Pholcinae

Pholcus phalangioides, copyright Olaf Leillinger.

Belongs within: Pholcidae.

The Pholcinae are a group of daddy-long-legs spiders united by the reduction of the tarsal comb hairs to a single ventral row, and the usual presence on the male chelicerae of a pair of proximal lateral apophyses (Huber 2011).

<==Pholcinae
    |  i. s.: Aetana Huber 2005 H11
    |         Wanniyala Huber & Benjamin 2005 H11
    |--+--Nyikoa Huber 2007 H11
    |  |    `--N. limbe Huber 2007 HF08
    |  `--Zatavua Huber 2003 H11
    |       |--Z. vohiparara Huber 2003 HF08
    |       `--Z. zanahary H11
    `--+--Paraspermophora Wunderlich 2004 H11
       |--Anansus Huber 2007 H11
       |--Savarna Huber 2005 H11
       |--Khorata Huber 2005 H11
       |    `--K. khammouan Huber 2005 HF08
       |--+--+--Paramicromerys Millot 1946 H11
       |  |  |    `--P. scharffi Huber 2003 HF08
       |  |  `--+--Buitinga Huber 2003 HF08, H11
       |  |     |    |--B. asax Huber 2003 HF08
       |  |     |    `--B. kadogo H11
       |  |     `--Spermophorides Wunderlich 1992 HF08, H11
       |  |          |--S. cuneata (Wunderlich 1987) HF08
       |  |          `--S. elevata (Simon 1873) HF08
       |  `--+--Metagonia Simon 1893 H11
       |     |    |--M. conica (Simon 1893) HF08
       |     |    |--M. mariguitarensis (González-Sponga 1998) T09
       |     |    `--M. reventazona Huber 1997 HF08
       |     `--Spermophora Hentz 1841 HF08, H11
       |          |--S. kerinci Huber 2005 HF08
       |          |--S. senoculata (Dugès 1836) H11
       |          `--S. usambara Huber 2003 HF08
       `--+--Quamtana Huber 2003 H11
          |    `--Q. bonamanzi Huber 2003 HF08
          |--Belisana Thorell 1898 H11
          |    |--B. airai Huber 2005 HF08
          |    |--B. fiji Huber 2005 HF08
          |    |--B. hormigai H11
          |    `--B. ketambe H11
          `--+--Micropholcus Deeleman-Reinhold & Prinsen 1987 H11
             |    `--M. fauroti (Simon 1887) H11
             |--Pehrforsskalia Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten 2001 H11
             |    `--P. conopyga Deeleman-Reinhold & van Harten 2001 HF08
             `--+--+--Panjange Deeleman-Reinhold & Deeleman 1983 HF08, H11
                |  |    `--P. mirabilis Deeleman-Reinhold 1986 HF08
                |  `--Leptopholceae H11
                |       |--Micromerys Bradley 1877 H11
                |       |    `--M. daviesae Deeleman-Reinhold 1986 HF08
                |       `--Leptopholcus Simon 1893 H11
                |            |--L. debakkeri H11
                |            |--L. gracilis H11
                |            `--L. hispaniola Huber 2000 HF08
                `--+--Calapnita Simon 1892 HF08, H11
                   |    |--C. phyllicola Deeleman-Reinhold 1986 HF08
                   |    `--C. saluang H11
                   |--Ossinissa Dimitrov & Ribera 2005 HF08, H11
                   |    `--*O. justoi (Wunderlich 1991) [=Spermophorides justoi] F05
                   |--Uthina Simon 1893 HF08, H11
                   |    `--U. luzonica Simon 1893 HF08
                   `--Pholcus Walckenaer 1805 H11
                        |--P. barbarus Lucas 1846 E12
                        |--P. bourgini H11
                        |--P. caudatus V09
                        |--P. chattoni H11
                        |--P. crypticolens Bösenberg & Strand 1906 RA08
                        |--P. kwamgumi H11
                        |--P. lamperti H11
                        |--P. manueli Gertsch 1937 [incl. P. affinis Schenkel 1953] RA08
                        |--P. opilionoides (Schrank 1781) HF08
                        |--P. phalangioides (Fuesslin 1775) H11
                        |--P. quadripunctatus Lucas 1846 E12
                        |--P. quinquenotatus H11
                        |--P. sphaeroides B96
                        `--P. zichyi Kulczyński 1901 K01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B96] Brunet, B. 1996. Spiderwatch: A Guide to Australian Spiders. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[H11] Huber, B. A. 2011. Phylogeny and classification of Pholcidae (Araneae): an update. Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 211–222.

[HF08] Huber, B. A., & N. Fleckenstein. 2008. Comb-hairs on the fourth tarsi in pholcid spiders. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 232–240.

[K01] Kulczyński, V. 1901. Arachnoideák [Arachnoidea]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 311–369. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[RA08] Ramalho, M. O., D. Araujo, M. C. Schneider, A. D. Brescovit & D. M. Cella. 2008. Mesabolivar brasiliensis (Moenkhaus 1898) and Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling 1891) (Araneomorphae, Pholcidae): close relationship reinforced by cytogenetic analysis. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 453–456.

[T09] Taylor, C. K. 2009. Australiscutum, a new genus of Monoscutidae (Arachnida: Opiliones) from eastern Australia, with the first record of asymmetrical chelicerae in Opiliones. Insect Systematics and Evolution 40: 319–332.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

Pholcidae

Smeringopus pallidus, copyright G. McCormack.

Belongs within: Haplogynae.
Contains: Modisiminae, Pholcinae.

The Pholcidae, daddy-long-legs spiders, are a cosmopolitan family of spiders with usually very long legs, most of which build sheetwebs or cobwebs in secluded locations.

Characters (from Huber 2011): Clypeus high; six or eight eyes present, arranged in two triads separate from anterior median eyes (if latter present); leg tibiae with three trichobothria; leg tarsi pseudosegmented, fourth tarsi with comb-hairs; male chelicerae usually modified; male pedipalp usually heavily modified, including proximal segments, with process of palpal tarsus (procursus) usually present; female external genitalia often sculptured, more or less sclerotised to produce an epigynum; egg-sac carried in chelicerae by female.

Pholcidae [Pholceae, Smeringopodeae]
    |--Ninetinae [Ninetidinae] HF08
    |    |  i. s.: Mystes Bristowe 1938 H11
    |    |         Serratochorus Wunderlich 1988 H11
    |    |         Enetea Huber 2000 H11
    |    |         0--Galapa Huber 2000 H11
    |    |         `--Guaranita Huber 2000 H11
    |    |--+--Ninetis Simon 1890 HF08, H11
    |    |  |    |--N. subtilissima H11
    |    |  |    `--N. toliara Huber & El Hennawy 2007 HF08
    |    |  |--Nerudia Huber 2000 H11
    |    |  `--Kambiwa Huber 2000 H11
    |    |--+--Aucana Huber 2000 HF08, H11
    |    |  |    `--A. kaala Huber 2000 HF08
    |    |  |--Nita Huber & El Hennawy 2007 HF08, H11
    |    |  |    `--N. elsaff Huber & El Hennawy 2007 HF08
    |    |  `--Chisosa Huber 2000 H11
    |    `--+--+--Ibotyporanga Mello-Leitão 1944 H11
    |       |  |    `--I. naideae Mello-Leitão 1944 HF08
    |       |  `--Gertschiola Brignoli 1981 H11
    |       `--+--Pholcophora Banks 1896 HF08, H11
    |          |    `--P. americana Banks 1896 HF08
    |          |--Tolteca Huber 2000 H11
    |          `--Papiamenta Huber 2000 H11
    `--+--+--Arteminae [Artemeae] H11
       |  |    |--Holocneminus Berland 1942 HF08, H11
       |  |    |    `--H. piritarsis Berland 1942 HF08
       |  |    |--Artema Walckenaer 1837 H11
       |  |    |    |--A. atlanta Walckenaer 1837 HF08
       |  |    |    `--A. sisyphoides (Doleschall 1857) [=Pholcus sisyphoides; incl. A. convexa Blackw. 1858] K92
       |  |    |--+--Trichocyclus Simon 1908 HF08, H11
       |  |    |  |    |--T. aranda Huber 2001 T13
       |  |    |  |    |--T. arawari H11
       |  |    |  |    |--T. nigropunctatus Simon 1908 T13
       |  |    |  |    `--T. nullarbor Huber 2001 HF08
       |  |    |  `--Physocyclus Simon 1893 H11
       |  |    |       |--P. dugesi Simon 1893 H11
       |  |    |       |--P. enaulus CM07
       |  |    |       `--P. globosus (Taczanowski 1874) HF08
       |  |    `--Tibetia Zhang, Zhu & Song 2006 H11
       |  `--Modisiminae H11
       `--+--Smeringopinae [Holocneminae] H11
          |    |--Smeringopina Kraus 1957 HF08, H11
          |    |    `--S. pulchra (Millot 1941) HF08
          |    |--Stygopholcus Kratochvil 1932 H11
          |    |--Ceratopholcus Spassky 1934 H11
          |    |--Cenemus Saaristo 2001 H11
          |    `--+--Hoplopholcus Kulczyński 1908 H11
          |       |    `--H. minotaurus Senglet 1971 HF08
          |       |--+--Crossopriza Simon 1893 H11
          |       |  |    |--C. cylindrogaster H11
          |       |  |    `--C. lyoni (Blackwall 1867) HF08
          |       |  `--Holocnemus Simon 1875 H11
          |       |       `--H. pluchei (Scopoli 1763) HF08
          |       `--Smeringopus Simon 1890 H11
          |            |--S. elongatus (Vins. 1863) [=Pholcus elongatus] K92
          |            |--S. natalensis Lawrence 1947 HF08
          |            |--S. pallidus (Blackwall 1858) HD-S02
          |            `--S. sambesicus Kraus 1957 HD-S02
          `--Pholcinae HF08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[HD-S02] Haddad, C. R., & A. S. Dippenaar-Schoeman. 2002. The influence of mound structure on the diversity of spiders (Araneae) inhabiting the abandoned mounds of the snouted harvester termite Trinervitermes trinervoides. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 403–408.

[H11] Huber, B. A. 2011. Phylogeny and classification of Pholcidae (Araneae): an update. Journal of Arachnology 39 (2): 211–222.

[HF08] Huber, B. A., & N. Fleckenstein. 2008. Comb-hairs on the fourth tarsi in pholcid spiders. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 232–240.

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[T13] Taylor, C. K. 2013. Annotated bibliography for Barrow Island terrestrial invertebrates. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 135–144.