Buxanae

Japanese box Buxus microphylla, copyright David J. Stang.

Belongs within: Mesangiospermae.

The Buxanae are a group of shrubs characterised by formation of a multilayered testa in ripe seeds.

<==Buxanae
    |--Rhoiptelea T00 [Rhoipteleaceae, Rhoipteleales D01]
    |    `--R. pontwallensis (Vangerow) Knobloch & Mai 1986 CBH93
    `--Buxaceae [Buxales, Buxineae, Didymelaceae, Haptanthaceae] CD07
         |--Didymeles CD07
         |--Macropodandra YY22
         |--Notobuxus YY22
         |--Sarcococca saligna CP02
         |--Haptanthus APG16
         |--Erdtmanipollis Jarzen & Norris 1975 CBH93
         |--Grootipollis calvoerdensis Krutzsch & Lenk 1969 CBH93
         |--Schizocolpus marlinensis CBH93
         |--Pachysandra MH98
         |    |--P. ascidiiformis Mai in Mai & Walther 1985 CBH93
         |    `--P. terminalis MH98
         `--Buxus [Buxoideae] CD07
              |--B. microphylla MS10
              `--B. sempervirens Linnaeus 1753 CD07
                   |--B. s. var. sempervirens S00
                   `--B. s. var. suffruticosa S00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[CP02] Chung, S.-W., & C.-I. Peng. 2002. Senecio kuanshanensis (Asteraceae), a new species from southern Taiwan. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 43: 155–159.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D01] Doweld, A. B. 2001. The systematic relevance of fruit and seed structure in Bersama and Melianthus (Melianthaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 227: 75–103.

[MS10] Moore, M. J., P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, J. G. Burleigh & D. E. Soltis. 2010. Phylogenetic analysis of 83 plastid genes further resolves the early diversification of eudicots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (10): 4623–4628.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Delphinium

Hairy delphinium Delphinium vestitum, from here.

Belongs within: Ranunculaceae.

Delphinium is a genus of perennial herbs bearing bilateral flowers with the upper sepals spurred (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial; root gen <10 cm, more or less fibrous or fleshy; buds generally obscure. Stem generally 1, erect, generally unbranched; base generally more or less as wide as root, generally firmly attached to root, generally more or less reddish or purplish. Leaves simple, basal and cauline, petioled; blades generally palmately lobed, deep lobes generally 3-5, generally <6 mm wide, generally also lobed; lower leaves generally dry, often absent in flower; cauline merging into bracts upward. Inflorescence a raceme or somewhat branched, terminal; flowers generally 10-25; pedicels generally more or less spreading. Flower bilateral; sepals 5, petal-like, generally spreading, generally more or less dark blue, uppermost spurred; petals 4, smaller than sepals, upper 2 with nectar-secreting spurs enclosed in uppermost sepal, lower 2 clawed, with blades generally 4-8 mm, notched, generally more or less perpendicular to claws, generally colored like sepals, generally obviously hairy; pistils 3(—5). Fruit an aggregate of 3(-5) erect follicles, generally 2.5-4x longer than wide. Seed dark brown to black, often appearing white, generally winged when immature, generally without inflated collar; coat cell margins generally straight.

<==Delphinium
    |--D. ajacis TG88
    |--D. andersonii [incl. D. andersonii ssp. cognatum, D. decorum ssp. nevadense] H93
    |--D. anthriscifolium WC00
    |    |--D. a. var. anthriscifolium WC00
    |    `--D. a. var. savatieri (Franch.) Munz. 1967 WC00
    |--D. antoninum H93
    |--D. bakeri H93
    |--D. brunonianum O88
    |--D. caeruleum O88
    |--D. californicum H93
    |    |--D. c. ssp. californicum H93
    |    `--D. c. ssp. interius H93
    |--D. cardinale H93
    |--D. carolinianum S72
    |--D. consolida C55
    |--D. cooperi O88
    |--D. decorum H93
    |    |--D. d. ssp. decorum H93
    |    `--D. d. ssp. tracyi H93
    |--D. densiflorum O88
    |--D. depauperatum [incl. D. diversifolium ssp. harneyense] H93
    |--D. drepanocentrum O88
    |--D. elatum R35
    |--D. glaciale O88
    |--D. glaucum H93
    |--D. gracilentum [incl. D. patens ssp. greenei, D. pratense] H93
    |--D. gypsophilum H93
    |    |--D. g. ssp. gypsophilum H93
    |    `--D. g. ssp. parviflorum H93
    |--D. halteratum H90
    |--D. hansenii H93
    |    |--D. h. ssp. hansenii [incl. D. hansenii var. arcuatum] H93
    |    |--D. h. ssp. ewanianum H93
    |    `--D. h. ssp. kernense H93
    |--D. hesperium H93
    |    |--D. h. ssp. hesperium H93
    |    |--D. h. ssp. cuyamacae H93
    |    `--D. h. ssp. pallescens H93
    |--D. himalayai O88
    |--D. hutchinsoniae H93
    |--D. × inflexum H93
    |--D. inopinum H93
    |--D. kamaonense O88
    |--D. luteum H93
    |--D. nepalense O88
    |--D. nortonii O88
    |    |--D. n. var. nortonii O88
    |    `--D. n. var. curvicalcaratum O88
    |--D. nudicaule H93
    |--D. nuttallianum [incl. D. sonnei] H93
    |--D. parishii H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. parishii H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. pallidum H93
    |    `--D. p. ssp. subglobosum H93
    |--D. parryi H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. parryi [incl. D. parryi ssp. seditiosum] H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. blochmaniae H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. eastwoodiae H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. maritimum H93
    |    `--D. p. ssp. purpureum [=D. parishii ssp. purpureum] H93
    |--D. patens H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. patens H93
    |    |--D. p. ssp. hepaticoideum H93
    |    `--D. p. ssp. montanum H93
    |--D. polycladon H93
    |--D. purpusii H93
    |--D. recurvatum H93
    |--D. stachydeum H93
    |--D. tricorne J23
    |--D. trolliifolium H93
    |--D. uliginosum H93
    |--D. umbraculorum H93
    |--D. variegatum H93
    |    |--D. v. ssp. variegatum [incl. D. variegatum f. superbum] H93
    |    |--D. v. ssp. kinkiense H93
    |    `--D. v. ssp. thornei H93
    |--D. vestitum O88
    `--D. viscosum O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J23] James, E. 1823. Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20, by order of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party vol. 1. H. C. Carey & I. Lea: Philadelphia.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.

[S72] Shields, O. 1972. Flower visitation records for butterflies (Lepidoptera). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (3): 189–203.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

[WC00] Wang R.-J. & Chen Z.-Y. 2000. New data of some Ranunculaceae plants in China. Acta Botanica Yunnanica 22: 126–128.

Anemone

Poppy anemone Anemone coronaria, copyright Stefano.

Belongs within: Ranunculaceae.

Anemone is a genus of perennial herbs found in temperate regions worldwide, a number of species of which are cultivated as ornamentals (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial from stout, simple to branched caudex, rhizome, or tuber. Stems 1-several, erect, generally simple. Leaves simple to 1-ternate, blade or leaflet toothed to dissected; basal leaves rosetted, petioled, in flower or fruit withered or persistent; cauline leaves generallu 2-3, in whorls, petiole absent to short. Inflorescence terminal; peduncles 1—5, erect, 1-flowered, in fruit elongated. Flower radial; receptacle in fruit elongated; sepals 5-8(10), petal-like; petals absent; pistils many, styles in fruit generally persistent, generally glabrous to puberulent. Fruit achenes, densely clustered.

<==Anemone Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |--*A. coronaria BGS05
    |--A. alpina C55a
    |--A. apennina C55b
    |--A. deltoidea H93
    |--A. demissa O88
    |    |--A. d. var. demissa O88
    |    `--A. d. var. vilosissima O88
    |--A. drummondii H93
    |--A. fuscopurpurea O88
    |--A. geum O88
    |--A. hepatica [incl. Hepatica triloba] J23
    |--A. hortensis BGS05
    |--A. multifida D03
    |--A. obtusiloba O88
    |--A. occidentalis H93
    |--A. oregana [=A. quinquefolia var. oregana; incl. A. quinquefolia var. grayii, A. oregana var. minor] H93
    |--A. palmata BGS05
    |--A. pavonina PT98
    |--A. polyanthes O88
    |--A. polycarpa O88
    |--A. rivularis O88
    |--A. rupestris O88
    |--A. rupicola O88
    |--A. smithiana O88
    |--A. tenella J23
    |--A. tenuicaulis (Cheesem.) Parkin & Sledge 1935 [=Ranunculus tenuicaulis Cheesem. 1885] A61
    |--A. thalictroides J23
    |--A. trullifolia O88
    `--A. tuberosa H93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BGS05] Banfi, E., G. Galasso & A. Soldano. 2005. Notes on systematics and taxonomy for the Italian vascular flora. 1. Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 146 (2): 219–244.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J23] James, E. 1823. Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20, by order of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party vol. 1. H. C. Carey & I. Lea: Philadelphia.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19-46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

Lilianae

Tasmanian Christmas bell Blandfordia punicea, copyright Natalie Tapson.

Belongs within: Mesangiospermae.
Contains: Alismatales, Pandanales, Dioscoreales, Liliales, Commelinidae, Orchidaceae, Boryaceae, Asteliaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Iridaceae, Hemerocallidaceae, Xanthorrhoea, Asphodelaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Alliaceae, Laxmanniaceae, Asparagaceae, Eriospermum, Ruscaceae, Hyacinthaceae, Agavaceae, Anthericaceae.

The Lilianae, monocotyledons, are a well-defined clade mostly distinguished from other flowering plants by their elongate leaves with parallel veins, and flowers with parts (sepals, petals, etc.) in multiples of three. The embryo bears a single cotyledon, the stem has scattered vascular bundles, and sieve tube plastids bear cuneate proteinaceous crystalloids (Cantino et al. 2007). Under the name Monocotyledoneae, a corresponding clade was defined by Cantino et al. (2007) as the least inclusive clade containing Acorus calamus, Gymnostachys anceps, Tofieldia glutinosa and Lilium superbum. Most recent studies agree in placing the sweet flags Acorus, a genus of rhizomatous plants found in wetlands of Eurasia and North America, as the sister clade to other living monocots.

See also: Reference review: The monocot tree.

Lilianae [Acoranae, Alismatidae, Arecidae, Liliopsida, Monocotyledoneae, Monocotyledones, Nudiflorae, Triurididae] EN20
    |  i. s.: Odyssea R-S02
    |         Syringodium L85
    |           |--S. filiforme CH97
    |           `--S. isoetifolium L85
    |         Acaciaephyllum FPC04
    |         Pennistemon FPC04
    |         Caulinities loipopytis S89
    |--Acorus [Acoraceae, Acorales] CD07
    |    |  i. s.: A. americanus WM14
    |    |--A. calamus Linnaeus 1753 DS04, CD07
    |    `--+--A. gramineus DS04
    |       `--A. tatarinowii DS04
    `--Nartheciidae CD07
         |--Alismatales CD07
         `--Petrosaviidae [Bromelianae, Haemodorales, Liliidae] CD07
              |--Petrosaviaceae [Petrosaviales, Petrosavianae] DS04
              |    |--Japonolirion osense DS04
              |    `--Petrosavia stellaris Becc. 1871 CD07
              `--+--+--Pandanales DS04
                 |  `--Dioscoreales APG16
                 `--Liliiflorae [Baccatae, Capsulares, Chlorophyteae, Coronarieae, Xanthorrheae] J87
                      |  i. s.: Roxburghia [Roxburghiaceae] B78
                      |           `--R. javanica B78
                      |                |--R. j. var. javanica B78
                      |                `--R. j. var. australiana Bentham 1878 [incl. Dioscorea lucida] B78
                      |--Liliales DS04
                      `--+--Commelinidae DS04
                         `--Asparagales (see below for synonymy) DS04
                              |  i. s.: Maianthemum SR07
                              |           |--M. bifolium C55
                              |           |--M. canadense M73
                              |           |    |--M. c. var. canadense V72
                              |           |    `--M. c. var. interius V72
                              |           `--M. dilatatum H93
                              |         Liliacidites RG07
                              |           |--L. intermedius RG07
                              |           |--L. kaitangataensis RG07
                              |           |--L. minutus RG07
                              |           `--L. pollucibilis RG07
                              |--Orchidaceae RG07
                              `--+--+--Boryaceae DS04
                                 |  `--+--+--Asteliaceae RG07
                                 |     |  `--+--Lanaria [Lanariaceae] RG07
                                 |     |     `--Hypoxidaceae RG07
                                 |     `--Blandfordia Smith 1804 (nom. cons.) DS04, CC87 [Blandfordiaceae]
                                 |          |--*B. nobilis Smith 1804 (see below for synonymy) CC87
                                 |          |--B. cunninghamii Lindley 1845 (see below for synonymy) CC87
                                 |          |--B. × flammea-elegans Smith 1874 [B. cunninghamii × B. grandiflora] CC87
                                 |          |--B. grandiflora Br. 1810 (see below for synonymy) CC87
                                 |          `--B. punicea (Labill.) Sweet 1830 (see below for synonymy) CC87
                                 `--+--Cyanastrum SR07
                                    `--+--+--Ixiolirion DS04 [Ixioliriaceae EN20, Ixiolirionaceae]
                                       |  |    `--I. tataricum DS04
                                       |  `--Tecophilaeaceae EN20
                                       |       |--Tecophilaea cyanocrocus DS04
                                       |       `--Eremolirion amboensis [=Cyanella amboensis] CV06
                                       `--+--Doryanthes Corrêa 1802 [Doryanthaceae] EN20
                                          |    |--*D. excelsa Corrêa 1802 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                                          |    `--D. palmeri Hill ex Bentham 1873 (see below for synonymy) EN20
                                          `--+--Iridaceae EN20
                                             `--+--Xeronema Brong. & Gris 1864 ME70 [Xeronemataceae EN20]
                                                |    |--X. callistemon Oliver 1926 ME70
                                                |    |    |--X. c. var. callistemon ME70
                                                |    |    `--X. c. var. bracteosa Moore 1969 ME70
                                                |    `--X. moorei CR00
                                                `--+--+--Hemerocallidaceae EN20
                                                   |  `--+--Xanthorrhoea EN20
                                                   |     `--Asphodelaceae EN20
                                                   `--+--+--+--Amaryllidaceae CR00
                                                      |  |  `--Alliaceae CR00
                                                      |  `--Agapanthus L’Hér. 1788 (nom. cons.) CC87 (see below for synonymy)
                                                      |       |--A. africanus (see below for synonymy) CC87
                                                      |       `--A. praecox Willd. 1809 CC87
                                                      |            |--A. p. ssp. praecox CC87
                                                      |            `--A. p. ssp. orientalis (Leighton) Leighton 1965 (see below for synonymy) CC87
                                                      `--+--+--Laxmanniaceae CR00
                                                         |  `--+--Asparagaceae EN20
                                                         |     `--+--Eriospermum EN20
                                                         |        `--Ruscaceae EN20
                                                         `--+--Themidaceae CR00
                                                            `--+--+--Aphyllanthes EN20 [Aphyllanthaceae CR00]
                                                               |  `--Hyacinthaceae CR00
                                                               `--+--Anemarrhena JS02 [Anemarrhenaceae CR00]
                                                                  |    `--A. asphodeloides JS02
                                                                  `--+--Agavaceae CR00
                                                                     `--+--Behnia EN20 [Behniaceae CR00]
                                                                        `--+--Herreria EN20 [Herreriaceae CR00]
                                                                           `--Anthericaceae DS04

Agapanthus L’Hér. 1788 (nom. cons.) CC87 [Agapanthaceae CR00, Agapantheae]

Agapanthus africanus [incl. A. umbellatus L’Hér. 1788 (nom. illeg.)] CC87

Agapanthus praecox ssp. orientalis (Leighton) Leighton 1965 [=A. orientalis Leighton 1938] CC87

Asparagales [Anthericeae, Asparageae, Bowieae, Caesieae, Euasparageae, Hemerocallideae, Orchidales] DS04

Blandfordia cunninghamii Lindley 1845 [incl. B. grandiflora var. elongata Benth. 1878] CC87

Blandfordia grandiflora Br. 1810 [incl. B. aurea Hook. 1869, B. flammea var. aurea Bailey 1883, B. flammea Lindley ex Paxton 1849, B. intermedia Herbert in Lindley 1845, B. grandiflora var. intermedia (Herbert) Baker 1871, B. princeps Smith 1875, B. flammea var. princeps (Smith) Baker 1876] CC87

*Blandfordia nobilis Smith 1804 [incl. B. nobilis var. imperialis Miller & Norman Taylor in Bailey 1914] CC87

Blandfordia punicea (Labill.) Sweet 1830 [=Aletris punicea Labill. 1805; incl. B. backhousii Lindley 1845, B. grandiflora var. backhousii (Lindley) Hook. 1858, B. marginata Herbert in Lindley 1842, B. grandiflora var. marginata (Herbert) Hook. 1858] CC87

*Doryanthes excelsa Corrêa 1802 [incl. Furcraea australis Haworth 1812, Agave australis (Haworth) Steudel 1821] EN20

Doryanthes palmeri Hill ex Bentham 1873 [=D. excelsa var. palmeri (Hill ex Bentham) Bailey 1883; incl. D. guilfoylei Bailey 1893, D. excelsa var. guilfoylei (Bailey) Bailey 1902, D. larkinii Moore 1885, D. palmeri var. larkinii (Moore) Moore & Betche 1893] EN20

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[CH97] Castro, P., & M. E. Huber. 1997. Marine Biology 2^nd ed. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

[CR00] Chase, M. W., P. J. Rudall, M. F. Fay & K. L. Stobart. 2000. Xeronemataceae, a new family of asparagoid lilies from New Caledonia and New Zealand. Kew Bulletin 55: 865–870.

[CC87] Clifford, H. T., J. G. Conran, J. B. Williams, R. J. F. Henderson, H. J. Hewson, E. M. Watson, G. J. Keighery, D. M. Churchill, I. R. H. Telford, A. Thongpukdee, N. H. Brittan, A. S. George, W. T. Stearn & T. D. Macfarlane. 1987. Liliaceae. Flora of Australia 45: 148–419.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[EN20] Eggli, U., & R. Nyffeler (eds) 2020. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons 2^nd ed. Springer.

[FPC04] Friis, E. M., K. R. Pedersen & P. R. Crane. 2004. Araceae from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal: evidence on the emergence of monocotyledons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (47): 16565–16570.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JS02] Jensen, S. R., & J. Schripsema. 2002. Chemotaxonomy and pharmacology of Gentianaceae. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 573–631. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[L85] Lowry, J. K. 1985. Two new species of Cerapus from Samoa and Fiji (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Ischyroceridae). Records of the Australian Museum 36: 157–168.

[M73] Mason, L. G. 1973. The habitat and phenetic variation in Phymata americana Melin (Heteroptera). Systematic Zoology 22 (3): 271–279.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[RG07] Ramírez, S. R., B. Gravendeel, R. B. Singer, C. R. Marshall & N. E. Pierce. 2007. Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator. Nature 448: 1042–1045.

[R-S02] Russell-Smith, A. 2002. A comparison of the diversity and composition of ground-active spiders in Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania and Etosha National Park, Namibia. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 383–388.

[SR07] Saarela, J. M., H. S. Rai, J. A. Doyle, P. K. Endress, S. Mathews, A. D. Marchant, B. G. Briggs & S. W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446: 312–315.

[S89] Squinabol, S. 1889. Res Ligusticae. VII.—Cenno preliminare sulla flora fossile di Santa Giustina. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a, 7: 73–76.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

[WM14] Wickett, N. H., S. Mirarab, N. Nguyen, T. Warnow, E. Carpenter, N. Matasci, S. Ayyampalayam, M. S. Barker, J. G. Burleigh, M. A. Gitzendanner, B. R. Ruhfel, E. Wafula, J. P. Der, S. W. Graham, S. Mathews, M. Melkonian, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis, N. W. Miles, C. J. Rothfels, L. Pokorny, A. J. Shaw, L. DeGeronimo, D. W. Stevenson, B. Surek, J. C. Villarreal, B. Roure, H. Philippe, C. W. dePamphilis, T. Chen, M. K. Deyholos, R. S. Baucom, T. M. Kutchan, M. M. Augustin, J. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Tian, Z. Yan, X. Wu, X. Sun, G. K.-S. Wong & J. Leebens-Mack. 2014. Phylotranscriptomic analysis of the origin and early diversification of land plants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 111 (45): E4859–E4868.

Abies

Nikko fir Abies homolepis, copyright MPF.

Belongs within: Pinaceae.

Abies, the firs, is a genus of conifers with erect seed cones native to the Northern Hemisphere. Leaf scars are smooth, round and flush with the surface of the stem (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Young bark smooth, with resin blisters, mature bark thick, deeply furrowed; young branches appearing whorled; twig glabrous or hairy; leaf scars smooth, round, flush with surface; bud generally more or less spheric, generally <1 cm, more or less resinous. Leaves 2–9 cm, sessile, twisted at base to become two-ranked, often curved upward on upper twigs, generally more or less flat; upper surface with two longitudinal, whitish bands, midrib sometimes depressed; lower surface with or without whitish bands, midrib sometimes ridge-like. Seed cone erect, <23 cm, maturing first season; stalk generally absent; bracts, scales deciduous; bract included in scale or exserted, free from scale; axis persistent on stem. Seed with obvious resin deposits on surface; wing <2.5 cm. 2n=24 (where known).

<==Abies
    |--A. alba Miller 1768 SM14
    |--A. amabilis W85
    |--A. balsamea HP03
    |--A. bituminosa P92
    |--A. bracteata [incl. A. venusta] H93
    |--A. cephalonica RCT96
    |--A. concolor [incl. A. concolora var. lowiana] H93
    |--A. excelsa C55
    |--A. fabri MM12
    |--A. firma MM12
    |--A. grandis C84
    |--A. holophylla MM12
    |--A. homolepis MM12
    |--A. lasiocarpa H93
    |--A. magnifica F56
    |    |--A. m. var. magnifica H93
    |    `--A. m. var. shastensis H93
    |--A. mariesii T85
    |--A. nebrodensis R-CT01
    |--A. nephrolepis S00
    |--A. numidica EH06
    |--A. pectinata [incl. Pinus picea] C55
    |--A. pindrow N02
    |--A. procera M87
    |--A. religiosa C-MM-R07
    |--A. sachalinensis T03
    `--A. veitchii MM12
         |--A. v. var. veitchii A70
         `--A. v. var. shikokiana A70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A70] Aoki, J. 1970. Descriptions of oribatid mites collected by smoking of trees with insecticides. I. Mt. Ishizuchi and Mt. Odaigahara. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo 13 (4): 585–602.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C-MM-R07] Castaño-Meneses, G., & B. E. Mejía-Recamier. 2007. Community structure of mites in Tillandsia violacea (Bromeliaceae) from a temperate forest of central Mexico. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 657–664. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[C84] Cokendolpher, J. C. 1984. Revision of the harvestman genus Leptobunus and dismantlement of the Leptobunidae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Palpatores). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 92 (4): 371–402.

[EH06] Eckert, A. J., & B. D. Hall. 2006. Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and patterns of diversification for Pinus (Pinaceae): phylogenetic tests of fossil-based hypotheses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 166–182.

[F56] Foote, R. H. 1956. Gall midges associated with cones of western forest trees (Diptera: Itonididae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (2): 48–57.

[HP03] Hauck, M., A. Paul, S. Gross & M. Raubuch. 2003. Manganese toxicity in epiphytic lichens: chlorophyll degradation and interaction with iron and phosphorus. Environmental and Experimental Botany 49: 181–191.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[MM12] Mao, K., R. I. Milne, L. Zhang, Y. Peng, J. Liu, P. Thomas, R. R. Mill & S. S. Renner. 2012. Distribution of living Cupressaceae reflects the breakup of Pangea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (20): 7793–7798.

[M87] McAlpine, J. F. 1987. Pallopteridae. In: McAlpine, J. F. (ed.) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 2 pp. 839–843. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RCT96] Ragusa Di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 1996. A. survey of phytoseiid mites (Phytoseiidae) associated with various plants in Sicily (Italy). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 253–256. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[SM14] Smith, G. B., & J. M. McRae. 2014. New species of subterranean silverfish (Zygentoma: Nicoletiidae: Atelurinae) from Western Australia's semi-arid Pilbara region. Records of the Western Australian Museum 29: 105–127.

[T85] Tsurusaki, N. 1985. Geographic variation of chromosomes and external morphology in the montanum-subgroup of the Leiobunum curvipalpe-group (Arachnida, Opiliones, Phalangiidae) with special reference to its presumable process of raciation. Zoological Science 2: 767–783.

[T03] Tsurusaki, N. 2003. Phenology and biology of harvestmen in and near Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, with some taxonomical notes on Nelima suzukii n. sp. and allies (Arachnida: Opiliones). Acta Arachnologica 52: 5–24.

[W85] Walter, D. E. 1985. The effects of litter type and elevation on colonization of mixed coniferous litterbags by oribatid mites. Pedobiologia 28: 383–387.

Last updated: 18 July 2021.

Petrosaviidae

Resurrection plant Borya constricta, copyright William Archer.

Belongs within: Monocotyledoneae.
Contains: Pandanales, Dioscoreales, Liliales, Commelinidae, Lomandraceae, Orchidaceae, Asteliaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Iridaceae, Hemerocallidaceae, Asphodelaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Allium, Hyacinthaceae, Agavaceae, Anthericaceae, Convallariaceae, Asparagus.

The Petrosaviidae are a clade of monocotyledons united by molecular phylogenies, defined by Cantino et al. (2007) as the least inclusive clade containing Typha latifolia, Lilium regale and Petrosavia stellaris but not Acorus calamus or Gymnostachys anceps. Members of this clade have mostly been assigned in the past to the subclasses Liliidae and Commelinidae, with species of Liliidae often having showy trimerous flowers, but phylogenetic studies indicate that the 'Liliidae' is paraphyletic with regard to the Commelinidae. Possible synapomorphies for the Petrosaviidae are simple, amylophobic starch grains; leaf blades developing basipetally from hyperphyll/hypophyll junction; an epidermis with bulliform cells; anomocytic stomata; and the absence of colleters. Petrosaviids excluding the basal Petrosaviaceae may be united by the absence of a nucellar cap, and a nuclear endosperm (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website).

<==Petrosaviidae [Bromelianae, Haemodorales, Lilianae, Liliidae] CD07
    |--Petrosaviaceae [Petrosaviales, Petrosavianae] DS04
    |    |--Japonolirion osense DS04
    |    `--Petrosavia stellaris Becc. 1871 CD07
    `--+--+--Pandanales DS04
       |  `--Dioscoreales APG16
       `--Liliiflorae [Coronarieae] J87
            |--Liliales DS04
            `--+--Commelinidae DS04
               `--Asparagales [Amaryllideae, Orchidales] DS04
                    |  i. s.: Polygonatum BL04
                    |           |--P. cirrhifolium O88
                    |           |--P. hookeri O88
                    |           |--P. multiflorum HE80
                    |           |--P. × hybridum Bruegger von Churwalden 1886 [P. multiflorum × P. odoratum] HE80
                    |           |--P. odoratum HE80
                    |           |--P. singalilense O88
                    |           `--P. verticillatum O88
                    |         Maianthemum SaaRai07
                    |           |--M. bifolium C55
                    |           `--M. canadense M73
                    |         Lomandraceae DS04
                    |         Liliacidites RG07
                    |           |--L. intermedius RG07
                    |           |--L. kaitangataensis RG07
                    |           |--L. minutus RG07
                    |           `--L. pollucibilis RG07
                    |--Orchidaceae RG07
                    `--+--+--+--Blandfordia [Blandfordiaceae] DS04
                       |  |  |    |--B. grandiflora DS04
                       |  |  |    |--B. nobilis M87
                       |  |  |    `--B. punicea DS04
                       |  |  `--+--Asteliaceae RG07
                       |  |     `--+--Lanaria [Lanariaceae] RG07
                       |  |        `--Hypoxidaceae RG07
                       |  `--Boryaceae DS04
                       |       |--Alania endlicheri DS04
                       |       `--Borya DS04
                       |            |--B. constricta S95
                       |            |--B. jabirabela LK14
                       |            |--B. scirpoidea GK00
                       |            |--B. septentrionalis DS04
                       |            |--B. sphaerocephala DS04
                       |            `--B. subulata LK14
                       `--+--Cyanastrum SaaRai07
                          `--+--+--Doryanthes [Doryanthaceae] DS04
                             |  |    `--D. excelsa DS04
                             |  `--+--Tecophilaeaceae DS04
                             |     |    |--Tecophilaea cyanocrocus DS04
                             |     |    `--Eremolirion amboensis [=Cyanella amboensis] CV06
                             |     `--+--Iridaceae DS04
                             |        `--Ixiolirion [Ixioliriaceae, Ixiolirionaceae] DS04
                             |             `--I. tataricum DS04
                             `--+--Xeronema Brong. & Gris 1864 DS04, ME70 [Xeronemataceae]
                                |    |--X. callistemon Oliver 1926 ME70
                                |    |    |--X. c. var. callistemon ME70
                                |    |    `--X. c. var. bracteosa Moore 1969 ME70
                                |    `--X. moorei CR00
                                `--+--+--Hemerocallidaceae DS04
                                   |  `--Asphodelaceae CR00
                                   `--+--+--Agapanthus HE80 [Agapanthaceae CR00, Agapantheae]
                                      |  |    `--A. orientalis Leighton 1938 HE80
                                      |  `--+--Amaryllidaceae CR00
                                      |     `--Alliaceae [Allioideae]  CR00
                                      |          |--Allium HE80
                                      |          `--Nothoscordum inodorum (Aiton) Nicholson 1855 HE80
                                      `--+--+--Themidaceae CR00
                                         |  `--+--+--Aphyllanthaceae CR00
                                         |     |  `--Hyacinthaceae CR00
                                         |     `--+--Anemarrhenaceae CR00
                                         |        `--+--Agavaceae CR00
                                         |           `--+--Behniaceae CR00
                                         |              `--+--Herreriaceae CR00
                                         |                 `--Anthericaceae DS04
                                         `--+--Laxmannia [Laxmanniaceae CR00]
                                            |    |--L. grandiflora OS04
                                            |    |--L. minor GK00
                                            |    |--L. sessiliflora GK00
                                            |    `--L. squarrosa OS04
                                            `--+--Convallariaceae CR00
                                               `--Asparagaceae [Asparagineae] CR00
                                                    |--Asparagus HE80
                                                    `--Chlorophytum LK14
                                                         |--C. arundinaceum SanRav07
                                                         |--C. elatum MH98
                                                         |--C. laxum LK14
                                                         `--C. nimmonii SaaRai07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[BL04] Barkman, T. J., S.-H. Lim, K. M. Salleh & J. Nais. 2004. Mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal the photosynthetic relatives of Rafflesia, the world’s largest flower. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (3): 787–792.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[CR00] Chase, M. W., P. J. Rudall, M. F. Fay & K. L. Stobart. 2000. Xeronemataceae, a new family of asparagoid lilies from New Caledonia and New Zealand. Kew Bulletin 55: 865–870.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[HE80] Healy, A. J., & E. Edgar. 1980. Flora of New Zealand vol. 3. Adventive cyperaceous, petalous and spathaceous monocotyledons. P. D. Hasselberg, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M73] Mason, L. G. 1973. The habitat and phenetic variation in Phymata americana Melin (Heteroptera). Systematic Zoology 22 (3): 271–279.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[M87] Mueller, F. von. 1887. Some hitherto undescribed plants of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1105–1110.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[RG07] Ramírez, S. R., B. Gravendeel, R. B. Singer, C. R. Marshall & N. E. Pierce. 2007. Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator. Nature 448: 1042–1045.

[SaaRai07] Saarela, J. M., H. S. Rai, J. A. Doyle, P. K. Endress, S. Mathews, A. D. Marchant, B. G. Briggs & S. W. Graham. 2007. Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree. Nature 446: 312–315.

[SanRav07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49 (1–4): 165–172.

[S95] Smith, G. T. 1995. Species richness, habitat and conservation of scorpions in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 55–66.

Dicranophyllales

Reconstruction of Dicranophyllum hallei, from here.

Belongs within: Coniferophyta.

The Dicranophyllales are a group of arborescent plants known from the Carboniferous and Permian, possibly related to modern coniferophytes. They are defined by the having stomata confined to sunken furrows on the abaxial side of the leaf (Rothwell & Mapes 2001).

See also: The Dicranophyllales: an early branch of the conifers?

<==Dicranophyllales
    |--Slivkovia RM01
    |    |--S. lorata RM01
    |    `--S. petschorensis RM01
    |--Entosovia RM01
    |    |--E. kungurica RM01
    |    `--E. rarisulcata RM01
    |--Mostotchkia RM01
    |    |--M. gomankovii RM01
    |    `--M. longifolia RM01
    `--Dicranophyllum RM01
         |--D. effusum RM01
         |--D. gallicum RM01
         |--D. glabrum A38
         |--D. hallei RM01
         |--D. longifolium RM01
         `--D. striatum RM01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A38] Alcock, F. J. 1938. Geology of Saint John region, New Brunswick. Geological Survey of Canada Memoir 216: 1–65.

[RM01] Rothwell, G. W., & G. Mapes. 2001. Barthelia furcata gen. et sp. nov., with a review of Paleozoic coniferophytes and a discussion of coniferophyte systematics. International Journal of Plant Sciences 162 (3): 637–667.

Miroviaceae

Preserved leaf sections of Mirovia gothanii, from Gomez (2002).

Belongs within: Pinopsida.

The Miroviaceae is an extinct group of conifers known from the mid-Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous, with linear leaves similar in appearance to the modern umbrella pine Sciadopitys verticillata. They differ from modern conifers in having the closely placed stomata restricted to a sunken groove with a protruding margin on the abaxial side of the leaf (Gomez 2002).

<==Miroviaceae
    |--Tritaenia G02
    |--Holkopitys Bose & Manum 1990 G02
    |    `--H. hoegii G02
    |--Oswaldheeria Bose & Manum 1990 G02
    |    |--O. arctica G02
    |    |--O. hallei G02
    |    |--O. macrophylla G02
    |    `--O. scotica G02
    |--Sciadopityoides G02
    |    |--S. crameri G02
    |    |--S. greenboana G02
    |    |--S. ikorfatensis G02
    |    |--S. microphylla G02
    |    |--S. nathorstii G02
    |    |--S. ukrainensis G02
    |    |--S. uralensis G02
    |    `--S. variabilis G02
    `--Mirovia G02
         |--*M. szaferi Reymanówna 1985 G02
         |--M. capbohemanensis G02
         |--M. florinii G02
         |--M. gothanii Gomez 2002 G02
         |--M. groenlandica G02
         |--M. ineffecta G02
         |--M. lagerheimii G02
         |--M. persulcata G02
         `--M. sibirica G02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G02] Gomez, B. 2002. A new species of Mirovia (Coniferales, Miroviaceae) from the Lower Cretaceous of the Iberian Ranges (Spain). Cretaceous Research 23: 761–773.