Myriangiales

Elsinoe veneta on raspberry leaf, copyright James Lindsey.

Belongs within: Dothideomyceta.

The Myriangiales are a group of mostly plant-pathogenic fungi, characterised by the development of a single ascus in each chamber of a well-developed, often gelatinous stroma.

Myriangiales
    |--Myriangiaceae EB03
    |    |--Myriangium duriaei EB03, PA-W02
    |    |--Anhellia EB03
    |    `--Eurytheca EB03
    `--Elsinoaceae EB03
         |--Beelia EB03
         |--Butleria EB03
         |--Hemimyriangium EB03
         |--Hyalotheles EB03
         |--Micularia EB03
         |--Molleriella EB03
         |--Saccardinula EB03
         |--Stephanotheca EB03
         |--Xenodium EV03
         `--Elsinoe EB03
              |  i. s.: E. fawcetti RA07
              |--E. veneta SS09
              `--+--E. centrolobi SS09
                 `--E. phaseoli SS09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.

[PA-W02] Pang, K.-L., M. A. Abdel-Wahab, S. Sivichai, H. M. El-Sharouney & E. B. G. Jones. 2002. Jahnulales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota): a new order of lignicolous freshwater ascomycetes. Mycological Research 106 (9): 1031–1042.

[RA07] Rodrigues, J. C. V., D. Achor, E. W. Kitajima, N. L. Nogueira & C. C. Childers. 2007. Plant diseases and injuries associated with Brevipalpus mites. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 381–390. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

Hypocreaceae

Conidiophores of Trichoderma harzianum, from the US Dept of Agriculture.

Belongs within: Hypocreales.

The Hypocreaceae are a group of fungi with stroma ranging from 1 mmm to 5 cm or more in diameter, commonly found growing on bark, wood, or on the fruiting bodies of macrofungi (Rossman et al 1999).

Characters (from Rossman et al. 1999): Stroma generally discrete or effuse, often light- to bright-coloured in shades of white, pale yellow, orange or red, rarely black. Ascomata generally immersed in stroma; if superfical then on thin, compact stroma on gill-less basidiocarps; rarely subiculum absent with a Gliocadium anamorph; anamorphs otherwise generally phialidic. Ascospores generally disarticulating, rarely transversely striate, if non-disarticulating then ascal apex often thickened and ascomata immmersed in thin to cottony subiculum on basidiocarp.

Hypocreaceae
    |--Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 HM17, RS99 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*S. lutea (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |    |--S. aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |    |--S. berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Samuels & Candoussau 1995 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |    `--S. novaezelandiae Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    `--+--Arachnocrea Moravec 1956 HM17, RS99
       |    |--*A. stipata (Fuckel) Moravec 1956 (see below for synonymy) RS99
       |    `--A. scabrida Doi 1972 RS99
       `--Trichoderma HM17
            |--*T. viride RS99, HM17
            |--T. harzianum [incl. Hypocrea nigricans] O96
            |--T. koningii ZU10
            |--T. lignorum C07
            |--T. reesei HH99
            `--T. rufa HM17

Hypocreaceae incertae sedis:
  Dialhypocrea Spegazzini 1919 RS99
    `--*D. puiggariana Spegazzini 1919 (see below for synonymy) RS99
  Pseudohypocrea Doi 1972 RS99
    `--*P. citrinella (Ellis & Everh.) Doi 1972 (see below for synonymy) RS99
  Rogersonia Samuels & Lodge 1996 RS99
    `--*R. striolata Samuels & Lodge 1996 RS99
  Aphysiostroma Barrasa, Martínez & Moreno 1986 RS99
    `--*A. stercorarium Barrasa, Martínez & Moreno 1986 RS99
  Hypocreopsis Karsten 1873 [=Dozya Karsten 1873 non Lacoste 1866] RS99
    |--H. lichenoides (Tode) Seaver 1910 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    `--H. rhododendri RS99
  Sarawakus Lloyd 1924 RS99
    |--*S. lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Lloyd 1924 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    `--S. succisus RS99
  Podostroma Karsten 1892 [incl. Podocrea Lindau in Engler & Prantl 1897] RS99
    |--P. alutaceum (Persoon: Fries) Atkinson 1905 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--‘Podocrea’ cornu-damae RS99
    `--‘Podocrea’ solmsii RS99
  Protocrea Petch 1937 RS99
    |--*P. farinosa (Berkeley & Broome) Petch 1937 [=Hypocrea farinosa Berkeley & Broome 1851] RS99
    |--P. delicatula Tulasne & Tulasne 1860 RS99
    `--P. latissima Mercuri & Ranalli 1976 RS99
  Hypomyces (Fries) Tulasne 1860 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--*H. lactifluorum [=Sphaeria lactifluorum] RS99
    |--H. armeniacus [incl. Hypocrea apiculata, *Clintoniella apiculata, Hypomyces apiculatus] RS99
    |--H. asterophorus H04
    |--H. aurantius [=Sphaeria aurantia, *Bonordenia aurantia] RS99
    |--H. banningiae RS99
    |--H. chrysospermus [=*Apiocrea chrysosperma] RS99
    |--H. lateritius RS99
    |--H. lithuanicus RS99
    |--H. luteovirens [incl. Sphaeria viridis, Hypomyces viridis, *Peckiella viridis] RS99
    |--H. polyporinus RS99
    |--H. rosellus [incl. Sphaeria rhodomela, *Chiajaea rhodomela] RS99
    |--H. tremellicola [=Hypocreopsis tremellicola, Nectriopsis tremellicola] RS99
    `--H. trichothecoides RS99
  Hypocrea Fries 1825 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--*H. rufa (Persoon: Fries) Fries 1849 [=Sphaeria rufa Persoon 1796: Fries 1822] RS99
    |--H. americana SS09
    |--H. aureoviridis RS99 [=Trichoderma aureoviride ZB10]
    |    |--H. a. f. aureoviridis RS99
    |    `--H. a. f. macrospora RS99
    |--H. avellanea RS99
    |--H. brevipes RS99
    |--H. ceramica [=Chromocrea ceramica] RS99
    |--H. cerebriformis RS99
    |--H. cervina RS99
    |--H. cinereoflava RS99
    |--H. citrina RS99
    |--H. crustalina (Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp) Saccardo & Traverso 1910 (n. d.) (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--H. gelatinosa [=Sphaeria gelatinosa, *Chromocrea gelatinosa, *Creopus gelatinosus] RS99
    |--H. lactea RS99
    |--H. larvata RS99
    |--H. lutea JKW03
    |--H. pallida RS99
    |--H. petersii RS99
    |--H. poronioidea RS99
    |--H. pseudokoningii RS99
    |--H. pulvinata [incl. Protocrea fungicola (Karsten) Vassilyeva 1998] RS99
    |--H. schweinitzii RS99
    `--H. spinulosa [=Chromocrea spinulosa, Creopus spinulosus] RS99
  Polystigmites T93

*Arachnocrea stipata (Fuckel) Moravec 1956 [=Hypocrea stipata Fuckel 1871, Protocrea stipata (Fuckel) Petch 1937, Sphaeria stipata Lib. 1837 non Schweinitz 1832; incl. Hypomyces arachnoideus Schroeter in Cohn 1908, Hypocrea papyracea Ellis & Holw. 1886, Arachnocrea papyracea (Ellis & Holw.) Müller 1962, Hypomyces papyraceus (Ellis & Holw.) Seaver 1910] RS99

*Dialhypocrea puiggariana Spegazzini 1919 [=Hypocrea puiggariana (Spegazzini) Müller in Müller & von Arx 1962, Neoskofitzia puiggariana (Spegazzini) Weese 1927] RS99

Hypocrea Fries 1825 [incl. Chromocrea Seaver 1910, Creopus Link 1833, Debarya Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp 1866] RS99

Hypocrea crustalina (Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp) Saccardo & Traverso 1910 (n. d.) [=*Debarya crustalina Schulzer, Kanitz & Knapp 1866] RS99

Hypocreopsis lichenoides (Tode) Seaver 1910 [=Acrospermum lichenoides Tode 1790, incl. Stromatocrea cerebriformis Cooke 1952, Hypocrea digitata Ellis & Everh. 1885, Sphaeria parmelioides Montagne 1836, Hypocrea parmelioides (Montagne) Montagne 1856, S. riccioidea Bolton 1791, Dozya riccioidea (Bolton) Karsten 1873, Hypocrea riccioidea (Bolton) Berkeley 1860, *Hypocreopsis riccioidea (Bolton) Karsten 1873] RS99

Hypomyces (Fries) Tulasne 1860 [=Hypocrea subg. Hypomyces Fries 1825; incl. Apiocrea Sydow & Sydow 1921, Bonordenia Schulzer 1866, Chiajaea von Höhnel 1920, Hypocrea subg. Clintoniella Saccardo 1883, Clintoniella (Saccardo) Rehm 1900, Hypomyces subg. Peckiella Saccardo 1883, Peckiella (Saccardo) Saccardo 1891, Sepedonium] RS99

Podostroma alutaceum (Persoon: Fries) Atkinson 1905 [=Sphaeria alutacea Persoon 1797: Fries 1822, *Podocrea alutacea (Persoon: Fries) Lindau 1897; incl. *Podostroma leucopus Karsten 1892] RS99

*Pseudohypocrea citrinella (Ellis & Everh.) Doi 1972 [=Hypocrea citrinella Ellis & Everh. 1876, Arachnocrea citrinella (Ellis) Moravec 1956, Hypomyces citrinellus (Ellis) Seaver 1910] RS99

*Sarawakus lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Lloyd 1924 [=Hypoxylon lycogaloides Berkeley & Broome 1873, Penzigia lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Saccardo 1891, Sarcoxylon lycogaloides (Berkeley & Broome) Cooke 1883; incl. Hypocrea rhytidospora Ces. 1879, Clintoniella rhytidospora (Ces.) Saccardo & Sydow 1902] RS99

Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 HM17, RS99 [=Sphaerostilbe subg. Sphaerostilbella Henn. 1901 RS99; incl. Gliocladium RS99]

Sphaerostilbella aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 [=Hypomyces aureonitens Tulasne & Tulasne 1865, Hyphonectria aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Petch 1937, Hypolyssus aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Kuntze 1898, Nectriopsis aureonitens (Tulasne & Tulasne) Maire 1911; incl. Hypomyces arenaceus Smith 1901, Nectria mycetophila Peck 1873, Nectriella mycetophila (Peck) Saccardo 1883, Nectria parvispora Winter 1886, Cucurbitaria parvispora (Winter) Kuntze 1898, *Gliocladium penicillioides, Dialonectria sulfurea Ellis & Calk. 1888, C. sulfurea (Ellis & Calk.) Kuntze 1898, Nectria sulfurea (Ellis & Calk.) Saccardo 1891] RS99

Sphaerostilbella berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Samuels & Candoussau 1995 [=Hypomyces berkeleyanus Plowr. & Cooke 1882, Hyphonectria berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Petch 1937, Hypolyssus berkeleyanus (Plowr. & Cooke) Kuntze 1898, Nectria berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Dingley 1951, Nectriopsis berkeleyana (Plowr. & Cooke) Maire 1911] RS99

*Sphaerostilbella lutea (Henn.) Saccardo & Saccardo 1905 [=Sphaerostilbe lutea Henn. 1901; incl. Stilbum aurifilum Gerard 1874, Ciliciopodium aurifilum (Gerard) Cooke 1890, Dendrostilbella aurifila (Gerard) Seifert & MacKinnon 1983, Gliocladium aurifilum (Gerard) Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985, Stilbum mycetophilum Ahmad 1961, St. zacalloxanthum Moore 1959] RS99

Sphaerostilbella novaezelandiae Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985 [incl. Gliocladium novaezelandiae Seifert, Samuels & Gams 1985] RS99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C07] Camerik, A. M. 2007. Ecological studies on phoretic females of dung-inhabiting Pediculaster (Acari: Heterostigmata, Pygmephoridae) species in South Africa: emigration patterns from cow and horse dung. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 649–655. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[HH99] Hasegawa, M., & T. Hashimoto. 1999. Phylogenetic position of amitochondriate protists in the evolution of eukaryotes. Biological Bulletin 196: 389–392.

[HM17] Hongsanan, S., S. S. N. Maharachchikumbura, K. D. Hyde, M. C. Samarakoon, R. Jeewon, Q. Zhao, A. M. Al-Sadi & A. H. Bahkali. 2017. An updated phylogeny of Sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence. Fungal Diversity 84: 25–41.

[JKW03] Jacobs, K., T. Kirisits & M. J. Wingfield. 2003. Taxonomic re-evaluation of three related species of Graphium, based on morphology, ecology and phylogeny. Mycologia 95 (4): 714–727.

[O96] Okabe, K. 1996. Inhibition of hatching of Histiogaster sp. (Acaridae) by shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 641–643. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

[T93] Taylor, T. N. 1993. Fungi. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 9–13. Chapman & Hall: London.

[ZB10] Zvereva, L. V., & O. G. Borzykh. 2010. Filamentous fungi in the epigrowth of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Bivalvia) in Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 215–219. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[ZU10] Zvereva, L. V., & L. N. Usheva. 2010. Opportunistic filamentous fungi isolated from pathologically changed internal organs of the mussel Mytilus trossulus (Bivalvia) from Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 227–231. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Mycosphaerellaceae

Mycosphaerella graminicola on leaves of wheat, photographed by Maccheek.

Belongs within: Capnodiales.

The Mycosphaerellaceae are a group of often plant-pathogenic fungi including the genus Cercospora and related taxa, commonly associated with spot formation on leaves.

Mycosphaerellaceae
    |--Achorodothis EB03
    |--Cymadothea EB03
    |--Euryachora EB03
    |--Melanodothis EB03
    |--Placocrea EB03
    |--Sphaerellothecium EB03
    |--Stigmidium peltideae EB03, A96
    |--Sphaerulina EB03 [incl. Micronectriella von Höhnel 1906 RS99]
    |    `--S. pterocarpi (Racib.) Arx & Müller 1975 (see below for synonymy) RS99
    |--Wernerella Navarro-Rosines, Roux & Giralt 1998 EB03, E99
    |    `--*W. maheui (Werner) Navarro-Rosines, Roux & Giralt 1998 [=Leptosphaeria maheui] E99
    `--Mycosphaerella LH04
         |  i. s.: M. africana SH05
         |         M. bellula SH05
         |         M. castanopsidis D03
         |         M. citri VC07
         |         M. confusa SH05
         |         M. fibrillosa SH05
         |         M. holuoaloana SH05
         |         M. konae SH05
         |         M. microspora SH05
         |         M. mycopappi SL02
         |         M. nubilosa SH05
         |         M. thermopsidis D03
         |         M. waimeana SH05
         |--+--M. fijiensis SS09
         |  `--Cercospora SS09
         |       |--C. apii MC03
         |       |--C. beticola SS09
         |       |--C. fusimaculans P99
         |       |--C. kikuchii SH05
         |       |--C. nicotianae BL00
         |       |--C. oryzae BH98
         |       |--C. septentrionalis ZB01
         |       `--C. vestita DP72
         `--+--M. graminicola SS09
            `--M. punctiformis SS09

Sphaerulina pterocarpi (Racib.) Arx & Müller 1975 [=Micronectria pterocarpi Racib. in Koorders 1907, *Micronectriella pterocarpi (Racib.) von Höhnel 1918] RS99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A96] Alstrup, V. 1996. Nectria tatrensis sp. nov. and other lichenicolous fungi found on the bryo-lichenological excursion in Slovakia 1993. Biologia 51: 13–14.

[BH98] Bhutta, A. R., & S. A. Hussain. 1998. Seed-bourne fungi associated with rice seed lots in Pakistan. International Rice Research Notes 28: 26–27.

[BL00] Bilski, P., M. Y. Li, M. Ehrenshaft, M. E. Daub & C. F. Chignell. 2000. Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and its derivatives are efficient singlet oxygen quenchers and potential fungal antioxidants. Photochemistry and Photobiology 71 (2): 129–134.

[D03] David, J. C. 2003. Orthographic conundrums: The problem of –opsis and –botrys. Taxon 52: 603–608.

[DP72] Deighton, F. C., & K. A. Pirozynski. 1972. Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 128: 1–110.

[E99] Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440–2755. Myconet 2: 1–41.

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.

[LH04] Liu, Y. J., & B. D. Hall. 2004. Body plan evolution of ascomycetes, as inferred from an RNA polymerase II phylogeny. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101: 4507–4512.

[MC03] Mostert, L., P. W. Crous, J. Z. Groenewald, W. Gams & R. C. Summerbell. 2003. Togninia (Calosphaeriales) is confirmed as teleomorph of Phaeoacremonium by means of morphology, sexual compatibility and DNA phylogeny. Mycologia 95 (4): 646–659.

[P99] Pinto, N. F. J. de A. 1999. Avaliação de fungicidas no controle de Sphacelia sorghi (Claviceps africana) agente etiológico da “ergot” ou doença açucarada do sorgo. Summa Phytopathologica 25: 4–8.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

[SL02] Schweigkofler, W., K. Lopandic, O. Molnár & H. Prillinger. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycota with yeast phases using ribosomal DNA sequences and cell wall sugars. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 1–17.

[SH05] Selbmann, L., G. S. de Hoog, A. Mazzaglia, E. I. Friedman & S. Onofri. 2005. Fungi at the edge of life: cryptoendolithic black fungi from Antarctic desert. Studies in Mycology 51: 1–32.

[VC07] Villanueva, R. T., & C. C. Childers. 2007. Insect predators of eriophyids on Florida citrus including a new predacious Lepidoptera and two cecidomyiids. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 391–395. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[ZB01] Zhang, N., & M. Blackwell. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of dogwood anthracnose fungus (Discula destructiva) and the Diaporthales. Mycologia 93 (2): 355–365.

Erysiphaceae

Cleistothecium of Microsphaera vanbruntiana, copyright W. N. Ellis.

Belongs within: Sordariomyceta.

The Erysiphaceae are a group of fungi including the powdery mildews. Members of this family have a white mycelium producing large, non-septate conidia on simple, erect conidiophores, and indehiscent perithecia containing non-septate ascospores.

Erysiphaceae EB03
    |--Sphaerotheca cucurbitae LK04
    `--+--Golovinomyces orontii LK04
       `--+--Phyllactinia LK04
          |    |--P. guttata ST99
          |    `--P. moricola LK04
          `--+--Leveillula taurica LK04
             |--Uncinula LK04
             |    |--U. mori LK04
             |    `--U. necator GAK07
             `--Microsphaera LK04
                  |--M. friestii LK04
                  |    |--M. f. var. friestii LK04
                  |    `--M. f. var. dahurica LK04
                  |--M. thermopsis D03
                  `--M. vanbruntiana SS09

Erysiphaceae incertae sedis:
  Erysiphe EB03
    |--E. aceris H04
    |--E. alni H04
    |--E. berberidis H04
    |--E. carpophila Sydow 1924 M26
    |    |--E. c. var. carpophila M26
    |    `--E. c. var. rubicola Murray 1926 M26
    |--E. cichoracearum LG91
    |--E. glycines SS09
    |--E. graminis [incl. Oidium monilioides] H86
    `--E. salicis H04
  Blumeria graminis EB03, SL02
  Arthrocladiella EB03
  Brasiliomyces EB03
  Bulbomicrosphaera EB03
  Bulbouncinula EB03
  Cystotheca EB03
  Medusosphaera EB03
  Neoerysiphe EB03
  Pleochaeta EB03
  Podosphaera leucotricha EB03, KD83
  Sawadaea EB03
  Setoerysiphe EB03
  Typhulochaeta EB03
  Uncinuliella EB03
  Erysiphites T93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D03] David, J. C. 2003. Orthographic conundrums: The problem of –opsis and –botrys. Taxon 52: 603–608.

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota – 2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.

[GAK07] Guichou, S., P. Auger & S. Kreiter. 2007. The acaricidal effect of sulfur on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) under laboratory conditions. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 535–545. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[H86] Haviland, E. 1886. On a microscopic fungus parasitic upon the Cucurbitaceae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 173–175.

[KD83] Koç, N. K., & G. Défago. 1983. Studies on the host range of the hyperparasite Aphanocladium album. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift 107: 214–218.

[LG91] Li, W.-H., & D. Graur. 1991. Fundamentals of Molecular Evolution. Sinauer: Sunderland (MA).

[LK04] Lutzoni, F., F. Kauff, C. J. Cox, D. McLaughlin, G. Celio, B. Dentinger, M. Padamsee, D. Hibbett, T. Y. James, E. Baloch, M. Grube, V. Reeb, V. Hofstetter, C. Schoch, A. E. Arnold, J. Miadlikowska, J. Spatafora, D. Johnson, S. Hambleton, M. Crockett, R. Shoemaker, G.-H. Sung, R. Lücking, T. Lumbsch, K. O'Donnell, M. Binder, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, C. Gueidan, K. Hansen, R. C. Harris, K. Hosaka, Y.-W. Lim, B. Matheny, H. Nishida, D. Pfister, J. Rogers, A. Rossman, I. Schmitt, H. Sipman, J. Stone, J. Sugiyama, R. Yahr & R. Vilgalys. 2004. Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1446–1480.

[M26] Murray, B. J. 1926. Four fungi on the endemic species of Rubus in New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 218–225.

[ST99] Saenz, G. S., & J. W. Taylor. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of Meliola and Meliolina inferred from nuclear small subunit rRNA sequences. Mycological Research 103 (8): 1049–1056.

[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O'Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.

[SL02] Schweigkofler, W., K. Lopandic, O. Molnár & H. Prillinger. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycota with yeast phases using ribosomal DNA sequences and cell wall sugars. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 1–17.

[T93] Taylor, T. N. 1993. Fungi. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 9–13. Chapman & Hall: London.

Microsporidia

Nosema apis, a pathogen of bees, from here.

Belongs within: Fungi.

The Microsporidia are a group of anaerobic intracellular parasites, usually found in animals, which penetrate the cells of their hosts by means of an extrusive polar tube.

Characters (from Adl et al. 2012): Obligate intracellular parasites, usually of animals; mitochondria highly reduced to mitosomes; spores with inner chitin wall and outer proteinaceous wall; without kinetosomes, centrioles or cilia; centrosomal plaque; extrusive specialized polar tube for host penetration; reproduction sexual, asexual or both.

<==Microsporidia [Microspora, Microsporida]
    |--Manubrispora C-S99
    |    |--Metchnikovella [Metchnikovellea] AS12
    |    `--Amphiamblys C-S99
    |--Minisporea C-S98
    |    |  i. s.: Buxtehudia C-S98
    |    |         Hessea C-S98
    |    `--Chytridiopsidae BJ02
    |         |--Chytridiopsis C-S98
    |         |--Cryptosporina BJ02
    |         |--Gurleya BJ02
    |         |--Napamichum BJ02
    |         |--Thelohania californica BJ02, BS94
    |         `--Intexta BJ02
    `--Microsporea [Disporea, Pleistophorea] C-S98
         |  i. s.: Spraguea lophii C-S98, C02
         |         Caudospora C-S98
         |         Amblyospora C-S98
         |         Glugea C-S98
         |           |--G. americanus C02
         |           |--G. danilewskyi D56
         |           |--G. heraldi K-M02b
         |           |--G. hertwigi K-M02a
         |           |--G. plecoglossi HH99
         |           `--G. stephani MS98
         |         Cystosporogenes operophterae BJ02
         |--Pleistophora [Pleistophoridae] BJ02
         |    |--P. culicis OH02
         |    |--P. macrozoarcidis K-MC02
         |    `--P. schubergi OH02
         |--Endoreticulatus schubergi BJ02
         `--+--Vittaforma corneae BJ02 [=Nosema corneum N00]
            `--+--+--Enterocytozoon bieneusi BJ02
               |  `--Nucleospora salmonis BJ02
               `--+--Encephalitozoon BJ02
                  |    |--E. cuniculi BJ02
                  |    `--+--E. hellem BJ02
                  |       `--E. intestinalis BJ02 [=Septata intestinalis N00]
                  `--Nosematida OV95
                       |--Telomyxidae OV95
                       |    |--Telomyxa OV95
                       |    `--Issia OV95
                       |         |--I. globulifera OV95
                       |         |--I. singulati Ovčarenko & Vima 1995 OV95
                       |         `--I. trichopterae [=Perezia trichopterae] OV95
                       `--Nosema BJ02
                            |  i. s.: N. algerae L91
                            |         N. connori N00
                            |         N. echinostomi D56
                            |         N. fumiferanae OH02
                            |         N. legeri D56
                            |         N. locustae SM03
                            |--+--+--N. bombycis BJ02
                            |  |  `--N. trichoplusiae BJ02
                            |  `--+--N. furnacalis BJ02
                            |     `--N. granulosis BJ02
                            `--+--N. apis BJ02
                               `--+--+--Vairimorpha necatrix BJ02
                                  |  `--+--N. oulemae BJ02
                                  |     `--+--N. ceranae BJ02
                                  |        `--+--N. vespula BJ02
                                  |           `--+--N. portugal BJ02
                                  |              `--‘Vairimorpha’ lymantriae BJ02
                                  `--Unikaryonidae BJ02
                                       |--Orthosomella BJ02
                                       |--*Unikaryon piriformis Canning, Lai & Lie 1974 BJ02
                                       |--Larssoniella resinellae BJ02
                                       |--Canningia Weiser et al. 1995 non Cookson & Eisenack 1960 (ICBN) BJ02
                                       `--Oligosporidium BJ02
                                            |--O. arachnicolum BJ02
                                            `--O. occidentalis Becnel, Jeyaprakash et al. 2002 BJ02

Microsporidia incertae sedis:
  Microsporidium CM07
    |--M. ceylonensis N00
    |--M. phytoseiuli BJ02
    `--M. weiseri CM07
  Trachipleistophora GLB04
    |--T. anthropophthera N00
    `--T. hominis GLB04
  Antonospora locustae JK06
  Ameson michaelis C-SC96
  Ichthyosporidium hoferi C-SC96, M02
  Brachiola vesicularum N00
  Desportesia AS12
  Edhazardia aedis BJ02
  Perezia pyraustae OH02
  Pseudopleistophorinae OV95

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[BJ02] Becnel, J. J., A. Jeyaprakash, M. A. Hoy & A. Shapiro. 2002. Morphological and molecular characterization of a new microsporidian species from the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari, Phytoseiidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 79: 163–172.

[BS94] Buss, L. W., & A. Seilacher. 1994. The phylum Vendobionta: a sister group of the Eumetazoa? Paleobiology 20 (1): 1–4.

[C02] Caruso, J. H. 2002. Goosefishes or monkfishes. Family Lophiidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 264–270. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[C-S98] Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73: 203–266.

[C-S99] Cavalier-Smith, T. 1999. Zooflagellate phylogeny and the systematics of Protozoa. Biological Bulletin 196: 393–396.

[C-SC96] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E. Chao. 1996. Molecular phylogeny of the free-living archezoan Trepomonas agilis and the nature of the first eukaryote. Journal of Molecular Evolution 43: 551–562.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[GLB04] Gray, M. W., B. F. Lang & G. Burger. 2004. Mitochondria of protists. Annual Review of Genetics 38: 477–524.

[HH99] Hasegawa, M., & T. Hashimoto. 1999. Phylogenetic position of amitochondriate protists in the evolution of eukaryotes. Biological Bulletin 196: 389–392.

[JK06] James, T. Y., F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter, C. J. Cox, G. Celio, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, J. Miadlikowska, H. T. Lumbsch, A. Rauhut, V. Reeb, A. E. Arnold, A. Amtoft, J. E. Stajich, K. Hosaka, G.-H. Sung, D. Johnson, B. O'Rourke, M. Crockett, M. Binder, J. M. Curtis, J. C. Slot, Z. Wang, A. W. Wilson, A. Schüßler, J. E. Longcore, K. O'Donnell, S. Mozley-Standridge, D. Porter, P. M. Letcher, M. J. Powell, J. W. Taylor, M. M. White, G. W. Griffith, D. R. Davies, R. A. Humber, J. B. Morton, J. Sugiyama, A. Y. Rossman, J. D. Rogers, D. H. Pfister, D. Hewitt, K. Hansen, S. Hambleton, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, R. A. Spotts, M. Serdani, P. W. Crous, K. W. Hughes, K. Matsuura, E. Langer, G. Langer, W. A. Untereiner, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, D. M. Geiser, A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, I. Schmitt, M. Schultz, R. Yahr, D. S. Hibbett, F. Lutzoni, D. J. McLaughlin, J. W. Spatafora & R. Vilgalys. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818–822.

[K-M02a] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002a. Smelts. Family Osmeridae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 162–170. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-M02b] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002b. Pipefishes and seahorses. Family Syngnathidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 321–326. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[K-MC02] Klein-MacPhee, G., & B. B. Collette. 2002. Eelpouts. Family Zoarcidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 466–474. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[L91] Liehne, P. F. S. 1991. An Atlas of the Mosquitoes of Western Australia. Health Department of Western Australia.

[MS98] Margulis, L., & K. V. Schwartz. 1998. Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth 3^rd ed. W. H. Freeman and Company: New York.

[M02] Munroe, T. A. 2002. Herrings. Family Clupeidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 111–160. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[N00] Nichols, G. L. 2000. Food-borne protozoa. British Medical Bulletin 56 (1): 209–235.

[OH02] Olsen, L. E., & M. A. Hoy. 2002. Heat curing Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) (Acari, Phytoseiidae) of a fitness-reducing microsporidium. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 79: 173–178.

[OV95] Ovčarenko, N. A., & I. Vima. 1995. [Issia singulati sp. n. (Microsporidia, Telomyxidae): a new species of Microsporidia from Chironomus singulatus Meigen larvae from Kiev’s water reservoir]. Gidrobiologicheskii Zhurnal 31 (5): 78–83.

[SM03] Saldarriaga, J. F., M. L. McEwan, N. M. Fast, F. J. R. Taylor & P. J. Keeling. 2003. Multiple protein phylogenies show that Oxyrrhis marina and Perkinsus marinus are early branches of the dinoflagellate lineage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 355–365.

Polyporales

Hyphoderma setigerum, copyright Heino Lepp.

Belongs within: Homobasidiomycetes.
Contains: Ganodermataceae, Polyporus, Phlebia.

The Polyporales are a diverse clade of fungi supported by molecular data, commonly associated with rotting wood, some species of which cause economic damage to timber and/or living hardwoods. Many familiar members of this clade produce perennial, bracket-shaped fruiting bodies but others produce more ephemeral fruiting bodies or grow as crust-like forms without discrete fruiting bodies.

See also: The colours of rot.

Polyporales [Polyporaceae] AHR03
    |  i. s.: Coriolopsis rigida AS12, AHR03
    |         Donkioporia expansa AS12, BH05
    |--+--+--+--Tyromyces BH05
    |  |  |  |    |--T. albogilvus AHR03
    |  |  |  |    `--T. chioneus BH05
    |  |  |  `--Skeletocutis BH05
    |  |  |       |--S. amorpha BH05
    |  |  |       `--S. subincarnata BH05
    |  |  `--+--+--‘Trametes’ versicolor BH05
    |  |     |  `--Sparassis BH05
    |  |     |       |--S. brevipes BH05
    |  |     |       |--S. crispa LK04
    |  |     |       `--S. spathulata BH05
    |  |     `--+--+--Diplomitoporus BH05
    |  |        |  |    |--D. crustulinus BH05
    |  |        |  |    `--D. lindbladii BH05
    |  |        |  `--+--‘Dendrocorticium’ sulphurellum BH05
    |  |        |     `--Dendrodontia BH05
    |  |        `--+--+--Lenzites BH05
    |  |           |  |    |--L. betulina BH05
    |  |           |  |    `--L. salpiara J87
    |  |           |  `--+--Pycnoporus BH05
    |  |           |     |    |--P. cinnabarinus BH05
    |  |           |     |    `--P. sanguineus AHR03
    |  |           |     `--+--+--Ganodermataceae BH05
    |  |           |        |  `--+--Grammothele fuligo BH05
    |  |           |        |     `--+--‘Polyporus’ arcularius BH05
    |  |           |        |        `--Lentinus BH05
    |  |           |        |             |--L. crinitus AHR03
    |  |           |        |             `--L. tigrinus BH05
    |  |           |        `--+--Polyporus BH05
    |  |           |           `--+--Daedaleopsis confragosa BH05
    |  |           |              `--+--+--Cryptoporus volvatus BH05
    |  |           |                 |  `--Perenniporia [Perenniporiaceae] BH05
    |  |           |                 |       |--P. inflexibilis AHR03
    |  |           |                 |       |--P. martius AHR03
    |  |           |                 |       `--P. medulla-panis BH05
    |  |           |                 `--Fomes BH05
    |  |           |                      |--F. fasciatus AHR03
    |  |           |                      |--F. fomentarius BH05
    |  |           |                      |--F. fraxineus PHK96
    |  |           |                      |--F. grenadensis J87
    |  |           |                      |--F. pinicola D90
    |  |           |                      |--F. robiniae D90
    |  |           |                      `--F. subroseus J87
    |  |           `--+--Junghuhnia subundata BH05
    |  |              `--+--Trametes BH05
    |  |                 |    |--T. elegans AHR03
    |  |                 |    |--T. gibbosa B30
    |  |                 |    |--T. hirsuta LK04
    |  |                 |    |--T. lactinea AHR03
    |  |                 |    |--T. membranacea AHR03
    |  |                 |    |--T. menziezii AHR03
    |  |                 |    |--T. modesta AHR03
    |  |                 |    |--T. pavonia AHR03
    |  |                 |    |--T. suaveolens BH05
    |  |                 |    `--T. villosa AHR03
    |  |                 `--+--Wolfiporia cocos BH05
    |  |                    `--‘Physalacria’ inflata BH05
    |  `--+--+--Neolentiporus maculatissimus BH05
    |     |  `--+--Daedalea BH05
    |     |     |    |--D. quercina BH05
    |     |     |    `--D. sprucei AHR03
    |     |     `--+--‘Antrodia’ serialis BH05
    |     |        `--+--Piptoporus betulinus BH05
    |     |           `--Fomitopsis JK06
    |     |                |--F. nivosa AHR03
    |     |                `--F. pinicola JK06
    |     `--+--+--Parmastomyces transmutans BH05
    |        |  `--+--+--Laetiporus sulphureus BH05
    |        |     |  `--Phaeolus schweinitzii BH05
    |        |     `--+--Pycnoporellus BH05
    |        |        |    |--P. alboluteus B14
    |        |        |    `--P. fulgens BH05
    |        |        `--Grifola JK06
    |        |             |--G. frondosa JK06
    |        |             `--G. sordulenta JK06
    |        `--+--+--Cyphella [Cyphellaceae] BH05
    |           |  |    `--*C. digitalis BH05
    |           |  `--Antrodia BH05
    |           |       |--A. xantha BH05
    |           |       `--+--A. carbonica BH05
    |           |          `--+--‘Phlebia’ griseoflavescens BH05
    |           |             `--‘Oligoporus’ placentus BH05
    |           `--+--+--Auriporia aurea BH05
    |              |  `--Amylocystis lapponica BH05
    |              `--+--+--Ischnoderma benzoinum BH05
    |                 |  `--Dacryobolus Fries 1849 BH05, C59
    |                 |       |--D. karstenii BH05
    |                 |       `--D. sudans BH05
    |                 `--Oligoporus BH05
    |                      |  i. s.: O. leucospongia B14
    |                      |--O. caesius BH05
    |                      `--+--O. rennyi BH05
    |                         `--+--+--O. balsameus BH05 [=Postia balsamea HB02]
    |                            |  `--Climacocystis BH05
    |                            `--+--O. lacteus BH05
    |                               `--O. leucomallelus BH05 [=Postia leucomallela HB02]
    `--+--+--‘Candelabrochaete’ africana BH05
       |  `--+--+--Gelatoporia pannocincta BH05
       |     |  `--+--‘Mycoacia’ fuscoatra BH05
       |     |     `--+--‘Phanerochaete’ chrysorhiza BH05
       |     |        `--+--Scopuloides hydnoides BH05
       |     |           `--Phlebia BH05
       |     `--+--+--Bjerkandera BH05
       |        |  |    |--B. adusta BH05
       |        |  |    `--B. fumosa LJ03
       |        |  `--+--+--‘Sistotrema’ musicola BH05
       |        |     |  `--Phanerochaete [Phanerochaetales] BH05
       |        |     |       |--P. chrysosporium JK06
       |        |     |       `--P. sordida BH05
       |        |     `--+--+--Pulcherricium caeruleum BH05
       |        |        |  `--‘Phlebia’ deflectens BH05
       |        |        `--+--Phlebiopsis gigantea BH05
       |        |           `--Hapalopilus nidulans BH05
       |        `--+--+--+--‘Phlebia’ lilascens BH05
       |           |  |  `--Ceraceomyces BH05
       |           |  |       |--C. eludens BH05
       |           |  |       |--C. microsporus BH05
       |           |  |       `--C. tessulatus BH05
       |           |  `--+--‘Ceraceomyces’ serpens BH05
       |           |     `--+--+--‘Phlebia’ albomellea BH05
       |           |        |  `--‘Phlebia’ nitidula BH05
       |           |        `--+--Cystidiodontia isabellina BH05
       |           |           `--Ceriporiopsis subvermispora BH05
       |           `--+--+--‘Ceriporia’ viridans BH05
       |              |  `--+--Byssomerulis corium BH05
       |              |     `--Gloeoporus BH05
       |              |          |--G. taxicola BH05
       |              |          `--G. thelephoroides AHR03
       |              `--+--‘Ceriporia’ purpurea BH05
       |                 `--+--Leptoporus mollis BH05
       |                    `--+--‘Phlebia’ centrifuga BH05
       |                       `--+--Lindtneria trachyspora BH05
       |                          `--Cristinia BH05
       `--+--+--+--Junghuhnia nitida BH05
          |  |  `--‘Antrodiella’ semisupina BH05
          |  `--+--+--+--‘Albatrellus’ syringae BH05
          |     |  |  `--‘Phlebia’ queletii BH05
          |     |  `--+--Ceriporiopsis gilvescens BH05
          |     |     `--+--Steccherinum fimbriatum BH05
          |     |        `--‘Phanerochaete’ sanguinea BH05
          |     `--+--Antrodiella BH05
          |        |    |--A. americana BH05
          |        |    |--A. hydrophila AHR03
          |        |    |--A. liebmannii AHR03
          |        |    `--A. romellii BH05
          |        `--+--Panus rudis BH05
          |           `--Spongipellis BH05
          |                |--S. pachyodon BH05
          |                `--S. unicolor SSW01
          `--+--+--‘Hypochnicium’ polonense BH05
             |  `--+--Abortiporus biennis BH05
             |     `--Podoscyphaceae BH05
             |          |--Podoscypha petalodes BH05
             |          |--Cymatoderma caperatum BH05
             |          `--Caripia [incl. Hypolyssus Persoon 1825] RS99
             |               `--‘*Hypolyssus’ undulatus Persoon 1825 RS99
             `--+--+--‘Phlebia’ bresadolae BH05
                |  `--Hypochnicium BH05
                |       |--H. cystidiatum BH05
                |       |--H. eichleri BH05
                |       `--H. geogenium BH05
                `--+--+--Meripilus giganteus BH05
                   |  `--Physisporinus sanguinolentus BH05
                   `--Hyphoderma BH05
                        |  i. s.: H. guttuliferum BH05
                        |         H. incrustatum BH05
                        |         H. nemorale BH05
                        |         H. obtusum BH05
                        |         H. occidentale BH05
                        |         H. roseocremeum BH05
                        |--H. definitum BH05
                        `--+--H. nudicephalum BH05
                           `--H. setigerum BH05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[AHR03] Aime, M. C., T. W. Henkel & L. Ryvarden. 2003. Studies in neotropical polypores 15: new and interesting species from Guyana. Mycologia 95 (4): 614–619.

[BH05] Binder, M., D. S. Hibbett, K.-H. Larsson, E. Larsson, E. Langer & G. Langer. 2005. The phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms across the major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes). Systematics and Biodiversity 3 (2): 113–157.

[B30] Bose, S. R. 1930. The biology of wood-rotting fungi. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 33.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C59] Cunningham, G. H. 1959. Hydnaceae of New Zealand. Part II.—The genus Odontia. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 86 (1): 65–103, pl. 10.

[D90] Dybas, H. S. 1990. Insecta: Coleoptera Ptiliidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1093–1112. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[HB02] Hibbett, D. S., & M. Binder. 2002. Evolution of complex fruiting-body morphologies in homobasidiomycetes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 269: 1963–1969.

[JK06] James, T. Y., F. Kauff, C. L. Schoch, P. B. Matheny, V. Hofstetter, C. J. Cox, G. Celio, C. Gueidan, E. Fraker, J. Miadlikowska, H. T. Lumbsch, A. Rauhut, V. Reeb, A. E. Arnold, A. Amtoft, J. E. Stajich, K. Hosaka, G.-H. Sung, D. Johnson, B. O'Rourke, M. Crockett, M. Binder, J. M. Curtis, J. C. Slot, Z. Wang, A. W. Wilson, A. Schüßler, J. E. Longcore, K. O'Donnell, S. Mozley-Standridge, D. Porter, P. M. Letcher, M. J. Powell, J. W. Taylor, M. M. White, G. W. Griffith, D. R. Davies, R. A. Humber, J. B. Morton, J. Sugiyama, A. Y. Rossman, J. D. Rogers, D. H. Pfister, D. Hewitt, K. Hansen, S. Hambleton, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, R. A. Spotts, M. Serdani, P. W. Crous, K. W. Hughes, K. Matsuura, E. Langer, G. Langer, W. A. Untereiner, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, D. M. Geiser, A. Aptroot, P. Diederich, I. Schmitt, M. Schultz, R. Yahr, D. S. Hibbett, F. Lutzoni, D. J. McLaughlin, J. W. Spatafora & R. Vilgalys. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of Fungi using a six-gene phylogeny. Nature 443: 818–822.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LJ03] Lim, Y. W., & H. S. Jung. 2003. Irpex hydnoides, sp. nov. is new to science, based on morphological, cultural and molecular characters. Mycologia 95 (4): 694–699.

[LK04] Lutzoni, F., F. Kauff, C. J. Cox, D. McLaughlin, G. Celio, B. Dentinger, M. Padamsee, D. Hibbett, T. Y. James, E. Baloch, M. Grube, V. Reeb, V. Hofstetter, C. Schoch, A. E. Arnold, J. Miadlikowska, J. Spatafora, D. Johnson, S. Hambleton, M. Crockett, R. Shoemaker, G.-H. Sung, R. Lücking, T. Lumbsch, K. O'Donnell, M. Binder, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, C. Gueidan, K. Hansen, R. C. Harris, K. Hosaka, Y.-W. Lim, B. Matheny, H. Nishida, D. Pfister, J. Rogers, A. Rossman, I. Schmitt, H. Sipman, J. Stone, J. Sugiyama, R. Yahr & R. Vilgalys. 2004. Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1446–1480.

[PHK96] Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.

[SSW01] Schüßler, A., D. Schwarzott & C. Walker. 2001. A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycological Research 105 (12): 1413–1421.

Phlebia

Phlebia radiata, copyright Jacy.

Belongs within: Polyporales.

Phlebia is a genus of corticioid (crust-like) fungi with basidia forming a dense palisade on the hymenium, and associated with a white rot (Binder et al. 2005).

<==Phlebia
    |  i. s.: P. albida RS99
    |         P. merismoides B14
    |         P. subochracea BH05
    |--+--+--P. chrysocreas BH05
    |  |  `--P. uda BH05
    |  `--+--P. subserialis BH05
    |     `--+--P. livida BH05
    |        `--+--‘Mycoacia’ aurea BH05
    |           `--Phlebiella HB02
    |                |--P. griseofulva HB02
    |                `--P. pseudotsugae BH05
    `--+--+--Climacodon septentrionalis BH05
       |  `--‘Candelabrochaete’ septocystidia HB02
       `--+--P. tremellosa BH05
          `--+--P. radiata BH05
             `--+--+--P. acerina BH05
                |  `--P. rufa BH05
                `--+--P. lindtneri BH05
                   `--P. rufa BH05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BH05] Binder, M., D. S. Hibbett, K.-H. Larsson, E. Larsson, E. Langer & G. Langer. 2005. The phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms across the major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes). Systematics and Biodiversity 3 (2): 113–157.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[HB02] Hibbett, D. S., & M. Binder. 2002. Evolution of complex fruiting-body morphologies in homobasidiomycetes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 269: 1963–1969.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.