Melianthales

Bersama abyssinica, from Flora of Zimbabwe.

Belongs within: Malvidae.

The Melianthales are a group of trees and shrubs with bird-pollinated flowers found in sub-Saharan Africa.

Characters (from Doweld 2001): Flower hermaphroditic, irregular; calyx 5-partite; four or five petals; four or five stamens, alternate with petals; filaments thick; anthers bilocular, dorsifixed, dehiscing via introrse slits; disc placed between petals and stamens, hippocrepiform, incompletely annular; ovary 4-5-locular; ovules 2-5, biseriate, ascending; capsule dorsihiscent or dorsilaterihiscent; seeds arillate or exarillate, with copious albumen, with embryonic axil straight.

<==Melianthales [Bersamoideae, Melianthoideae]
    |--Melianthus Tournefort 1694 [incl. Diplerisma Planchon 1851; Melianthaceae] D01
    |    |--M. comosus D01
    |    `--M. major D01
    `--Bersama Fresenius 1837 [incl. Natalia Hochstetter 1841; Bersamaceae] D01
         |--B. abyssinica D01
         |--B. lucens D01
         |--B. stayneri D01
         |--B. swynnertonii D01
         |--B. transvaalensis D01
         `--B. tysoniana D01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D01] Doweld, A. B. 2001. The systematic relevance of fruit and seed structure in Bersama and Melianthus (Melianthaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 227: 75–103.

Mangifera

Mango Mangifera indica, copyright Fpalli.

Belongs within: Anacardiaceae.

Mangifera is a genus of trees found primarily in lowland rainforest in tropical Asia, including the mango Mangifera indica and related species.

Characters (from Flora of China): Evergreen trees, andro-monoecious with functionally staminate and bisexual flowers in same inflorescence. Leaves petiolate, simple; leaf blade margin entire. Inflorescence a terminal pleiothyrsoid. Flowers small, 4- or 5-merous, with imbricate aestivation. Sepals sometimes united at base. Petals with 1-5 prominent veins adaxially. Stamens 5, free or united with disk basally, usually 1(or 2) noticeably larger. Disk of 5 separate extrastaminal glands. Ovary glabrous, 1-locular, 1-ovulate; style 1, terminal. Fruit drupaceous; mesocarp fleshy or fibrous; endocarp thick and bony, compressed. Embryo 1 to several by polyembryony.

<==Mangifera [=M. subg. Mangifera] YH02
    |  i. s.: M. altissima YH02
    |         M. caesia YH02
    |         M. kemanga YH02
    |         M. pajang YH02
    |         M. zeylanica YH02
    |--M. macrocarpa [=M. (subg. Limus sect. Perennis) macrocarpa] YH02
    |--M. sect. Rawa YH02
    |    |--M. griffithii YH02
    |    `--+--M. gracilipes YH02
    |       `--M. sect. Euantherae YH02
    |            |--M. caloneura YH02
    |            `--M. pentandra YH02
    `--+--M. cochinchinensis [=M. (sect. Euantherae) cochinchinensis] YH02
       |--M. subg. Limus sect. Perennis YH02
       |    |--M. foetida YH02
       |    `--M. odorata YH02 [M. foetida × M. indica KTG03]
       `--M. sect. Mangifera YH02
            |--+--M. flava YH02
            |  `--M. (sect. Marchandora) gedebe YH02
            `--+--M. oblongifolia YH02
               `--+--M. indica YH02
                  |--M. laurina YH02
                  `--M. sylvatica YH02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[KTG03] Kiew, R., L. L. Teo & Y. Y. Gan. 2003. Assessment of the hybrid status of some Malesian plants using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism. Telopea 10 (1): 225–233.

[YH02] Yonemori, K., C. Honsho, S. Kanzaki, W. Eiadthong & A. Sugiura. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships of Mangifera species revealed by ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA and a possibility of their hybrid origin. Plant Systematics and Evolution 231: 59–75.

Trifolium section Eulagopus

Red clover Trifolium pratense, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Trifolium.

The section Eulagopus of the genus Trifolium is a group of clovers characterised by multiflorate infrutescences with all flowers equal and fertile, erect peduncles, and non-bracteate flowers (Basto Folque 1949).

<==Trifolium sect. Eulagopus
    |--T. subsect. Eutriphylum BF49
    |    |--T. angustifolium Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    |    |--T. cherleri BF49
    |    |--T. diffusum BF49
    |    |--T. hirtum BF49
    |    |--T. incarnatum Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    |    |--T. lappaceum Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    |    |    |--T. l. f. lappaceum BF49
    |    |    `--T. l. f. arrectisectum BF49
    |    |--T. leucanthum BF49
    |    |--T. maritimum BF49
    |    |--T. medium Linnaeus 1755 BF49
    |    |--T. ochroleucum Hudson 1762 BF49
    |    |--T. pratense Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    |    |    |  i. s.: T. p. f. sativum BF49
    |    |    |         T. p. f. villosum BF49
    |    |    |--T. p. var. pratense BF49
    |    |    `--T. p. var. nivale BF49
    |    |         |--T. p. var. n. f. nivale BF49
    |    |         `--T. p. var. n. f. lutescens BF49
    |    |--T. squarrosum Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    |    `--T. stellatum Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    |--T. (subsect. Lagopodioidea) lagopus BF49
    |--T. subsect. Lagopodium BF49
    |    |--T. arvense Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    |    |    |--T. a. f. arvense BF49
    |    |    |--T. a. f. agrestinum BF49
    |    |    `--T. a. f. brittingeri BF49
    |    |--T. bocconei BF49
    |    |--T. ligusticum [incl. T. arrectisectum Brotero 1816] BF49
    |    |--T. phleoides BF49
    |    |    |--T. p. ssp. phleoides BF49
    |    |    `--T. p. ssp. gemellum BF49
    |    `--T. scabrum Linnaeus 1753 BF49
    `--T. (subsect. Stenosemium) striatum Linnaeus 1753 BF49
         |--T. s. ssp. striatum BF49
         |--T. s. ssp. genuinum BF49
         |    |--T. s. ssp. g. var. genuinum BF49
         |    |--T. s. ssp. g. var. brevidens BF49
         |    |--T. s. ssp. g. var. nanum BF49
         |    `--T. s. ssp. g. var. spinescens BF49
         `--T. s. ssp. tenuiflorum BF49

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BF49] Basto Folque, N. A. P. de. 1949. Subsídios para o estudo do género Trifolium L. em Portugal. Melhoramento 1 (2): 11–120, est. I–XXIII.

Trifolium section Euamoria

White clover Trifolium repens, copyright Forest & Kim Starr.

Belongs within: Trifolium.

The section Euamoria of the genus Trifolium is a group of clovers characterised by the absence of an involucral bract around each inflorescence and entire stipules (Basto Folque 1949).

Characters (from Basto Folque 1949): Inflorescence without involucral bract. Flowers bracteate; calyx with 10 nerves, not intumescent-vesicular after anthesis; petals white or pink. Stipules entire.

<==Trifolium sect. Euamoria
    |--T. subsect. Amoria BF49
    |    |--T. cernuum Brotero 1816 BF49
    |    |    |--T. c. f. typicum BF49
    |    |    `--T. c. f. intermedium BF49
    |    |--T. isthmocarpum Brotero 1816 BF49
    |    |--T. michelianum Savi 1911 BF49
    |    |--T. nigrescens BF49
    |    |    |--T. n. f. nigrescens BF49
    |    |    `--T. n. f. gracile BF49
    |    |--T. parviflorum BF49
    |    `--T. repens BF49
    |         |--T. r. var. repens BF49
    |         |--T. r. var. giganteum BF49
    |         `--T. r. var. microphyllum BF49
    `--T. subsect. Micranthemum BF49
         |--T. glomeratum BF49
         `--T. suffocatum BF49

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BF49] Basto Folque, N. A. P. de. 1949. Subsídios para o estudo do género Trifolium L. em Portugal. Melhoramento 1 (2): 11–120, est. I–XXIII.

Pisum

Garden pea Pisum sativum, copyright Rasbak.

Belongs within: Fabeae.

Pisum is a small genus of herbaceous legumes, native to the Mediterranean region. It is most notable for including the widely grown Pisum sativum, the garden pea.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs annual or perennial. Stem often climbing by means of tendrils, terete, glabrous. Leaves paripinnate with rachis termi­nating in a tendril; stipules leaflike, cordate, larger than leaflets (to 10 cm); leaflets 1-3-paired, ovate to elliptic, margin entire or den­tate. Inflorescence a 1- to many-flowered raceme. Calyx campanulate; teeth more or less leaf-like, at least 2 teeth less than twice as long as tube. Corolla white or otherwise colored; standard obovate. Stamens diadelphous; staminal tube not oblique at apex; filaments distally slightly dilated. Ovary subsessile; ovules many; style curved inward, distally dilated and margin recurved forming a laterally com­pressed body, longitudinally grooved, hairy on upper side. Legume long elliptic, inflated, apex acute. Seeds many, spheroid.

<==Pisum
    |--P. arvense D37
    |--P. fulvum LR-S01
    |--P. humile D37
    `--P. sativum LR-S01
         |--P. s. ssp. sativum LR-S01
         |--P. s. ssp. abyssinicum LR-S01
         |--P. s. ssp. elatius LR-S01
         |--P. s. ssp. jomardii LR-S01
         |--P. s. ssp. nepalensis LR-S01
         |--P. s. ssp. syriacum LR-S01
         |--P. s. ssp. thebicum LR-S01
         `--P. s. ssp. transcaucasicum LR-S01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[LR-S01] Liu, A., & T. J. Ridsdill-Smith. 2001. Comparison of feeding damage by redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acari: Penthaleidae) to different grain legume species as an indicator of potentially resistant lines. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 295–299. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Crataegus

Common hawthorn Crataegus monogyna, copyright Jean-Pol Grandmont.

Belongs within: Rosaceae.

Crataegus, the hawthorns, is a diverse genus of often thorny shrubs and small trees found in northern temperate regions.

Characters (from Flora of China): Shrubs, subshrubs, or small trees, deciduous, rarely evergreen, armed, rarely unarmed; buds ovoid or subglobose. Leaves simple, stipulate, venation craspedodromous, margin serrate and lobed or partite, rarely entire. Inflorescences corymbose, sometimes flowers solitary. Hypanthium campanulate. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white, rarely pinkish. Stamens 5–25; carpels 1–5, connate, but free apically. Ovary inferior or semi-inferior, with 2 ovules per locule, but one rudimentary. Fruit a pome, with persistent sepals at apex; carpels bony when mature, each locule with 1 seed; seed erect, cotyledons plano-convex.

<==Crataegus
    |--C. coccinea Linnaeus 1753 [incl. C. pedicellata Sargent 1901] PCM03
    |--C. cordata [=Mespilus cordata] PCM03
    |--C. dodgei PCM03
    |--C. holmesiana PCM03
    |--C. intricata PCM03
    |--C. laciniata R-CT01
    |--C. laevigata TG88
    |--C. magniflora PCM03
    |--C. maximowiczii [incl. C. sanguinea] LO98
    |--C. mollis PCM03
    |--C. monogyna BH02
    |--C. nigra PCM03
    |--C. oxyacantha C55
    |--C. phaenopyrum PCM03
    `--C. pringlei PCM03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BH02] Bell, J. R., A. J. Haughton, N. D. Boatman & A. Wilcox. 2002. Do incremental increases of the herbicide glyphosate have indirect consequences for spider communities? Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 288–297.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[PCM03] Phipps, J. B., S. Cafferty & J. A. Macklin. 2003. Lectotypification of Crataegus coccinea L. and its conspecificity with C. pedicellata Sarg. (Rosaceae). Taxon 52: 337–338.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.

Citrus

Round kumquat Citrus japonica, copyright Phuong Tran.

Belongs within: Citroideae.

Citrus is a genus of shrubs and small trees, many species of which are widely grown for their edible fruits. The taxonomy of this genus is particularly complex, with most cultivated taxa being of hybrid origin.

See also: Are you sucking on a lemon or a lime?

Characters (from Flora of China): Shrubs or small trees, evergreen, rarely deciduous. Young branches often flat and angled, usually with solitary (rarely paired) spines at axils. Leaves 1-foliolate, rarely 3-foliolate or simple; petiole usually articulated with base of leaf blade, usually conspicuously winged; leaf blade subleathery to leathery, with dense pellucid fragrant oil dots, margin crenulate or rarely entire. Flowers axillary, hermaphrodite or male, solitary or in small fascicles, fragrant. Calyx cup-shaped; lobes 3-5, subglabrous. Petals (3 or)4 or 5(-8), white or outside pinkish red, imbricate, thick. Stamens usually 4(-10) × as many as petals, free or basally coherent. Disk annular or short, with nectary glands. Ovary (3-)5-14(-18)-loculed, each locule with 2-8 or more ovules; stigma large. Fruit a berry (hesperidium) with sarcocarp segments of pulp vesicles and adaxially attached seeds. Seed coat smooth or ridged; embryo(s) 1 to many, like cotyledons milky white, green, or rarely yellowish, germination hypogeous.

<==Citrus
    |--C. aurantifolia CR01
    |--C. aurantium A-G91 [incl. C. vulgaris C55]
    |--C. bergamia R-CT01
    |--C. decumana C55
    |--C. deliciosa R-CT01
    |--C. glauca MS06
    |--C. grandis A-G91
    |--C. japonica MS06
    |--C. javanica C55
    |--C. junos LO98
    |--C. latifolia CR01
    |--C. limetta A-G91
    |--C. limon A-G91
    |--C. medica A-G91
    |--C. nobilis C55
    |--C. paradisi A-G91
    |--C. reshni CR01
    |--C. reticulata A-G91
    |--C. sinensis R-CT01
    `--C. tachibana MH98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A-G91] Al-Gboory, J. I. 1991. Biology of oriental citrus mite, Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein) on different citrus species. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 607–611. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CR01] Chagas, C. M., V. Rossetti, A. Colariccio, O. Lovisolo, E. W. Kitajima & C. C. Childers. 2001. Brevipalpus mites (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) as vectors of plant viruses. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 369–375. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[MS06] Muellner, A. N., V. Savolainen, R. Samuel & M. W. Chase. 2006. The mahogany family "out-of-Africa": divergence time estimation, global biogeographic patterns inferred from plastid rbcL DNA sequences, extant, and fossil distribution of diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 236–250.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Ficus section Oreosycea

Ficus habrophylla, photographed by Julien Barrault.

Belongs within: Moraceae.

Ficus section Oreosycea is a group of monoecious figs found in Asia and Australasia, with a small number of species in Africa. They are pollinated by wasps of the genus Dolichoris.

<==Ficus sect. Oreosycea (Miquel) Corner 1959 [=Urostigma sect. Oreosycea Miquel 1847] URK03
    |  i. s.: F. (sect. *Oreosycea) nervosa URK03
    |         F. edelfeltii B88
    |         F. polyantha B88
    |         F. pubinervis B88
    `--F. ser. Austrocaledonicae Corner 1960 URK03
         |--F. (ser. *Austrocaledonicae) austrocaledonica Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. a. var. austrocaledonica [=F. a. var. latifolia Bureau 1872] URK03
         |    |--F. a. var. angustifolia Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. a. var. balansana (Bureau) Corner 1959 (see below for synonymy) URK03
         |    `--F. a. var. subattenuata Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. asperula Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. a. var. asperula [=F. a. var. nuda Bureau 1872] URK03
         |    `--F. a. var. foliosa Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. auriculigera Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. barraui Guillaumin 1954 URK03
         |--F. campicola Moore 1921 URK03
         |--F. cataractarum Vieill. ex Bureau 1872 [=F. cataractorum (l. c.)] URK03
         |--F. comptonii Moore 1921 URK03
         |--F. crescentioides Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. cretacea Moore 1921 URK03
         |--F. dzumacensis Guillaumin 1926 URK03
         |--F. edulis Bureau 1872 [incl. F. ua Montrouz. 1860 (n. n.)] URK03
         |    |--F. e. var. edulis [=F. e. var. elliptica Bureau 1872] URK03
         |    |--F. e. var. attenuata Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. e. var. cordata Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. e. var. dentata Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. e. var. glabrescens Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. e. var. leiocarpa Bureau 1872 [=F. leiocarpa (Bureau) Warburg 1905] URK03
         |    |--F. e. var. ovata Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    `--F. e. var. variegata Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. granatum Forster 1786 URK03
         |    |--F. g. var. granatum URK03
         |    `--F. g. var. minor Corner 1960 URK03
         |--F. habrophylla Bennett ex Seem. 1868 URK03
         |--F. heteroselis Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. hurlimanii Guillaumin 1967 URK03
         |--F. leptorhachis Moore 1921 URK03
         |--F. lifouensis Corner 1970 URK03
         |--F. longipes Warburg 1905 URK03
         |--F. maialis Guillaumin 1949 URK03
         |--F. microtophora Corner 1975 URK03
         |--F. mutabilis Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. m. var. mutabilis URK03
         |    |--F. m. var. coriacea Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. m. var. membranacea Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    `--F. m. var. parvifolia Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. nitidifolia Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. oreadum Moore 1921 URK03
         |--F. otophora Corner & Guillaumin 1959 URK03
         |--F. otophoroides Corner 1975 URK03
         |--F. pallidinervis Warburg 1905 URK03
         |--F. pancheriana Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. pseudomangiferifolia Guillaumin 1943 URK03
         |--F. pteroporum Guillaumin 1967 URK03
         |--F. punctulosa Warburg 1905 URK03
         |--F. racemigera Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. rigidifolia Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. semecarpifolia Warburg 1905 URK03
         |--F. tanensis Bennett ex Seem. 1868 URK03
         |--F. trachyleia Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. t. var. trachyleia URK03
         |    |--F. t. var. chantiniana Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    `--F. t. var. heterophylla Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. versicolor Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. vieillardiana Bureau 1872 URK03
         `--F. webbiana (Miquel) Miquel 1867 [=Covellia webbiana Miquel 1848] URK03
              |--F. w. var. webbiana URK03
              `--F. w. var. cordata Bureau 1872 URK03

Ficus austrocaledonica var. balansana (Bureau) Corner 1959 [=F. balansana Bureau 1872, F. balasaeana (l. c.), F. austrocaledonica var. balanseana (l. c.)] URK03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[URK03] Ungricht, S., J.-Y. Rasplus & F. Kjellberg. 2003. Nomenclature of the endemic monoecious fig trees (Moraceae: Ficus L.) of New Caledonia and Vanuatu (Pacific Ocean). Taxon 52: 319-325.

Ficus subgenus Ficus

Ficus dammaropsis, photographed by Kahuroa.

Belongs within: Moraceae.

Ficus subgenus Ficus is a group of figs fertilised primarily by wasps of the genus Blastophaga.

<==Ficus subg. Ficus B88
    |--F. sect. Sycidium non Sycidium Sandberger 1849 B88
    |    |  i. s.: F. conocephalifolia B88
    |    |         F. copiosa B88
    |    |         F. coronata [incl. F. stephanocarpa] B88
    |    |         F. fraseri [incl. F. stenocarpa] B88
    |    |         F. gul B88
    |    |         F. (ser. Copiosae) primaria B88
    |    |         F. tinctoria B88
    |    |           |--F. t. var. tinctoria B88
    |    |           `--F. t. var. gibbosa B88
    |    |         F. wassa B88
    |    `--F. subsect. Palaeomorphe B88
    |         |--F. subulata [incl. F. erythropareia] B88
    |         `--F. virgata B88
    `--F. sect. Sycocarpus B88
         |--F. dammaropsis B88
         `--F. theophrastoides B88

Ficus subg. Ficus incertae sedis:
  F. adenosperma B88
  F. arfakensis B88
  F. bernaysii B88
  F. calopilina B88
  F. complexa B88
  F. congesta B88
  F. cynaroides B88
  F. dissipata B88
  F. hispida B88
  F. hispidoides B88
    |--F. h. var. hispidoides B88
    `--F. h. var. succosa B88
  F. indigofera B88
  F. iodotricha B88
  F. itoana B88
  F. lepicarpa B88
  F. mollior B88
  F. nodosa B88
  F. nota B88
  F. profusa B88
  F. pungens B88
  F. scaposa B88
  F. semivestita B88
  F. septica B88
  F. tanypoda B88
  F. verticillaris B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

Ficus section Malvanthera

Port Jackson fig Ficus rubiginosa, photographed by Christine Peterson.

Belongs within: Moraceae.

Ficus section Malvanthera is a group of figs pollinated by wasps of the genus Pleistodontes (Dixon 2003).

Characters (from Dixon 2003): Ostiole with two or three lobes with inflexed bracts; syconia with two or three basal bracts; reniform unilocular anthers with crescentic or transverse dehiscence; ovaries attached by their base to wall of syconium, or embedded in wall of syconium; red spot present at apex or base of the ovary; stigma either simple or bifid.

<==Ficus sect. Malvanthera
    |  i. s.: F. subnervosa D03
    |--F. ser. Hesperidiiformis (Corner) Dixon 2003 [incl. Malvanthera ser. Cyclanthereae Corner 1959] D03
    |    |  i. s.: F. glandifera D03
    |    |         F. (ser. *Cyclanthereae) sterrocarpa D03
    |    |--F. subser. Hesperidiiformis Corner 1959 D03
    |    |    |--F. (subser. *Hesperidiiformis) hesperidiiformis D03 [incl. F. sclerotaria B88]
    |    |    |--F. augusta D03
    |    |    |--F. crassipes Bailey 1889 D03
    |    |    |--F. heteromeka D03
    |    |    |--F. mafuluensis D03
    |    |    |--F. pleurocarpa von Mueller 1874 [incl. F. cylindrica Warburg 1905] D03
    |    |    `--F. xylosycia D03
    |    |         |--F. x. var. xylosycia B88
    |    |         `--F. x. var. cylindrocarpa B88
    |    `--F. subser. Eubracteatae Corner 1959 D03
    |         `--F. (subser. *Eubracteatae) triradiata Corner 1959 (see below for synonymy) D03
    `--F. ser. Malvanthereae Corner 1959 D03
         |  i. s.: F. atricha Dixon 2001 [incl F. platypoda var. cordata] D03
         |         F. brachypoda (Miquel) Miquel 1867 (see below for synonymy) D03
         |         F. cerasicarpa Dixon 2001 D03
         |         F. lilliputiana Dixon 2001 D03
         |           |--F. l. f. lilliputiana D03
         |           `--F. l. f. pilosa D03
         |--F. subser. Malvanthereae D03
         |    |--F. (ser. *Malvanthereae) macrophylla Desfontaines ex Persoon 1807 D03
         |    |    |--F. m. f. macrophylla D03
         |    |    `--F. m. f. columnaris D03
         |    |--F. rhizophoriphylla D03
         |    `--F. watkinsiana Bailey 1891 (see below for synonymy) D03
         `--F. subser. Platypodeae Corner 1959 D03
              |--F. (subser. *Platypodeae) platypoda (Miquel) Cunningham ex Miquel 1867 (see below for synonymy) D03
              |--F. destruens von Mueller ex White 1933 D03
              |--F. leucotricha D03
              |--F. obliqua Forster 1786 D03
              |--F. rubiginosa Desfontaines ex Ventenat 1805 D03 [incl. F. australis B88]
              |    |--F. r. f. rubiginosa (see below for synonymy) D03
              |    `--F. r. f. glabrescens D03
              `--F. subpuberula Corner 1959 D03

Ficus brachypoda (Miquel) Miquel 1867 [incl. F. platypoda var. lacnocaulon, F. platypoda var. minor, Urostigma puberulum Miquel 1847, F. puberula (Miquel) Miquel 1867, F. obliqua var. puberula] D03

Ficus (subser. *Platypodeae) platypoda (Miquel) Cunningham ex Miquel 1867 [incl. F. leucotricha, F. leucotricha var. megacarpa, F. leucotricha var. sessilis] D03

Ficus rubiginosa f. rubiginosa [incl. F. baileyana, F. obliqua var. petiolaris, F. platypoda var. leichhardtii] D03

Ficus (subser. *Eubracteatae) triradiata Corner 1959 [incl. F. triradiata var. sessilicarpa Corner 1959] D03

Ficus watkinsiana Bailey 1891 [incl. F. bellingeri Moore in Moore & Betche 1893, F. simmondsii Bailey 1910] D03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[D03] Dixon, D. J. 2003. A taxonomic revision of the Australian Ficus species in the section Malvanthera (Ficus subg. Urostigma: Moraceae). Telopea 10 (1): 125-153.

Ficus section Conosycea

Weeping fig Ficus benjamina, from here.

Belongs within: Moraceae.

Ficus section Conosycea is a group of fig species found primarily in Asia and Australasia, with two species in Madagascar. Syconia of Conosycea species generally have three basal bracts, and they are pollinated by wasps of the genera Deilagaon, Eupristina, Platyscapa, Waterstoniella and Parapristina (Berg 1989).

<==Ficus sect. Conosycea B88
    |--F. benjamina Linnaeus 1767 B88, R-SN07
    |--F. chrysolepis B88
    |--F. (subsect. Conosycea) crassiramea B88
    |    |--F. c. var. crassiramea B88
    |    `--F. c. var. patellifera B88
    |--F. drupacea B88
    |--F. glaberrima B88
    |    |--F. g. var. glaberrima B88
    |    `--F. g. var. bracteata [incl. F. adamii] B88
    |--F. microcarpa B88
    |--F. novoguineensis B88
    |--F. (subsect. Dictyoneuron) retusa Linnaeus 1767 B88, R-SN07
    |--F. sumatrana B88
    `--F. sundaica B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Berg, C. C. 1989. Classification and distribution of Ficus. Experientia 45: 605-611.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[R-SN07] Retana-Salazar, A. P., & K. Nishida. 2007. First gall-inducing thrips on Elaphoglossum ferns: a new genus and species of thrips, Jersonithrips galligenus from Costa Rica (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 87 (2): 143-148.

Helicteroideae

East Indian screw tree Helicteres isora, photographed by J. M. Garg.

Belongs within: Malvaceae.

The Helicteroideae is a tropical clade within the Malvaceae supported by molecular analysis. Baum et al. (1998) defined it as the most exclusive clade including Durio zibethinus and Helicteres isora. Durio zibethinus, durian, is a native of southeastern Asia whose large, thorny-skinned fruits are variously prized or reviled for their strongly scented flesh.

Characters (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Petiole pulvinate; sepals connate, petals clawed, often with lateral constrictions; androgynophore +; stamens 10-many, usually with short tube and/or fascicles; pollen baculate or microverrucate to suprareticulate; outer and inner integuments 2 cells across; n = 9, 14, 20, 25, etc.

<==Helicteroideae BAN98
    |--+--Coelostegia BAN98
    |  |--Neesia BAN98
    |  |--Cullenia BAN98
    |  |--Kostermansia BAN98
    |  `--Durio [Durioneae] BAN98
    |       |--D. graveolens K03
    |       `--D. zibethinus BAN98
    `--+--Reevesia BAN98
       |--Triplochiton scleroxylon BAN98, V01
       |--Ungeria BAN98
       |--Neoregnellia BAN98
       `--Helicteres BAN98
            |--H. angustifolia LK14
            |--H. cana LK14
            |--H. guazumifolia MM96
            |--H. isora BAN98
            `--H. rhynchocarpa LK14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BAN98] Baum, D. A., W. S. Anderson & R. Nyffeler. 1998. A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers in Botany 3 (2): 315–330.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[V01] Vánky, K. 2001. The emended Ustilaginaceae of the modern classificatory system for smut fungi. Fungal Diversity 6: 131–147.

Last updated: 22 July 2021.

Myrtales

Pau-terra Qualea grandiflora, from here.

Belongs within: Malvidae.
Contains: Combretaceae, Onagraceae, Lythraceae, Melastomatineae, Myrtaceae.

The Myrtales are a clade of flowering plants, most members of which have flaky bark and opposite leaves with colleters (Angiosperm Phylogeny Website).

Synapomorphies (from Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Bark flaky; flavonols only, myricetin, methylated ellagic acid present; cork cambium deep seated; pits vestured; libriform fibres septate; tension wood present; secondary phloem stratified; vascular bundles bicollateral, internal phloem present; nodes 1:1; cuticle waxes often absent; branching from current flush; leaves opposite, lamina with brochidodromous venation, colleters present; inflorescence racemose; hypanthium present, nectariferous; calyx valvate, corolla clawed; anthers incurved in bud; pollen with pseudocolpi; gynoecium inferior, style long, minor stylar bundles present, stigma wet; ovules many/carpel, micropyle bistomal and zig-zag, inner integument ca 2 cells across; antipodal cells ephemeral; exotegmen cells tracheidal, endotesta crystalliferous; endosperm at most slight.

<==Myrtales [Myrtanae, Myrtiflorae, Sonneratiaceae]
    |  i. s.: Xenodendron YY22
    |         Paleomyrtinaea WM09
    |--Lythrineae [Onagrineae] T00
    |    |--Combretaceae WM09
    |    `--+--Onagraceae WM09
    |       `--Lythraceae WM09
    `--+--Melastomatineae WM09
       `--Myrtineae T00
            |--Myrtaceae WM09
            `--Qualea [Vochysiaceae] WM09
                 |--Q. grandiflora WO05
                 `--Q. parviflora WM09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: Dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441-647.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853-3858.

[WO05] Wilson, P. G., M. M. O'Brien, M. M. Heslewood & C. J. Quinn. 2005. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 251: 3-19.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1-62.

Sabiaceae

Meliosma myriantha, from here.

Belongs within: Sapindales.

The Sabiaceae is a small family of trees, shrubs and lianes found in warmer parts of Asia and Central and South America.

Characters (from Guo & Brach): Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers, deciduous or evergreen. Leaves alternate, simple or odd pinnately compound; stipules absent. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, usually in cymes or panicles, or sometimes solitary axillary flowers. Flowers bisexual or polygamous-dioecious, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, small or minute. Sepals (4 or)5[or 3, 6, or 7], free or united at base, imbricate, equal or unequal. Petals (4 or)5(or 6)[or 7], imbricate, equal or inner 2 much smaller than outer 3. Stamens (4 or)5, opposite petals, attached to petals at base or free, all fertile or outer 3 infertile; anthers 2-celled, with narrow connectives or with thick cupular connectives. Disk cupular or annular, small. Ovary superior, sessile, 2(or 3)-loculed, with 1 or 2 half-anatropous ovules per locule. Fruit a drupe or schizocarp, consisting of 1 or 2 mature carpels, 1(or 2)-loculed, indehiscent. Seed 1; endosperm (if present) reduced to a very thin layer; cotyledons duplicate, radicle curved.

Sabiaceae [Sabiales]
    |--Sabia [Sabioideae] T00
    |    `--S. swinhoei Hemsl. 1886 CD07
    `--Meliosmoideae T00
         |--Ophiocaryon T00
         `--Meliosma T00
              |--M. abbreviata J87
              |--M. herbertii SWK87
              |--M. impressa J87
              |--M. myriantha LO98
              |--M. pinnata H03
              |    |--M. p. ssp. pinnata H03
              |    |--M. p. ssp. macrophylla H03
              |    `--M. p. ssp. ridleyi H03
              `--M. recurvata J87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

Rhamnaceae

Flowering branch of wild Irishman Discaria toumatou, photographed by P. B. Pelser.

Belongs within: Rosales.
Contains: Gouania, Rhamnus, Ceanothus, Pomaderris, Cryptandra, Alphitonia, Colubrina, Ziziphus, Reynosia.

The Rhamnaceae are a family of plants with simple leaves and small flowers, in which the anthers are inserted opposite the petals (obhaplostemony). Most species are woody, though the genus Crumenaria in the tribe Gouanieae is herbaceous. Other members of the Gouanieae and the Ventilagineae are climbers, with the Ventilagineae further characterised by the presence of a wing-like apical appendix on the fruit. Both of these two tribes are tropical, with the Gouanieae pantropical and the Ventilagineae palaeotropical. The Colletieae are a group of strongly armed trees and shrubs found mostly in extratropical South America, with Adolphia found in south-west North America and Discaria in Australasia. The two tribes Rhamneae and Zizipheae are less firmly defined than the smaller tribes; the Rhamneae is found in most parts of the family's distribution except extratropical South America whereas the Zizipheae are found mostly in the West Indies and southern Asia (Schirarend & Köhler 1993). Rhamneae have fruits that are berries or schizocarps with a thick testa whereas fruits of Zizipheae are drupes with a thin papery testa.

Characters (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Woody; chelidonic acid present; saponins, biflavonyls, benzylisoquinoline alkaloids present; myricetin, ellagic acid absent; libriform fibers present; lysigenous mucilage cavities present; leaves opposite or spiral, conduplicate(or -plicate) or involute, colleters present; flowers small, 4-5(-6)-merous; hypanthium present, calyx with a longitudinal median ridge adaxially, corolla cucullate (sometimes absent), enfolding androecium; infratectum granulate-intermediate; gynoecium more or less inferior, opposite sepals or odd member adaxial, style present or styles separate, stigma papillate; ovules epitropous or apotropous, outer integument 4-10 cells across, inner integument 3-4 cells across, parietal tissue 4-7 cells across, nucellar cap to 6 cells across, nucellus more or less protruding through micropyle, hypostase present; archesporium often multicellular, antipodals degenerate; calyx often deciduous; seeds often laterally flattened; testa and tegmen more or less multiplicative, endotegmen of cuboid cells, with scalariform thickenings (sometimes slightly lignified); endosperm present or absent, polyembryony common, embryo green.

<==Rhamnaceae
    |--Ventilago [Ventilagineae] SK93
    |    |--V. denticulata P03
    |    |--V. ecorollata B00
    |    |--V. lucens SK93
    |    |--V. madraspatana SK93
    |    |--V. neocaledonica SK93
    |    |--V. viminalis SK93
    |    `--V. vitiensis SK93
    |--Gouanieae SK93
    |    |--Gouania SK93
    |    |--Reissekia smilacina SK93
    |    |--Helinus SK93
    |    |    |--H. mystacinus SK93
    |    |    `--H. scandens SK93
    |    `--Crumenaria SK93
    |         |--C. choretroides SK93
    |         |--C. glaziovii SK93
    |         `--C. polygaloides SK93
    |--Colletieae SK93
    |    |--Talguenea quinquenervia SK93
    |    |--Retanilla ephedra SK93
    |    |--Trevoa trinervia SK93
    |    |--Colletia SK93
    |    |    |--C. spinosa D03
    |    |    `--C. spinosissima SK93
    |    |--Discaria Hook. 1830 SK93, A61
    |    |    |--D. americana SK93
    |    |    |--D. australis A61
    |    |    |--D. discolor D03
    |    |    |--D. nitida H90
    |    |    |--D. pubescens SK93
    |    |    `--D. toumatou Raoul 1844 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    `--Adolphia SK93
    |         |--A. californica SK93
    |         `--A. infesta SK93
    |--Rhamneae [Pomaderreae] SK93
    |    |--Rhamnus SK93
    |    |--Ampeloziziphus amazonicus SK93
    |    |--Macrorhamnus faraloatra SK93
    |    |--Ceanothus SK93
    |    |--Pomaderris SK93
    |    |--Cryptandra SK93
    |    |--Siegfriedia darwinioides SK93
    |    |--Alphitonia SK93
    |    |--Colubrina SK93
    |    |--Noltea SK93
    |    |    |--N. africana SK93
    |    |    `--N. natalensis SK93
    |    |--Scutia SK93
    |    |    |--S. buxifolia SK93
    |    |    |--S. capensis SK93
    |    |    `--S. circumscissa SK93
    |    |--Hovenia SK93
    |    |    |--H. acerba D07
    |    |    |--H. dulcis SK93
    |    |    `--H. tomentella SK93
    |    |--Lasiodiscus SK93
    |    |    |--L. fasciculiflorus SK93
    |    |    |--L. mannii SK93
    |    |    `--L. mildbraedii SK93
    |    |--Spyridium SK93
    |    |    |--S. cinereum H90
    |    |    |--S. eriocephalum H90
    |    |    |--S. globulosum SK93
    |    |    |--S. mucronatum G04b
    |    |    |--S. parvifolium SK93
    |    |    `--S. spathulatum Z94
    |    |--Trymalium SK93
    |    |    |--T. angustifolium SK93
    |    |    |--T. daltonii SK93
    |    |    |--T. floribundum M06
    |    |    |--T. ledifolium OS04
    |    |    |    |--T. l. var. ledifolium OS04
    |    |    |    `--T. l. var. rosmarinifolium OS04
    |    |    `--T. myrtillus G04b
    |    |--Sageretia SK93
    |    |    |--S. brandrethiana SK93
    |    |    |--S. elegans SK93
    |    |    |--S. michauxii SK93
    |    |    |--S. minutiflora SK93
    |    |    |--S. oppositifolia SK93
    |    |    |--S. pycnophylla SK93
    |    |    |--S. theezans SK93
    |    |    `--S. wrightii SK93
    |    `--Phylica SK93
    |         |--P. arborescens SK93
    |         |--P. buxifolia SK93
    |         |--P. cephalantha SK93
    |         |--P. cuspidata SK93
    |         |--P. paniculata SK93
    |         |--P. parviflora SK93
    |         |--P. virgata SK93
    |         `--P. willdenowiana SK93
    `--Zizipheae SK93
         |--Ziziphus SK93
         |--Reynosia SK93
         |--Doerpfeldia cubensis SK93
         |--Krugiodendron ferreum SK93
         |--Berchemiella berchemiaefolia SK93
         |--Chaydaia tonkinensis SK93
         |--Microrhamnus ericoides SK93
         |--Maesopsis eminii SK93
         |--Condaliopsis SK93
         |    |--C. lycioides SK93
         |    |--C. obtusifolia SK93
         |    `--C. parryi SK93
         |--Rhamnella SK93
         |    |--R. franguloides SK93
         |    |--R. obovalis SK93
         |    `--R. wilsonii SK93
         |--Rhamnidium SK93
         |    |--R. elaeocarpum SK93
         |    |--R. ellipticum SK93
         |    `--R. pruinosum SK93
         |--Auerodendron SK93
         |    |--A. acuminatum SK93
         |    |--A. cubense SK93
         |    |--A. glaucescens SK93
         |    `--A. reticulatum SK93
         |--Sarcomphalus SK93
         |    |--S. domingensis SK93
         |    |--S. havanensis SK93
         |    |--S. laurinus SK93
         |    |--S. microdictyus SK93
         |    `--S. reticulatus SK93
         |--Paliurus SK93
         |    |--P. hemsleyanus SK93
         |    |--P. hirsutus SK93
         |    |--P. orientalis SK93
         |    |--P. ramosissimus SK93 [incl. P. aubletia LO98]
         |    `--P. spina-christi SK93
         |--Berchemia SK93
         |    |--B. edgeworthii O88
         |    |--B. flavescens SK93
         |    |--B. giraldiana SK93
         |    |--B. philippinensis SK93
         |    `--B. scandens SK93
         |--Karwinskia SK93
         |    |--K. bicolor SK93
         |    |--K. glandulosa SK93
         |    |--K. humboldtiana SK93
         |    |--K. oblongifolia SK93
         |    |--K. orbiculata SK93
         |    |--K. rocana SK93
         |    `--K. subcordata SK93
         `--Condalia SK93
              |--C. buxifolia SK93
              |--C. globosa H93
              |    |--C. g. var. globosa H93
              |    `--C. g. var. pubescens H93
              |--C. lineata SK93
              |--C. megacarpa A19
              |--C. mexicana SK93
              |--C. microphylla SK93
              `--C. obovata SK93

Rhamnaceae incertae sedis:
  Mailothia YY22
  Apteron YY22
  Pleuranthodes SK93
    |--P. hillebrandii SK93
    `--P. orbiculare SK93
  Stenanthemum KM08
    |--S. divaricatum KM08
    |--S. liberum G04b
    `--S. stipulosum G04a
  Kentrothamnus SK93
  Emmenosperma SK93
    |--E. alphitonioides SK93
    |--E. cunninghamii LK14
    `--E. micropetala SK93
  Hybosperma SK93
    |--H. spinosum SK93
    `--H. verrucosum SK93
  Nesiota elliptica SK93
  Schistocarpaea johnsonii SK93
  Smythea lanceata SK93
  Eorhamnidium CBH93
  Rhamnoxylon CBH93
  ‘Tricolporopollenites’ haanradensis CBH93
  Scypharia Miers 1860 KC01

Discaria toumatou Raoul 1844 [=Notophoena toumatou Miers 1860; incl. D. australis var. apetala Hooker 1852] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A19] Acosta, L. E. 2019. A relictual troglomorphic harvestman discovered in a volcanic cave of western Argentina: Otilioleptes marcelae, new genus, new species, and Otilioleptidae, new family (Arachnida, Opiliones, Gonyleptoidea). PLoS One 14 (10): e0223828.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M06] McCaw, W. L. 2006. Asplenium aethiopicum recolonises karri forest following timber harvesting and burning. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (3): 119–122.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[SK93] Schirarend, C., & E. Köhler. 1993. Rhamnaceae Juss. World Pollen and Spore Flora 17/18: 1–53.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

[Z94] Zimmerman, E. C. 1994. Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) vol. 2. Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae and a chapter on immature stages by Brenda May. CSIRO Australia.

Last updated: 12 September 2020.