Coprosma

Twiggy coprosma Coprosma rhamnoides, copyright Rudolph89.

Belongs within: Rubioideae.

Coprosma is a genus of shrubs and trees with often glandular leaves found around the southwest Pacific, with the highest diversity in New Zealand.

Characters (from Allen 1961): Shrubs or trees with simple opposite leaves and interpetiolar stipules usually gland-tipped when young. Plants prevailingly dioecious, but with several types of sexual expressions. Flowers solitary or in fascicles or cymes, seated in a cup formed by partial fusion of two stipulate bracts (forming a calyculus). Calyx-teeth 4–5, usually minute, often absent in male. Corolla-tube usually narrow-funnelform, sometimes campanulate, lobes valvate. Stamens usually inserted near base of corolla-tube; filaments filiform; anthers usually far-exserted, more or less sagittate, apiculate, pendulous. Ovary usually 2-loculed; styles usually 2, very slender, sometimes narrowly clavate in stigmatic region, usually far-exserted. Fruit a succulent, more or less globose drupe with 2–(4) plano-convex pyrenes, usually crowned by withered persistent calyx.

<==Coprosma Forster & Forster 1776 W96
    |--C. subg. Coprosma [incl. C. subg. Microcoprosma Allan 1961] W96
    |    |--C. sect. Coprosma [=C. sect. Foetidae Allan 1961] W96
    |    |    `--C. (subg. *C.) foetidissima Forster & Forster 1776 W96 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. sect. Acerosae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *A.) acerosa Cunn. 1839 [incl. C. acerosa f. arenaria Kirk 1899] A61
    |    |    |--C. brunnea (Kirk) Cockayne ex Cheesem. 1925 [=C. acerosa f. brunnea Kirk 1899] A61
    |    |    |--C. intertexta Simpson 1945 A61
    |    |    `--C. rugosa Cheeseman 1906 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Antipodae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *A.) antipoda Oliver 1935 [incl. Plagianthus linariifolia Buchanan 1884] A61
    |    |    `--C. cheesemanii Oliver 1935 [incl. C. depressa Cheesem. 1887 non Col. ex Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Cuneatae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *C.) cuneata Hooker 1844 A61
    |    |    |--C. astonii Petrie 1912 A61
    |    |    |--C. banksii Petrie 1898 [incl. C. myrtillifolia var. linearis Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |    |--C. colensoi Hooker 1864 [incl. C. pseudo-colensoi Cockayne & Allan 1934] A61
    |    |    `--C. crenulata Oliver 1917 [incl. C. retusa Petrie 1894 non Hooker 1844] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Linariifoliae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    `--C. (sect. *L.) linariifolia Hooker 1864 [=C. propinqua var. linariifolia Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Microcoprosma Allan 1961 [=C. sect. Rotundifoliae (nom. inv.)] A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *M.) rotundifolia Cunn. 1839 [incl. C. rufescens Colenso 1886] A61
    |    |    |--C. areolata Cheeseman 1886 [incl. C. multiflora Colenso 1889] A61
    |    |    |--C. × gracilicaulis [C. rotundifolia × C. tenuicaulis] A61
    |    |    |--C. polymorpha Oliver 1935 A61
    |    |    |--C. rhamnoides Cunn. 1839 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--C. tenuicaulis Hooker 1853 [incl. C. tenuicaulis var. major Cheeseman 1906] A61
    |    |    `--C. virescens Petrie 1879 [incl. C. divaricata var. pallida Hooker 1853] A61
    |    |--C. sect. Parviflorae Allan 1961 non Loasa ser. Parviflorae Urban & Gilg 1894 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *P.) parviflora Hooker 1853 A61
    |    |    |    |--C. p. var. parviflora A61
    |    |    |    `--C. p. var. dumosa Cheeseman 1906 A61
    |    |    |--C. ciliata Hooker 1844 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. microcarpa Hooker 1853 [incl. C. margarita Colenso 1896] A61
    |    |    `--C. propinqua Cunn. 1839 [incl. C. alba Colenso 1892] A61
    |    |         |--C. p. var. propinqua [incl. C. propinqua var. typica Oliver 1935] A61
    |    |         |--C. p. vr. latiuscula Allan 1961 A61
    |    |         `--C. p. var. martinii Oliver 1935 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Pseudocuneatae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *P.) pseudocuneata Oliver 1928 [incl. C. egmontiana Cockayne 1928] A61
    |    |    `--C. depressa Col. ex Hooker 1853 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |--C. sect. Pumilae Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *P.) pumila Hooker 1847 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |    |--C. p. ssp. pumila D95
    |    |    |    `--C. ‘perpusilla’ ssp. subantarctica D95
    |    |    `--C. petriei Cheesem. 1886 A61
    |    |         |--C. p. var. petriei [incl. C. petriei var. vera Cockayne & Allan 1926] A61
    |    |         `--C. p. var. atropurpurea Cockayne & Allan 1926 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Rigidae Allan 1961 non Artemisia sect. Rigidae Rydberg 1916 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *R.) rigida Cheeseman 1887 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. crassifolia Colenso 1846 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. obconica Kirk 1899 A61
    |    |    |--C. rubra Petrie 1885 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    `--C. wallii Petrie in Cheeseman 1925 A61
    |    `--C. sect. Spathulatae Allan 1961 A61
    |         |--C. (sect. *S.) spathulata Cunn. 1839 A61
    |         |    |--C. s. ssp. spathulata HL01
    |         |    `--C. s. ssp. hikuruana HL01
    |         `--C. arborea Kirk 1878 A61
    |--C. subg. Lucidae Webb 1996 W96
    |    |--C. sect. Lucidae Webb 1996 W96
    |    |    |--C. (subg. *L.) lucida Forster & Forster 1776 W96 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |    |--C. l. var. lucida A61
    |    |    |    `--C. l. var. angustifolia Cheeseman 1925 A61
    |    |    `--C. dodonaeifolia Oliver 1935 A61
    |    |--C. sect. Australes Allan 1961 A61
    |    |    |--C. (sect. *A.) australis (Rich.) Robinson 1910 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--C. acutifolia Hooker 1856 A61
    |    |    |--C. macrocarpa Cheeseman 1888 A61
    |    |    |--C. robusta Raoul 1844 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    `--C. tenuifolia Cheeseman 1886 A61
    |    `--C. sect. Petiolatae Allan 1961 A61
    |         |--C. (sect. *P.) petiolata Hooker 1856 A61
    |         |--C. chathamica Cockayne 1902 A61
    |         `--C. repens Richard 1832 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    `--C. subg. Serrula Allan 1961 A61
         `--C. (subg. *S.) serrulata Hooker ex Buchan. 1871 A61

Coprosma incertae sedis:
  C. arcuata Colenso 1846 (n. d.) A61
  C. × buchananii Kirk 1892 A61, C06 [C. crassifolia × C. robusta A61]
  C. × cunninghamii A61 [C. propinqua × C. robusta A61; incl. C. conferta C06]
  C. ernodeoides BM00
  C. × gracilis A61 (see below for synonymy)
  C. hirtella BR65
  C. × kirkii Cheesem. 1897 C06 [C. acerosa × C. repens A61]
  C. montana D95
  C. × neglecta [C. repens × C. rhamnoides] A61
  C. novoguineensis D95
  C. quadrifida (Labillardière) Robinson 1910 (see below for synonymy) BR65
  C. solandri Kirk 1897 (n. d.) A61

Coprosma australis (Rich.) Robinson 1910 [=Ronabea australis Rich. 1832; incl. C. autumnalis Colenso 1887, C. grandifolia Hooker 1853] A61

Coprosma ciliata Hooker 1844 [incl. C. myrtillifolia Hooker 1844, C. parviflora var. pilosa Cheeseman 1887, C. ciliata var. virgata Hooker 1844] A61

Coprosma crassifolia Colenso 1846 [incl. C. divaricata var. coriacea Hooker 1853, C. pendula Colenso 1889] A61

Coprosma depressa Col. ex Hooker 1853 [incl. C. pubens Petrie 1894 non Gray 1860, C. ramulosa Petrie 1895] A61

Coprosma foetidissima Forster & Forster 1776 W96 [=C. (sect. *Foetidae) foetidissima A61; incl. C. affinis Hooker 1844 A61, C. pusilla C06, C. sagittata Colenso 1899 A61]

Coprosma × gracilis A61 [C. lucida × C. rhamnoides A61; =C. divaricata var. gracilis Hooker 1853 A61; incl. C. viridis Carse 1927 A61, C27]

Coprosma lucida Forster & Forster 1776 W96 [incl. C. lanceolata Colenso 1899, C. lucida var. obovata Kirk 1899 A61]

Coprosma pumila Hooker 1847 [incl. C. perpusilla Colenso 1890, C. repens Hooker 1844 non Rich. 1832] A61

Coprosma quadrifida (Labillardière) Robinson 1910 [=Canthium quadrifidum Labillardière 1804; incl. Marquisia billardieri Richard 1819, Coprosma billardieri Hooker 1847] BR65

Coprosma repens Richard 1832 A61 [incl. C. baueri A61, C. baueriana Hooker 1853 A61, C. baueri var. oblongifolia Kirk 1899 A61, C. retusa Hooker 1844 A61, C. stockii Williams 1876 A61, C. variegata D95]

Coprosma rhamnoides Cunn. 1839 A61 [=C. rhamnoides var. vera Cheeseman 1906 C06; incl. C. concinna Colenso 1884 A61, C. divaricata Cunn. 1839 A61, C. rhamnoides var. divaricata Cheeseman 1887 A61, C. heterophylla Colenso 1886 A61, C. orbiculata Colenso 1890 A61]

Coprosma rigida Cheeseman 1887 [incl. C. aurantiaca Colenso 1890, C. lentissima Colenso 1890, C. turbinata Colenso 1892] A61

Coprosma robusta Raoul 1844 [incl. C. robusta var. angustata Kirk 1899, C. coffaeoides Colenso 1889, C. robusta var. parva Kirk 1899] A61

Coprosma rubra Petrie 1885 A61 [incl. C. filiformis ms A61, C. divaricata var. latifolia Hooker 1853 A61, C. latifolia Col. ex Cheesem. 1887 C06]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[BM00] Bremer, B., & J.-F. Manen. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the subfamily Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 225: 43–72.

[C27] Carse, H. 1927. Botanical notes, with descriptions of new species. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 89–93.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[D95] Dawson, M. I. 1995. Contributions to a chromosome atlas of the New Zealand flora. 33. Miscellaneous species. New Zealand Journal of Botany 33: 477–487.

[HL01] Heenan, P. B., & P. J. de Lange. 2001. A new, dodecaploid species of Uncinia (Cyperaceae) from ultramafic rocks, Surville Cliffs, Northland, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 39: 373–380.

[W96] Webb, C. J. 1996. A rose by any other name: Two problems of scent in the naming and typification of New Zealand plants. New Zealand Journal of Botany 34: 281–283.

Apocynaceae

Natal plum Carissa grandiflora, copyright Consultaplantas.

Belongs within: Gentianales.
Contains: Vinceae, Tabernaemontaneae, Aspidospermeae, Plumerieae, Apocynoidina.

The Apocynaceae are a primarily pantropical and -subtropical group of flowering plants that are typically laticiferous and produce various alkaloids and cardenolides (Sennblad & Bremer 2002).

<==Apocynaceae [Apocynales, Rauvolfioideae]
    |--Willughbeieae SB02
    |    |  i. s.: Willughbeia SB02
    |    |         Landolphia SB02
    |    |         Couma SB02
    |    |         Lacmellea SB02
    |    |         Pacouria SB02
    |    |         Saba SB02
    |    |--Ancylobotrys petersiana SB02
    |    `--+--Dictyophleba lucida SB02
    |       `--Vahadenia caillei SB02
    `--+--Vinceae SB02
       |--Tabernaemontaneae SB02
       `--+--Aspidospermeae SB02
          `--+--+--Melodineae SB02
             |  |    |--Craspidospermum verticillatum SB02
             |  |    `--Melodinus monogynus SB02
             |  `--Hunterieae SB02
             |       |  i. s.: Hunteria SB02
             |       |--Diplorhynchus condylocarpon SB02
             |       `--+--Picralima nitida SB02
             |          `--Pleiocarpa mutica SB02
             `--+--Plumerieae SB02
                `--+--Apocynoidina SB02
                   `--+--Carisseae SB02
                      |    |--Acokanthera oblongifolia SB02
                      |    `--Carissa SB02
                      |         |--C. bispinosa SB02
                      |         |--C. grandiflora B00
                      |         |--C. lanceolata LK14
                      |         |--C. ovata VT13
                      |         |--C. paucinervis P03
                      |         `--C. spinarum P03
                      `--Alyxieae SB02
                           |  i. s.: Condylocarpon SB02
                           |         Lepiniopsis SB02
                           |--Chilocarpus suaveolens SB02
                           `--+--Lepinia taitensis SB02
                              `--Alyxia SB02 [incl. Gynopogon Forster & Forster 1776 (nom. rej.) BR65]
                                   |--A. buxifolia BR65
                                   |--A. ruscifolia SB02
                                   |--A. spicata LK14
                                   `--A. thyrsiflora C16

Apocynaceae incertae sedis:
  Notonerium gossei BR65
  Baynesia lophophora CV06
  Australluma peschii [=Caralluma peschii] CV06
  Ectadium CV06
    |--E. latifolium CV06
    `--E. rotundifolium CV06
  Hoodia CV06
    |--H. juttae CV06
    |--H. officinalis CV06
    |    |--H. o. ssp. officinalis CV06
    |    `--H. o. ssp. delaetiana CV06
    |--H. ruschii CV06
    `--H. triebneri CV06
  Huernia CV06
    |--H. hallii CV06
    `--H. plowesii CV06
  Larryleachia tirasmontana [incl. Lavrania picta ssp. parvipunctata] CV06
  Lavrania haagnerae CV06
  Orbea CV06
    |--O. albocastanea CV06
    `--O. maculata CV06
         |--O. m. ssp. maculata CV06
         |--O. m. ssp. kaokoensis CV06
         `--O. m. ssp. rangeana CV06
  Stapeliopsis urniflora CV06
  Stigmatorhynchus hereroensis CV06
  Tridentea CV06
    |--T. marientalensis CV06
    |    |--T. m. ssp. marientalensis CV06
    |    `--T. m. ssp. albipilosa CV06
    `--T. pachyrrhiza CV06
  Tromotriche ruschiana CV06
  Asketanthera picardae J87
  Forsteronia J87
    |--F. brasiliensis C55
    `--F. corymbosa J87
  Ichnocarpus frutescens KJ05
  Apocynophyllum Unger 1850 HL08
    |--A. etheridgei Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |--A. mackinlayi Ettingshausen 1886 F71
    |--A. neriifolium [incl. Folium puberulum Hofmann 1931 (n. n.)] HL08
    `--A. warburtoni Ettingshausen 1886 F71
  Cascabela thevetia LK14
  Amsonia tomentosa [incl. A. brevifolia] H93
  Rhazya P93
  Tanghinia venenifera C06
  Stemmadenia donnell-smithii OB11
  Cycladenia humilis H93
    |--C. h. var. humilis [incl. C. humilis var. tomentosa] H93
    `--C. h. var. venusta H93
  Aspidospermoxylon uniseriatum Kruse 1954 CBH93
  Diporites iskaszentgyorgii CBH93
  Ditassa lanceolata SK02, C55
  Fernaldia Lynge 1937 KC01
  ‘Lactaria’ Rafin. 1838 non Pers. 1797 KC01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C16] Cambage, R. H. 1916. Notes on the native flora of tropical Queensland. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (3): 389–447, pls 57–61.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[HL08] Henniger, M. & R. Leder. 2008. Eozäne Makroflora der Querfurter Mulde. Mauritiana 20 (2): 229–251.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 121–130.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[OB11] Orenstein, R. I., & D. Brewer. 2011. Family Cardinalidae (cardinals). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 330–427. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[P93] Pittaway, A. R. 1993. The Hawkmoths of the Western Palaearctic. Harley Books: Colchester.

[SB02] Sennblad, B., & B. Bremer. 2002. Classification of Apocynaceae s.l. according to a new approach combining Linnaean and phylogenetic taxonomy. Systematic Biology 51 (3): 389–409.

[SK02] Struwe, L., J. W. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, K. B. von Hagen & V. A. Albert. 2002. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 21–309. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

Plumerieae

Golden trumpet Allamanda cathartica, copyright Ngocnk2.

Belongs within: Apocynaceae.

The Plumerieae are a group of flowering plants united by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Most members of the clade possess infrastaminal as well as suprastaminal appendages (not present in Anechites and Plumeria) and winged seeds (not present in Anechites) (Sennblad & Bremer 2002).

<==Plumerieae [Plumerioideae]
    |  i. s.: Cerberiopsis candelabra SB02, StKa02
    |         Skytanthus SB02
    |--+--Cameraria latifolia SB02
    |  `--+--+--Anechites nerium SB02
    |     |  `--Thevetia peruviana SB02
    |     `--Cerbera SB02
    |          |--C. manghas H03
    |          `--C. venenifera SB02
    `--+--Plumeria SB02
       |    |--P. acutifolia KAA-W00
       |    |--P. alba SuKu02
       |    |--P. inodora SB02
       |    |--P. obtusa LK14
       |    `--P. rubra K03
       `--Allamanda SB02
            |--A. blanchetii S-SR09
            |--A. calcicola Souza-Silva & Rapini 2009 S-SR09
            |--A. cathartica SB02
            |--A. laevis S-SR09
            |--A. martii S-SR09
            |--A. polyantha S-SR09
            |--A. puberula S-SR09
            `--A. schottii S-SR09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[KAA-W00] Kheirallah, A.-M., A.-N. H. Aly & N. Y. Abdel-Wahed. 2000. Anamorphosis and life-history of the millipede Nopoiulus kochii (Gervais, 1847), new for Egypt. Zoology in the Middle East 21: 159–168.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[SB02] Sennblad, B., & B. Bremer. 2002. Classification of Apocynaceae s.l. according to a new approach combining Linnaean and phylogenetic taxonomy. Systematic Biology 51 (3): 389–409.

[S-SR09] Souza-Silva, R. F. de & A. Rapini. 2009. Allamanda calcicola (Apocynaceae), an overlooked new species from limestone outcrops in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 171–174.

[StKa02] Struwe, L., J. W. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, K. B. von Hagen & V. A. Albert. 2002. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 21–309. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[SuKu02] Sumithramma, N., A. R. V. Kumar, K. Chandrashekara & D. Rajagopal. 2002. Plant selection for nesting by Oecophylla smaragdina, Hymenoptera: Formicidae: do physical features affect the choice of the plant? Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 408–412.

Apocynoidina

Wrightia pubescens, copyright Johannes Lundberg.

Belongs within: Apocynaceae.
Contains: Euapocynoidina.

The Apocynoidina are a clade of flowering plants combining taxa historically separated as the subfamily Apocynoideae and the family Asclepiadaceae. Members of this clade are united by molecular phylogenetic analysis, as well as by the basal part of the anther connective (the retinacle) being adnate to the style head (Sennblad & Bremer 2002).

<==Apocynoidina [Apocynoideae]
    |--Wrightieae SB02
    |    |--Stephanostema stenocarpum SB02
    |    |--Pleioceras SB02
    |    `--Wrightia SB02
    |         |--W. arborea SB02
    |         |--W. pubescens LK14
    |         `--W. saligna LK14
    `--+--Nerieae SB02
       |    |--Adenium SB02
       |    |    |--A. multiflorum B00
       |    |    `--A. obesum SB02
       |    `--Nerium SB02
       |         |--N. indicum MH98
       |         `--N. oleander SB02
       `--+--Euapocynoidina SB02
          `--Malouetieae SB02
               |  i. s.: Alafia SB02
               |         Malouetia SB02
               |--Strophanthus eminii SB02
               `--+--Mascarenhasia arborescens SB02
                  `--+--Pachypodium lamerei SB02
                     `--+--Kibatalia gitingense SB02
                        `--+--Funtumia elastica SB02
                           `--Holarrhena SB02
                                |--H. antidysenterica KJ05
                                `--H. pubescens SB02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 121–130.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[SB02] Sennblad, B., & B. Bremer. 2002. Classification of Apocynaceae s.l. according to a new approach combining Linnaean and phylogenetic taxonomy. Systematic Biology 51 (3): 389–409.

Asclepiadeae

Scarlet milkweed Asclepias curassavica, copyright Renjusplace.

Belongs within: Asclepiadoideae.

The Asclepiadeae are a clade of flowering plants supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis, defined by Sennblad & Bremer (2002) as the most expansive clade including Asclepias and Matelea but not members of the Fockeeae, Marsdenieae or Ceropegieae.

<==Asclepiadeae TGL-S08
    |--Schizostephanus alatus SB02
    |--+--Calotropis SB02
    |  |    |--C. gigantea BB07
    |  |    `--C. procera SB02
    |  |         |--C. p. ssp. procera PP07
    |  |         `--C. p. ssp. hamiltonii PP07
    |  `--Asclepias SB02
    |       |--A. albicans H93
    |       |--A. asperula [incl. A. capricornu ssp. occidentalis] H93
    |       |--A. californica H93
    |       |--A. cordifolia H93
    |       |--A. cornuti C55b
    |       |--A. cryptoceras [incl. A. cryptoceras ssp. davisii] H93
    |       |--A. curassavica SB02
    |       |--A. eriocarpa H93
    |       |--A. erosa H93
    |       |--A. fascicularis H93
    |       |--A. linaria H93
    |       |--A. nivea J87
    |       |--A. nyctaginifolia H93
    |       |--A. pubescens BR65
    |       |--A. rotundifolia Miller 1768 [incl. A. arborescens Linnaeus 1771, Gomphocarpus arborescens] BR65
    |       |--A. solanoana H93
    |       |--A. speciosa [incl. A. giffordii] H93
    |       |--A. subulata [incl. A. subulata var. parishii] H93
    |       |--A. syriaca W69
    |       |--A. tuberosa D51
    |       `--A. verticillata C01
    `--+--+--+--Schubertia grandiflora TGL-S08
       |  |  `--Araujia TGL-S08
       |  |       |--A. hortorum SB02
       |  |       `--A. sericofera TGL-S08
       |  `--Metastelmatinae G09
       |       |--Metastelma schaffneri TGL-S08
       |       `--Blepharodon G09
       |            |--B. ampliflorum G09
       |            |--B. crabronum Goyder 2009 G09
       |            |--B. lineare G09
       |            |--B. pictum G09
       |            `--B. salicinum G09
       `--+--Cynanchum TGL-S08
          |    |--C. acutum AGF98
          |    |--C. carnosum LK14
          |    |--C. christineae LK14
          |    |--C. ellipticum TGL-S08
          |    |--C. floribundum BR65
          |    |--C. leptocladum J87
          |    |--C. leptolepis B00
          |    |--C. meyeri CV06
          |    |--C. ovalifolium B00
          |    |--C. pedunculatum VT13
          |    |--C. puberulum LK14
          |    |--C. utahense H93
          |    `--C. vincetoxicum BR65
          `--+--Oxystelma bornouense TGL-S08
             |--+--Pergularia daemia TGL-S08
             |  `--Gomphocarpus TGL-S08
             |       |--G. cancellatus B00
             |       |--G. fruticosus Br. 1809 C06 [=Asclepias fruticosa] BR65
             |       |--G. physocarpus TGL-S08 [=Asclepias physocarpa BR65]
             |       `--G. semiplectens CV06
             `--Tylophora TGL-S08
                  |--T. benthamii LK14
                  |--T. cinerascens LK14
                  |--T. fleckii CV06
                  |--T. flexuosa LK14
                  |--T. heterophylla TGL-S08
                  |--T. flexuosa B12
                  `--T. sylvatica SB02

Asclepiadeae incertae sedis:
  Microloma TGL-S08
    |--M. hereroense CV06
    |--M. penicillatum CV06
    `--M. tenuifolium TGL-S08
  Orthosia serpyllifolia SB02
  Gonolobeae SB02
    |--Fischeria stellata SB02
    `--Matelea SB02
         |--M. hirsuta SB02
         `--M. parvifolia H93
  Tweedia coerulea SB02
  Vincetoxicum SB02
    |--V. canescens C55a
    `--V. hirundinaria SB02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 121–154.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B12] Braby, M. F. 2012. The butterflies of El Questro Wilderness Park, with remarks on the taxonomy of the Kimberley fauna, Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 161–175.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C01] Cockerell, T. D. A. 1901. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.—X. Observations on bees collected at Las Vegas, New Mexico, and in the adjacent mountains. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 125–131.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175-189.

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[G09] Goyder, D. J. 2009. Blepharodon crabronum (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae), a new species from the pre-Cambrian serranias of eastern Bolivia. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 179–181.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[SB02] Sennblad, B., & B. Bremer. 2002. Classification of Apocynaceae s.l. according to a new approach combining Linnaean and phylogenetic taxonomy. Systematic Biology 51 (3): 389–409.

[TGL-S08] Thulin, M., D. Goyder & S. Liede-Schumann. 2008. Cibirhiza spiculata (Apocynaceae), a remarkable new species from eastern Ethiopia. Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 617–624.

[VT13] Vigilante, T., J. Toohey, A. Gorring, V. Blundell, T. Saunders, S. Mangolamara, K. George, J. Oobagooma, M. Waina, K. Morgan & K. Doohan. 2013. Island country: aboriginal connections, values and knowledge of the Western Australian Kimberley islands in the context of an island biological survey. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 145–182.

[W69] Wiens, J. A. 1969. An approach to the study of ecological relationships among grassland birds. Ornithological Monographs 8: 1–93.

Gentiana

Spring gentian Gentiana verna, copyright Böhringer Friedrich.

Belongs within: Gentianeae.
Contains: Gentiana section Frigidae, Gentiana section Chondrophyllae, Gentiana section Cruciata, Gentiana section Pneumonanthe.

Gentiana is a cosmopolitan genus of mostly erect herbs, with the highest diversity of species in Asia (Struwe et al. 2002).

Characters (from Struwe et al. 2002): Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Stem usually erect, sometimes ascending, simple or branched, mostly quadrangular. Leaves opposite, very rarely whorled. Uppermost leaf pair sometimes forming an involucre around the flowers. Flowers 5-merous (rarely 4- to 8-merous), arranged in simple dichasia, terminal clusters, axillary whorls, or borne singly. Calyx divided shallowly up to the middle, sometimes split to the base on one side. Calyx usually provided with intracalycine membrane, rarely without. Corolla of various shapes, can be tubular, infundibuliform, obconical, hypocrateriform, campanulate, urniform, or rarely rotate. Corolla tube usually longer than corolla lobes, throat rarely provided with fimbriae. Symmetrical or asymmetrical plicae usually present, sometimes fimbriate. Stamens inserted in corolla tube. Filaments usually straight, symmetrical, winged at base, filiform above. Anthers sometimes connate. Ovary sessile or on gynophore, nectary glands present at base. Style usually short or absent, sometimes elongated. Stigmatic lobes often free, sometimes connate. Seeds winged or unwinged.

Gentiana Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |--+--G. sect. Frigidae SK02
    |  `--+--G. sect. Chondrophyllae SK02
    |     |--G. sect. Cruciata SK02
    |     `--G. sect. Pneumonanthe SK02
    `--+--+--+--G. asclepiadea SK02
       |  |  `--G. froelichii SK02
       |  `--G. sect. Gentiana SK02
       |       |--*G. lutea Linnaeus 1753 SK02
       |       |--G. punctata SK02
       |       `--G. purpurea BC02
       `--+--G. sect. Ciminalis SK02
          |    |--G. alpina SK02
          |    `--G. clusii SK02
          `--G. sect. Calathianae SK02
               |--G. bavarica SK02
               |--G. nivalis BC02
               |--G. schleicheri BC02
               |--G. terglouensis SK02
               `--G. verna SK02

Gentiana incertae sedis:
  G. acaulis SK02
  G. argentea O88
  G. atuntsiensis JS02
  G. barbata JS02
  G. bella BC02
  G. brachyphylla BC02
  G. bryoides O88
  G. bulgarica JS02
  G. burkillii O88
  G. burseri JS02
  G. capitata O88
  G. cerastioides JS02
  G. ciliata JS02
  G. corymbosa JS02
  G. crassuloides O88
  G. dasyantha JS02
  G. depressa JS02
  G. detonsa C55
  G. elwesii O88
  G. farreri JS02
  G. favrati JS02
  G. formosana JS02
  G. gelida JS02
  G. glacialis C55
  G. huxleyi O88
  G. infelix O88
  G. karelinii O88
  G. kaufmanniana JS02
  G. kochiana BC02
  G. kurroo JS02
  G. lacerulata O88
  G. lactea JS02
  G. leucomalaena O88
  G. linoides BC02
  G. ludlowii O88
  G. manshurica JS02
  G. marchailhouana JS02
  G. marginata O88
    |--G. m. var. marginata O88
    `--G. m. var. recurvata non G. saxosa var. recurvata Kirk 1885 O88
  G. meiantha O88
  G. micans O88
  G. olgae JS02
  G. orbicularis JS02
  G. ornata O88
  G. pannonica JS02
  G. pedicellata KO88
  G. pentasticta O88
  G. phyllocalyx O88
  G. procera Holm 1901 CD07
  G. producta SK02
  G. prolata O88
  G. (subg. Dolichocarpa) pudica BC02
  G. pumila C55
  G. radicans O88
  G. rigescens JS02
  G. rostani JS02
  G. scabra JS02
  G. schistocalyx JS02
  G. sedifolia SK02
  G. septemfida BC02
  G. serra BC02
  G. sikkimensis JS02
  G. sino-ornata JS02
  G. stipitata O88
  G. strictiflora JS02
  G. stylophora BC02
  G. stylosa O88
  G. suffrutescens JS02
  G. tianscanica JS02
  G. tibetica O88
  G. triflora JS02
  G. tubiflora O88
  G. uchiyamana JS02
  G. utriculosa SK02
  G. venusta O88
  G. vernayi O88
  G. villarsii JS02
  G. vvedenskyi JS02
  G. yunnanensis BC02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BC02] Bouman, F., L. Cobb, N. Devente, V. Goethals, P. J. M. Maas & E. Smets. 2002. The seeds of Gentianaceae. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 498–572. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[JS02] Jensen, S. R., & J. Schripsema. 2002. Chemotaxonomy and pharmacology of Gentianaceae. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 573–631. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[KO88] Kikuchi, T., & H. Ohba. 1988. Preliminary study of alpine vegetation of the Himalayas, with special reference to the small-scale distribution patterns of plant communities. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 47–70.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[SK02] Struwe, L., J. W. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, K. B. von Hagen & V. A. Albert. 2002. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 21–309. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

Gentianella

Stiff gentian Gentianella quinquefolia, copyright Peter Gorman.

Belongs within: Gentianeae.

Gentianella is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs bearing nectariferous flowers. Circumscription of the genus has been contentious; Australasian species were placed by Adams (1995) in a proposed segregate genus Chionogentias but this genus has not been recognsed by some other authors.

Characters (from Struwe et al. 2009): Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs; decumbent or erect. Stems usually sparsely branched above, rarely many stems from base. Stems terete or quadrangular. Flowers 4- or 5-merous, forming terminal or axillary umbelliform cymes, or borne singly. Calyx with a very short to well-developed tube, sometimes split to base on one side. Intracalycine membrane absent. Corolla infundibuliform, cylindrical, hypocrateriform, rotate, or campanulate. Aestivation convolute. Corolla shallowly divided or divided almost to base. Corolla tube may have vascularized fimbriae, non-vascularized fimbriae, or none at all. Fimbriae, when present, scattered, united in a ring, or arranged in a row at base of each corolla lobe. Plicae absent. Stamens inserted at or below middle of corolla tube. Filaments filiform and occasionally barbate below. One or two naked nectaries per corolla lobe present at base of corolla tube. Ovary sessile or with short gynophore. Style indistinct or absent. Seeds usually unwinged or rarely winged.

Gentianella Moench 1794 A95 (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--G. amarella SK02
    |  |    |--G. a. var. amarella H93
    |  |    `--G. a. var. acuta [=Gentiana amarella var. acuta] H93
    |  `--G. wislizenii SK02
    `--+--G. aurea [=Aloitis aurea] SK02
       |--G. cosmantha SK02
       |--G. saxosa (Forster) Holub 1968 SK02, A95 (see below for synonymy)
       `--+--G. quinquefolia SK02
          `--G. turkestanorum SK02

Gentianella incertae sedis:
  G. campestris [=Gentiana campestris, *Gentianella tetrandra Moench 1794 (nom. illeg.)] A95
  G. anglica SK02
  G. angustiflora O88
  G. anisodonta SK02
  G. antarctica (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. antipoda (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. astonii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. aspera SK02
  G. aurantiaca RJ11
  ‘Chionogentias’ barringtonensis Adams 1995 A95
  ‘Chionogentias’ bawbawensis Adams 1995 A95
  G. bellidifolia (Hooker) Holub 1968 SK02, A95 (see below for synonymy)
  ‘Chionogentias’ brevisepala Adams 1995 A95
  G. bulgarica JS02
  G. caucasica JS02
  G. cephalantha JS02
  G. cephantha JS02
  G. cerastioides SK02
  G. cerina (Hooker) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. c. var. cerina A61
    `--‘Gentiana’ cerina var. suberecta (Kirk) Cheeseman 1906 [=G. cerina f. suberecta Kirk 1895] A61
  G. chathamica (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  ‘Chionogentias’ clelandii Adams 1995 A95
  G. concinna (Hooker) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. corymbifera (Kirk) Holub 1968 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. cunninghamii BC02 [=Chionogentias cunninghamii Adams 1995 A95]
    |--C. c. ssp. cunninghamii A95
    `--C. c. ssp. major Adams 1995 A95
  ‘Chionogentias’ demissa Adams 1995 A95
  G. diemensis (Grisebach) Willis 1957 (see below for synonymy) A95
    |--G. d. ssp. diemensis A95
    `--‘Chionogentias’ d. ssp. plantaginea Adams 1995 A95
  G. diffusa SK02 [=Gentiana (sect. *Andicola) diffusa A95]
  ‘Chionogentias’ divisa (Kirk) Adams 1995 A95 (see below for synonymy)
    |--C. d. var. divisa A61
    `--‘Gentiana’ d. var. magnifica (Kirk) Allan 1961 [=G. bellidifolia var. magnifica Kirk 1895] A61
  ‘Chionogentias’ eichleri Adams 1995 A95
  G. falcata O88
  G. filipes (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. foliosa SK02
  G. germanica SK02
  G. gibbsii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. glanduligera O88
  ‘Chionogentias’ grandis Adams 1995 A95
  G. gracilifolia (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. grisebachii (Hooker) Ho 1993 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  ‘Chionogentias’ gunniana Adams 1995 A95
  ‘Gentiana’ lilliputiana Webb 1990 [=Chionogentias lilliputiana (Webb) Adams 1995] A95
  G. lineata (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. lowndesii O88
  G. matthewsii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. montana (Forster) Holub 1967 (see below for synonymy) A95
    |--G. m. var. montana A95
    |--‘Gentiana’ m. var. flaccida Grisebach 1838 (n. d.) A95
    `--‘Gentiana’ m. var. stolonifera Cheeseman 1906 A61
  ‘Chionogentias’ muelleriana Adams 1995 A95
    |--C. m. ssp. muelleriana A95
    |--C. m. ssp. alpestris Adams 1995 A95
    |--C. m. ssp. jingerensis Adams 1995 A95
    `--C. m. ssp. willisiana Adams 1995 A95
  G. paludosa O88
  G. patula (Cheeseman) Holub 1968 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. pedunculata O88
  G. peruviana SK02
  ‘Gentiana’ pleurogynoides Grisebach 1838 (see below for synonymy) A95
    |  i. s.: G. p. var. abbreviata Grisebach in de Candolle 1845 (n. d.) A95
    |--G. p. ssp. pleurogynoides A95
    `--‘Chionogentias’ p. ssp. milliganii Adams 1995 A95
  ‘Chionogentias’ polysperes Adams 1995 A95
  G. pygmaea [=*Aliopsis pygmaea] SK02
  G. ramosa JS02
  G. serotina (Cockayne) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. spenceri (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. stellariifolia O88
  G. stenocalyx JS02
  ‘Chionogentias’ sylvicola Adams 1995 A95
  G. tenuifolia (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. tereticaulis (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. tornezyana SK02
  G. townsonii (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. uliginosus SK02
  G. vernicosa (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy) A95
  G. vvedenskyi O88

‘Chionogentias’ divisa (Kirk) Adams 1995 A95 [=Gentiana bellidifolia var. divisa Kirk 1895 A95, Gentiana divisa (Kirk) Cheeseman 1906 A95, Gentianella bellidifolia var. divisa (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 A95; incl. G. bellidifolia var. vacillata Kirk 1895 A61]

‘Gentiana’ pleurogynoides Grisebach 1838 [=Chionogentias pleurogynoides (Grisebach) Adams 1995, G. montana var. pleurogynoides (Grisebach) Hooker 1857, G. saxosa var. pleurogynoides (Grisebach) Hooker 1853] A95

Gentianella Moench 1794 A95 [incl. Aliopsis SK02, Aloitis SK02, Gentiana sect. Andicola Grisebach 1838 A95, Gentianella sect. Andicola (Grisebach) Holub 1967 A95, Gentiana sect. Antarctophila Grisebach 1838 A95, Gentianella sect. Antarctophila (Grisebach) Holub 1967 A95, Chionogentias Adams 1995 SK02, A95, Pitygentias Gilg 1916 SK02, A95]

Gentianella antarctica (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 [=Gentiana antarctica Kirk 1895 A95, Chionogentias antarctica (Kirk) Adams 1995 A95; incl. Gentiana antarctica var. imbricata Kirk 1895 A61, Gentiana concinna β elongata A61, Gentiana concinna var. robusta Hooker 1844 A95]

Gentianella antipoda (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 [=Gentiana antipoda Kirk 1895 A95, Chionogentias antipoda (Kirk) Adams 1995 A95; incl. G. antipoda f. pallida Kirk 1895 A61]

Gentianella astonii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana astonii Petrie 1916, Chionogentias astonii (Petrie) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella bellidifolia (Hooker) Holub 1968 SK02, A95 [=Gentiana bellidifolia Hooker 1844 A95, Chionogentias bellidifolia (Hooker) Adams 1995 A95; incl. Gentiana amabilis Petrie 1926 A61, Gentiana bellidifolia var. australis Petrie ex Cheeseman 1925 A61, Gentiana flaccida Petrie 1911 non G. montana var. flaccida Grisebach 1838, Gentiana bellidifolia var. pulchella Kirk 1895 A61]

Gentianella cerina (Hooker) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 [=Gentiana cerina Hooker 1844 A95, Chionogentias cerina (Hooker) Adams 1995 A95; incl. G. campbellii Homb. & Jacq. ex Decne 1853 A61]

Gentianella chathamica (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana chathamica Cheeseman 1906, Chionogentias chathamica (Cheeseman) Adams 1995, Gentiana pleurogynoides var. umbellata Kirk 1895] A95

Gentianella concinna (Hooker) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 [=Gentiana concinna Hooker 1844 A95, Chionogentias concinna (Hooker) Adams 1995 A95, Gentiana cerina f. concinna Kirk 1895 A61]

Gentianella corymbifera (Kirk) Holub 1968 A95 [=Gentiana corymbifera Kirk 1895 A95, Chionogentias corymbifera (Kirk) Adams 1995 A95; incl. Gentiana pleurogynoides var. rigida Kirk 1895 A61]

Gentianella diemensis (Grisebach) Willis 1957 [=Gentiana diemensis Grisebach 1838, Chionogentias diemensis (Grisebach) Adams 1995, Gentiana montana var. diemensis (Grisebach) Hooker 1857] A95

Gentianella filipes (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana filipes Cheeseman 1896, Chionogentias filipes (Cheeseman) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella gibbsii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana gibbsii Petrie 1917, Chionogentias gibbsii (Petrie) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella gracilifolia (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana gracilifolia Cheeseman 1906, Chionogentias gracilifolia (Cheeseman) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella grisebachii (Hooker) Ho 1993 A95 [=Gentiana grisebachii Hooker 1844 A95, Chionogentias grisebachii (Hooker) Adams 1995 A95; incl. Gentiana novae-zelandiae Armstrong 1872 A61, G. grisebachii var. novae-zealandiae C06, G. montana f. novae-zelandiae Kirk 1895 A61]

Gentianella lineata (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 [=Gentiana lineata Kirk 1895 A95, Chionogentias lineata (Kirk) Adams 1995 A95; incl. Gentiana verecunda Simpson 1952 A61]

Gentianella matthewsii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana matthewsii Petrie 1912, Chionogentias matthewsii (Petrie) Adams 1995, Gentiana grisebachii var. matthewsii (Petrie) Cheeseman 1925] A95

Gentianella montana (Forster) Holub 1967 [=Gentiana (sect. *Antarctophila) montana Forster 1786, Chionogentias montana (Forster) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella patula (Cheeseman) Holub 1968 A95 [=Gentiana bellidifolia var. patula Kirk 1895 A95, Chionogentias patula (Kirk) Adams 1995 A95, Gentiana patula (Kirk) Cheeseman 1906 A95; incl. Gentiana spedenii Petrie 1926 A61]

Gentianella saxosa (Forster) Holub 1968 SK02, A95 [=Gentiana saxosa Forster 1777 A95, *Chionogentias saxosa (Forster) Adams 1995 A95; incl. Gentiana hookeri Armstrong 1881 A61, Gentiana saxosa var. recurvata Kirk 1885 A61]

Gentianella serotina (Cockayne) Ho & Liu 1993 A95 [=Gentiana serotina Cockayne 1915 A95, Chionogentias serotina (Cockayne) Adams 1995 A95, Gentiana scrotina (l. c.) CA27]

Gentianella spenceri (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana spenceri Kirk 1895, Chionogentias spenceri (Kirk) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella tenuifolia (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana tenuifolia Petrie 1913, Chionogentias tenuifolia (Petrie) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella tereticaulis (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana tereticaulis Petrie 1917, Chionogentias tereticaulis (Petrie) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella townsonii (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana townsoni Cheeseman 1906, Chionogentias townsonii (Cheeseman) Adams 1995] A95

Gentianella vernicosa (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana vernicosa Cheeseman 1906, Chionogentias vernicosa (Cheeseman) Adams 1995] A95

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A95] Adams, L. G. 1995. Chionogentias (Gentianaceae), a new generic name for the Australasian ‘snow-gentians’, and a revision of the Australian species. Australian Systematic Botany 8: 935–1011.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BC02] Bouman, F., L. Cobb, N. Devente, V. Goethals, P. J. M. Maas & E. Smets. 2002. The seeds of Gentianaceae. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 498–572. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CA27] Cockayne, L., & H. H. Allan. 1927. Notes on New Zealand floristic botany, including descriptions of new species, &c. (No. 5). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 48–72.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JS02] Jensen, S. R., & J. Schripsema. 2002. Chemotaxonomy and pharmacology of Gentianaceae. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 573–631. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[SK02] Struwe, L., J. W. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, K. B. von Hagen & V. A. Albert. 2002. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 21–309. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

Logania

Logania albiflora, copyright John Tann.

Belongs within: Loganiaceae.

Logania is a genus of shrubs found in Australia and New Zealand.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Shrubs; leaves connected at base by a more or less distinct stipular line. Flowers small, in corymbose dichotomous or trichotomous axillary and terminal cymes, with two opposite bracts at each branching of peduncles, rarely clustered. Calyx 5-sect, usually purplish or blackish; corolla usually white, with five imbricate, rounded spreading lobes about as long as tube; stamens 5; ovary two-celled, with several ovules in each cell; style simple, with capitate or oblong stigma; capsule coriaceous, ovoid and contracted towards summit, dehiscing septicidally and loculicidally at summit, so that it appears to open by four teeth, the two carpels finally almost separating.

Logania Br. 1810 [Euloganieae] A61
    |--L. albiflora SK02
    |--L. campanulata GK00
    |--L. crassifolia BR65
    |    |--L. c. var. crassifolia BR65
    |    `--L. c. var. minor BR65
    |--L. depressa Hooker 1854 A61
    |--L. exilis G04
    |--L. flaviflora G04
    |--L. floribunda H87
    |--L. insularis BR65
    |--L. judithiana G04
    |--L. linifolia BR65
    |--L. nuda BR65
    |--L. ovata BR65
    |--L. perryana G04
    |--L. recurva [incl. L. longifolia var. subsessilis] BR65
    |--L. serpyllifolia GK00
    |--L. stenophylla BR65
    `--L. vaginalis BJ99 (see below for synonymy)

Logania vaginalis BJ99 [=Exacum vaginale Labillardière 1804 BR65; incl. L. latifolia BR65, L. longifolia Brown 1810 BR65]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[BJ99] Bremer, B., R. K. Jansen, B. Oxelman, M. Backlund, H. Lantz & K.-J. Kim. 1999. More characters or more taxa for a robust phylogeny—case study from the coffee family (Rubiaceae). Systematic Biology 48 (3): 413–435.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H87] Haviland, E. 1887. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. I—List of plants indigenous in the neighbourhood of Sydney, flowering during July. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1049–1051.

[SK02] Struwe, L., J. W. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, K. B. von Hagen & V. A. Albert. 2002. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 21–309. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

Convolvulus

Bindweed Convolvulus arvensis, copyright Matt Lavin.

Belongs within: Convolvuloideae.

Convolvulus is a cosmopolitan genus of tufted or twining herbs with flowers bearing one style, two stigmas and unlobed ovaries (Hickman 1993); members of this genus have historically been divided between the genera Convolvulus and Calystegia but phylogenetic analysis indicates that the latter is nested within the former (Stefanović et al. 2003).

<==Convolvulus Linnaeus 1753 A61 [incl. Calystegia Br. 1810 SAO03, A61]
    |--C. althaeoides PT98
    |--C. angustissimus KM08
    |--C. argillicola CV06
    |--C. arvensis SAO03
    |--‘Calystegia’ atriplicifolia H93
    |    |--C. a. ssp. atriplicifolia H93
    |    `--C. a. ssp. buttensis [incl. Convolvulus nyctagineus] H93
    |--C. auricomus PP07
    |--C. cantabrica Linnaeus 1753 PL04
    |--C. caput-medusae ST98
    |--C. chilensis ST98
    |--C. cneorum ST98
    |--C. collinus [=Calystegia collina, Co. malacophyllus ssp. collinus] H93
    |    |--C. c. ssp. collinus H93
    |    |--‘Calystegia collina’ ssp. oxyphylla H93
    |    |--‘Calystegia collina’ ssp. tridactylosa [=Convolvulus tridactylosus] H93
    |    `--‘Calystegia collina’ ssp. venusta H93
    |--C. dissectus C55b
    |--C. elegantissimus PT98
    |--C. erubescens KM08
    |--C. fracto-saxosa Petrie 1913 A61
    |--C. glaucifolius C55a
    |--C. incanus C01
    |--C. lanuginosus C55a
    |--C. lineatus C55a
    |--C. longipes [=Calystegia longipes; incl. Co. linearilobus] H93
    |--C. macrostegius [=Calystegia macrostegia, C. occidentalis var. macrostegius] H93
    |    |--C. m. ssp. macrostegia ST98
    |    |--‘Calystegia macrostegia’ ssp. amplissima H93
    |    |--‘Calystegia macrostegia’ ssp. arida [=Convolvulus aridus] H93
    |    |--‘Calystegia macrostegia’ ssp. cyclostegia [=Convolvulus cyclostegius] H93
    |    |--‘Calystegia macrostegia’ ssp. intermedia (see below for synonymy) H93
    |    `--‘Calystegia macrostegia’ ssp. tenuifolia [=Convolvulus aridus ssp. tenuifolius] H93
    |--C. malacophyllus [=Calystegia malacophylla] H93
    |    |--C. m. ssp. malacophyllus [incl. Calystegia malacophyllus var. berryi] H93
    |    `--C. m. ssp. pedicellatus [=Calystegia malacophylla ssp. pedicellata] H93
    |--C. marginatus C06 [=Calystegia marginata Br. 1810 A61]
    |--C. minor PT01
    |--C. occidentalis [=Calystegia occidentalis] H93
    |    |--C. o. ssp. occidentalis [incl. C. fruticetorum, C. polymorphus] H93
    |    `--‘Calystegia’ o. ssp. fulcrata [=Convolvulus fulcratus; incl. Co. deltoideus] H93
    |--C. oleifolius PT98
    |--‘Calystegia’ peirsonii H93
    |--C. platanifolius C55b
    |--C. prostratus PP07
    |--‘Calystegia’ purpurata H93
    |    |--C. p. ssp. purpurata [=Convolvulus occidentalis var. purpuratus; incl. Co. occidentalis var. solanensis] H93
    |    `--C. p. ssp. saxicola [=Convolvulus occidentalis var. saxicola] H93
    |--C. purpureus C55b
    |--C. sabatius ST98
    |    |--C. s. ssp. sabatius ST98
    |    `--C. s. ssp. mauritanicus ST98
    |--C. sepium Linnaeus 1753 [=Calystegia sepium (Linnaeus) Br. 1810] A61
    |    |--C. s. ssp. sepium H93
    |    |--‘Calystegia’ s. ssp. binghamiae [=Convolvulus binghamiae; incl. Co. sepium var. dumetorum] H93
    |    `--‘Calystegia’ s. ssp. limnophila [=Convolvulus limnophilus; incl. Co. sepium var. repens] H93
    |--C. siculus PT98
    |--C. simulans H93
    |--C. sindicus Stock in Hook 1852 [incl. C. brachyphyllus Boiss. 1856] P06
    |--C. soldanella Linnaeus 1753 A61 [=Calystegia soldanella (Linnaeus) Br. 1810 A61; incl. Ca. reniformis C55b]
    |--‘Calystegia’ stebbinsii H93
    |--C. subacaulis [=Calystegia subacaulis] H93
    |    |--C. s. ssp. subacaulis H93
    |    `--‘Calystegia’ s. ssp. episcopalis H93
    |--‘Calystegia’ sylvatica H59
    |--C. tuguriorum Forster 1786 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--C. undulatus C55a
    `--C. verecundus Allan 1961 A61

‘Calystegia macrostegia’ ssp. intermedia [=Convolvulus aridus ssp. intermedius; incl. Co. aridus ssp. longilobus] H93

Convolvulus tuguriorum Forster 1786 [=Calystegia tuguriorum (Forster) Br. ex Hooker 1854; incl. Ca. truncatella Colenso 1889] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[C01] Cockerell, T. D. A. 1901. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.—X. Observations on bees collected at Las Vegas, New Mexico, and in the adjacent mountains. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 125–131.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[H59] Healy, A. J. 1959. Contributions to a knowledge of the adventive flora of New Zealand, no. 7. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 113–118.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[P06] Parmar, P. J. 2006. Additions to the flora of Gujarat from Mehsana and Kutch districts (N. Gujarat). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 191–196.

[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[ST98] Schimming, T., B. Tofern, P. Mann, A. Richter, K. Jenett-Siems, B. Dräger, N. Asano, M. P. Gupta, M. D. Correa & E. Eich. 1998. Distribution and taxonomic significance of calystegines in the Convolvulaceae. Phytochemistry 49: 1989–1995.

[SAO03] Stefanović, S., D. F. Austin & R. G. Olmstead. 2003. Classification of Covolvulaceae: a phylogenetic approach. Systematic Botany 28 (4): 791-806.