Lemnaceae

Common duckweed Lemna minor, copyright Mokkie.

Belongs within: Araceae.

The Lemnaceae, duckweeds, are a cosmopolitan group of small to minute floating aquatic plants.

Characters (from Healy & Edgar 1980): Very small gregarious aquatic perennials, usually <5 mm long, floating on, or just under, surface of still or slowly moving water, often together forming a complete cover; consisting of ± flattened leafless green platelets, with or without roots, each new platelet arising from a bud in a horizontal pouch on an older platelet. Inflorescence rarely seen, produced in a similar pouch, of 1-2-(3) male flowers maturing successively, and 1 female flower, the whole enclosed within or associated with a membranous spathe. Male flower a single stamen; filament projecting well beyond spathe; pollen sacs 1-2, rounded, splitting transversely; pollen globular. Female flower of rounded ovary and short erect style; carpel single, ovules 1-6, basal. Fruit flattened, sometimes ± winged. Seeds relatively large, smooth or ribbed.

<==Lemnaceae [Spathiflorae]
    |--Telmatosphace gibba [=Lemna gibba] C55
    |--Spirodela Schleiden 1839 ME70
    |    |--S. polyrhiza [=Lemna polyrhiza] HE80
    |    `--S. punctata (Meyer) Thompson 1897 HE80 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Wolffia Horkel ex Schleiden 1839 ME70
    |    |--W. arrhiza (Linnaeus) Wimm. 1857 [=Lemna arrhiza Linnaeus 1771] ME70
    |    `--W. australiana (Bentham) den Hartog & van der Plas 1972 [=W. arrhiza var. australiana Bentham 1878] HE80
    `--Lemna Linnaeus 1753 ME70
         |--L. aequinoctialis LK14
         |--L. disperma ME70
         |    |--L. d. var. disperma ME70
         |    `--L. d. var. fallax ME70
         |--L. minor Linnaeus 1753 ME70
         |--L. paucicostata ME70
         |--L. perpusilla PP07
         `--L. trisulca ME70

Spirodela punctata (Meyer) Thompson 1897 HE80 [=Lemna punctata Meyer 1818 HE80; incl. L. oligorrhiza Kurz 1866 HE80, Spirodela oligorrhiza (Kurz) Hegelm. 1868 ME70]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1-4): 15–78.

Hydrocharitaceae

Vallisneria spiralis, copyright Lamiot.

Belongs within: Alismatanae.

The Hydrocharitaceae are a group of perennial herbs living at least partially submerged in water that are more diverse in warmer regions of the world.

Characters (from Healy & Edgar 1980): Aquatic perennials of fresh or salt water, partly or completely submersed; monoecious or dioecious. Stems long, slender, simple or branched, or 0. Leaves basal or cauline, usually sessile, alternate or whorled, variable in shape and size, submersed or floating. Flowers actinomorphic, commonly unisexual, sometimes bisexual. Inflorescence (or flower) sessile or long-pedunculate, in a tubular bifid spathe or within 2 opposite bracts; male flowers usually many within spathe; female flowers solitary; bisexual flowers solitary or several together. Perianth-segments usually 6 or fewer, in 1-2 whorls, 3 (rarely 2) in each whorl; tube often elongate. Stamens (1)-3-many, anthers 2-celled, opening by longitudinal slits (staminodia in female flowers). Ovary inferior, syncarpous, 1-locular, with 3-6 (rarely more) parietal placentae (rudimentary ovaries in male flowers); style-branches as many as placentae; stigmas entire or bifid; ovules many. Fruit submersed, often fleshy, indehiscent, occasionally rupturing irregularly. Seeds many.

<==Hydrocharitaceae [Hydrocharideae, Hydrocharitales]
    |--Elodea canadensis Michaux 1803 HE80
    |--Hydrocharis morsus-ranae BO08
    |--Lagarosiphon major (Ridley) Moss ex Wager 1928 HE80
    |--Stratiotes aloides YY22, C55
    |--Xystrolobos YY22
    |--Hydromystria YY22
    |--Enhalus acoroides P88
    |--Egeria densa Planchon 1849 HE80
    |--Boottia YY22
    |    |--B. aschersoniana M30
    |    `--B. muricata M30
    |--Hydrilla HE80
    |    |--H. kaynensis JD05
    |    `--H. verticillata HE80
    |--Thalassia Banks ex König 1805 HL09
    |    |--T. hemprichii (Ehrenberg) Aschersson 1871 [=Schizotheca hemprichii Ehrenberg 1832] HL09
    |    `--T. testudinum K-M02
    |--Halophila Thouars 1806 HL09
    |    |--H. decipiens Ostenfeld 1902 HL09
    |    |--H. ovalis (Brown) Hooker 1859 [=Caulinia ovalis Brown 1810] HL09
    |    `--H. stipulacea P71
    |--Blyxa YY22
    |    |--B. aubertii LK14
    |    |    |--B. a. var. aubertii LK14
    |    |    `--B. a. var. echinosperma LK14
    |    `--B. octandra LK14
    |--Ottelia HE80
    |    |--O. alismoides P88
    |    |--O. minutissima JD05
    |    |--O. ovalifolia (Brown) Richard 1811 HE80
    |    |    |--O. o. ssp. ovalifolia LK14
    |    |    `--O. o. ssp. chrysobasis LK14
    |    `--O. praeterita S87
    `--Vallisneria HE80
         |--V. americana B97
         |--V. annua LK14
         |--V. gigantea HE80
         |--V. nana LK14
         |--V. spiralis HE80
         |    |--V. s. var. spiralis PP07
         |    `--V. s. var. denseserrulata PP07
         |--V. stylosa JD05
         `--V. triptera LK14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BO08] Bönsel, D., I. Ottich, A. Malten & G. Zizka. 2008. An updated list of the vascular plants of Frankfurt am Main (Pteridophyta & Spermatophyta). Senckenbergiana Biologica 88 (1): 111–121.

[B97] Brown, K. M. 1997. Temporal and spatial patterns of abundance in the gastropod assemblage of a macrophyte bed. American Malacological Bulletin 14 (1): 27–33.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[HL09] Huisman, J. M., F. Leliaert, H. Veerbruggen & R. A. Townsend. 2009. Marine benthic plants of Western Australia's shelf-edge atolls. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 50–87.

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185–273.

[K-M02] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002. Filefishes. Family Monacanthidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 592–598. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M30] Moss, C. E. 1930. A new genus of Hydrocharitaceae from tropical Africa. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 14–16.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1–4): 15–78.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[P71] Por, F. D. 1971. One hundred years of Suez Canal—a century of Lessepsian migration: retrospect and viewpoints. Systematic Zoology 20 (2): 138–159.

[S87] Stephens, W. J. 1887. On the Biloela labyrinthodont (second notice). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1113–1121, pl. 14.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Alismataceae

Arrowhead Sagittaria sagittifolia, copyright Algirdas.

Belongs within: Alismatanae.

The Alismataceae are a family of flowering herbs found in watery habitats in temperate and tropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere (Healy & Edgar 1980).

Characters (from Healy & Edgar 1980): Annual or perennial, marsh or aquatic, sometimes lactiferous herbs, erect, rarely with floating leaves; hermaphrodite, monoecious or dioecious, Leaves all basal, long-petioled, sheathing; laminae linear-lanceolate, hastate, sagittate or cordate. Flowers actinomorphic, usually bisexual, in panicles or racemes; sepals 3, green, persistent; petals 3. deciduous, rarely 0. Stamens (3)-6 or more, hypogynous, free; anthers 2-celled. Carpels numerous, superior, free or rarely connate at base, arranged in a ring or irregularly packed over surface of receptacle; style persistent; ovules 1-several. Fruit a head or whorl of achenes, rarely of follicles.

<==Alismataceae
    |--Alisma DS04
    |    |--A. lanceolatum Withering 1796 HE80
    |    `--A. plantago-aquatica Linnaeus 1753 HE80
    `--+--Caldesia DS04
       |    |--C. oligococca DS04
       |    `--C. reniformis AGF98
       `--Sagittaria DS04
            |--S. latifolia DS04
            `--S. sagittifolia C55

Alismataceae incertae sedis:
  Wiesneria YY22
  Lophotocarpus YY22
  Limnophyton YY22
  Burnatia YY22
  Echinodorus Engelmann 1848 L08
    |  i. s.: E. africanus Rataj 1981 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. barthii Mühlberg 1986 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. gabrielii Rataj 1990 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. janii Rataj 1988 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. maculatus Somogyi 2006 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. multiflorus Rataj 1989 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. opacus Rataj 1970 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. portoalegrensis Rataj 1970 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. pseudohorizontalis Rataj 2002 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. schlueteri Rataj 1981 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. veronikae Rataj 1988 (n. d.) L08
    |         E. viridis Rataj 2002 (n. d.) L08
    |--*E. berteroi (Spreng.) Fassett 1955 (see below for synonymy) L08
    `--+--+--E. longipetalus Micheli 1881 (see below for synonymy) L08
       |  `--+--E. horizontalis Rataj 1969 [incl. E. interruptus Rataj 2004] L08
       |     `--E. tunicatus Small 1909 L08
       `--+--E. sect. Palaefolii Rataj 1975 L08
          |    |--E. major (Micheli) Rataj 1967 [=E. martii β major Micheli 1881] L08
          |    `--+--E. pubescens (Mart.) Seub. 1872 (see below for synonymy) L08
          |       `--+--E. inpai Rataj 1981 L08
          |          `--+--E. palaefolius (Nees & Mart.) Macbr. 1931 (see below for synonymy) L08
          |             `--+--E. decumbens Kasselm. 2000 L08
          |                `--E. subalatus (Mart.) Griseb. 1866 (see below for synonymy) L08
          `--+--+--E. heikobleheri Rataj 2004 L08
             |  `--E. grisebachii Small 1909 (see below for synonymy) L08
             `--+--E. lanceolatus Rataj 1968 non E. rostratus var. lanceolatus Engelm. 1890 L08
                `--+--+--E. trialatus Fassett 1955 L08
                   |  `--+--E. glandulosus Rataj 1969 L08
                   |     `--+--E. emersus Lehtonen 2008 L08
                   |        `--E. scaber Rataj 1969 (see below for synonymy) L08
                   `--+--+--E. bracteatus Micheli 1881 (see below for synonymy) L08
                      |  `--E. macrophyllus (Kunth) Micheli 1881 [=Alisma macrophyllum Kunth 1841] L08
                      `--+--+--E. cylindricus Rataj 1975 L08
                         |  `--E. glaucus Rataj 1975 [incl. E. teretoscapus Haynes & Holm-Niels. 1994] L08
                         `--+--E. paniculatus Micheli 1881 (see below for synonymy) L08
                            `--+--+--E. reptilis Lehtonen 2008 L08
                               |  `--E. uruguayensis Arechav. 1903 (see below for synonymy) L08
                               `--+--E. cordifolius (Linnaeus) Griseb. 1857 (see below for synonymy) L08
                                  `--+--E. floribundus (Seub.) Seub. 1872 (see below for synonymy) L08
                                     `--+--E. grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Micheli 1881 (see below for synonymy) L08
                                        `--E. longiscapus Arechav. 1903 (see below for synonymy) L08
  Baldellia L08
  Helanthium (Benth. & Hook.) Britton 1905 L08
    |--H. bolivianum [=Echinodorus bolivianus] L08
    |--H. tenellum [=Echinodorus tenellus] L08
    `--H. zombiense [=Echinodorus zombiensis] L08
  Ranalisma L08
  Albidella nymphaeifolia [=Echinodorus nymphaeifolius] L08

*Echinodorus berteroi (Spreng.) Fassett 1955 [=Alisma berteroi Spreng. 1825, A. berteroanum Balb. ex Schult. & Schult. 1830; incl. Echinodorus rostratus var. lanceolatus Engelm. 1890, E. berteroi var. lanceolatus (Engelm.) Fassett 1955, E. cordifolius f. lanceolatus (Engelm.) Fernald 1936, E. rostratus f. lanceolatus (Engelm.) Fernald 1947, E. longilineatus Rataj 2004, E. patagonicus Speg. 1902, E. berteroi ssp. patagonicus (Speg.) Rataj 1969, Alisma rostrata Nutt. 1835, E. rostratus (Nutt.) Engelm. 1848] L08

Echinodorus bracteatus Micheli 1881 [incl. E. bracteatus var. efenestratus Fassett 1955, E. bracteatus ssp. efenestratus (Fassett) Haynes & Holm-Niels. 1986] L08

Echinodorus cordifolius (Linnaeus) Griseb. 1857 [=Alisma cordifolia Linnaeus 1753, Sagittaria cordifolia (Linnaeus) Lam. 1788; incl. Echinodorus fluitans Fassett 1955, E. cordifolius ssp. fluitans (Fassett) Haynes & Holm-Niels. 1986, E. ovalis Wright ex Sauvalle 1870, Sagittaria radicans Nutt. 1835, E. radicans (Nutt.) Engelm. 1848] L08

Echinodorus floribundus (Seub.) Seub. 1872 [=Alisma floribundum Seub. 1847, E. grandiflorus α floribundus (Seub.) Micheli 1881; incl. E. grandiflorus var. aureus Fassett 1955, E. grandiflorus ssp. aureus (Fassett) Haynes & Holm-Niels. 1986, Alisma pubescens β claussenii Seub. 1847, E. grandiflorus var. claussenii Rataj 1969, E. grandiflorus var. longibracteatus Rataj 1969, E. muricatus Griseb. 1858, E. macrophyllus β muricatus (Griseb.) Micheli 1881, E. puncatus Micheli 1881] L08

Echinodorus grandiflorus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Micheli 1881 [=Alisma grandiflorum Cham. & Schltdl. 1827; incl. E. argentinensis Rataj 1970, E. floridanus Haynes & Burkhalter 1998, E. grandiflorus β ovatus Micheli 1881, E. pellucidus Rataj 1975] L08

Echinodorus grisebachii Small 1909 [incl. E. amazonicus Rataj 1970, E. amphibius Rataj 1967, E. bleherae Rataj 1970, E. eglandulosus Holm-Niels. & Haynes 1985, E. gracilis Rataj 1967, E. grisebachii var. minor Kasselm. 2001 nec E. ellipticus δ minor (Seub.) Micheli 1881 nec E. sellowianus var. minor Buchenau 1903, E. parviflorus Rataj 1970] L08

Echinodorus longipetalus Micheli 1881 [incl. Sagittaria brevipedicellata Kuntze 1898, E. brevipedicellatus (Kuntze) Buchenau 1903, E. reticulatus Haynes & Holm-Niels. 1986] L08

Echinodorus longiscapus Arechav. 1903 [=E. grandiflorus var. longiscapus (Arechav.) Hauman 1915, E. sellowianus var. major Buchenau 1903 non E. martii β major Micheli 1881, E. sellowianus var. minor Buchenau 1903 non E. ellipticus δ minor (Seub.) Micheli 1881, E. longiscapus var. minor (Buchenau) Tronc. 1964, E. aschersonianus var. nulliglandulosus Rataj 1970, E. sellowianus Buchenau 1903] L08

Echinodorus palaefolius (Nees & Mart.) Macbr. 1931 [=Sagittaria palaefolia Nees & Mart. 1823, Alisma palaefolium (Nees & Mart.) Kunth 1841; incl. A. ellipticum Mart. 1830, E. ellipticus α latifolia Micheli 1881, E. palaefolius var. latifolius (Micheli) Rataj 1971, Alisma ellipticum β minus Seub. 1847, Echinodorus ellipticus δ minor (Seub.) Micheli 1881, E. palaefolius var. minus (Seub.) Rataj 1971, E. piauhyensis Kasselm. 2001, Alisma virgata Hook. & Arn. 1838, E. virgatus (Hook. & Arn.) Micheli 1881] L08

Echinodorus paniculatus Micheli 1881 [incl. E. paniculatus var. brevifolia Haumann 1915, E. paniculatus var. dubius Fassett 1955, E. paniculatus f. latifolia Chodat & Hassler 1903 non E. ellipticus α latifolia Micheli 1881] L08

Echinodorus pubescens (Mart.) Seub. 1872 [=Alisma pubescens Mart. 1830, E. ellipticus β pubescens (Mart.) Micheli 1881; incl. E. macrocarpus Rataj 1975] L08

Echinodorus scaber Rataj 1969 [=E. macrophyllus ssp. scaber (Rataj) Haynes & Holm-Niels. 1986; incl. E. scaber var. proliferatus Rataj 1969] L08

Echinodorus subalatus (Mart.) Griseb. 1866 [=Alisma subalatus Mart. 1830; incl. A. andrieuxii Hook. & Arn. 1838, Echinodorus andrieuxii (Hook. & Arn.) Small 1909, E. subalatus ssp. andrieuxii (Hook. & Arn.) Haynes & Holm-Niels. 1986, Alisma intermedium Mart. 1830, E. intermedius (Mart.) Griseb. 1866, E. longistylis Buchenau 1903, E. andrieuxii var. longistylis (Buchenau) Rataj 1971, E. martii Micheli 1881, E. ellipticus γ ovata Micheli 1881] L08

Echinodorus uruguayensis Arechav. 1903 [=E. martii var. uruguayensis (Arechav.) Hauman 1915; incl. E. aschersonianus Graebn. 1911, E. horemanii Rataj 1970, E. uruguayensis var. minor Kasselm. 2001 nec E. ellipticus δ minor (Seub.) Micheli 1881 nec E. sellowianus var. minor Buchenau 1903 nec E. grisebachii var. minor Kasselm. 2001, E. osiris Rataj 1970] L08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[L08] Lehtonen, S. 2008. An integrative approach to species delimitation in Echinodorus (Alismataceae) and the description of two new species. Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 525–563.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Orontioideae

Skunk cabbage Symplocarpus renifolius, photographed by Alpsdrake.

Belongs within: Araceae.

The Orontioideae are a group of aroid plants found in North America and eastern Asia. They are united by an expanded non-linear leaf blade, anatropous or hemianatropous ovules, a sparse or absent endosperm, and a base chromosome number of x = 13.

<==Orontioideae
    |--Orontium [Orontieae] NS06
    |    `--O. aquaticum NS06
    `--+--Lysichiton NS06
       |    |--L. americanus NS06
       |    `--L. camtschatcensis NS06
       `--Symplocarpus [Symplocarpeae] NS06
            |  i. s.: S. nabekuraensis NS06
            |--S. nipponicus NS06
            `--+--S. foetidus NS06
               `--S. renifolius NS06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[NS06] Nie, Z.-L., H. Sun, H. Li & J. Wen. 2006. Intercontinental biogeography of subfamily Orontioideae (Symplocarpus, Lysichiton, and Orontium) of Araceae in eastern Asia and North America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 155–165.

Rhaphidophora

Rhaphidophora foraminifera, copyright Eric in SF.

Belongs within: Monsteroideae.

Rhaphidophora is a diverse genus of climbing aroid plants found in the Old World tropics.

See also: Taxon of the Week: Rhaphidophora.

Characters (from Flora of China): Lianas, large; raphides numerous on stem and leaf; laticiferous ducts absent. Stems thick, creeping and climbing up trees or over rocks by aid of adhesive roots. Leaves distichous, petiolate; pulvinus short or long; petiole often adaxially grooved or canaliculate, sheath extending to pulvinus; leaf blade entire or divided, or perforate, thinly to rather thickly leathery, pinnately veined. Inflorescences terminal on leafy shoots, solitary or sometimes in a fascicle (synflorescence); as synflorescence develops axis sometimes reiterating and overtopping synflorescence such that inflorescence cluster is displaced and appears to be produced laterally (here termed "appearing axillary"). Spathe not constricted, initially inrolled and tubular, afterward spreading, firm, mostly early caducous, rarely marcescent. Stalk of spadix short or absent; spadix cylindric. Flowers many, bisexual or sometimes a few male, naked. Stamens 4; anthers much shorter than filaments, dehiscent by a slit. Ovary 1- or incompletely 2-loculed, 2- to many ovuled; ovules basal or parietal, 1- or 2-seriate; style broadly conic; stigma circular to linear, in latter case longitudinally inserted. Fruit with stylar plate sloughing away in groups or singularly to reveal ovary cavity with seeds embedded in pulp, many seeded. Seeds small, oblong to reniform.

<==Rhaphidophora
    |--R. decursiva TB04
    |--R. glauca TB04
    |--R. megaphylla TB04
    |--R. nicolsonii TB04
    |--R. peepla TB04
    |--R. pertusa TB04
    `--+--R. schlechteri [incl. R. obliquata] TB04
       `--+--R. africana TB04
          |--R. angulata TB04
          |--R. bonii TB04
          |--R. crassifolia TB04
          |--R. elliptifolia TB04
          |--R. foraminifera TB04
          |--R. hayi TB04
          |--R. hookeri TB04
          |--R. lobbii TB04
          |--R. maingayi TB04
          |--R. megasperma TB04
          |--R. neoguineensis TB04
          |--R. schottii TB04
          |--R. sylvestris TB04
          |--+--R. angustata TB04
          |  `--R. spuria [incl. R. graeffei] TB04
          |--+--R. geniculata TB04
          |  `--R. petrieana TB04
          |--+--R. puberula TB04
          |  `--R. subfalcata TB04
          |--+--R. australasica TB04
          |  `--+--R. hongkongensis TB04
          |     `--R. montana TB04
          `--+--+--R. apiculata TB04
             |  `--R. waria TB04
             `--+--R. pachyphylla TB04
                `--R. spathacea [incl. R. engleri] TB04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[TB04] Tam, S.-M., P. C. Boyce, T. M. Upson, D. Barabé, A. Bruneau, F. Forest & J. S. Parker. 2004. Intergeneric and infrafamilial phylogeny of subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae) revealed by chloroplast trnL-F sequences. American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 490–498.

Monsteroideae

Swiss cheese plant Monstera deliciosa, photographed by Wouter Hagens.

Belongs within: Araceae.
Contains: Rhaphidophora.

The Monsteroideae are a group of aroid plants characterised by numerous trichosclereids in the vegetative and floral parts, and mostly aperigoniate bisexual flowers.

<==Monsteroideae [Anepsiadeae, Monsterinae]
    |--Heteropsideae TB04
    |    |--Alloschemone occidentalis TB04
    |    |--Heteropsis oblongifolia TB04
    |    |--Rhodospatha [incl. Anepsias, Atimeta] TB04
    |    |    |--R. guanchensis TB04
    |    |    `--+--R. falconense TB04
    |    |       `--R. oblongata TB04
    |    `--Stenospermation TB04
    |         |--S. ulei TB04
    |         `--+--S. multiovatum TB04
    |            `--S. popayanense TB04
    `--+--Spathiphylleae TB04
       |    |--Mayoa Friis, Pedersen & Crane 2004 FPC04
       |    |    `--*M. portugallica Friis, Pedersen & Crane 2004 FPC04
       |    `--Spathiphyllum TB04
       |         |--+--S. cannifolium TB04
       |         |  `--Holochlamys beccarii TB04
       |         `--+--S. patinii TB04
       |            `--+--S. cochlearispathum TB04
       |               `--S. wallisii TB04
       `--Monstereae [Rhaphidophoreae] TB04
            |--+--Rhaphidophora TB04
            |  `--Anadendrum [Anadendreae] TB04
            |       `--A. microstachyum TB04
            |--+--Epipremnum TB04
            |  |    |--E. falcifolium TB04
            |  |    `--E. papuanum TB04
            |  `--+--‘Rhaphidophora’ grallatrix TB04
            |     `--Scindapsus [incl. Cuscuaria] TB04
            |          |--S. aureus MH98
            |          |--S. hederaceus TB04
            |          |--S. longistipitatus TB04
            |          `--S. pictus TB04
            `--+--+--‘Epipremnum’ pinnatum TB04
               |  `--Amydrium TB04
               |       |--A. hainanense TB04
               |       |--A. humile TB04
               |       |--A. magnificum TB04
               |       `--A. medium TB04
               `--+--+--‘Rhaphidophora’ beccarii TB04
                  |  |--‘Rhaphidophora’ korthalsii TB04
                  |  |--‘Rhaphidophora’ latevaginata TB04
                  |  `--+--‘Rhaphidophora’ crassicaulis TB04
                  |     `--‘Rhaphidophora’ luchunensis TB04
                  `--Monstera [incl. Amomophyllum, Tornelia] TB04
                       |--M. deliciosa TB04
                       `--+--M. adansonii TB04
                          |    |--M. a. var. adansonii TB04
                          |    `--M. a. var. klotzschiana TB04
                          |--M. falcifolia TB04
                          `--M. obliqua TB04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FPC04] Friis, E. M., K. R. Pedersen & P. R. Crane. 2004. Araceae from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal: evidence on the emergence of monocotyledons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (47): 16565–16570.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[TB04] Tam, S.-M., P. C. Boyce, T. M. Upson, D. Barabé, A. Bruneau, F. Forest & J. S. Parker. 2004. Intergeneric and infrafamilial phylogeny of subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae) revealed by chloroplast trnL-F sequences. American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 490–498.

Araceae

Anthurium jenmanii, photographed by Phil Nelson.

Belongs within: Alismatanae.
Contains: Orontioideae, Lemnaceae, Aroideae, Monsteroideae.

The Araceae are a family of flowering plants in which most species have the flowers reduced and clustered onto a compact spike that is in turn subtended by a large, often colourful bract. Basal aroids include the settler's twine or boorgay Gymnostachys anceps of eastern Australia, distinguished from other aroids by its linear leaves, parallel venation, and a flowering shoot of a complex synflorescence consisting of three to seven short, perennating floral sympodia seperated from each other by a distinct peduncular axis with each sympodium subtended by a leaf-like bract (Nie et al. 2006).

Characters (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Cyanogenic glucoside triglochinin, flavone C-glycosides present; dimorphic root hypodermis present; sieve tube plastids also with starch; pseudopetiole bundles scattered; stomata unorientated, also anomo- and tetracytic; leaves usually with pseudopetiole, lamina and (pseudo)midrib, tertiary venation cross to reticulate, base with lateral (occasionally auriculate) flanges; inflorescence densely spicate [spadix], unbranched, inflorescence bract well developed, ± coloured, ± surrounding spadix [spathe]; flowers sessile, floral bracts absent; flowers 2-3-merous, in latter case median member of outer whorl of tepals adaxial, tepals ± hooded, with single trace, free (sometimes connate); anthers extrorse; pollen with ektexine present; septal nectaries absent; carpels (basally) ascidiate, fusion usually congenital, loculus usually with secretion, style at most short, stigma also wet; ovules ± unvascularized; fruit a berry; testa multiplicative, ≥5 cells across, often parenchymatous, or with exotesta and/or endotesta and mesotesta lignified, tegmen collapsed; x = 16; cotyledon not photosynthetic.

<==Araceae [Arales, Aranae, Ariflorae, Calleae]
    |--+--Orontioideae NS06
    |  `--Gymnostachys [Gymnostachydoideae] NS06
    |       `--G. anceps Brown 1810 CD07
    `--+--Lemnaceae TB04
       `--+--+--Aroideae NS06
          |  `--Lasioideae TB04
          |       |--Anaphyllopsis americana TB04
          |       `--Dracontium polyphyllum NS06
          `--+--Monsteroideae NS06
             `--Pothoideae TB04
                  |--Pothos [Potheae] NS06
                  |    |--P. ovalifolius TB04
                  |    `--+--P. junghuhnii TB04
                  |       `--P. scandens TB04
                  `--Anthurium [Anthurieae] TB04
                       |--A. guildingii TB04
                       |--A. jenmannii TB04
                       `--A. scandens J87

Araceae incertae sedis:
  Zantedeschia HE80
    |--Z. aethiopica (Linnaeus) Sprengel 1826 HE80
    `--Z. albomaculata HE80
  Adelonema YY22
  Aglaodorum YY22
  Alocasiophyllum YY22
  Amauriella YY22
  Aphyllarum YY22
  Asterostigma YY22
  Biarum YY22
  Bucephalandra YY22
  Caladiopsis YY22
  Callopsis YY22
  Chamaecladon YY22
  Chlorospatha YY22
  Diandriella YY22
  Gamogyne YY22
  Gearum YY22
  Gonatanthus YY22
  Gorgonidium YY22
  Hapaline YY22
  Helicodiceros YY22
  Hydrosme YY22
  Lagenandra YY22
  Mangonia YY22
  Microcasia YY22
  Philonotion YY22
  Pinellia YY22
  Piptospatha YY22
  Plesmonium YY22
  Porophyrospatha YY22
  Pseudohydrosme YY22
  Remusatia YY22
  Rhynchopyle YY22
  Scaphispatha YY22
  Schismatoglottis YY22
  Schizocasia YY22
  Spathantheum YY22
  Stylochiton YY22
  Synantherias YY22
  Syngonium YY22
  Taccarum YY22
  Thaumatophyllum YY22
  Theriophonum YY22
  Typhonium SVD02
    |--T. diversifolium O88
    |--T. horsfieldii (Miquel) Steenis 1948 (see below for synonymy) SVD02
    |--T. liliifolium LK14
    |--T. nudibaccatum LK14
    |--T. pedatum Schott 1857 SVD02
    `--T. peltandroides LK14
  Typhonodorum YY22
  Ulearum YY22
  Xenophya YY22
  Zomicarpa YY22
  Zomicarpella YY22
  Synandrospadix YY22
  Pothoidium YY22
  Dracunculus vulgaris Schott in Schott & Endlicher 1832 HE80
  Cryptocoryne P88
    |--C. ciliata P88
    |--C. cordata P88
    `--C. crispatula YG03
  Cyrtosperma S68
  Lasia spinosa BB07
  Anaphyllum wightii UB06
  Urospatha MM96
    |--U. caudata MM96
    `--U. friedrichsthallii MM96
  Landoltia punctata LK14
  Richardia africana Kunth 1818 C06

Typhonium horsfieldii (Miquel) Steenis 1948 [=Sauromatum horsfieldii Miquel 1856; incl. T. fallax Brown 1880, Heterostalis pedata Schott 1864 non T. pedatum Schott 1857] SVD02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1–4): 121–154.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[NS06] Nie, Z.-L., H. Sun, H. Li & J. Wen. 2006. Intercontinental biogeography of subfamily Orontioideae (Symplocarpus, Lysichiton, and Orontium) of Araceae in eastern Asia and North America. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 155–165.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[SVD02] Sasikala, K., E. Vajravelu & P. Daniel. 2002. Typhonium horsfieldii (Miq.) Steenis, family Araceae, a new report for India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 581–583.

[S68] Simons, E. L. 1968. African Oligocene mammals: introduction, history of study, and faunal succession. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, Bulletin 28: 1–21.

[TB04] Tam, S.-M., P. C. Boyce, T. M. Upson, D. Barabé, A. Bruneau, F. Forest & J. S. Parker. 2004. Intergeneric and infrafamilial phylogeny of subfamily Monsteroideae (Araceae) revealed by chloroplast trnL-F sequences. American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 490–498.

[UB06] Udayan, P. S. & I. Balachandran. 2006. Cleistanthus sankunnianus Sivar. & Indu Balach.—a rare and little known endemic plant rediscovered from wild populations in Kollam district of Kerala state, India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48 (1–4): 217–218.

[YG03] Yadav, S. R., & S. P. Gaikwad. 2003. A revision of the Indian Aponogetonaceae. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45 (1–4): 39–76.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 24 April 2018.