Cuvier 1817 nec Leach 1818, Thalassinus Moreau 1881, Thalassorhinus Valenciennes in Bonaparte 1838] C84

*Prionace glauca (Linnaeus 1758) (nom. cons.) [=Squalus glaucus, Glyphis glauca; incl. S. adscentionis Osbeck 1765, Carcharias aethiops Philippi 1896, S. (Carcharhinus) caeruleus Blainville 1825, C. gracilis Philippi 1887, C. (Prionodon) hirundinaceus Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839, Hypoprion isodus Philippi 1887, Hemigaleus isodus, Prionace macki Phillipps 1935, Carcharias pugae Perez Canto 1886, Squalus rondeletii Risso 1810, Thalassinus rondeletii Moreau 1881, Galeus thalassinus Valenciennes in Cuvier 1835, Thalassorhinus vulpecula Valenciennes in Bonaparte 1838] C84

Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell 1837) C84 [=Carcharias acutus C84; incl. C. aaronis Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1899 C84, C. (Scoliodon) crenidens Klunzinger 1879 C84, *Rhizoprion crenidens C84, *Rhizoprionodon crenidens C84, Carcharias eumeces Pietschmann 1913 C84, Scoliodon longmani Ogilby 1912 C84, Protozygaena longmani G75, Carcharias (Prionodon) sorrakowa Bleeker 1853 C84, Scoliodon sorrakowa C84, S. sorrakowah C84, S. vagatus Garman 1913 C84, C. (Scoliodon) walbeehmi Bleeker 1856 C84, S. walbeehmi C84, C. walbenii C84]

Rhizoprionodon lalandii (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839) [=Carcharias (Scoliodon) lalandii, R. lalandei, Scoliodon lalandei; incl. S. intermedius Garman 1913] C84

*Scoliodon laticaudus Müller & Henle 1838 [=Carcharias (Scoliodon) laticaudus; incl. C. (S.) macrorhynchos Bleeker 1852, C. (Physodon) muelleri Valenciennes in Müller & Henle 1839, C. (Prionodon) palasorra Bleeker 1853, Scoliodon palasorra] C84

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CDZ93] Cappetta, H., C. Duffin & J. Zidek. 1993. Chondrichthyes. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 593–609. Chapman & Hall: London.

[C84] Compagno, L. J. V. 1984. FAO Species Catalogue vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2—Carcharhiniformes. United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome.

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.

[F16] Fowler, H. W. 1916. The fishes of Trinidad, Grenada, and St. Lucia, British West Indies. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 520–548.

[F91] Freess, W. B. 1991. Beiträge zur Kenntnis von Fauna und Flora des marinen Mitteloligozäns bei Leipzig. Altenburger Naturwissenschaftliche Forschungen 6: 3–74.

[G62] Garrick, J. A. F. 1962. Reasons in favor of retaining the generic name Carcharhinus Blainville, and a proposal for identifying its type species as the Indo-Pacific black-tipped shark, C. melanopterus. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 89–96.

[G75] Grant, E. M. 1975. Guide to Fishes. The Co-ordinator-General’s Department: Brisbane (Australia).

[JR10] Jordan, D. S., & R. E. Richardson. 1910. Check-list of the species of fishes known from the Philippine archipelago. Bureau of Printing: Manila.

[M58] Munro, I. S. R. 1958. The fishes of the New Guinea region: a check-list of the fishes of New Guinea incorporating records of species collected by the Fisheries Survey Vessel “Fairwind” during the years 1948 to 1950. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 10 (4): 97–369 (reprinted 1958. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin no. 1).

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[S58] Smith, J. L. B. 1958. Sharks of the genus Pterolamiops Springer, 1951 with notes on isurid sharks. Ichthyological Bulletin 10: 131–134.

[W96] Walsh, S. L. 1996. S. Middle Eocene mammal faunas of San Diego County, California. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 75–119. Cambridge University Press.