Aristidoideae

Aristida stipoides, copyright Roger and Alison Heath.

Belongs within: Poaceae.
Contains: Aristida section Chaetaria.

The Aristidoideae, wiregrasses, are a group of relatively narrow-leaved grasses most commonly found in dry, open habitats.

Characters (from Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001): Plants annual or perennial, caespitose, herbaceous, xerophytic or less commonly mesophytic. Culms solid or hollow. Leaves distichous; abaxial ligule absent or present as a line of hairs; adaxial ligule a fringed membrane or a fringe of hairs; blades relatively narrow, without pseudopetioles, venation parallel; sheaths non-auriculate. Inflorescences paniculate, bracts outside of the spikelets absent. Spikelets with bisexual florets, glumes 2, female-fertile floret 1, and no rachilla extension, cylindrical or laterally compressed, disarticulating above the glumes; lemma with three awns, the awns separate from each other, or fused below into a twisted column; palea short, less than half the lemma length; lodicules present or rarely absent, when present 2, free, membranous, glabrous, heavily vascularized; stamens 1 to 3; ovary glabrous, apical appendage absent, haustorial synergids absent, styles 2, free, close, stigmas 2. Caryopsis with the hilum short or long-linear; endosperm hard, without lipid, containing compound starch grains; embryo small or large, epiblast absent, scutellar cleft present or absent, mesocotyl internode elongated, embryonic leaf margins meeting. Basic chromosome numbers: x = 11, 12.

<==Aristidoideae [Aristideae]
    |--Sartidia GPWG01
    |--Stipagrostis GPWG01
    |    |--S. damarensis CV06
    |    |--S. garubensis CV06
    |    |--S. gonatostachys CV06
    |    |--S. hermannii CV06
    |    |--S. lanipes CV06
    |    |--S. namibensis CV06
    |    |--S. pellytronis CV06
    |    |--S. plumosa AGF98
    |    |--S. pogonoptila PP07
    |    |--S. ramulosa CV06
    |    |--S. sabulicola CV06
    |    |--S. seelyae CV06
    |    |--S. uniplumus CS77
    |    |--S. vulnerans AGF98
    |    `--S. zeyheri GPWG01
    `--Aristida GPWG01
         |  i. s.: A. adscensionis PP07
         |           |--A. a. var. adscensionis S06
         |           |--A. a. var. breviseta Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
         |           |--A. a. var. coerulescens S06
         |           |    |  i. s.: A. a. var. c. f. modestina Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
         |           |    |--A. a. var. c. subvar. coerulescens S06
         |           |    `--A. a. var. c. subvar. condensata S06
         |           |--A. a. var. laevis S06
         |           |--A. a. var. modesta S06
         |           `--A. a. var. scabriflora S06
         |         A. arizonica GPWG01
         |         A. basiramea V72
         |         A. californica H93
         |         A. congesta GPWG01
         |           |--A. c. ssp. congesta GPWG01
         |           `--A. c. ssp. barbicollis GPWG01
         |         A. dichotoma V72
         |         A. divaricata H93
         |         A. exserta LK14
         |         A. funiculata PP07
         |         A. holathera LK14
         |         A. inaequiglumis LK14
         |         A. ingrata LK14
         |         A. kimberleyensis LK14
         |         A. longispica V72
         |           |--A. l. var. longispica V72
         |           `--A. l. var. geniculata [incl. A. intermedia] V72
         |         A. mendocina [incl. A. cordobensis] S06
         |         A. murina [=A. pallens var. murina Trin. 1849] S06
         |         A. mutabilis PP07
         |         A. necopina V72
         |         A. oligantha H93
         |         A. orcuttiana H93
         |         A. pallens S06
         |           |--A. p. var. pallens S06
         |           |--A. p. var. intermedia S06
         |           |--A. p. var. macrochaeta Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
         |           `--A. p. var. tenuifolia S06
         |         A. perniciosa LK14
         |         A. pruinosa LK14
         |         A. purpurascens V72
         |         A. purpurea GPWG01
         |           |--A. p. var. purpurea GPWG01
         |           |--A. p. var. fendleriana H93
         |           |--A. p. var. longiseta GPWG01
         |           |--A. p. var. nealleyi [incl. A. glauca] H93
         |           |--A. p. var. parishii H93
         |           `--A. p. var. wrightii H93
         |         A. setacea S03
         |         A. setifolia S06
         |         A. spegazzinii S06
         |           |--A. s. var. spegazzinii S06
         |           |--A. s. var. abbreviata S06
         |           `--A. s. var. pallescens S06
         |         A. spiciformis M83
         |         A. stricta CS90
         |         A. ternipes H93
         |           |--A. t. var. ternipes H93
         |           `--A. t. var. hamulosa H93
         |         A. tuberculosa V72
         |--A. sect. Arthratherum B78
         |    |--A. arenaria [=Arthratherum arenarium; incl. Ari. contorta Muell. 1855] B78
         |    |--A. hygrometrica B78
         |    `--A. stipoides B78
         `--A. sect. Chaetaria B78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[CS90] Corey, D. T., & I. J. Stout. 1990. Ground surface arachnids in sandhill communities of Florida. Journal of Arachnology 18: 167–172.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[GPWG01] Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 (3): 373–457.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[M83] Myers, R. L. 1983. Site susceptibility to invasion by the exotic tree Melaleuca quinquenervia in southern Florida. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 645–658.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[S03] Singh, J. N. 2003. Grasses and their hydro-edaphic characteristics in the grassland habitat of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 143–164.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Segunda contribución al conocimiento de las gramináceas Argentinas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 409–555.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

Brachiaria

Creeping signalgrass Brachiaria plantaginea, copyright Forest & Kim Starr.

Belongs within: Panicoideae.

Brachiaria, signalgrasses, is a genus of grasses growing to about a metre in height found in warmer parts of the world.

Characters (from Flora of China): Annual or perennial. Leaf blades linear to lanceolate, often with cartilaginous margins. Inflorescence composed of racemes along a central axis; raceme rachis triquetrous or flattened, sometimes winged; spikelets sessile or pedicelled, single or paired, rarely in fascicles or on secondary racemelets. Spikelets plump, usually elliptic, florets 2; lower glume adaxial, varying in length from very small and veinless to many-veined and subequaling spikelet, base sheathing, sometimes extended downward as a short stipe; upper glume and lower lemma similar, as long as spikelet, membranous or cartilaginous; upper lemma coriaceous, smooth, striate or rugose, margins inrolled, apex obtuse to acute, occasionally minutely mucronate; upper palea apex tucked within lemma. x = 7, 9.

<==Brachiaria
    |--B. distachya BB01
    |--B. eruciformis S03
    |--B. lata PP07
    |    |--B. l. var. lata PP07
    |    `--B. l. var. pubescens PP07
    |--B. mutica B10
    |--B. paspaloides SR07
    |--B. plantaginea SMSP06
    |--B. ramosa PP07
    |    |--B. r. var. ramosa PP07
    |    `--B. r. var. pubescens PP07
    |--B. remota S03
    |--B. reptans S03
    |--B. semiundulata S03
    |--B. setigera S03
    |--B. shoenfelderi CV06
    |--B. semiverticillata S03
    |--B. subquadripara BMM99
    `--B. xantholeuca BMM99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB01] Bauer, R., D. Begerow, A. Nagler & F. Oberwinkler. 2001. The Georgefischeriales: a phylogenetic hypothesis. Mycological Research 105 (4): 416–424.

[B10] Boucher, S. 2010. Agromyzidae (leaf-mining flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 1057–1071. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[BMM99] Braun, U., J. Mouchacca & E. H. C. McKenzie. 1999. Cercosporoid hyphomycetes from New Caledonia and some other South Pacific islands. New Zealand Journal of Botany 37: 297–327.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 165–172.

[SM-SP06] Scherer, A. L., J. de F. Martins Scherer & M. V. Petry. 2006. Reprodução e análise da composição de ninhos de Zenaida auriculata (Des Murs, 1847) (Aves: Columbiformes, Columbidae) em uma unidade petroquímica no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Comunicações do Museo de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Serie Zoologia 19 (1): 29–38.

[S03] Singh, J. N. 2003. Grasses and their hydro-edaphic characteristics in the grassland habitat of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 143–164.

Deschampsia

Wavy hair-grass Deschampsia flexuosa, photographed by Botaurus.

Belongs within: Pooideae.

Deschampsia is a genus of grasses found in cold and temperate regions of the world.

Characters (from Cheeseman 1906): Perennial grasses. Leaves narrow, flat or convolute. Spikelets rather small, 2-flowered, arranged in lax or contracted panicles; rhachilla disarticulating above the 2 outer glumes, produced between the flowering glumes and above the upper flower as a naked or hairy bristle, rarely ending in an imperfect flower. Glumes 4; 2 outer slightly unequal, persistent, empty, keeled, acute, membranous, shining ; 3rd and 4th (or flowering glumes) membranous or almost hyaline, toothed at the apex ; dorsal awn slender, twisted at the base, sometimes very small or wanting. Palea narrow, 2-nerved. Lodicules 2, ovate. Stamens 3. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong, enclosed within the unaltered flowering glume and palea.

<==Deschampsia C06
    |--D. aciphylla D03
    |--D. andina Phil. 1873 [=Deyeuxia andina] S06
    |--D. caespitosa [=Aira caespitosa; incl. Aira australis, Agrostis aucklandica, Aira kingii] C06
    |--D. chapmani Petrie 1891 C06 (see below for synonymy)
    |--D. flexuosa D03
    |--D. gracillima Kirk 1891 C06
    |--D. kingii D03
    |--D. klossii C78
    |--D. novae-zealandiae Petrie 1891 [incl. D. hookeri Kirk 1891] C06
    |--D. penicillata Kirk 1895 C06
    |--D. pusilla Petrie 1891 C06
    `--D. tenella Petrie 1891 C06

Deschampsia chapmani Petrie 1891 C06 [incl. Catabrosa antarctica C06, D. antarctica S03, Triodia antarctica Benth. 1881 C06]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C78] Clunie, N. M. U. 1978. The vegetation. In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 1–11. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[S03] Singh, J. N. 2003. Grasses and their hydro-edaphic characteristics in the grassland habitat of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45 (1–4): 143–164.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Segunda contribución al conocimiento de las gramináceas Argentinas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 408–555.

Austrostipa

Soft speargrass Austrostipa mollis, from here.

Belongs within: Poaceae.

Austrostipa, speargrass, is a genus of grasses endemic to Australasia.

Characters (from New South Wales Flora Online): Perennials (rarely annuals) of various habit. Auricles often present, sometimes one-sided, grading into an usually membranous ligule. Blade rolled or folded in bud, convolute, terete or flat, usually scabrous or hairy. Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle, axis persistent or falling as a whole. Spikelets borne singly, pedicellate, disarticulating above the glumes; 1 bisexual floret. Glumes equal or unequal. 1–5-nerved, longer than the floret; a long or short bearded callus below each floret. Lemma terete, hardened, with convolute or involute margins enclosing the palea, usually 5-nerved, with or without 1–2 minute lobes, awned from the tip or between the lobes; awn with once or twice geniculate twisted column and a straight or curved bristle. Palea membranous. 0–2-nerved, longer or shorter than the lemma. Lodicles 3 or 2.

<==Austrostipa
    |--A. acrociliata G04b
    |--A. compressa RL05
    |--A. crinita KM08
    |--A. elegantissima KM08
    |--A. eremophila B00
    |--A. flavescens SM06
    |--A. hemipogon OS04
    |--A. juncifolia GK00
    |--A. mollis OS04
    |--A. nitida KM08
    |--A. platychaeta G04b
    |--A. pycnostachya GK00
    |--A. scabra B00
    |--A. semibarbata B00
    |--A. tenuifolia OS04
    |--A. trichophylla G04a
    `--A. variabilis OS04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[SM06] Semeniuk, C. A., L. A. Milne, P. Ladd & V. Semeniuk. 2006. Pollen in the surface sediments of wetlands in the Becher Point area, southwestern Australia: a baseline for use in interpreting Holocene sequences. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (1): 27–43.

Deyeuxia

Reed bent-grass Deyeuxia quadriseta, from here.

Belongs within: Pooideae.

Deyeuxia is a genus of grasses found in temperate habitats.

Characters (from Cheeseman 1906): Annual or perennial grasses. Leaves flat or involute ; ligules membranous. Spikelets small, 1-flowered, arranged in effuse or contracted or spike-like panicles with capillary whorled branches; rhachilla disarticulating above the 2 outer glumes, produced beyond the flower into a silky bristle. Glumes 3; 2 outer equal or subequal, persistent, empty, keeled, acute, not awned, usually 1-nerved; 3rd or flowering glume shorter than the empty glumes or equalling them, thin and hyaline or rigidly membranous or almost coriaceous, 5-nerved, entire or 2-4-dentate, callus at the base silky; awn generally present, straight or twisted, inserted above or below the middle of the glume. Palea more than half as long as the flowering glume or almost equalling it, thin, 2-nerved or 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, short; stigmas plumose. Grain oblong or obovoid, enclosed within the flowering glume and palea.

<==Deyeuxia
    |--D. aucklandica W91
    |--D. avenoides [=Agrostis avenoides] C06
    |    |--D. a. var. avenoides C06
    |    `--D. a. var. brachyantha Hack. in Cheeseman 1906 C06
    |--D. billardieri [=Agrostis billardieri] C06
    |    |--D. b. var. billardieri C06
    |    `--D. b. var. tenuis Petrie in Cheeseman 1906 C06
    |--D. filiformis A27
    |--D. forsteri [=Agrostis forsteri; incl. Ag. aemula, Avena filiformis, Ag. solandri] C06
    |    |--D. f. var. forsteri C06
    |    |--D. f. var. humilior Hack. in Cheeseman 1906 [incl. Agrostis striata Col. 1889] C06
    |    |--D. f. var. littoralis Hack. in Cheeseman 1906 C06
    |    |--D. f. var. lyallii Hack. in Cheeseman 1906 [=Agrostis lyallii] C06
    |    |--D. f. var. micrathera Hack. in Cheeseman 1906 C06
    |    |--D. f. var. pilosa Cheeseman 1906 [=Agrostis pilosa] C06
    |    `--D. f. var. semiglabra Hack. in Cheeseman 1906 C06
    |--D. holciformis O88
    |--‘Agrostis’ leptostachya C06
    |--‘Calamagrostis’ lilloi Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
    |--‘Calamagrostis’ malamalensis Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
    |--D. nepalensis O88
    |--D. nivicola O88
    |--D. pulchella O88
    |--D. quadriseta [=Agrostis quadriseta, Avena quadriseta] C06
    |--D. scabra [=Agrostis scabra] C06
    |--D. scabrescens O88
    |--D. setifolia [=Agrostis setifolia] A27
    |--‘Calamagrostis’ spiciformis Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
    `--D. youngii [=Agrostis youngii] C06
         |--D. y. var. youngii C06
         `--D. y. var. petriei [=Calamagrostis petriei Hack. 1903] C06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Andersen, J. C. 1927. Popular names of New Zealand plants. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 905–977.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Segunda contribución al conocimiento de las gramináceas Argentinas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 408–555.

[W91] Williams, P. A. 1991. Subalpine and alpine vegetation of granite ranges in western Nelson, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 29: 317–330.

Triodia

Triodia pungens, copyright Mark Marathon.

Belongs within: Chloridoideae.

Triodia, spinifex, is a genus of grasses with rigid, spine-like leaves.

Characters (from Cheeseman 1906): Perennial grasses, of very various habit. Leaves narrow, rigid. Spikelets 2- to many-flowered, arranged in a lax or narrow panicle; rhachilla disarticulating above the two outer glumes and between the flowering glumes. Two outer glumes longer or shorter than the flowering glumes, somewhat rigid, empty, keeled, acute, awnless. Flowering glumes more or less imbricated, rounded on the back at the base, coriaceous or chartaceous, often hairy on the margins and callus, 3-nerved, 3-lobed or 3-toothed at the apex, the lobes equal or the central one produced into a short awn or mucro. Palea broad, thin, with 2 almost marginal keels. Lodicules 2. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct; stigmas plumose. Grain usually compressed on the back, free within the flowering glume and palea.

<==Triodia
    `--T. subg. Rhombolytrum C06
         |--T. australis Petrie 1890 C06
         |    |--T. a. var. australis C06
         |    `--T. a. var. mucronulata Hack. in Cheeseman 1906 C06
         |--T. exigua Kirk 1882 C06
         `--T. pumila Hack. in Cheeseman 1906 [=Atropis pumila Kirk 1882] C06

Triodia incertae sedis:
  T. acuminata S06
  T. acutispicula LK14
  T. aeria LK14
  T. angusta P-JO04
  T. basedowii B05
  T. bitextura EF04
  T. brizoides EF04
  T. burbidgeana LK14
  T. bynoei LK14
  T. caelestialis LK14
  T. claytonii LK14
  T. decumbens C06
  T. epactia LK14
  T. irritans LF10
  T. lanigera HD04
  T. longiceps HD04
  T. longiloba LK14
  T. melvillei B05
  T. microstachya WF01
  T. mitchellii B00
  T. paraguayensis S06
  T. plurinervata KM08
  T. pungens HD04
  T. rigidissima G04
  T. scariosa CWB06
  T. schinzii B05
  T. secunda HD04
  T. stenostachya LK14
  T. wiseana BS05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B05] Beard, J. S. 2005. Drainage evolution in the Lake Disappointment Catchment, Western Australia—a discussion. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (2): 57–64.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[BS05] Butcher, R., & L. W. Sage. 2005. Tetratheca fordiana (Elaeocarpaceae), a new species from the Pilbara of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (2): 73–76.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CWB06] Craig, M. D., P. C. Withers & S. D. Bradshaw. 2006. Patterns of diet and microhabitat use by four species of sympatric Ctenotus lizards: do they reveal foraging specialisation? Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (1): 1–5.

[EF04] Etten, E. J. B. van, & J. E. D. Fox. 2004. Vegetation classification and ordination of the central Hamersley Ranges, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 63–79.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[HD04] How, R. A., & J. Dell. 2004. Reptile assemblage of the Abydos Plain, north-eastern Pilbara, Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (3): 85–95.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LF10] Langlands, P. R., & V. W. Framenau. 2010. Systematic revision of Hoggicosa Roewer, 1960, the Australian 'bicolor' group of wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 158: 83–123.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[P-JO04] Pruett-Jones, S., & E. O'Donnell. 2004. Land birds on Barrow Island: status, population estimates, and responses to an oil-field development. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (3): 101–108.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Segunda contribución al conocimiento de las gramináceas Argentinas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 408–555.

[WF01] Woinarski, J. C. Z., A. Fisher, K. Brennan, I. Morris & R. Chatto. 2001. Patterns of bird species richness and composition on islands off Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia. Austral Ecology 26: 1–13.

Meliceae

Melica ciliata, copyright Bernd Haynold.

Belongs within: Pooideae.

The Meliceae are a group of grasses with fused leaf sheath margins, and multiple florets with fused, fleshy, truncate lodicules (Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001).

<==Meliceae [Melicaceae]
    |--Streblochaete Hochst. ex Pilger in Engl. 1906 (see below for synonymy) KN05
    |    |--S. longiarista KN05
    |    `--S. sanjappae Kabeer & Nair 2005 KN05
    |--Glyceria KN05
    |    |--G. aquatica C55a
    |    |--G. fluitans W01 [=Festuca fluitans C55b]
    |    |    |--G. f. var. fluitans D03
    |    |    `--G. f. var. stricta D03
    |    |--G. grandis GPWG01
    |    |--G. maxima L06
    |    |--G. spicata S03
    |    |--G. striata GPWG01
    |    `--G. trinervata C55b
    `--Melica GPWG01
         |--M. altissima GPWG01
         |--M. argyrea S06
         |--M. aurantiaca S06
         |--M. californica GPWG01
         |--M. ciliata Linnaeus 1753 PL04
         |--M. cordobensis Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
         |--M. cupanii GPWG01
         |--M. hyalina S06
         |--M. jacquemontii O88
         |--M. laxiflora [incl. M. berteroana, M. exaltata, M. hirta] S06
         |--M. macra S06
         |--M. minuta PT98
         |--M. mollis S06
         |--M. papilionacea S06
         |--M. sarmentosa S06
         |--M. scaberrima O88
         |--M. stuckertii S06
         `--M. violacea S06

Streblochaete Hochst. ex Pilger in Engl. 1906 [incl. Koordersiochloa Merr. 1917, Pseudostreptogyne Camus 1930] KN05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[GPWG01] Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 (3): 373–457.

[KN05] Kabeer, K. A. A., & V. J. Nair. 2005. Streblochaete Hochst. ex Pilger (Poaceae): a new genus record for India with a new species S. sanjappae K.A.A. Kabeer & V.J. Nair. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1–4): 133–138.

[L06] Lewin, I. 2006. The gastropod communities in the lowland rivers of agricultural areas—their biodiversity and bioindicative value in the Ciechanowska Upland, central Poland. Malacologia 49 (1): 7–23.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[S03] Singh, J. N. 2003. Grasses and their hydro-edaphic characteristics in the grassland habitat of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45 (1–4): 143–164.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Segunda contribución al conocimiento de las gramináceas Argentinas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 408–555.

[W01] Wohltmann, A. 2001. Closely related species of Parasitengonae (Acari: Prostigmata) inhabiting the same areas: features facilitating coexistence. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 121–135. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Avena

Common oats Avena sativa, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Pooideae.

Avena is a genus of grasses including oats Avena sativa and related species, some of which are significant weed species.

Characters (from Z.-L. Wu & S. M. Phillips): Annuals. Culms erect, fairly robust. Leaf blades linear, flat; ligule membranous. Inflorescence a large loose panicle. Spikelets large, pendulous, oblong to gaping, florets 2 to several, the uppermost reduced; rachilla pilose or glabrous, disarticulating below each floret or only below the lowest, or not disarticulating (cultivated species); glumes lanceolate to elliptic, usually subequal and as long as spikelet, rarely strongly unequal or shorter than spikelet, herbaceous to membranous, 7–11-veined, back rounded, smooth, apex acuminate; floret callus acute to pungent, bearded; lemmas lanceolate-oblong, usually leathery, occasionally papery, back rounded, 5–9-veined, glabrous to hispid, awned usually from near middle of back, apex papery, 2-toothed to 2-fid, lobes sometimes extended into fine bristles, awn geniculate with twisted column, sometimes reduced or absent (cultivated species); palea usually shorter than lemma, keels ciliate. Ovary densely hairy. Caryopsis with long linear hilum.

<==Avena
    |--A. barbata Pott ex Link 1800 PL04
    |    |--A. b. ssp. barbata PL04
    |    `--A. b. ssp. atherantha (Presl) Rocha Afonso 1978 PL04
    |--A. brevis D51
    |--A. byzantina D51
    |--A. fatua C55b
    |    |--A. f. var. fatua S06
    |    `--A. f. var. glabrata Petermann 1841 S06
    |--A. hirsuta S06
    |--A. longiglumis GPWG01
    |--A. nuda C55b
    |--A. orientalis C55b
    |--A. pratensis C55a
    |--A. pubescens C06
    |--A. sativa GPWG01
    |--A. sterilis Lin. 1762 S06
    `--A. strigosa D51

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[GPWG01] Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 (3): 373–457.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Segunda contribución al conocimiento de las gramináceas Argentinas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 408–555.

Bromus

Smooth brome Bromus racemosus, photographed by Rasbak.

Belongs within: Pooideae.

Bromus, the bromes or cheatgrasses, is a genus of grasses found primarily in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Bromus tectorum, drooping brome or cheatgrass, is a native of the western Palaearctic that has become a prominent invasive in many other parts of the world.

Characters (from Liu, Zhu & Ammann): Annuals or perennials. Culms erect, tufted or with rhizomes. Leaf sheaths closed; leaf blades linear, usually flat; ligules membranous. Panicles spreading or contracted, branches scabrid or pubescent, elongated or arched. Spikelets large, with 3 to many florets, upper florets often sterile; rachilla disarticulating above glumes and between florets, scabrid or shortly hairy; glumes unequal or subequal, shorter than spikelet, lanceolate or nearly ovate, (1–)5–7-veined, apex acute or long acuminate or aristiform; floret callus glabrous or both sides thinly hairy; lemmas rounded on back or compressed to keel, 5–9(–11)-veined, herbaceous or nearly leathery, margins often membranous, apex entire or 2-toothed; awn terminal or arising from lemma between teeth slightly under apex, rarely awnless or 3-awned; palea narrow, usually shorter than lemma, keels ciliate or scabrid. Lodicules 2. Stamens 3. Ovary apex with appendage; styles 2, arising from lower front of appendage. Caryopsis oblong, apex hairy, adaxial surface sulcate. Chromosomes large, x = 7, 2n = 14, 28, 42, 56, 70.

<==Bromus [Bromeae]
    |--B. sect. Aphaneroneuron S98
    |    `--B. racemosus S98
    |--B. sect. Neobromus (Shear) Hitchcock 1935 S98
    |    `--B. (sect. *N.) trinii S98
    |--B. (sect. Sapheneuron) lanceolatus Roth 1797 [incl. B. macrostachys] S98
    `--B. sect. Triniusia (Steudel) Nevski 1934 [=Triniusa Steudel 1854] S98
         |--B. (sect. *T.) danthoniae von Trinius in Meyer 1831 (see below for synonymy) S98
         |    |--B. d. ssp. danthoniae S98
         |    |--B. d. ssp. pseudodanthoniae (Dobrov) Scholz 1998 (see below for synonymy) S98
         |    `--B. d. ssp. rogersii Hubbard ex Scholz 1998 S98
         `--B. turcomanicus Scholz 1998 S98

Bromus incertae sedis:
  B. albowianus D03
  B. alopecuros PT98
    |--B. a. ssp. alopecuros PT98
    `--B. a. ssp. caroli-henrici PT98
  B. arenarius [incl. B. australis] C06
  B. arvensis S03
  B. auleticus S06
  B. carinatus H59
  B. cathartiens B00
  B. commutatus [=B. racemosus var. commutatus] C06
  B. diandrus OS04
  B. erectus BN99
  B. fasciculatus PT98
  B. grandis O88
  B. gussonii H59
  B. inermis GPWG01
  B. intermedius PT98
  B. japonicus KM08
  B. lanatus R96
  B. madritensis Linnaeus 1755 PL04
  B. mollis [incl. B. hordaceus] G88
  B. oxyodon S98
  B. patulus C06
  B. pectinatus S98
  B. pictus RJ11
  B. ramosus S03
  B. rigidus G88
  B. rubens OS04
  B. scoparius S98
  B. squarrosus Linnaeus 1753 PL04
  B. stramineus B00
  B. sterilis PT98
  B. tectorum GPWG01
  B. unioloides [=Ceratochloa unioloides] C06
    |  i. s.: B. u. f. chasmogama Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
    |--B. u. var. unioloides S06
    |--B. u. var. brevis S06
    `--B. u. var. humilis S06
  B. willdenowii LNB03

Nomen invalidum: Bromus danthoniae var. uniaristatus Melderis 1960 S98

Bromus (sect. *Triniusia) danthoniae von Trinius in Meyer 1831 [=B. lanceolatus var. danthoniae (von Trinius) Dinsm. 1933, B. macrostachys ssp. danthoniae (von Trinius) Asch. & Graebner 1901, Triniusia danthoniae (von Trinius) Steudel 1854; incl. B. danthoniae var. lanuginosus Roshev. 1926] S98

Bromus danthoniae ssp. pseudodanthoniae (Dobrov) Scholz 1998 [=B. pseudodanthoniae Dobrov 1925; incl. B. danthoniae var. submuticus Mouterde 1966, B. macrostachys var. triaristatus Hackel 1879] S98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[BN99] Bungener, P., S. Nussbaum, A. Grub & J. Fuhrer. 1999. Growth response of grassland species to ozone in relation to soil moisture condition and plant strategy. New Phytologist 142: 283–293.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[GPWG01] Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 (3): 373–457.

[G88] Grubb, P. J. 1988. The uncoupling of disturbance and recruitment, two kinds of seed bank, and persistence of plant populations at the regional and local scales. Annales Zoologici Fennici 25: 23–26.

[H59] Healy, A. J. 1959. Contributions to a knowledge of the adventive flora of New Zealand, no. 7. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 113–118.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LNB03] Ledeganck, P., I. Nijs & L. Beyens. 2003. Plant functional group diversity promotes soil protist diversity. Protist 154 (2): 239–249.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[R96] Righi, G. 1996. Colombian earthworms. Studies on Tropical Andean Ecosystems 4: 485–607.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[S98] Scholz, H. 1998. Notes on Bromus danthoniae and relatives (Gramineae). Willdenowia 28: 143–150.

[S03] Singh, J. N. 2003. Grasses and their hydro-edaphic characteristics in the grassland habitat of Nilgiris Biosphere Reserve, Tamil Nadu. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45 (1-4): 143–164.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Segunda contribución al conocimiento de las gramináceas Argentinas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 408–555.

Last updated: 30 November 2017.

Hordeum

Barley Hordeum vulgare, from here.

Belongs within: Pooideae.

Hordeum, the barleygrasses, is a genus of temperate grasses of which H. vulgare is the commercially grown barley. Hordeum murinum, wall barley, may be a significant component of pastures for animal fodder. Other species, however, may be regarded as weed species.

Characters (from Flora of China): Plants annual or perennial. Culms usually erect. Leaf sheath of cauline leaves split almost to base; ligule membranous or leathery-membranous; auricles present or absent; leaf blade usually flat. Spike dense, usually without a terminal spikelet; rachis short, brittle, rarely flexible. Spikelets usually 3 per node, in regular rows, with 1 (or 2) florets; lateral spikelets usually pedicellate, rarely sessile, often reduced and much smaller than central spikelet; central spikelet usually sessile, rarely pedicellate, perfect. Glumes narrow, subulate-setaceous, sometimes lanceolate dilated at base, inconspicuously 1–3-veined, not keeled. Lemma subrounded abaxially, leathery, rarely leathery-membranous, 5-veined, not keeled, awned or awnless. Palea almost equaling lemma, glabrous, scabrous, or ciliate along keels. Lodicules broadly lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate. Caryopsis usually adnate to lemma and palea, rarely free, oblong, concave furrowed on inner side, apex hairy. x = 7.

<==Hordeum
    |--H. aegiceras [=Critho aegiceras] T08
    |--H. brevisubulatum SS05
    |    |--H. b. var. brevisubulatum SS05
    |    `--H. b. ssp. nevskianum (Bowden) Tzvelev 1971 [=H. nevskianum Bowden 1965] SS05
    |--H. bulbosum PT98
    |--H. comosum [incl. H. jubatum, Elymus lechleri] S06
    |--H. compressum S06
    |    |--H. c. var. compressum S06
    |    |--H. c. var. superatum Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
    |    `--H. c. var. tenuispicatum Hackel & Stuckert in Stuckert 1906 S06
    |--H. distichum TG88
    |--H. geniculatum GK00
    |--H. glaucum HE80
    |--H. hexastichon C55
    |--H. maritimum C06
    |--H. murinum Lin. 1753 S06
    |    |--H. m. ssp. murinum S06
    |    `--H. m. ssp. leporinum Richs. 1890 (see below for synonymy) S06
    |--H. pusillum Nutt. 1818 S06
    |--H. secalinum Schreb. 1771 S06
    |    |--H. s. var. secalinum D03
    |    |--H. s. var. chilense D03
    |    `--H. s. var. parviflorum Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
    |--H. spontaneum MH98
    |--H. vulgare GPWG01
    `--H. zeocriton C55

Hordeum murinum ssp. leporinum Richs. 1890 [=H. leporinum Link. 1834; incl. H. ambiguum Doell in Mart. & Eichl. 1880] S06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[GPWG01] Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 (3): 373–457.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[SS05] Srivastava, S. K., & K. C. Sekar. 2005. Contribution to the flora of Himachal Pradesh from Pin Valley National Park. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47 (1–4): 159–162.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Segunda contribución al conocimiento de las gramináceas Argentinas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 408–555.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

[T08] Turner, F. 1908. Notes and exhibits. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 636.

Last updated: 30 November 2017.

Festuca

Blue fescue Festuca glauca, from here.

Belongs within: Pooideae.

Festuca, the fescues, is a genus of grasses found in temperate parts of the world. Many species are commercially significant as grazing or lawn grasses; they are often favoured in revegetation programmes for their ability to establish on bare ground. Plants are bisexual in the subgenus Festuca but species of the genus Leucopoa are dioecious (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Lu, Chen & Aiken): Perennials, tufted, shoots extra- or intra-vaginal. Leaf sheath margins usually free, rarely connate, sometimes with auricles; leaf blades folded to conduplicate and filiform, sometimes flat; ligule membranous. Inflorescence an open, contracted or spikelike panicle. Spikelets with 2 to several florets, uppermost floret usually reduced; rachilla usually scabrid, rarely smooth or pubescent; disarticulating above glumes and between florets; glumes usually unequal, herbaceous to scarious, rarely subleathery, lower glume often small, 1-veined, upper glume usually shorter than lowest lemma, 3(–5)-veined; lemmas usually similar in texture to glumes, often subleathery at least with age, usually more or less laterally compressed but not keeled, rounded on back at least toward base, usually 5-veined, veins sometimes prominent, apex acuminate, entire or notched, awned or awnless; palea subequal to lemma, keels scabrid, rarely smooth. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous or hairy on top. Caryopsis oblong or linear, usually ventrally sulcate, usually free from lemma and palea, hilum long-linear. x = 7.

<==Festuca
    |--F. subg. Festuca H93
    |    |--F. arundinacea H93
    |    |--F. brachyphylla H93
    |    |    |--F. b. ssp. brachyphylla H93
    |    |    `--F. b. ssp. breviculmis H93
    |    |--F. californica H93
    |    |--F. elmeri [incl. F. elmeri ssp. luxurians] H93
    |    |--F. idahoensis H93
    |    |--F. minutiflora H93
    |    |--F. occidentalis H93
    |    |--F. pratensis [incl. F. elatior] H93
    |    |--F. rubra H93
    |    |    |--F. r. var. rubra V72
    |    |    `--F. r. var. commutata V72
    |    |--F. saximontana H93
    |    |    |--F. s. var. saximontana H93
    |    |    `--F. s. var. purpusiana H93
    |    |--F. subulata H93
    |    |--F. subuliflora H93
    |    |--F. trachyphylla H93
    |    `--F. viridula H93
    `--F. subg. Leucopoa H93
         |--‘Leucopoa’ albida O88
         `--F. kingii [=Hesperochloa kingii, Leucopoa kingii] H93

Festuca incertae sedis:
  F. acanthophylla [incl. F. erecta var. aristulata] S06
  F. alpina PS98
  F. amplissima RJ11
  F. arizonia SF98
  F. calchaquiensis Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
  F. callieri (Hack. ex St.-Yves) Markgr. 1933 PL04
  F. cinerea M08
  F. commersonii D03
  F. contracta Kirk 1895 C06
  F. coxii (Petrie) Hackel in Cheeseman 1906 [=Agropyrum coxii] C06
  F. dissitiflora Steud. 1829 S06
    |--F. d. var. dissitiflora S06
    `--F. d. var. loricata S06
  F. erecta H66
  F. eriostoma Hackel 1902 S06
  F. gigantea SF98
  F. glauca SF98
  F. gracillana SB06
  F. guestfalica RZ96
  F. hieronymi S06
    |--F. h. f. hieronymi S06
    `--F. h. f. panicula-expansa S06
  F. leptopogon KYK07
  F. littoralis C06 [=Schedonorus littoralis C06; incl. S. billardierianus B78, Arundo trioidioides B78]
    |--F. l. var. littoralis B78
    `--‘Schedonorus’ l. var. triticoides [=Festuca triticoides] B78
  F. longifolia SF98
  F. multinodis A27
  F. myurus Lin. 1753 S06
  F. obtusa SF98
  F. octiflora EBS98
  F. ovina [incl. F. ovina var. duriuscula] V72
    |--F. o. var. ovina C06
    |--F. o. var. matthewsii Hackel 1903 C06
    `--F. o. var. novae-zealandiae Hackel 1903 C06
  F. paradoxa SF98
  F. pilosa C55
  F. polycolea O88
    |--F. p. var. polycolea O88
    `--F. p. var. brevis O88
  F. pseudovina CS77
  F. purpurascens D03
  F. quadridentata S06
  F. rigida [=Sclerochloa rigida] B78
  F. scabrella [incl. F. scabrella var. major] V72
  F. sciuroides S06
  F. setifolia S06
    |--F. s. f. setifolia S06
    `--F. s. f. mutica Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
  F. tenuifolia [incl. F. capillata (nom. illeg.)] V72
  F. undata O88
    |--F. u. var. undata O88
    `--F. u. var. aristata O88 [=F. duriuscula var. aristata B78]
  F. uninodis Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
  F. versuta SF98
  F. vivipara CS77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Andersen, J. C. 1927. Popular names of New Zealand plants. Part 2. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 905–977.

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[EBS98] Elliott, K. J., L. R. Boring & W. T. Swank. 1998. Changes in vegetation structure and diversity after grass-to-forest succession in a southern Appalachian watershed. American Midland Naturalist 140: 219–232.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H66] Hirschmann, W. 1966. Gangsystematik der Parasitiformes. Teil 15. Gänge von Litoralmilben und neue Litoralmilbenarten. Acarologie: Schriftenreihe für Vergleichende Milbenkunde 9: 25–44.

[KYK07] Khan, M. R., P. S. Yadava & A. Kikim. 2007. Additions to the flora of Manipur. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 215–218.

[M08] Marstaller, R. 2008. Moosgesellschaften am Südrand des Kyffhäusergebirges bei Bad Frankenhausen (Kyffhäuserkreis). 130. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (2): 289–348.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[PS98] Prosser, F., & S. Scortegagna. 1998. Primula recubariensis, a new species of Primula sect. Auricula Duby endemic to the SE Prealps, Italy. Willdenowia 28: 27–46.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[RZ96] Russell, D. J., U. Zeller, M. Kratzmann & G. Alberti. 1996. The mite fauna of continental sand dunes in the Upper Rhine Valley, Germany. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 75–80. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[SF98] Saikkonen, K., S. H. Faeth, M. Helander & T. J. Sullivan. 1998. Fungal endophytes: a continuum of interactions with host plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 319–343.

[SB06] Sarno, R. J., M. S. Bank, H. S. Stern & W. L. Franklin. 2006. Effects of age, sex, season, and social dynamics on juvenile guanaco subordinate behavior. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 41–47.

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Segunda contribución al conocimiento de las gramináceas Argentinas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 409–555.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

Last updated: 4 January 2022.

Pooideae

Brachypodium distachyon, photographed by Neil Harris.

Belongs within: Poaceae.
Contains: Phalarideae, Deyeuxia, Calamagrostis, Piptochaetium, Polypogon, Meliceae, Stipa, Poa, Avena, Agrostis, Deschampsia, Trisetum, Triticum, Hordeum, Agropyrum, Festuca, Bromus.

The Pooideae is a clade of grasses characterised by the loss of stylar fusion (Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001). Many pooids also possess multiple florets per spikelet and lack multicellular microhairs. Members of the clade include a number of significant grain species, such as wheat (Triticum), rye (Secale cereale), oats (Avena) and barley (Hordeum), and a number of major pasture grasses. In contrast, some species of Nassella (needle grasses) are regarded as weeds in pasture because of their low palatability for livestock. The basalmost member of the subfamily is the genus Brachyelytrum, a perennial grass with solitary spikelets borne in panicles, with persistent but very short glumes, found in Asia and North America.

Characters (from Grass Phylogeny Working Group 2001): Plants annual or perennial (rhizomatous, stoloniferous, or neither), herbaceous. Culms hollow (rarely solid). Leaves distichous; abaxial ligule absent; adaxial ligule scarious or membranous, the margin not or infrequently short ciliate fringed (rarely long ciliate); blades somewhat broad to usually narrow, rarely pseudopetiolate, venation parallel; sheaths sometimes auriculate. Inflorescences spicate, racemose, or paniculate, bracts outside of the spikelets absent or rarely present. Spikelets bisexual, infrequently unisexual or mixed, usually with two glumes (rarely without glumes or the first absent except on terminal spikelets), 1 to many female-fertile florets with apical or infrequently basal reductions, compressed laterally, infrequently not or dorsally compressed, disarticulating above the glumes (infrequently below the glumes or at the nodes of the inflorescence); lemma lacking uncinate macrohairs, if awned, the awn single; palea usually present and well developed, but variable and sometimes very reduced or absent; lodicules 2 (rarely 3, fused, or absent), usually lanceolate, broadly membranous apically (sometimes fleshy, truncate), often lobed, obscurely few-nerved, or infrequently more or less distinctly few-nerved, not or conspicuously ciliate on the margins; stamens usually 3 (infrequently 1 or 2); ovary glabrous or pubes- cent, rarely with an apical appendage or rostellum, haustorial synergids absent, styles usually 2, close, stigmas 2 (rarely 1 or 3). Caryopsis with the hilum linear and up to as long as the fruit, or subbasal and punctiform, linear, ellipsoidal, ovate, or circular and less than 1/3 the length of the fruit; endosperm hard or sometimes soft or liquid, with or without lipids, containing compound starch grains, or simple starch grains; embryo small, epiblast present (rarely absent), scutellar cleft absent (rarely present, but not deeply incised), mesocotyl internode absent (rarely short), embryonic leaf margins meeting (infrequently margins overlapping). Basic chromosome numbers: x = 7, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. Foliar anatomy: Mesophyll nonradiate, adaxial palisade layer absent, fusoid cells absent, arm cells absent; Kranz anatomy absent; midrib simple; adaxial bulliform cells present. Foliar micromorphology: Stomata with parallel-sided subsidiary cells; bicellular microhairs absent (rarely present, where chloridoid or panicoid), unicellular microhairs absent (rarely present); papillae usually absent, when present rarely more than one per long cell. Photosynthetic pathway C₃.

<==Pooideae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Brachyelytrum [Brachyelytreae] GPWG01
    |    `--B. erectum GPWG01
    `--+--+--Nardus [Nardeae] GPWG01
       |  |    `--N. stricta GPWG01
       |  `--Lygeum [Lygeeae] GPWG01
       |       `--L. spartum GPWG01
       `--+--Meliceae GPWG01
          `--+--+--+--Anisopogon avenaceus GPWG01
             |  |  `--Phaenosperma [Phaenospermatideae] GPWG01
             |  |       `--P. globosum GPWG01
             |  `--+--Ampelodesmos [Ampelodesmeae] GPWG01
             |     |    `--A. mauritanica GPWG01
             |     `--+--+--Stipa GPWG01
             |        |  `--Nassella GPWG01
             |        |       |--N. leucotricha GPWG01
             |        |       |--N. trichotoma HE80
             |        |       `--N. viridula GPWG01
             |        `--+--Piptatherum GPWG01
             |           |    |--P. coerulescens (Desfontaines) Beauvois 1812 PL04
             |           |    |--P. miliaceum GPWG01
             |           |    `--P. songaricum GPWG01
             |           `--Oryzopsis GPWG01
             |                |--O. hymenoides CL86
             |                |--O. lateralis O88
             |                |--O. miliacea AGF98
             |                |--O. munroi O88
             |                `--O. racemosa [=Piptatherum racemosum] GPWG01
             `--+--Diarrhena [Diarrheneae] GPWG01
                |    |--D. americana GPWG01
                |    `--D. obovata GPWG01
                `--+--+--Trachynia Link 1827 GR98
                   |  |    `--T. platystachya (Balansa) Scholz in Greuter & Raus 1998 (see below for synonymy) GR98
                   |  `--Brachypodium [Brachypodieae] GPWG01
                   |       |--B. distachyon (Linnaeus) Beauvois 1812 GPWG01, PL04 [=Trachynia distachya GR98]
                   |       |--B. mexicanum GPWG01
                   |       |--B. pinnatum (Linnaeus) Beauvois 1812 PL04
                   |       |--B. ramosum C74
                   |       |--B. retusum PT98
                   |       `--B. sylvaticum S03
                   `--+--Poeae [Aveneae] GPWG01
                      |    |--Poa GPWG01
                      |    |--Avena GPWG01
                      |    |--Agrostis GPWG01
                      |    |--Deschampsia C06
                      |    |--Trisetum C06
                      |    `--Amphibromus C06
                      |         |--A. fluitans Kirk 1884 C06
                      |         |--A. neesii C06
                      |         |--A. nervosus GK00
                      |         `--A. vickeryae GK00
                      `--+--Triticeae [Hordeae] A05
                         |    |--Triticum GPWG01
                         |    |--Hordeum A05
                         |    |--Australopyrum A05
                         |    |--Agropyrum C06
                         |    |--Asperella C06
                         |    |    |--A. gracilis Kirk 1895 [=Gymnostichum gracile] C06
                         |    |    `--A. laevis Petrie 1895 C06
                         |    `--Lolium S06
                         |         |--L. italicum C06
                         |         |--L. multiflorum LNB03
                         |         |    |--L. m. var. multiflorum S06
                         |         |    `--L. m. var. muticum S06
                         |         |--L. perenne LNB03
                         |         |--L. rigidum Gaud. 1811 S06
                         |         |    |--L. r. var. rigidum S06
                         |         |    `--L. r. var. aristatum Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
                         |         `--L. temulentum C55
                         `--Festuceae C06
                              |--Festuca GPWG01
                              |--Bromus GPWG01
                              |--Munroa S06
                              |    |--M. benthamiana S06
                              |    `--M. squarrosa [incl. Monroa argentina, Munroa mendocina] S06
                              |--Dactylis glomerata Linnaeus 1753 S06, PL04 [=Festuca glomerata S06]
                              |    |--D. g. ssp. glomerata PL04
                              |    `--D. g. ssp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman 1882 PL04
                              |--Koeleria C06
                              |    |--K. albescens BBM02
                              |    |--K. kurtzii Hackel in Kurtz 1899 (see below for synonymy) C06
                              |    |--K. phleoides (Vill.) Pers. 1805 [=Festuca phleoides Vill. 1787] S06
                              |    `--K. splendens Presl 1820 PL04
                              |--Diplachne S06
                              |    |--D. carinata (Gris.) Hackel 1900 [=Atropis carinata Gris. 1879] S06
                              |    |--D. chloridiformis Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
                              |    |--D. dubia S06
                              |    |--D. fusca [incl. Leptochloa fascicularis] S06
                              |    |--D. latifolia S06
                              |    |--D. spicata S06
                              |    `--D. verticillata Nees & Meyen 1843 (see below for synonymy) S06
                              |--Atropis C06
                              |    |--A. convoluta S06
                              |    |    |--A. c. var. convoluta S06
                              |    |    `--A. c. var. mendozina Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
                              |    |--A. distans [=Glyceria distans] C06
                              |    |--A. novae-zealandiae (Petrie) Hackel in Cheeseman 1906 (see below for synonymy) C06
                              |    `--A. stricta (Hook.f.) Hackel in Cheeseman 1906 [=Glyceria stricta] C06
                              |         |--A. s. var. stricta C06
                              |         `--A. s. var. suborbicularis Hackel in Cheeseman 1906 C06
                              `--Briza S06
                                   |--B. elegans [=Calotheca elegans; incl. Briza brizoides, Bromus brizoides] S06
                                   |--B. humilis Bieberstein 1808 PL04
                                   |--B. maxima OS04
                                   |--B. media C55
                                   |--B. minor Linnaeus 1753 S06
                                   |--B. stricta S06
                                   `--B. triloba S06
                                        |--B. t. f. triloba S06
                                        `--B. t. f. pumila S06

Pooideae incertae sedis:
  Lamarckia aurea GPWG01, K10
  Echinaria capitata GPWG01, Y98
  Cynosurus GPWG01
    |--C. cristatus C06
    `--C. echinatus Linnaeus 1753 PL04
  Anthoxanthum GPWG01
    |--A. horsfieldii H03
    `--A. odoratum S03
  Phalarideae GPWG01
  Secale cereale GPWG01, E-SM02
  Sesleria GPWG01
    |--S. coerulea R91
    |--S. rigida H09
    `--S. sphaerocephala PS98
  Ammochloa GPWG01
  Rostraria GPWG01
    |--R. cristata PT98
    |--R. pumila AGF98
    `--R. salzmannii GR98
         |--R. s. ssp. salzmannii [=Koeleria pubescens var. salzmanni] GR98
         `--R. s. ssp. maroccana (Domin) Scholz in Greuter & Raus 1998 (see below for synonymy) GR98
  Brylkinia [Brylkinieae] GPWG01
  Echinopogon C06
    |--E. caespitosus B00
    `--E. ovatus [incl. Agrostis ovata, Cinna ovata; incl. Hystericina alopecuroides] C06
  Alopecurus C06
    |--A. aequalis BTA75
    |--A. agrestis C06
    |--A. alpinus D03
    |--A. geniculatus CA27
    |--A. myosuroides TG88
    `--A. pratensis C55
  Deyeuxia C06
  Dichelachne C06
    |--D. crinita (see below for synonymy) C06
    |    |--D. c. var. crinita C06
    |    `--D. c. var. intermedia Hack. in Cheeseman 1906 C06
    `--D. sciurea (see below for synonymy) C06
         |--D. s. var. sciurea C06
         `--D. s. var. inaequiglumis Hack. in Cheeseman 1906 C06
  Simplicia laxa Kirk 1897 C06
  Calamagrostis C06
  Piptochaetium S06
  Muehlenbergia S06
    |--M. diffusa Willd. 1797 S06
    |--M. nana Benth. 1846 S06
    `--M. peruviana [=Clomena peruviana Beauv. 1812; incl. M. clomena] S06
  Lycurus S06
    |--L. alopecuroides S06
    `--L. phleoides S06
  Phleum S06
    |--P. alpinum Lin. 1753 S06
    |--P. arenarium G88
    |--P. graecum PT98
    |    |--P. g. ssp. graecum PT98
    |    `--P. g. ssp. aegaeum PT98
    |--P. paniculatum H91
    `--P. pratense LNB03
  Epicampes S06
    |--E. arundinacea [=Sporobolus arundinaceus] S06
    `--E. coerulea S06
         |--E. c. var. coerulea S06
         `--E. c. var. submutica Hackel in Stuckert 1906 S06
  Polypogon S06

Atropis novae-zealandiae (Petrie) Hackel in Cheeseman 1906 [=Glyceria novae-zealandiae Petrie 1901; incl. Poa walkeri Kirk 1885] C06

Dichelachne crinita [=Agrostis crinita, Anthoxanthum crinitum; incl. Dichelachne forsteriana Trin. & Rupr. 1842, D. hookeriana Trin. & Rupr. 1842] C06

Dichelachne sciurea [=Agrostis sciurea; incl. Stipa micrantha, D. montana, D. sieberiana Trin. & Rupr. 1842] C06

Diplachne verticillata Nees & Meyen 1843 [incl. Leptochloa imbricata Turb. 1880, D. imbricata (Thurb.) Scribn. 1891, Rhabdochloa imbricata (Thurb.) OK. 1891] S06

Koeleria kurtzii Hackel in Kurtz 1899 [incl. K. cristata Gris. 1874 (preoc.), K. bergii var. fallacina Domin 1906, K. micrathera Griseb. 1879 non Trisetum micratherum] C06

Pooideae [Agrostideae, Agrostidoideae, Anthoxanthoideae, Avenoideae, Cynosuroideae, Echinarioideae, Festucoideae, Glycerioideae, Hordeoideae, Phalaroideae, Secaloideae]

Rostraria salzmannii ssp. maroccana (Domin) Scholz in Greuter & Raus 1998 [=Koeleria salzmannii var. maroccana Domin 1907, K. pubescens var. maroccana] GR98

Trachynia platystachya (Balansa) Scholz in Greuter & Raus 1998 [=Brachypodium distachyon var. platystachyon Balansa ex Cosson in Cosson & Durieu 1855, B. distachyon subvar. platystachyon (Balansa) St.-Yves 1934] GR98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A05] Aagesen, L. 2005. Direct optimization, affine gap costs, and node stability. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 641–653.

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[BTA75] Baker, E. W., D. M. Tuttle & M. J. Abbatiello. 1975. The false spider mites of northwestern and north central Mexico (Acarina: Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 194: 1–23.

[BBM02] Bonte, D., L. Baert & J.-P. Maelfait. 2002. Spider assemblage structure and stability in a heterogeneous coastal dune system (Belgium). Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 331–343.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CA27] Cockayne, L., & H. H. Allan. 1927. Notes on New Zealand floristic botany, including descriptions of new species, &c. (No. 5). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 48–72.

[C74] Coineau, Y. 1974. Éléments pour une monographie morphologique, écologique et biologique des Caeculidae (Acariens). Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle série, Série A, Zoologie 81: 1–299, 24 pls.

[CL86] Collins, E. I., & R. W. Lichvar. 1986. Vegetation inventory of current and historic black-footed ferret habitat in Wyoming. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 8: 85–93.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[E-SM02] Ellneskog-Staam, P., & A. Merker. 2002. Screening for resistance to powdery mildew and brown rust in wheat-Leymus racemosus and wheat-Thinopyrum junceiforme alloploids. Acta Agricultura Scandinavica Section B—Soil and Plant Science 52: 158–161.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[GPWG01] Grass Phylogeny Working Group. 2001. Phylogeny and subfamilial classification of the grasses (Poaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88 (3): 373–457.

[GR98] Greuter, W., & T. Raus (eds.) 1998. Med-Checklist Notulae, 17. Willdenowia 28: 163–174.

[G88] Grubb, P. J. 1988. The uncoupling of disturbance and recruitment, two kinds of seed bank, and persistence of plant populations at the regional and local scales. Annales Zoologici Fennici 25: 23–26.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

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Last updated: 8 December 2017.