Uropygi

Hypoctonus sp., copyright Bernard Dupont.

Belongs within: Arachnida.
Contains: Thelyphoninae.

The Uropygi, whip-scorpions, are a group of tropical arachnids with raptorial pedipalps and an elongate filamentous post-pygidium (Harvey 2002). An alternative vernacular name, 'vinegaroon', comes from their possession of anal glands from which they spray unpleasant-smelling chemicals at threats.

<==Uropygi [Holopeltidia, Oxopoei, Thelyphonida]
    |  i. s.: Etiennus africanus (Hentschel 1984) H02
    |         Proschizomus Dunlop & Horrocks 1996 H02
    |         Mesoproctus Dunlop 1998 H02
    |--Hypoctonidae [Hypoctoninae, Hypoctonini] RC73
    |    |--Thelyphonellus Pocock 1894 RC73
    |    |    `--*T. amazonicus (Butler 1872) RC73
    |    |--Labochirus Pocock 1894 RC73
    |    |    |--*L. proboscideus (Butler 1872) RC73
    |    |    |--L. cervinus Pocock 1900 RC73
    |    |    `--L. tauricornis Pocock 1900 RC73
    |    `--Hypoctonus Thorell 1889 RC73
    |         |--*H. formosus (Butler 1872) RC73 [=Thelyphonus formosus T89; incl. T. angustus Stoliczka 1873 T89]
    |         |--H. africanus Hentschel 1899 RC73
    |         |--H. andersoni (Oates 1890) RC73
    |         |--H. binghami (Oates 1890) RC73
    |         |--H. birmanicus Hirst 1911 RC73
    |         |--H. browni Gravely 1912 RC73
    |         |--H. carmichaeli Gravely 1916 RC73
    |         |--H. clarki Cooke & Shadab 1973 RC73
    |         |--H. dawnae Gravely 1912 RC73
    |         |--H. ellisii Gravely 1912 RC73
    |         |--H. gastrostictus Kraepelin 1897 RC73
    |         |--H. granosus Pocock 1900 RC73
    |         |--H. kraepelini Simon 1901 RC73
    |         |--H. oatesi Pocock 1900 RC73
    |         |--H. proboscideus (Butler 1872) [=Thelyphonus proboscideus; incl. T. parvimanus Butler 1873] K92
    |         |--H. rangunensis (Oates 1890) RC73
    |         |--H. saxatilis (Oates 1890) RC73
    |         |--H. silvaticus (Oates 1890) RC73
    |         |--H. stoliczkae Gravely 1912 RC73
    |         `--H. woodmasoni (Oates 1890) RC73
    `--Thelyphonidae [Telyphonidae, Thelyphonoidae] H04b
         |  i. s.: Prothelyphonus Fritsch 1904 F04
         |           |--P. bohemicus (Kušta 1884) [=Thelyphonus bohemicus, Geralinura bohemica] F04
         |           `--P. cordai Fritsch 1904 F04
         |         Geralinura Scudder 1884 F04, H02
         |           |--G. crassa Kušta 1888 F04
         |           |--G. noctua Kušta 1888 F04
         |           `--G. scudderi Kušta 1888 F04
         |--Thelyphoninae RC73
         |--Typopeltis Pocock 1894 [incl. Gipopeltis Speijer 1934; Typopeltinae] RC73
         |    |--*T. crucifer Pocock 1900 RC73
         |    |--T. amurensis (Tarnani 1889) RC73
         |    |--T. cantonensis Speijer 1936 [incl. Mastigoproctus transoceanicus Lazell 2000] H04b
         |    |--T. dalyi Pocock 1900 RC73
         |    |--T. harmandi Kraepelin 1901 [=*Gipopeltis harmandi] RC73
         |    |--T. kamahouii Tarnani 1900 RC73
         |    |--T. kasnakowi Tarnani 1900 H04a
         |    |--T. magnificus Haupt 2004 H04a
         |    |--T. niger (Tarnani 1894) H04b
         |    |--T. sinensis Butler 1872 H04b
         |    |--T. stimpsoni (Wood 1862) RC73
         |    `--T. tarnanii Pocock 1902 RC73
         `--Mastigoproctinae [Mastigoproctidae, Uroproctinae] RC73
              |--Teltus Speijer 1936 RC73
              |    `--*T. vanoorti Speijer 1936 RC73
              |--Uroproctus Pocock 1894 RC73
              |    `--*U. assamensis (Stoliczka 1869) RC73
              |--Amauromastigon Mello-Leitão 1931 RC73
              |    `--*A. annectens (Werner 1916) RC73 [=Mastigoproctus annectens J98]
              |--Mimoscorpius Pocock 1894 RC73
              |    `--*M. pugnator (Butler 1872) RC73
              `--Mastigoproctus Pocock 1894 RC73
                   |--*M. giganteus (Lucas 1835) RC73
                   |--M. baracoensis Franganillo 1931 RC73
                   |--M. brasilianus (Koch 1843) H04b
                   |--M. butleri Pocock 1894 RC73
                   |--M. colombianus Mello-Leitao 1940 RC73
                   |--M. formidabilis Hirst 1912 RC73
                   |--M. liochirus Pocock 1902 RC73
                   |--M. maximus (Tarnani 1889) RC73
                   |--M. minensis Mello-Leitao 1931 RC73
                   |--M. perditus Mello-Leitao 1931 RC73
                   |--M. proscorpio (Latreille 1806) RC73
                   `--M. tantalus Roewer 1954 R54 RC73

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F04] Fritsch, A. 1904. Palaeozoische Arachniden. Selestverlag: Prague.

[H02] Harvey, M. S. 2002. The neglected cousins: what do we know about the smaller arachnid orders? Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 357–372.

[H04a] Haupt, J. 2004a. A new species of whipscorpion from Laos (Arachnida: Uropygi: Thelyphonidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 151–155.

[H04b] Haupt, J. 2004b. Mastigoproctus transoceanicus a synonym of Typopeltis cantonensis (Arachnida, Uropygi, Thelyphonidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 157–162.

[J98] Jäger, P. 1998. Das Typenmaterial der Spinnentiere (Arachnida: Acari, Amblypygi, Araneae, Opiliones, Pseudoscorpiones, Scorpiones, Uropygi) aus dem Museum Wiesbaden. Jahrbuecher des Nassauischen Vereins fuer Naturkunde 119: 81–91.

[K92] Karsch, F. 1892. Arachniden von Ceylon und von Minikoy gesammelt von den Herren Doctoren P. und F. Sarasin. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 36 (2): 267–310.

[RC73] Rowland, J. M., & J. A. L. Cooke. 1973. Systematics of the arachnid order Uropygida (=Thelyphonida). Journal of Arachnology 1: 55–71.

[T89] Thorell, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXI.—Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885–1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 521–729.

Amblypygi

Charinus cf. africanus, copyright Arthur Anker.

Belongs within: Arachnida.
Contains: Neoamblypygi.

The Amblypygi, whip-spiders, are a group of flattened arachnids with raptorial pedipalps and extremely long, filamentous front legs that are used as tactile organs (Harvey 2002).

<==Amblypygi
    |  i. s.: Admetus Koch 1850 GE02, BR05
    |           |--A. pomilio GE02
    |           `--A. whitei B06
    |         Hemiphrynus viridiceps B06
    |--Paracharon [Paleoamblypygi, Paracharontidae] W99
    |    `--P. caecus Hansen 1921 W99
    `--Euamblypygi [Phrynoidae] W99
         |--Charinidae W99
         |    |--Catageus Thorell 1889 W99, H02
         |    |    `--*C. pusillus Thorell 1889 T89
         |    |--+--Phrynichosarax W99
         |    |  `--Sarax Simon 1892 W99, H02
         |    |       |--S. mediterraneus Delle Cave 1986 W05
         |    |       `--S. sarawakensis (Thorell 1888) W99
         |    `--Charinus Simon 1892 W05 (see below for synonymy)
         |         |--*C. australianus (Koch 1867) [=Phrynus australianus] VGF14
         |         |--C. abbatei Delle Cave 1986 W05
         |         |--C. acaraje Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2002 VGF14
         |         |--C. acosta (Quintero 1983) W05
         |         |--C. africanus Hansen 1921 W99
         |         |--C. asturius Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2002 VGF14
         |         |--C. bengalensis (Gravely 1911) [=*Charinides bengalensis] W05
         |         |--C. brasilianus Weygoldt 1972 W05
         |         |--C. dhofarensis Weygoldt, Pohl & Polak 2002 W05
         |         |--C. eleonorae Baptista & Giupponi 2003 VGF14
         |         |--C. ioanniticus (Kritscher 1959) W05 [=*Lindosiella ioannitica El-H02]
         |         |--C. jibaossu Vasconcelos, Giupponi & Ferreira 2014 VGF14
         |         |--C. koepckei Weygoldt 1972 W05
         |         |--C. madagascariensis Fage 1954 W05
         |         |--C. milloti Fage 1939 W05
         |         |--C. montanus Weygoldt 1972 W99
         |         |--C. mysticus Giupponi & Kury 2002 VGF14
         |         |--C. neocaledonicus Kraepelin 1895 W05
         |         |--C. pakistanus Weygoldt 2005 W05
         |         |--C. pescotti Dunn 1949 W05
         |         |--C. potiguar Vasconcelos et al. 2013 VGF14
         |         |--C. schirchii (Mello-Leitão 1931) (n. d.) VGF14
         |         |--C. seychellarum Kraepelin 1898 W05
         |         |--C. socotranus Weygoldt, Pohl & Polak 2002 W05
         |         |--C. stygochthobius Weygoldt & Van Damme 2004 W05
         |         |--C. troglobius Baptista & Giupponi 2002 VGF14
         |         `--C. vulgaris Miranda & Giupponi 2011 VGF14
         `--Neoamblypygi W99

Charinus Simon 1892 W05 [incl. Charinides Gravely 1911 W05, Lindosiella Kritscher 1959 El-H02, Tricharinus Quintero 1986 W05]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B06] Banks, N. 1906. Arachnida from the Bahamas. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22: 185–189.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[El-H02] El-Hennawy, H. K. 2002. The first record of Amblypygi from Egypt. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 452–453.

[GE02] Giribet, G., G. D. Edgecombe, W. C. Wheeler & C. Babbitt. 2002. Phylogeny and systematic position of Opiliones: a combined analysis of chelicerate relationships using morphological and molecular data. Cladistics 18: 5–70.

[H02] Harvey, M. S. 2002. The neglected cousins: what do we know about the smaller arachnid orders? Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 357–372.

[T89] Thorell, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXI.—Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885–1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 521–729.

[VGF14] Vasconcelos, A. C. O., A. P. L. Giupponi & R. L. Ferreira. 2014. A new species of Charinus from Minas Gerais State, Brazil, with comments on its sexual dimorphism (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae). Journal of Arachnology 42 (2): 155–162.

[W99] Weygoldt, P. 1999. Spermatophores and the evolution of female genitalia in whip spiders (Chelicerata, Amblypygi). Journal of Arachnology 27: 103–116.

[W05] Weygoldt, P. 2005. Biogeography, systematic position, and reproduction of Charinus ioanniticus (Kritscher 1959) with the description of a new species from Pakistan (Chelicerata, Amblypygi, Charinidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 43–56.

Thelyphoninae

Thelyphonus sp., copyright Arthur Anker.

Belongs within: Uropygi.

The Thelyphoninae is a group of whipscorpions found in south-east Asia and Melanesia (Rowland & Cooke 1973).

Characters (from Rowland & Cooke 1973): Tarsal segments of first leg of female usually modified (except in Minbosius manilanus and Abaliella rohdei), variously incrassate or apophysate; pedipalpal patellar apophysis of male unmodified, occasionally longer than in female; abdominal sternites II and III modified; two, four or no ommatoids present; keel present between lateral and median eyes; posterior abdominal tergites divided.

<==Thelyphoninae [Thelyphonini]
    |--Minbosius Speijer 1936 RC73
    |    `--*M. manilanus (Koch 1843) RC73
    |--Chajnus Speijer 1936 RC73
    |    `--*C. renschi Speijer 1936 RC73
    |--Glyptogluteus Rowland 1973 RC73
    |    `--*G. augustus Rowland 1973 RC73
    |--Ginosigma Speijer 1936 RC73
    |    |--*G. schimkewitschi (Tarnani 1894) RC73
    |    `--G. lombokensis Speijer 1936 RC73
    |--Tetrabalius Thorell 1888 RC73, H02
    |    |--*T. seticauda (Doleschall 1857) RC73
    |    `--T. nasutus Thorell 1889 RC73
    |--Abaliella Strand 1928 [=Abalius Kraepelin 1897 (preoc.)] RC73
    |    |--*A. rohdei (Kraepelin 1897) RC73
    |    |--A. dicranotarsalis Rowland 1973 RC73
    |    |--A. gertschi Rowland 1973 RC73
    |    |--A. manilana (Kraepelin 1901) RC73
    |    |--A. samoana (Kraepelin 1879) RC73
    |    `--A. willeyi (Pocock 1898) RC73
    `--Thelyphonus Latreille 1802 H02 [=Telyphonus (l. c.) KK84]
         |--*T. caudatus (Linnaeus 1758) RC73 [=Phalangium caudatum H02; incl. T. thorellii Tarnani 1890 T94]
         |--T. anthracinus Pocock 1894 RC73
         |--T. antillanus T94
         |--T. asperatus Thorell 1888 RC73
         |--T. assamensis Stoliczka 1869 [=Telyphonus assamensis] S69
         |--T. billitonensis Speijer 1931 RC73
         |--T. borneensis Kraepelin 1897 RC73
         |--T. burchardi Kraepelin 1912 RC73
         |--T. celebensis Kraepelin 1897 RC73
         |--T. doriae Thorell 1888 RC73
         |--T. grandis Speijer 1931 RC73
         |--T. hanseni Kraepelin 1897 RC73
         |--T. ignotus T94
         |--T. insulanus Koch & Keyserling 1884 RC73, KK84
         |--T. javanus T94
         |--T. kinabaluensis Speijer 1933 RC73
         |--T. klugi Kraepelin 1897 RC73
         |--T. lawrencei Rowland 1973 RC73
         |--T. leucurus Pocock 1898 RC73
         |--T. linganus Koch 1843 RC73
         |--T. pococki Tarnani 1901 RC73
         |--T. proscorpius T94
         |--T. rufipes [=Telyphonus rufipes] D57
         |--T. schnehageni Kraepelin 1897 RC73
         |--T. semperi Kraepelin 1897 RC73
         |--T. sepiaris Butler 1873 RC73 [incl. T. nigrescens Butler 1873 T89]
         |--T. seticauda Doleschall 1857 [=Telyphonus seticauda] D57
         |--T. spinimanus [=Telyphonus spinimanus] S69
         |--T. stimpsonii Wood 1861 [=Telyphonus stimpsonii] S69
         |--T. sucki Kraepelin 1897 RC73
         |--T. sumatranus Kraepelin 1897 RC73
         |--T. vanoorti Speijer 1936 RC73
         `--T. wayi Pocock 1900 RC73

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D57] Doleschall, C. L. 1857. Bijdrage tot de kennis der Arachniden van den Indischen Archipel. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië, series 3, 3 (5–6): 399–434, plates 1–2.

[H02] Harvey, M. S. 2002. The neglected cousins: What do we know about the smaller arachnid orders? Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 357–372.

[KK84] Koch, L., & E. Keyserling. 1884-1890. Die Arachniden Australiens nach der Natur beschrieben und abgebildet vol. 2. Bauer & Raspe: Nürnberg.

[RC73] Rowland, J. M., & J. A. L. Cooke. 1973. Systematics of the arachnid order Uropygida (=Thelyphonida). Journal of Arachnology 1: 55–71.

[S69] Stoliczka, F. 1869. Contribution to the knowledge of Indian Arachnoidea. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 38 pt 2 (4): 201–251, plates 18–20.

[T89] Thorell, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXI.—Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885–1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 521–729.

[T94] Thorell, T. 1894. Förteckning öfver Arachnider från Java och närgränsande öar, insamlade af docenten D:r Carl Aurivillius; jemte beskrifingar å några sydasiatiska och sydamerikanska Spindlar. Bihang till K. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar 20 pt. 4 (4): 1–63.

Schizomida

Male of Hubbardia pentapeltis, photographed by Marshal Hedin.

Belongs within: Arachnida.

The Schizomida are a group of less than 200 species of minute soil-dwelling arachnids, with the majority of species found in rainforest leaf litter. Schizomids are generally less than 5 mm in length and have long, tactile anterior legs. The posterior flagellum is sexually dimorphic, being bulbous and unsegmented in the male and elongate and segmented in the female (Harvey 2002).

<==Schizomida [Schizopeltidia]
    |  i. s.: Schizomus Cook 1899 H02
    |           `--S. palaciosi Reddell & Cokendolpher 1986 A05
    |         Trithyreus Kraepelin 1899 H02
    |           |--T. cambridgei K14
    |           `--T. modestus K14
    |--Calcitro Petrunkevitch 1945 [Calcitronidae] H02
    |    `--C. fisheri GE05
    |--Protoschizomidae S07
    |    |--Protoschizomus S07
    |    `--Agastoschizomus H02
    |--Schizonotoidae [Tartarides] T89
    |    |--Nyctalops crassicaudatus Cambridge 1872 T89, H02 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--Tripeltis Thorell 1889 T89
    |         |--*T. grassii Thorell 1889 T89
    |         `--T. cambridgei Thorell 1889 T89
    `--Hubbardiidae S07
         |--Calcoschizomus Pierce 1951 H02
         |--Onychothelyphonus Pierce 1950 H02
         |--Megaschizomus [Megaschizominae] H02
         |--Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin 1922 S07, GE02
         `--Hubbardia [Hubbardiinae] GE02
              `--H. pentapeltis Cook 1899 GE02

Nyctalops crassicaudatus Cambridge 1872 T89, H02 [incl. N. tenuicaudatus Cambridge 1872 H02, Schizonotus tenuicaudatus T89]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A05] Alberti, G. 2005. Double spermatogenesis in Chelicerata. Journal of Morphology 266 (3): 281-297.

[GE02] Giribet, G., G. D. Edgecombe, W. C. Wheeler & C. Babbitt. 2002. Phylogeny and systematic position of Opiliones: A combined analysis of chelicerate relationships using morphological and molecular data. Cladistics 18: 5-70.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H02] Harvey, M. S. 2002. The neglected cousins: What do we know about the smaller arachnid orders? Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 357-372.

[K14] Kraepelin, K. 1914. Die Skorpione und Pedipalpen von Neu-Caledonien und den benachbarten Inselgruppen. In Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1, Heft IV (F. Sarasin & J. Roux, eds) pp. 327-337. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[S07] Shultz, J. W. 2007. A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (2): 221-265.

[T89] Thorell, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXI. – Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885-1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 521-729.